Accessible Rich Internet Applications (W

Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.2
Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.2
W3C Recommendation
06 June 2023
More details about this document
This version:
Latest published version:
Latest editor's draft:
History:
Commit history
Implementation report:
Previous Recommendation:
Editors:
Joanmarie Diggs
Igalia, S.L.
James Nurthen
Adobe
Michael Cooper
W3C
Carolyn MacLeod
IBM
Former editors:
Shane McCarron
Spec-Ops
) (Editor until 2018)
Richard Schwerdtfeger
Knowbility
) (Editor until October 2017)
James Craig
Apple Inc.
) (Editor until May 2016)
Feedback:
GitHub w3c/aria
pull requests
new issue
open issues
Errata:
Errata exists
See also
translations
2013-2023
World Wide Web Consortium
W3C
liability
trademark
and
permissive document license
rules apply.
Abstract
Accessibility of web content requires semantic information about widgets, structures, and behaviors, in order to allow assistive technologies to convey appropriate information to persons with disabilities. This specification provides an ontology of roles, states, and properties that define accessible user interface elements and can be used to improve the accessibility and interoperability of web content and applications. These semantics are designed to allow an author to properly convey user interface behaviors and structural information to assistive technologies in document-level markup. This version adds features new since
WAI-ARIA
1.1 [
wai-aria-1.1
] to improve interoperability with assistive technologies to form a more consistent accessibility model for [
HTML
] and [
SVG2
]. This specification complements both [
HTML
] and [
SVG2
].
This document is part of the
WAI-ARIA
suite described in the
WAI-ARIA
Overview
Status of This Document
This section describes the status of this
document at the time of its publication. A list of current
W3C
publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found
in the
W3C
technical reports index
at
WAI-ARIA
1.2 is a
W3C
Recommendation. The Advisory Committee (
AC
) as well as the
W3C
Director have endorsed this specification to become a
W3C
Recommendation. For details about implementation experience, see the
WAI-ARIA
1.2 Implementation Report
. A
history of changes to
WAI-ARIA
1.2
is available in the appendix.
This document was published by the
Accessible Rich Internet Applications Working Group
as
a Recommendation using the
Recommendation track
W3C
recommends the wide deployment of this specification as a standard for
the Web.
W3C
Recommendation is a specification that, after extensive
consensus-building, is endorsed by
W3C
and its Members, and
has commitments from Working Group members to
royalty-free licensing
for implementations.
This document was produced by a group
operating under the
W3C
Patent
Policy
W3C
maintains a
public list of any patent disclosures
made in connection with the deliverables of
the group; that page also includes
instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual
knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains
Essential Claim(s)
must disclose the information in accordance with
section 6 of the
W3C
Patent Policy
This document is governed by the
2 November 2021
W3C
Process Document
Dedication
This version of the ARIA specification is dedicated to the memory of Carolyn MacLeod whose contributions are found throughout this document. She graced our work with equanimity and sagacity, and her untimely passing will long be missed by our community.
1.
Introduction
This section is non-normative.
The goals of this specification include:
expanding the accessibility information that may be supplied by the author;
requiring that supporting host languages provide full keyboard support that may be implemented in a device-independent way, for example, by telephones, handheld devices, e-book readers, and televisions;
improving the accessibility of dynamic content generated by scripts; and
providing for interoperability with
assistive technologies
WAI-ARIA
is a technical specification that provides a framework to improve the accessibility and interoperability of web content and applications. This document is primarily for developers creating custom widgets and other web application components. Please see the
WAI-ARIA
Overview
for links to related documents for other audiences, such as
WAI-ARIA
Authoring Practices
WAI-ARIA-PRACTICES-1.2
] that introduces developers to the accessibility problems that
WAI-ARIA
is intended to solve, the fundamental concepts, and the technical approach of
WAI-ARIA
This document currently handles two aspects of
roles
: user interface functionality and structural
relationships
. For more information and use cases, see
WAI-ARIA
Authoring Practices
WAI-ARIA-PRACTICES-1.2
] for the use of roles in making interactive content accessible.
Roles defined by this specification are designed to support the roles used by platform
APIs
. Declaration of these roles on elements within dynamic web content is intended to support interoperability between the web content and assistive technologies that utilize
APIs
The schema to support this standard has been designed to be extensible so that custom roles can be created by extending base roles. This allows
user agents
to support at least the base role, and user agents that support the custom role can provide enhanced access. Note that much of this could be formalized in [
XMLSCHEMA11-2
]. However, being able to define similarities between roles, such as
baseConcepts
and more descriptive definitions, would not be available in
XSD
WAI-ARIA
1.2 is a member of the
WAI-ARIA
1.2 suite
that defines how to expose semantics of
WAI-ARIA
and other web content languages to
APIs
1.1
Rich Internet Application Accessibility
The domain of web accessibility defines how to make web content usable by persons with disabilities. Persons with certain types of disabilities use
assistive technologies
AT
) to interact with content. Assistive technologies can transform the presentation of content into a format more suitable to the user, and can allow the user to interact in different ways. For example, the user may need to, or choose to, interact with a slider widget via arrow keys, instead of dragging and dropping with a mouse. In order to accomplish this effectively, the software needs to understand the
semantics
of the content. Semantics is the science of meaning; in this case, used to assign roles, states, and properties that apply to user interface and content elements as a human would understand. For instance, if a paragraph is semantically identified as such, assistive technologies can interact with it as a unit separable from the rest of the content, knowing the exact boundaries of that paragraph. An adjustable range slider or collapsible list (a.k.a. a tree
widget
) are more complex examples, in which various parts of the widget have semantics that need to be properly identified for assistive technologies to support effective interaction.
New technologies often overlook semantics required for accessibility, and new authoring practices often misuse the intended semantics of those technologies.
Elements
that have one defined meaning in the language are used with a different meaning intended to be understood by the user.
For example, web application developers create collapsible tree widgets in
HTML
using
CSS
and JavaScript even though
HTML
has no semantic
tree
element. To a non-disabled user, it may look and act like a collapsible tree widget, but without appropriate semantics, the tree widget may not be
perceivable
to, or
operable
by, a person with a disability because assistive technologies may not recognize the role. Similarly, web application developers create interactive button widgets in
SVG
using JavaScript even though
SVG
has no semantic
button
element. To a non-disabled user, it may look and act like a button widget, but without appropriate semantics, the button widget may not be
perceivable
to, or
operable
by, a person with a disability because assistive technologies may not recognize the role.
The incorporation of
WAI-ARIA
is a way for an author to provide proper semantics for custom widgets to make these widgets accessible, usable, and interoperable with assistive technologies. This specification identifies the types of widgets and structures that are commonly recognized by accessibility products, by providing an
ontology
of corresponding
roles
that can be attached to content. This allows elements with a given role to be understood as a particular widget or structural type regardless of any semantics inherited from the implementing host language. Roles are a common property of platform
APIs
which assistive technologies use to provide the user with effective presentation and interaction.
The Roles Model includes interaction
widgets
and elements denoting document structure. The Roles Model describes inheritance and details the
attributes
each role supports. Information about mapping of roles to accessibility
APIs
is provided by the
Core Accessibility
API
Mappings
CORE-AAM-1.2
].
Roles are element types and will not change with time or user actions. Role information is used by assistive technologies, through interaction with the user agent, to provide normal processing of the specified element type.
States and properties are used to declare important attributes of an element that affect and describe interaction. They enable the
user agent
and operating system to properly handle the element even when the attributes are dynamically changed by client-side scripts. For example, alternative input and output technology, such as screen readers and speech dictation software, need to be able to recognize and effectively manipulate and communicate various interaction states (e.g., disabled, checked) to the user.
While it is possible for assistive technologies to access these properties directly through the
Document Object Model
DOM
], the preferred mechanism is for the user agent to map the states and properties to the accessibility
API
of the operating system. See the
Core Accessibility
API
Mappings
CORE-AAM-1.2
] and the
Accessible Name and Description Computation
ACCNAME-1.2
] for details.
Figure 1.0 illustrates the relationship between user agents (e.g., browsers), accessibility
APIs
, and assistive technologies. It describes the "contract" provided by the user agent to assistive technologies, which includes typical accessibility information found in the accessibility
API
for many of our accessible platforms for GUIs (role, state, selection,
event
notification,
relationship
information, and descriptions). The
DOM
, usually
HTML
, acts as the data model and view in a typical model-view-controller relationship, and JavaScript acts as the controller by manipulating the style and content of the displayed data. The user agent conveys relevant information to the operating system's accessibility
API
, which can be used by any assistive technologies, such as screen readers.
Figure 1: The contract model with accessibility
APIs
For more information see
WAI-ARIA
Authoring Practices
for the use of roles in making interactive content accessible.
Users of alternate input devices need
keyboard accessible
content. The new semantics, when combined with the recommended keyboard interactions provided in
WAI-ARIA
Authoring Practices
, will allow alternate input solutions to facilitate command and control via an alternate input solution.
WAI-ARIA
introduces navigational
landmarks
through its Roles Model and the
XHTML
role landmarks, which can help persons with dexterity and vision impairments by providing for improved keyboard navigation.
WAI-ARIA
may also be used to assist persons with cognitive learning disabilities. The additional semantics allow authors to restructure and substitute alternative content as needed.
Assistive technologies
need the ability to support alternative inputs by getting and setting the current value of
widget
states and properties. Assistive technologies also need to determine what
objects
are selected and manage widgets that allow multiple selections, such as list boxes and grids.
Speech-based command and control systems can benefit from
WAI-ARIA
semantics like the
role
attribute to assist in conveying audio information to the user. For example, upon encountering an element with a role of
with child elements of role
menuitem
each containing text content representing a different flavor, a speech system might state to the user, "Select one of three choices: chocolate, strawberry, or vanilla."
WAI-ARIA
is intended to be used as a supplement for native language semantics, not a replacement. When the host language provides a feature that provides equivalent accessibility to the
WAI-ARIA
feature, use the host language feature.
WAI-ARIA
should only be used in cases where the host language lacks the needed
role
state
, and
property
indicators. Use a host language feature that is as similar as possible to the
WAI-ARIA
feature, then refine the meaning by adding
WAI-ARIA
. For instance, a multi-selectable grid could be implemented as a table, and then
WAI-ARIA
used to clarify that it is an interactive grid, not just a static data table. This allows for the best possible fallback for user agents that do not support
WAI-ARIA
and preserves the integrity of the host language semantics.
1.2
Target Audience
This specification defines the basic model for
WAI-ARIA
, including roles, states, properties, and values. It impacts several audiences:
User agents
that process content containing
WAI-ARIA
features;
Assistive technologies
that present content in special ways to user with disabilities;
Authors who create content;
Authoring tools that help authors create conforming content; and
Conformance checkers that verify appropriate use of
WAI-ARIA
Each conformance requirement indicates the audience to which it applies.
Although this specification is applicable to the above audiences, it is not specifically targeted to, nor is it intended to be the sole source of information for, any of these audiences. The following documents provide important supporting information:
WAI-ARIA-PRACTICES-1.2
] addresses authoring recommendations for
HTML
, and is also of interest to developers of authoring tools and conformance checkers.
CORE-AAM-1.2
] addresses developers of
user agents
and
assistive technologies
ACCNAME-1.2
] also addresses developers of
user agents
and
assistive technologies
1.3
User Agent Support
WAI-ARIA
relies on user agent support for its features in two ways:
Mainstream
user agents
use
WAI-ARIA
to alter how host language features are exposed to
APIs
in order to improve accessibility. The mechanism for this is defined in the
Core Accessibility
API
Mappings
Assistive technologies
use the enhanced information available in an accessibility
API
, or uses the
WAI-ARIA
markup directly via the
DOM
, to convey semantic and interaction information to the user.
Aside from using
WAI-ARIA
markup to improve what is exposed to accessibility
APIs
, user agents behave as they would natively. Assistive technologies react to the extra information in the accessibility
API
as they already do for the same information on non-web content. User agents that are not assistive technologies, however, need do nothing beyond providing appropriate updates to the accessibility
API
The
WAI-ARIA
specification neither requires nor forbids user agents from enhancing native presentation and interaction behaviors on the basis of
WAI-ARIA
markup. Mainstream user agents might expose
WAI-ARIA
navigational landmarks (for example, as a dialog box or through a keyboard command) with the intention to facilitate navigation for all users. User agents are encouraged to maximize their usefulness to users, including users without disabilities.
WAI-ARIA
is intended to provide missing semantics so that the intent of the author may be conveyed to assistive technologies. Generally, authors using
WAI-ARIA
will provide the appropriate presentation and interaction features. Over time, host languages may add
WAI-ARIA
equivalents, such as new form controls, that are implemented as standard accessible user interface controls by the user agent. This allows authors to use them instead of custom
WAI-ARIA
enabled user interface components. In this case the user agent would support the native host language feature. Developers of host languages that implement
WAI-ARIA
are advised to continue supporting
WAI-ARIA
semantics when they do not adversely conflict with implicit host language semantics, as
WAI-ARIA
semantics more clearly reflect the intent of the author if the host language features are inadequate to meet the author's needs.
1.4
Co-Evolution of
WAI-ARIA
and Host Languages
WAI-ARIA
is intended to augment semantics in supporting languages like [
HTML
] and [
SVG2
], or to be used as an accessibility enhancement technology in other markup-based languages that do not explicitly include support for ARIA. It clarifies semantics to assistive technologies when authors create new types of objects, via style and script, that are not yet directly supported by the language of the page, because the invention of new types of objects is faster than standardized support for them appears in web languages.
It is not appropriate to create objects with style and script when the host language provides a semantic element for that type of object. While
WAI-ARIA
can improve the accessibility of these objects, accessibility is best provided by allowing the user agent to handle the object natively. For example, it's better to use an
h1
element in
HTML
than to use the
heading
role on a
div
element.
It is expected that, over time, host languages will evolve to provide semantics for objects that currently can only be declared with
WAI-ARIA
. This is natural and desirable, as one goal of
WAI-ARIA
is to help stimulate the emergence of more semantic and accessible markup. When native semantics for a given feature become available, it is appropriate for authors to use the native feature and stop using
WAI-ARIA
for that feature. Legacy content may continue to use
WAI-ARIA
, however, so the need for user agents to support
WAI-ARIA
remains.
While specific features of
WAI-ARIA
may lose importance over time, the general possibility of
WAI-ARIA
to add semantics to web pages is expected to be a persistent need. Host languages may not implement all the semantics
WAI-ARIA
provides, and various host languages may implement different subsets of the features. New types of objects are continually being developed, and one goal of
WAI-ARIA
is to provide a way to make such objects accessible, because web authoring practices often advance faster than host language standards. In this way,
WAI-ARIA
and host languages both evolve together but at different rates.
Some host languages exist to create semantics for features other than the user interface. For example,
SVG
expresses the semantics behind production of graphical objects, not of user interface components that those objects may represent. Host languages might, by design, not provide native semantics that map to
WAI-ARIA
features. In these cases,
WAI-ARIA
could be adopted as a long-term approach to add semantic information to user interface components.
1.5
Authoring Practices
1.5.1
Authoring Tools
Many of the requirements in the definitions of
WAI-ARIA
roles
states
, and
properties
can be checked automatically during the development process, similar to other quality control processes used for validating code. To assist authors who are creating custom widgets, authoring tools may compare widget roles, states, and properties to those supported in
WAI-ARIA
as well as those supported in related and cross-referenced roles, states, and properties. Authoring tools may notify authors of errors in widget design patterns, and may also prompt developers for information that cannot be determined from context alone. For example, a scripting library can determine the labels for the tree items in a tree view, but would need to prompt the author to label the entire tree. To help authors visualize a logical accessibility structure, an authoring environment might provide an outline view of a web resource based on the
WAI-ARIA
markup.
In both
HTML
and
SVG
tabindex
is an important way browsers support keyboard
focus navigation
for implementations of
WAI-ARIA
; authoring and debugging tools may check to make sure
tabindex
values are properly set. For example, error conditions may include cases where more than one treeitem in a tree has a
tabindex
value greater than or equal to 0, where
tabindex
is not set on any treeitem, or where
aria-activedescendant
is not defined when the element with the role tree has a
tabindex
value of greater than or equal to 0.
1.5.2
Testing Practices and Tools
The accessibility of interactive content cannot be confirmed by static checks alone. Developers of interactive content should test for device-independent access to
widgets
and applications, and should verify accessibility
API
access to all content and changes during user interaction.
1.6
Assistive Technologies
Programmatic access to accessibility semantics is essential for assistive technologies. Most assistive technologies interact with user agents, like other applications, through a recognized accessibility
API
. Perceivable objects in the user interface are exposed to assistive technologies as accessible objects, defined by the accessibility
API
interfaces. To do this properly, accessibility information – role, states, properties as well as contextual information – needs to be accurately conveyed to the assistive technologies through the accessibility
API
. When a state change occurs, the user agent provides the appropriate event notification to the accessibility
API
. Contextual information, in many host languages like
HTML
, can be determined from the
DOM
itself as it provides a contextual tree hierarchy.
While some assistive technologies interact with these accessibility
APIs
, others may access the content directly from the
DOM
. These technologies can restructure, simplify, style, or reflow the content to help a different set of users. Common use cases for these types of adaptations may be the aging population, persons with cognitive impairments, or persons in environments that interfere with use of their tools. For example, the availability of regional navigational landmarks may allow for a mobile device adaptation that shows only portions of the content at any one time based on its semantics. This could reduce the amount of information the user needs to process at any one time. In other situations it may be appropriate to replace a custom user interface control with something that is easier to navigate with a keyboard, or touch screen device.
2.
Important Terms
This section is non-normative.
While some terms are defined in place, the following definitions are used throughout this document.
API
Operating systems and other platforms provide a set of interfaces that expose information about
objects
and
events
to
assistive technologies
. Assistive technologies use these interfaces to get information about and interact with those
widgets
. Examples of accessibility
APIs
are
Microsoft Active Accessibility
MSAA
],
Microsoft User Interface Automation
UI-AUTOMATION
],
MSAA
with
UIA
Express
UIA-EXPRESS
], the
Mac
OS X
Accessibility Protocol
AXAPI
], the
Linux/Unix Accessibility Toolkit
ATK
] and
Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface
AT-SPI
], and
IAccessible2
IAccessible2
].
Accessibility Subtree
An
accessible object
in the
accessibility tree
and its descendants in that tree. It does not include objects which have relationships other than parent-child in that tree. For example, it does not include objects linked via
aria-flowto
unless those objects are also descendants in the
accessibility tree
Accessibility Tree
Tree of
accessible objects
that represents the structure of the user interface (
UI
). Each node in the accessibility tree represents an element in the
UI
as exposed through the
API
; for example, a push button, a check box, or container.
Accessible Description
An accessible description provides additional information, related to an interface element, that complements the
accessible name
. The accessible description might or might not be visually perceivable.
Accessible Name
The accessible name is the name of a user interface element. Each platform
API
provides the accessible name property. The value of the accessible name may be derived from a visible (e.g., the visible text on a button) or invisible (e.g., the text alternative that describes an icon) property of the user interface element. See related
accessible description
A simple use for the accessible name property may be illustrated by an "OK" button. The text "OK" is the accessible name. When the button receives focus, assistive technologies may concatenate the platform's role description with the accessible name. For example, a screen reader may speak "push-button OK" or "OK button". The order of concatenation and specifics of the role description (e.g., "button", "push-button", "clickable button") are determined by platform
API
s or
assistive technologies
Accessible object
node
in the
accessibility tree
of a platform
API
. Accessible objects expose various
states
properties
, and
events
for use by
assistive technologies
. In the context of markup languages (e.g.,
HTML
and
SVG
) in general, and of
WAI-ARIA
in particular, markup
elements
and their
attributes
are represented as accessible objects.
Activation behavior
The action taken when an
event
, typically initiated by users through an input device, causes an element to fulfill a defined role. The role may be defined for that element by the host language, or by author-defined variables, or both. The role for any given element may be a generic action, or may be unique to that element. For example, the activation behavior of an
HTML
or
SVG

element shall be to cause the user agent to traverse the link specified in the
href
attribute, with the further optional parameter of specifying the browsing context for the traversal (such as the current window or tab, a named window, or a new window); the activation behavior of an
HTML

element with the
type
attribute value
submit
shall be to send the values of the form elements to an author-defined
IRI
by the author-defined
HTTP
method.
Assistive Technologies
Hardware and/or software that:
relies on services provided by a
user agent
to retrieve and render Web content
works with a user agent or web content itself through the use of
APIs
, and
provides services beyond those offered by the user agent to facilitate user interaction with web content by people with disabilities
This definition may differ from that used in other documents.
Examples of assistive technologies that are important in the context
of this document include the following:
screen magnifiers, which are used to enlarge and improve the visual readability of rendered text and images;
screen readers, which are most-often used to convey information through synthesized speech or a refreshable Braille display;
text-to-speech software, which is used to convert text into synthetic speech;
speech recognition software, which is used to allow spoken control and dictation;
alternate input technologies (including head pointers, on-screen keyboards, single switches, and sip/puff devices), which are used to simulate the keyboard;
alternate pointing devices, which are used to simulate mouse pointing and clicking.
Attribute
In this specification, attribute is used as it is in markup languages. Attributes are structural features added to
elements
to provide information about the
states
and
properties
of the
object
represented by the element.
Class
A set of instance
objects
that share similar characteristics.
Deprecated
A deprecated
role
state
, or
property
is one which has been outdated by newer constructs or changed circumstances, and which may be removed in future versions of the
WAI-ARIA
specification.
User agents
are encouraged to continue to support items identified as deprecated for backward compatibility. For more information, see
Deprecated Requirements
in the Conformance section.
Desktop focus event
Event from/to the host operating system via the accessibility
API
, notifying of a change of input focus.
DOMString
Sequence of 16-bit unsigned integers, typically interpreted as UTF-16 code units. This corresponds to the JavaScript primitive String type.
Element
In this specification, element is used as it is in markup languages. Elements are the structural elements in markup language that contains the data profile for
objects
Event
A programmatic message used to communicate discrete changes in the
state
of an
object
to other objects in a computational system. User input to a web page is commonly mediated through abstract events that describe the interaction and can provide notice of changes to the state of a document object. In some programming languages, events are more commonly known as notifications.
Expose
Translated to platform-specific
APIs
as defined in the
Core Accessibility
API
Mappings
Graphical Document
A document containing graphic representations with user-navigable parts. Charts, maps, diagrams, blueprints, and dashboards are examples of graphical documents. A graphical document is composed using any combination of symbols, images, text, and graphic primitives (shapes such as circles, points, lines, paths, rectangles, etc).
Hidden
Indicates that the
element
is not visible,
perceivable
, or interactive to
any
user. An element is considered
hidden
if it or any one of its ancestor elements is not rendered or is explicitly hidden.
Informative
Content provided for information purposes and not required for conformance. Content required for conformance is referred to as
normative
Keyboard Accessible
Accessible to the user using a keyboard or
assistive technologies
that mimic keyboard input, such as a sip and puff tube. References in this document relate to
WCAG
2.1 Guideline 2.1: Make all functionality available from a keyboard
WCAG21
].
Landmark
A type of region on a page to which the user may want quick access. Content in such a region is different from that of other regions on the page and relevant to a specific user purpose, such as navigating, searching, perusing the primary content, etc.
Live Region
Live regions are perceivable regions of a web page that are typically updated as a result of an external event when user focus may be elsewhere. These regions are not always updated as a result of a user interaction. Examples of live regions include a chat log, stock ticker, or a sport scoring section that updates periodically to reflect game statistics. Since these asynchronous areas are expected to update outside the user's area of focus, assistive technologies such as screen readers have either been unaware of their existence or unable to process them for the user.
WAI-ARIA
has provided a collection of properties that allow the author to identify these live regions and process them: aria-live, aria-relevant, aria-atomic, and aria-busy.
Primary Content Element
An implementing host language's primary content element, such as the
body
element in
HTML
Managed State
API
state
that is controlled by the user agent, such as focus and selection. These are contrasted with "unmanaged states" that are typically controlled by the author. Nevertheless, authors can override some managed states, such as aria-posinset and aria-setsize. Many managed states have corresponding
CSS
pseudo-classes, such as :focus, and pseudo-elements, such as ::selection, that are also updated by the user agent.
Nemeth Braille
The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics is a braille code for encoding mathematical and scientific notation. See
Nemeth Braille on Wikipedia
Node
Basic type of
object
in the
DOM
tree or
accessibility tree
DOM
nodes are further specified as
Element
or
Text nodes
, among other types. The nodes of an
accessibility tree
are
accessible objects
Normative
Required for conformance. By contrast, content identified as
informative
or "non-normative" is not required for conformance.
Object
In the context of user interfaces, an item in the perceptual user experience, represented in markup languages by one or more
elements
, and rendered by
user agents
In the context of programming, the instantiation of one or more
classes
and interfaces which define the general characteristics of similar objects. An object in an
API
may represent one or more
DOM
objects.
APIs
have defined interfaces that are distinct from
DOM
interfaces.
Ontology
A description of the characteristics of
classes
and how they relate to each other.
Operable
Usable by users in ways they can control. References in this document relate to
WCAG
2.1 Principle 2: Content must be operable
WCAG21
]. See
Keyboard Accessible
Owned Element
An 'owned element' is any
DOM
descendant of the
element
, any element specified as a child via
aria-owns
, or any
DOM
descendant of the owned child.
Owning Element
An 'owning element' is any
DOM
ancestor of the
element
, or any element with an
aria-owns
attribute which references the ID of the element.
Perceivable
Presentable to users in ways they can sense. References in this document relate to
WCAG
2.1 Principle 1: Content must be perceivable
WCAG21
].
Property
Attributes
that are essential to the nature of a given
object
, or that represent a data value associated with the object. A change of a property may significantly impact the meaning or presentation of an object. Certain properties (for example,
aria-multiline
) are less likely to change than
states
, but note that the frequency of change difference is not a rule. A few properties, such as
aria-activedescendant
aria-valuenow
, and
aria-valuetext
are expected to change often. See
clarification of states versus properties
Relationship
A connection between two distinct things. Relationships may be of various types to indicate which
object
labels another, controls another, etc.
Role
Main indicator of type. This
semantic
association allows tools to present and support interaction with the object in a manner that is consistent with user expectations about other objects of that type.
Root
WAI-ARIA
node
The primary element containing non-metadata content. In many languages, this is the document element but in
HTML
, it is the

Semantics
The meaning of something as understood by a human, defined in a way that computers can process a representation of an
object
, such as
elements
and
attributes
, and reliably represent the object in a way that various humans will achieve a mutually consistent understanding of the object.
State
A state is a dynamic
property
expressing characteristics of an
object
that may change in response to user action or automated processes. States do not affect the essential nature of the object, but represent data associated with the object or user interaction possibilities. See
clarification of states versus properties
Sub-document
Any document created from a

 or similar mechanism. A sub-document may contain a document, an application or any widget such as a calendar pulled in from another server. In the accessibility tree there are two accessible objects for this situation—one represents the <frame> <iframe> element in the parent document, which parents a single accessible object child representing the spawned document contents. Target Element An element specified in a WAI-ARIA relation. For example, in <div aria-controls=”elem1”> , where “elem1” is the ID for the target element. Taxonomy A hierarchical definition of how the characteristics of various classes relate to each other, in which classes inherit the properties of superclasses in the hierarchy. A taxonomy can comprise part of the formal definition of an ontology Text node Type of DOM node that represents the textual content of an attribute or an element . A Text node has no child nodes. Tooltip attribute Any host language attribute that would result in a user agent generating a tooltip such as in response to a mouse hover in desktop user agents. Understandable Presentable to users in ways they can construct an appropriate meaning. References in this document relate to WCAG 2.1 Principle 3: Information and the operation of user interface must be understandable WCAG21 ]. Unicode Braille Patterns In Unicode, braille is represented in a block called Braille Patterns (U+2800..U+28FF). The block contains all 256 possible patterns of an 8-dot braille cell; this includes the complete 6-dot cell range which is represented by U+2800..U+283F. In all braille systems, the braille pattern dots-0 (U+2800) is used to represent a space or the lack of content; it is also called a blank Braille pattern. See Braille Patterns on Wikipedia User Agent Any software that retrieves, renders and facilitates end user interaction with Web content. This definition may differ from that used in other documents. Valid IDREF A reference to a target element in the same document that has a matching ID Widget Discrete user interface object with which the user can interact. Widgets range from simple objects that have one value or operation (e.g., check boxes and menu items), to complex objects that contain many managed sub-objects (e.g., trees and grids). 3. Conformance The main content of Accessible Rich Internet Applications is normative and defines requirements that impact conformance claims. Introductory material, appendices, sections marked as "non-normative" and their subsections, diagrams, examples, and notes are informative (non-normative). Non-normative material provides advisory information to help interpret the guidelines but does not create requirements that impact a conformance claim. Normative sections provide requirements that user agents must follow for an implementation to conform to this specification. The keywords MUST MUST NOT REQUIRED SHALL SHALL NOT SHOULD RECOMMENDED MAY , and OPTIONAL in this document are to be interpreted as described in Keywords for use in RFCs to indicate requirement levels RFC2119 ]. RFC-2119 keywords are formatted in uppercase and contained in an element with class="rfc2119" . When the keywords shown above are used, but do not share this format, they do not convey formal information in the RFC 2119 sense, and are merely explanatory, i.e., informative. As much as possible, such usages are avoided in this specification. Normative sections provide requirements that authors, user agents and assistive technologies MUST follow for an implementation to conform to this specification. Non-normative (informative) sections provide information useful to understanding the specification. Such sections may contain examples of recommended practice, but it is not required to follow such recommendations in order to conform to this specification. 3.1 Non-interference with the Host Language WAI-ARIA processing by the user agent MUST NOT interfere with the normal operation of the built-in features of the host language. If a CSS selector includes a WAI-ARIA attribute (e.g., input[aria-invalid="true"] ), user agents MUST update the visual display of any elements matching (or no longer matching) the selector any time the attribute is added/changed/removed in the DOM . The user agent MAY alter the mapping of the host language features into an API , but the user agent MUST NOT alter the DOM in order to remap WAI-ARIA markup into host language features. 3.2 All WAI-ARIA in DOM A conforming user agent which implements a document object model that does not conform to the W3C DOM specification MUST include the content attribute for role and its WAI-ARIA role values , as well as the WAI-ARIA States and Properties in the DOM as specified by the author, even though processing may affect how the elements are exposed to accessibility APIs . Doing so ensures that each role attribute and all WAI-ARIA states and properties, including their values, are in the document in an unmodified form so other tools, such as assistive technologies, can access them. A conforming W3C DOM meets this criterion. 3.3 Assistive Technology Notifications Communicated to Web Applications Assistive technologies , such as speech recognition systems and alternate input devices for users with mobility impairments, require the ability to control a web application in a device-independent way. WAI-ARIA states and properties reflect the current state of rich internet application components. The ability for assistive technologies to notify web applications of necessary changes is essential because it allows these alternative input solutions to control an application without being dependent on the standard input device which the user is unable to effectively control directly. User agents MUST provide a method to notify the web application when a change occurs to states or properties in the system accessibility API . Likewise, web application authors SHOULD update the web application accordingly when notified of a change request from the user agent or assistive technology. Note Many state and properties can be changed by assistive technologies through existing accessibility APIs by responding to a default action event. For example, the aria-selected state of a tab in a tabpanel can be changed by triggering the default action on the element. 3.4 Conformance Checkers Any application or script verifying document conformance or validity SHOULD include a test for all of the normative author requirements in this specification. If testing for a given requirement, conformance checkers MUST issue an error if an author " MUST " requirement isn't met, and MUST issue a warning if an author " SHOULD " requirement isn't met. 3.5 Deprecated Requirements As the technology evolves, sometimes new ways to meet a use case become available, that work better than a feature that was previously defined. But because of existing implementation of the older feature, that feature cannot be removed from the conformance model without rendering formerly conforming content non-conforming. In this case, the older feature is marked as "deprecated". This indicates that the feature is allowed in the conformance model and expected to be supported by user agents, but it is recommended that authors do not use it for new content. In future versions of the specification, if the feature is no longer widely used, the feature could be removed and no longer expected to be supported by user agents. 4. Using WAI-ARIA Complex web applications become inaccessible when assistive technologies cannot determine the semantics behind portions of a document or when the user is unable to effectively navigate to all parts of it in a usable way (see WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices ). WAI-ARIA divides the semantics into roles (the type defining a user interface element) and states and properties supported by the roles. Authors need to associate elements in the document to a WAI-ARIA role and the appropriate states and properties (aria-* attributes ) during its life-cycle, unless the elements already have the appropriate implicit WAI-ARIA semantics for states and properties. In these instances the equivalent host language states and properties take precedence to avoid a conflict while the role attribute will take precedence over the implicit role of the host language element. 4.1 WAI-ARIA Roles WAI-ARIA role is set on an element using a role attribute , similar to the role attribute defined in Role Attribute ROLE-ATTRIBUTE ]. Example li role "menuitem" Open file… </ li The definition of each role in the model provides the following information : an informative description of the role; hierarchical information about related roles (e.g., a searchbox is a type of textbox ); context of the role (e.g., a listitem is contained inside a list ); references to related concepts in other specifications; supported states and properties for each role (e.g., a checkbox supports being checked via aria-checked ). Attaching a role gives assistive technologies information about how to handle each element. When WAI-ARIA roles override host language semantics, there are no changes in the DOM , only in the accessibility tree User agents MUST use the first token in the sequence of tokens in the role attribute value that matches the name of any non-abstract WAI-ARIA role . The following steps will correctly identify the applicable WAI-ARIA role: Use the rules of the host language to detect that an element has a role attribute and to identify the attribute value string for it. Separate the attribute value string for that attribute into a sequence of whitespace-free substrings by separating on whitespace. Compare the substrings to all the names of the non-abstract WAI-ARIA roles. Case-sensitivity of the comparison inherits from the case-sensitivity of the host language. Use the first such substring in textual order that matches the name of a non-abstract WAI-ARIA role. 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties WAI-ARIA provides a collection of accessibility states and properties which are used to support platform APIs on various operating system platforms. Assistive technologies may access this information through an exposed user agent DOM or through a mapping to the platform accessibility API . When combined with roles , the user agent can supply the assistive technologies with user interface information to convey to the user at any time. Changes in states or properties will result in a notification to assistive technologies, which could alert the user that a change has occurred. In the following example, a list item ( html:li ) has been used to create a checkable menu item, and JavaScript events will capture mouse and keyboard events to toggle the value of aria-checked . A role is used to make the behavior of this simple widget known to the user agent. Attributes that change with user actions (such as aria-checked ) are defined in the states and properties section. Example li role "menuitemcheckbox" aria-checked "true" Sort by Last Modified </ li Some accessibility states, called managed states , are controlled by the user agent. Examples of managed state include keyboard focus and selection. Managed states often have corresponding CSS pseudo-classes (such as :focus and ::selection ) to define style changes. In contrast, the states in this specification are typically controlled by the author and are called unmanaged states. Some states are managed by the user agent, such as aria-posinset and aria-setsize , but the author can override them if the DOM is incomplete and would cause the user agent calculation to be incorrect. User agents map both managed and unmanaged states to the platform accessibility APIs Most modern user agents support CSS attribute selectors ([ CSS3-SELECTORS ]), and can allow the author to create UI changes based on WAI-ARIA attribute information, reducing the amount of scripts necessary to achieve equivalent functionality. In the following example, a CSS selector is used to determine whether or not the text is bold and an image of a check mark is shown, based on the value of the aria-checked attribute. Example [aria-checked="true"] { font-weight: bold; } [aria-checked="true"]::before { background-image: url(checked.gif); } If CSS is not used to toggle the visual representation of the check mark, the author could include additional markup and scripts to manage an image that represents whether or not the menuitemcheckbox is checked. Example li role "menuitemcheckbox" aria-checked "true" img src "checked.gif" role "presentation" alt ""  Sort by Last Modified </ li 4.3 Managing Focus and Supporting Keyboard Navigation When using standard HTML interactive elements and simple WAI-ARIA widgets , application developers can manipulate the tab order or associate keyboard shortcuts with elements in the document. WAI-ARIA includes a number of "managing container" widgets, also known as "composite" widgets. When appropriate, the container is responsible for tracking the last descendant that was active (the default is usually the first item in the container). It is essential that a container maintain a usable and consistent strategy when focus leaves a container and is then later refocused. While there may be exceptions, it is recommended that when a previously focused container is refocused, the active descendant be the same element as the active descendant when the container was last focused. Exceptions include cases where the contents of a container widget have changed, and widgets like a menubar where the user expects to always return to the first item when focus leaves the menu bar. For example, if the second item of a tree group was the active descendant when the user tabbed out of the tree group, then the second item of the tree group remains the active descendant when the tree group gets focus again. The user may also activate the container by clicking on one of the descendants within it. When the container or its active descendant has focus, the user may navigate through the container by pressing additional keys, such as the arrow keys, to change the currently active descendant. Any additional press of the main navigation key (generally the TAB key) will move out of the container to the next widget. Usable keyboard navigation in a rich internet application is different from the tabbing paradigm among interactive elements, such as links and form controls, in a static document. In rich internet applications, the user tabs to significantly complex widgets , such as a menu or spreadsheet, and uses the arrow keys to navigate within the widget. The changes that WAI-ARIA introduces to keyboard navigation make this enhanced accessibility possible. In WAI-ARIA , any element can be keyboard focusable. In addition to host language mechanisms such as tabindex aria-activedescendant provides another mechanism for keyboard operation. Most other aspects of WAI-ARIA widget development depend on keyboard navigation functioning properly. When implementing aria-activedescendant as described below, the user agent keeps the DOM focus on the container element or on an input element that controls the container element. However, the user agent communicates desktop focus events and states to the assistive technology as if the element referenced by aria-activedescendant has focus. User agents are not expected to validate that the active descendant is a descendant of the container element. It is the responsibility of the user agent to ensure that keyboard events are processed at the element that has DOM focus. Any keyboard events directed at the active descendant bubble up to the DOM element with focus for processing. 4.3.1 Information for Authors If the author removes the element with focus, the author SHOULD move focus to a logical element. Similarly, authors SHOULD not scroll the element with focus off screen unless the user performed a scrolling action. Authors SHOULD ensure that all interactive elements are focusable and that all parts of composite widgets are either focusable or have a documented alternative method to achieve their function. Authors MUST manage focus on the following container roles: grid listbox menubar radiogroup tree treegrid tablist User agents that support WAI-ARIA expand the usage of host language mechanisms such as tabindex focus , and blur to allow them on all elements . Where the host language supports it, authors MAY add any element such as a div span , or img to the default tab order by setting tabindex="0" . In addition, any item with tabindex equal to a negative integer is focusable via script or a mouse click, but is not part of the default tab order. This is supported in both [ HTML ] and [ SVG2 ]. Authors MAY use aria-activedescendant to inform assistive technologies which descendant of a widget element is treated as having keyboard focus in the user interface if the role of the widget element supports aria-activedescendant This is often a more convenient way of providing keyboard navigation within widgets, such as a listbox , where the widget occupies only one stop in the page Tab sequence and other keys, typically arrow keys, are used to focus elements inside the widget. Typically, the author will use host language semantics to put the widget in the Tab sequence (e.g., tabindex="0" in HTML ) and aria-activedescendant to point to the ID of the currently active descendant. The author, not the user agent, is responsible for styling the currently active descendant to show it has keyboard focus. The author cannot use focus to style the currently active descendant since the actual focus is on the container. More information on managing focus can be found in the Developing a Keyboard Interface section of the WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices 4.3.2 Information for User Agents The user agent MUST do the following to implement aria-activedescendant Implement the host language method for keyboard navigation so that widgets that support aria-activedescendant may be included in the tab order. For platforms that expose desktop focus or API focus separately from DOM focus, do not expose the focused state in the accessibility API for any element when it has DOM focus and also has aria-activedescendant which points to a valid ID reference When the aria-activedescendant attribute changes on an element that currently has DOM focus, remove the focused state from the previously focused object and fire an accessibility API desktop focus event on the new element referenced by aria-activedescendant . If aria-activedescendant is cleared or does not point to an element in the current document, fire a desktop focus event for the object that had the attribute change. Apply the following accessibility API states to any element with an ID attribute that can be referenced by an element with both an aria-activedescendant attribute and has DOM focus. There are two ways an element can be referenced by aria-activedescendant . One way is when it is owned by an element with aria-activedescendant and the other is when it is owned by an element that is controlled by an element with role of combobox textbox or searchbox with an aria-activedescendant attribute: Focusable, if the element also has a WAI-ARIA role . The element needs to be focusable because it could be referenced by the aria-activedescendant attribute. Native elements that have no role attribute do not need to be checked; their native semantics determine the focusable state. Focused, whenever the element is the target of the aria-activedescendant attribute and the element with the aria-activedescendant attribute has DOM focus. When an assistive technology uses its platform's accessibility API to request a change of focus, user agents MUST do the following: Remove the platform's focused state from the previously focused object. Set the DOM focus: If the element can take DOM focus, the user agent MUST set the DOM focus to it. Otherwise, if the current element has an ID and the ID is referenced by the aria-activedescendant attribute of an element that is focusable, the user agent MUST set DOM focus to the element that has the aria-activedescendant attribute. Note An element with an ID can be referenced when it is owned by a container element that has the aria-activedescendant attribute or by a container element that is controlled by an element that has the aria-activedescendant attribute (e.g. see combobox ). Otherwise the aria-activedescendant attribute reference indicates an author error. Note The inability to set DOM focus to the containing element indicates an author error. Otherwise, the user agent MAY attempt to set DOM focus to the child element itself. If the current element has an ID and is owned by either a container element with both an aria-activedescendant attribute and has DOM focus, or by a container element that is controlled by an element with both an aria-activedescendant attribute and has DOM focus, the user agent MUST set the accessibility API focused state and fire an accessibility API focus event on the element identified by the value of aria-activedescendant 5. The Roles Model This section defines WAI-ARIA roles and describes their characteristics and properties. The roles, their characteristics, the states and properties they support, and specification of how they may be used in markup, shall be considered normative. In order to reflect the content in the DOM , user agents SHOULD map the role attribute to the appropriate value in the implemented accessibility API , and user agents SHOULD update the mapping when the role attribute changes. 5.1 Relationships Between Concepts The Roles Model uses the following relationships to relate WAI-ARIA roles to each other and to concepts from other specifications, such as HTML 5.1.1 Superclass Role The role that the current subclassed role extends in the Roles Model. This extension causes all the properties and constraints of the superclass role to propagate to the subclass role. Other than well known stable specifications, inheritance may be restricted to items defined inside this specification, so that external items cannot be changed and affect inherited classes 5.1.2 Subclass Roles Informative list of roles for which this role is the superclass. This is provided to facilitate reading of the specification but adds no new information. 5.1.3 Related Concepts Informative data about a similar or related idea from other specifications. Concepts that are related are not necessarily identical. Related concepts do not inherit properties from each other. Hence if the definition of one concept changes, the properties, behavior, and definition of its related concept is not affected. For example, a progress bar is like a status indicator. Therefore, the progressbar widget has a related concept which includes status . However, if the definition of status is modified, the definition of a progressbar is not affected. 5.1.4 Base Concept Informative data about objects that are considered prototypes for the role . Base concept is similar to type, but without inheritance of limitations and properties. Base concepts are designed as a substitute for inheritance for external concepts. A base concept is like a related concept except that the base concept is almost identical to the role definition. For example, the checkbox defined in this document has similar functionality and anticipated behavior to a <input[type="checkbox"]> defined in [ HTML ]. Therefore, a checkbox has an [ HTML checkbox as a baseConcept . However, if the original [ HTML ] checkbox baseConcept definition is modified, the definition of a checkbox in this document will not be affected, because there is no actual inheritance of the respective type. 5.2 Characteristics of Roles Roles are defined and described by their characteristics. Characteristics define the structural function of a role, such as what a role is, concepts behind it, and what instances the role can or must contain. In the case of widgets this also includes how it interacts with the user agent based on mapping to HTML forms. States and properties from WAI-ARIA that are supported by the role are also indicated. Roles define the following characteristics. 5.2.1 Abstract Roles Values Boolean Abstract roles are the foundation upon which all other WAI-ARIA roles are built. Content authors MUST NOT use abstract roles because they are not implemented in the API binding. User agents MUST NOT map abstract roles to the standard role mechanism of the accessibility API . Abstract roles are provided to help with the following: Organize the Roles Model and provide roles with a meaning in the context of known concepts. Streamline the addition of roles that include necessary features. 5.2.2 Required States and Properties States and properties specifically required for the role and subclass roles. Content authors MUST provide a non-empty value for required states and properties. Content authors MUST NOT use the value undefined for required states and properties, unless undefined is an explicitly-supported value of that state or property. When an object inherits from multiple ancestors and one ancestor indicates that property is supported while another ancestor indicates that it is required, the property is required in the inheriting object. Note A host language attribute with the appropriate implicit WAI-ARIA semantic fulfills this requirement. 5.2.3 Supported States and Properties States and properties specifically applicable to the role and child roles. Content authors MAY provide values for supported states and properties, but need not in cases where default values are sufficient. User agents MUST map all supported states and properties for the role to an accessibility API . If the state or property is undefined and it has a default value for the role, user agents SHOULD expose the default value. Note A host language attribute with the appropriate implicit WAI-ARIA semantic fulfills this requirement. 5.2.4 Inherited States and Properties Informative list of properties that are inherited by a role from superclass roles. States and properties are inherited from superclass roles in the Roles Model, not from ancestor elements in the DOM tree. These properties are not explicitly defined on the role, as the inheritance of properties is automatic. This information is provided to facilitate reading of the specification. The set of supported states and properties combined with inherited states and properties forms the full set of states and properties supported by the role. 5.2.5 Prohibited States and Properties List of states and properties that are prohibited on a role . Authors MUST NOT specify a prohibited state or property. Note A host language attribute with the appropriate implicit WAI-ARIA semantic would also prohibit a state or property in this section. 5.2.6 Required Owned Elements Any element that will be owned by the element with this role . For example, an element with the role list will own at least one element with the role listitem When multiple roles are specified as required owned elements for a role, at least one instance of one required owned element is expected. This specification does not require an instance of each of the listed owned roles. For example, a should have at least one instance of a menuitem menuitemcheckbox or menuitemradio . The role does not require one instance of each. There may be times that required owned elements are missing, for example, while editing or while loading a data set. When a widget is missing required owned elements due to script execution or loading, authors MUST mark a containing element with aria-busy equal to true . For example, until a page is fully initialized and complete, an author could mark the document element as busy. Note A role that has 'required owned elements' does not imply the reverse relationship. While processing of a role may be incomplete without elements of given roles present as descendants, elements with roles in this list do not always have to be found within elements of the given role. See required context role for requirements about the context where elements of a given role will be contained. Note An element with a subclass role of the 'required owned element' does not fulfill this requirement. For example, the listbox role requires ownership of an element using the option or group role. Although the group role is the superclass of row , adding an owned element with a role of row will not fulfill the requirement that listbox owns an option or a group Note An element with the appropriate implicit WAI-ARIA semantic fulfills this requirement. 5.2.7 Required Context Role The required context role defines the owning container where this role is allowed. If a role has a required context, authors MUST ensure that an element with the role is contained inside (or owned by) an element with the required context role. For example, an element with role listitem is only meaningful when contained inside (or owned by) an element with role list Note A role that has 'required context role' does not imply the reverse relationship. While an element with the given role needs to appear within an element of the listed role(s) in order to be meaningful, elements of the listed roles do not always need descendant elements of the given role in order to be meaningful. See required owned elements for requirements about elements that require presence of a given descendant to be processed properly. Note An element with the appropriate implicit WAI-ARIA semantic fulfills this requirement. 5.2.8 Accessible Name Calculation Values One of the following values: author: name comes from values provided by the author in explicit markup features such as the aria-label attribute, the aria-labelledby attribute, or the host language labeling mechanism, such as the alt or title attributes in HTML , with HTML title attribute having the lowest precedence for specifying a text alternative. contents: name comes from the text value of the element node . Although this may be allowed in addition to "author" in some roles , this is used in content only if higher priority "author" features are not provided. Priority is defined by the accessible name and description computation algorithm [ ACCNAME-1.2 ]. prohibited: the element does not support name from author. Authors MUST NOT use the aria-label or aria-labelledby attributes to name the element. 5.2.8.1 Name Computation Name Computation is defined in the Accessible Name and Description specification. 5.2.8.2 Description Computation Description Computation is defined in the Accessible Name and Description specification. 5.2.8.3 Accessible Name and Description Computation Accessible Name and Description Computation is defined in the Accessible Name and Description specification. 5.2.8.4 Roles Supporting Name from Author alert alertdialog (name required) application (name required) article banner blockquote button (name required) cell checkbox (name required) columnheader (name required) combobox (name required) command complementary composite contentinfo definition dialog (name required) directory document feed figure form grid (name required) gridcell group heading (name required) img (name required) input landmark link (name required) list listbox (name required) listitem log main marquee (name required) math meter (name required) menubar menuitem (name required) menuitemcheckbox (name required) menuitemradio (name required) note option (name required) progressbar (name required) radio (name required) radiogroup (name required) range region (name required) row rowgroup rowheader (name required) scrollbar searchbox (name required) sectionhead select separator slider (name required) spinbutton (name required) status switch (name required) tab table (name required) tablist tabpanel (name required) term textbox (name required) time timer toolbar tooltip (name required) tree (name required) treegrid (name required) treeitem (name required) window 5.2.8.5 Roles Supporting Name from Content button (name required) cell checkbox (name required) columnheader (name required) gridcell heading (name required) link (name required) menuitem (name required) menuitemcheckbox (name required) menuitemradio (name required) option (name required) radio (name required) row rowheader (name required) sectionhead switch (name required) tab tooltip (name required) treeitem (name required) 5.2.8.6 Roles which cannot be named (Name prohibited) caption code deletion emphasis generic insertion paragraph presentation strong subscript superscript 5.2.9 Presentational Children Values Boolean ( true false The DOM descendants are presentational. User agents SHOULD NOT expose descendants of this element through the platform API . If user agents do not hide the descendant nodes, some information may be read twice. 5.2.10 Implicit Value for Role Many states and properties have default values. Occasionally, the default value when used on a given role should be different from the usual default. Roles that require a state or property to have a non-standard default value indicate this in the "Implicit Value for Role". This is expressed in the form "Default for state or property name is new default value ". Roles that define this have the new default value for the state or property if the author does not provide an explicit value. 5.3 Categorization of Roles To support the current user scenario, this specification categorizes roles that define user interface widgets (sliders, tree controls, etc.) and those that define page structure (sections, navigation, etc.). Note that some assistive technologies provide special modes of interaction for regions marked with role application or document A visual description of the relationships among roles is available in the ARIA 1.2 Class Diagram Roles are categorized as follows: Abstract Roles Widget Roles Document Structure Roles Landmark Roles Live Region Roles Window Roles 5.3.1 Abstract Roles The following roles are used to support the WAI-ARIA Roles Model for the purpose of defining general role concepts. Abstract roles are used for the ontology. Authors MUST NOT use abstract roles in content. command composite input landmark range roletype section sectionhead select structure widget window 5.3.2 Widget Roles The following roles act as standalone user interface widgets or as part of larger, composite widgets. button checkbox gridcell link menuitem menuitemcheckbox menuitemradio option progressbar radio scrollbar searchbox separator (when focusable) slider spinbutton switch tab tabpanel textbox treeitem The following roles act as composite user interface widgets. These roles typically act as containers that manage other, contained widgets. combobox grid listbox menubar radiogroup tablist tree treegrid 5.3.3 Document Structure Roles The following roles describe structures that organize content in a page. Document structures are not usually interactive. application article blockquote caption cell columnheader definition deletion directory document emphasis feed figure generic group heading img insertion list listitem math meter none note paragraph presentation row rowgroup rowheader separator (when not focusable) strong subscript superscript table term time toolbar tooltip 5.3.4 Landmark Roles The following roles are regions of the page intended as navigational landmarks . All of these roles inherit from the landmark base type and all are imported from the Role Attribute ROLE-ATTRIBUTE ]. The roles are included here in order to make them clearly part of the WAI-ARIA Roles Model. banner complementary contentinfo form main region 5.3.5 Live Region Roles The following roles are live regions and may be modified by live region attributes alert log marquee status timer 5.3.6 Window Roles The following roles act as windows within the browser or application. alertdialog dialog 5.4 Definition of Roles Below is an alphabetical list of WAI-ARIA roles to be used by authors. Abstract roles are used for the ontology. Authors MUST NOT use abstract roles in content. alert A type of live region with important, and usually time-sensitive, information. See related alertdialog and status alertdialog A type of dialog that contains an alert message, where initial focus goes to an element within the dialog. See related alert and dialog application structure containing one or more focusable elements requiring user input, such as keyboard or gesture events, that do not follow a standard interaction pattern supported by a widget role. article A section of a page that consists of a composition that forms an independent part of a document, page, or site. banner landmark that contains mostly site-oriented content, rather than page-specific content. blockquote A section of content that is quoted from another source. button An input that allows for user-triggered actions when clicked or pressed. See related link caption Visible content that names, and may also describe, a figure table grid , or treegrid cell A cell in a tabular container. See related gridcell checkbox A checkable input that has three possible values true false , or mixed code A section whose content represents a fragment of computer code. columnheader A cell containing header information for a column. combobox An input that controls another element, such as a listbox or grid , that can dynamically pop up to help the user set the value of the input command A form of widget that performs an action but does not receive input data. complementary landmark that is designed to be complementary to the main content at a similar level in the DOM hierarchy, but remaining meaningful when separated from the main content. composite widget that may contain navigable descendants or owned children. contentinfo landmark that contains information about the parent document. definition A definition of a term or concept. See related term deletion A deletion contains content that is marked as removed or content that is being suggested for removal. See related insertion dialog A dialog is a descendant window of the primary window of a web application. For HTML pages, the primary application window is the entire web document, i.e., the body element. directory [Deprecated in ARIA 1.2] A list of references to members of a group, such as a static table of contents. document An element containing content that assistive technology users may want to browse in a reading mode. emphasis One or more emphasized characters. See related strong feed A scrollable list of articles where scrolling may cause articles to be added to or removed from either end of the list. figure A perceivable section of content that typically contains a graphical document , images, code snippets, or example text. The parts of a figure MAY be user-navigable. form landmark region that contains a collection of items and objects that, as a whole, combine to create a form. See related generic A nameless container element that has no semantic meaning on its own. grid A composite widget containing a collection of one or more rows with one or more cells where some or all cells in the grid are focusable by using methods of two-dimensional navigation, such as directional arrow keys. gridcell cell in a grid or treegrid group A set of user interface objects that is not intended to be included in a page summary or table of contents by assistive technologies heading A heading for a section of the page. img A container for a collection of elements that form an image. input A generic type of widget that allows user input. insertion An insertion contains content that is marked as added or content that is being suggested for addition. See related deletion landmark A perceivable section containing content that is relevant to a specific, author-specified purpose and sufficiently important that users will likely want to be able to navigate to the section easily and to have it listed in a summary of the page. Such a page summary could be generated dynamically by a user agent or assistive technology. link An interactive reference to an internal or external resource that, when activated, causes the user agent to navigate to that resource. See related button list section containing listitem elements. See related listbox listbox widget that allows the user to select one or more items from a list of choices. See related combobox and list listitem A single item in a list or directory. log A type of live region where new information is added in meaningful order and old information may disappear. See related marquee main landmark containing the main content of a document. marquee A type of live region where non-essential information changes frequently. See related log math Content that represents a mathematical expression. meter An element that represents a scalar measurement within a known range, or a fractional value. See related progressbar A type of widget that offers a list of choices to the user. menubar A presentation of that usually remains visible and is usually presented horizontally. menuitem An option in a set of choices contained by a or menubar menuitemcheckbox menuitem with a checkable state whose possible values are true false , or mixed menuitemradio A checkable menuitem in a set of elements with the same role, only one of which can be checked at a time. landmark containing a collection of navigational elements (usually links) for navigating the document or related documents. none An element whose implicit native role semantics will not be mapped to the API . See synonym presentation note A section whose content is parenthetic or ancillary to the main content of the resource. option A selectable item in a listbox paragraph A paragraph of content. presentation An element whose implicit native role semantics will not be mapped to the API . See synonym none progressbar An element that displays the progress status for tasks that take a long time. radio A checkable input in a group of elements with the same role, only one of which can be checked at a time. radiogroup A group of radio buttons. range An element representing a range of values. region landmark containing content that is relevant to a specific, author-specified purpose and sufficiently important that users will likely want to be able to navigate to the section easily and to have it listed in a summary of the page. Such a page summary could be generated dynamically by a user agent or assistive technology. roletype The base role from which all other roles inherit. row A row of cells in a tabular container. rowgroup A structure containing one or more row elements in a tabular container. rowheader A cell containing header information for a row. scrollbar A graphical object that controls the scrolling of content within a viewing area, regardless of whether the content is fully displayed within the viewing area. landmark region that contains a collection of items and objects that, as a whole, combine to create a search facility. See related form and searchbox searchbox A type of textbox intended for specifying search criteria. See related textbox and section A renderable structural containment unit in a document or application. sectionhead A structure that labels or summarizes the topic of its related section. select A form widget that allows the user to make selections from a set of choices. separator A divider that separates and distinguishes sections of content or groups of menuitems. slider An input where the user selects a value from within a given range. spinbutton A form of range that expects the user to select from among discrete choices. status A type of live region whose content is advisory information for the user but is not important enough to justify an alert , often but not necessarily presented as a status bar. strong Content that is important, serious, or urgent. See related emphasis structure A document structural element subscript One or more subscripted characters. See related superscript superscript One or more superscripted characters. See related superscript switch A type of checkbox that represents on/off values, as opposed to checked/unchecked values. See related checkbox tab A grouping label providing a mechanism for selecting the tab content that is to be rendered to the user. table section containing data arranged in rows and columns. See related grid tablist A list of tab elements , which are references to tabpanel elements. tabpanel A container for the resources associated with a tab , where each tab is contained in a tablist term A word or phrase with a corresponding definition. See related definition textbox A type of input that allows free-form text as its value. time An element that represents a specific point in time. timer A type of live region containing a numerical counter which indicates an amount of elapsed time from a start point, or the time remaining until an end point. toolbar A collection of commonly used function buttons or controls represented in compact visual form. tooltip A contextual popup that displays a description for an element. tree widget that allows the user to select one or more items from a hierarchically organized collection. treegrid grid whose rows can be expanded and collapsed in the same manner as for a tree treeitem An option item of a tree . This is an element within a tree that may be expanded or collapsed if it contains a sub-level group of tree item elements. widget An interactive component of a graphical user interface ( GUI ). window A browser or application window. alert role A type of live region with important, and usually time-sensitive, information. See related alertdialog and status Alerts are used to convey messages that may be immediately important to users. In the case of audio warnings, alerts provide an accessible alternative for hearing-impaired users. The alert role is applied to the element containing the alert message. An alert is a specialized form of the status role, which is processed as an atomic live region Alerts are assertive live regions, which means they cause immediate notification for assistive technology users. If the operating system allows, the user agent SHOULD fire a system alert event through the accessibility API when the WAI-ARIA alert is created. Neither authors nor user agents are required to set or manage focus to an alert in order for it to be processed. Since alerts are not required to receive focus, authors SHOULD NOT require users to close an alert. If an author desires focus to move to a message when it is conveyed, the author SHOULD use alertdialog instead of alert Elements with the role alert have an implicit aria-live value of assertive , and an implicit aria-atomic value of true Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Subclass Roles: alertdialog Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-live is assertive Default for aria-atomic is true alertdialog role A type of dialog that contains an alert message, where initial focus goes to an element within the dialog. See related alert and dialog Alert dialogs are used to convey messages to alert the user. The alertdialog role goes on the node containing both the alert message and the rest of the dialog. Content authors SHOULD make alert dialogs modal by ensuring that, while the alertdialog is shown, keyboard and mouse interactions only operate within the dialog. See aria-modal Unlike alert alertdialog can receive a response from the user. For example, to confirm that the user understands the alert being generated. When the alert dialog is displayed, authors SHOULD set focus to an active element within the alert dialog, such as a form control or confirmation button. The user agent SHOULD fire a system alert event through the accessibility API when the alert is created, provided one is specified by the intended API Authors SHOULD use aria-describedby on an alertdialog to reference the alert message element in the dialog. If they do not, an assistive technology can resort to its internal recovery mechanism to determine the contents of the alert message. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: alert dialog Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-modal aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True application role structure containing one or more focusable elements requiring user input, such as keyboard or gesture events, that do not follow a standard interaction pattern supported by a widget role. Some user agents and assistive technologies have a browse mode where standard input events, such as up and down arrow key events, are intercepted and used to control a reading cursor. This browse mode behavior prevents elements that do not have a widget role from receiving and using such keyboard and gesture events to provide interactive functionality. When there is a need to create an element with an interaction model that is not supported by any of the WAI-ARIA widget roles, authors MAY give that element role application . And, when a user navigates into an element with role application assistive technologies that intercept standard input events SHOULD switch to a mode that passes most or all standard input events through to the web application. For example, a presentation slide editor uses arrow keys to change the positions of textbox and image elements on the slide. There are not any WAI-ARIA widget roles that correspond to such an interaction model so an author could give the slide container role application , an aria-roledescription of "Slide Editor", and use aria-describedby to provide instructions. Because only the focusable elements contained in an application element are accessible to users of some assistive technologies, authors MUST use one of the following techniques to ensure all non-decorative static text or image content inside an application is accessible: Associate the content with a focusable element using aria-labelledby or aria-describedby Place the content in a focusable element that has role document or article Manage focus of owned elements as described in Managing Focus , updating the value of aria-activedescendant to reference the element containing the focused content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: structure Supported States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-disabled aria-errormessage aria-expanded aria-haspopup aria-invalid Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-hidden (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True article role A section of a page that consists of a composition that forms an independent part of a document, page, or site. An article is not a navigational landmark , but may be nested to form a discussion where assistive technologies could pay attention to article nesting to assist the user in following the discussion. An article could be a forum post, a magazine or newspaper article, a web log entry, a user-submitted comment, or any other independent item of content. It is independent in that its contents could stand alone, for example in syndication. However, the element is still associated with its ancestors; for instance, contact information that applies to a parent body element still covers the article as well. When nesting articles, the child articles represent content that is related to the content of the parent article. For instance, a web log entry on a site that accepts user-submitted comments could represent the comments as articles nested within the article for the web log entry. Author, heading, date, or other information associated with an article does not apply to nested articles. When the user navigates to an element assigned the role of article assistive technologies that typically intercept standard keyboard events SHOULD switch to document browsing mode, as opposed to passing keyboard events through to the web application. Assistive technologies MAY provide a feature allowing the user to navigate the hierarchy of any nested article elements. When an article is in the context of a feed , the author MAY specify values for aria-posinset and aria-setsize Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: document Related Concepts: <article> in [ HTML Supported States and Properties: aria-posinset aria-setsize Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author banner role landmark that contains mostly site-oriented content, rather than page-specific content. Site-oriented content typically includes things such as the logo or identity of the site sponsor, and a site-specific search tool. A banner usually appears at the top of the page and typically spans the full width. User agents SHOULD treat elements with the role of banner as navigational landmarks Within any document or application , the author SHOULD mark no more than one element with the banner role Note Because document and application elements can be nested in the DOM , they may have multiple banner elements as DOM descendants, assuming each of those is associated with different document nodes, either by a DOM nesting (e.g., document within document ) or by use of the aria-owns attribute Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author blockquote role A section of content that is quoted from another source. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: <blockquote> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author button role An input that allows for user-triggered actions when clicked or pressed. See related link Buttons are mostly used for discrete actions. Standardizing the appearance of buttons enhances the user's recognition of the widgets as buttons and allows for a more compact display in toolbars. Buttons support the optional attribute aria-pressed . Buttons with a non-empty aria-pressed attribute are toggle buttons. When aria-pressed is true the button is in a "pressed" state , when aria-pressed is false it is not pressed. If the attribute is not present, the button is a simple command button. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: command Base Concept: <button> in [ HTML Related Concepts: link Supported States and Properties: aria-disabled aria-haspopup aria-expanded aria-pressed Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True caption role Visible content that names, and may also describe, a figure table grid , or treegrid When using caption authors SHOULD ensure: The caption is a direct child of a figure table grid , or treegrid The caption is the first child of a table grid , or treegrid The caption is the first or last child of a figure Authors SHOULD set aria-labelledby on the parent figure table grid , or treegrid to reference the element with role caption . However, if a caption contains content that serves as both a name and description for its parent, authors MAY instead set aria-labelledby to reference an element within the caption that contains a concise name, and set aria-describedby to reference an element within the caption that contains the descriptive content. Example div role "table" aria-labelledby "name" aria-describedby "desc" div role "caption" div id "name" Contest Entrants </ div div id "desc" This table shows the total number of entrants (500) the contest accepted over the past four weeks. </ div </ div  Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: <caption> in [ HTML <figcaption> in [ HTML Required Context Role: figure grid table treegrid Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby Name From: prohibited cell role A cell in a tabular container. See related gridcell Authors MUST ensure elements with role cell are contained in, or owned by, an element with the role row Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Subclass Roles: columnheader gridcell rowheader Base Concept: <td> in [ HTML Required Context Role: row Supported States and Properties: aria-colindex aria-colspan aria-rowindex aria-rowspan Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author checkbox role A checkable input that has three possible values true false , or mixed The aria-checked attribute of a checkbox indicates whether the input is checked ( true ), unchecked ( false ), or represents a group of elements that have a mixture of checked and unchecked values ( mixed ). Many checkboxes do not use the mixed value, and thus are effectively boolean checkboxes. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: input Subclass Roles: switch Related Concepts: <input[type="checkbox"]> in [ HTML option Required States and Properties: aria-checked Supported States and Properties: aria-errormessage aria-expanded aria-invalid aria-readonly aria-required Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True code role A section whose content represents a fragment of computer code. The primary purpose of the code role is to inform assistive technologies that the content is computer code and thus may require special presentation, in particular with respect to synthesized speech. More specifically, screen readers and other tools which provide text-to-speech presentation of content SHOULD prefer full punctuation verbosity to ensure common symbols (e.g. "-") are spoken. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: <code> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby Name From: prohibited columnheader role A cell containing header information for a column. columnheader can be used as a column header in a table or grid. It could also be used in a pie chart to show a similar relationship in the data. The columnheader establishes a relationship between it and all cells in the corresponding column. It is the structural equivalent to an HTML th element with a column scope. Authors MUST ensure elements with role columnheader are contained in, or owned by, an element with the role row Applying the aria-selected state on a columnheader MUST not cause the user agent to automatically propagate the aria-selected state to all the cells in the corresponding column. An author MAY choose to propagate selection in this manner depending on the specific application. While the columnheader role can be used in both interactive grids and non-interactive tables, the use of aria-readonly and aria-required is only applicable to interactive elements. Therefore, authors SHOULD NOT use aria-required or aria-readonly in a columnheader that descends from a table , and user agents SHOULD NOT expose either property to assistive technologies unless the columnheader descends from a grid Note Because cells are organized into rows, there is not a single container element for the column. The column is the set of gridcell elements in a particular position within their respective row containers. Note : Usage of aria-disabled While aria-disabled is currently supported on columnheader , in a future version the working group plans to prohibit its use on elements with role columnheader except when the element is in the context of a grid or treegrid Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: cell gridcell sectionhead Base Concept: <th[scope="col"]> in [ HTML Required Context Role: row Supported States and Properties: aria-sort Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-colindex aria-colspan aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage aria-expanded (state) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-readonly aria-relevant aria-required aria-roledescription aria-rowindex aria-rowspan aria-selected (state) Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True combobox role An input that controls another element, such as a listbox or grid , that can dynamically pop up to help the user set the value of the input Editor's note : Major Changes to combobox role in ARIA 1.2 The Guidance for combobox has changed significantly in ARIA 1.2 due to problems with implementation of the previous patterns. Authors and developers of User Agents, Assistive Technologies, and Conformance Checkers are advised to review this section carefully to understand the changes. Explanation of the changes is available in the ARIA repository wiki combobox functionally combines a named input field with the ability to assist value selection via a supplementary popup element. combobox input MAY be either a single-line text field that supports editing and typing or an element that only displays the current value of the combobox If the combobox supports text input and provides autocompletion behavior as described in aria-autocomplete , authors MUST set aria-autocomplete on the combobox element to the value that corresponds to the provided behavior. Typically, the initial state of a combobox is collapsed. In the collapsed state, only the combobox element and a separate, optional popup control button are visible. combobox is said to be expanded when both the combobox element showing its current value and its associated popup element are visible. Authors MUST set aria-expanded to true on an element with role combobox when it is expanded and false when it is collapsed. Authors MUST ensure the popup element associated with a combobox has a role of listbox tree grid , or dialog Authors MUST set aria-controls on a combobox element to a value that refers to the combobox popup element. Elements with the role combobox have an implicit aria-haspopup value of listbox If the combobox popup element has a role other than listbox , authors MUST specify a value for aria-haspopup that corresponds to the role of its popup. If the user interface includes an additional icon that allows the visibility of the popup to be controlled via pointer and touch events, authors SHOULD ensure that element has role button , that it is focusable but not included in the page Tab sequence, and that it is not a descendant of the element with role combobox In addition, to be keyboard accessible, authors SHOULD provide keyboard mechanisms for moving focus between the combobox element and elements contained in the popup. For example, one common convention is that Down Arrow moves focus from the input to the first focusable descendant of the popup element. If the popup element supports aria-activedescendant , in lieu of moving focus, such keyboard mechanisms can control the value of aria-activedescendant on the combobox element. When a descendant of the popup element is active, authors MAY set aria-activedescendant on the combobox to a value that refers to the active element within the popup while focus remains on the combobox element. User agents MUST expose the value of elements with role combobox to assistive technologies The value of a combobox is represented by one of the following: If the combobox element is a host language element that provides a value, such as an HTML input element, the value of the combobox is the value of that element. Otherwise, the value of the combobox is represented by its descendant elements and can be determined using the same method used to compute the name of a button from its descendant content. Example label for "tag_combo" Tag </ label input type "text" id "tag_combo" role "combobox" aria-autocomplete "list" aria-haspopup "listbox" aria-expanded "true" aria-controls "popup_listbox" aria-activedescendant "selected_option" ul role "listbox" id "popup_listbox" li role "option" Zebra </ li li role "option" id "selected_option" Zoom </ li </ ul Editor's note : Validity changes combobox for ARIA 1.2 Please review the following carefully. As a result of these changes a combobox following the ARIA 1.1 combobox specification will no longer conform with the ARIA specification. Note The structural requirements for combobox defined by this version of the specification are different from the requirements defined by ARIA 1.0 and ARIA 1.1: The ARIA 1.0 specification required the input element with the combobox role to be a single-line text field and reference the popup element with aria-owns instead of aria-controls The ARIA 1.1 specification, which was not broadly supported by assistive technologies, required the combobox to be a non-focusable element with two required owned elements -- a focusable textbox and a popup element controlled by the textbox The changes introduced in ARIA 1.2 improve interoperability with assistive technologies and enable authors to create presentations of combobox that more closely imitate a native HTML select element. The features and behaviors of combobox implementations vary widely. Consequently, there are many important authoring considerations. See the WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices for additional details on implementing combobox design patterns. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: input Related Concepts: <select> in [ HTML Required States and Properties: aria-controls aria-expanded Supported States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-autocomplete aria-errormessage aria-haspopup aria-invalid aria-readonly aria-required Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-hidden (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-haspopup is listbox command role A form of widget that performs an action but does not receive input data. Note command is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: widget Subclass Roles: button link menuitem Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author complementary role landmark that is designed to be complementary to the main content at a similar level in the DOM hierarchy, but remaining meaningful when separated from the main content. There are various types of content that would appropriately have this role . For example, in the case of a portal, this may include but not be limited to show times, current weather, related articles, or stocks to watch. The complementary role indicates that contained content is relevant to the main content. If the complementary content is completely separable from the main content, it may be appropriate to use a more general role. User agents SHOULD treat elements with the role of complementary as navigational landmarks Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author composite role widget that may contain navigable descendants or owned children. Authors SHOULD ensure that a composite widget exists as a single navigation stop within the larger navigation system of the web page. Once the composite widget has focus, authors SHOULD provide a separate navigation mechanism for users to navigate to elements that are descendants or owned children of the composite element. Note composite is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: widget Subclass Roles: grid select spinbutton tablist Supported States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-disabled Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author contentinfo role landmark that contains information about the parent document. Examples of information included in this region of the page are copyrights and links to privacy statements. User agents SHOULD treat elements with the role of contentinfo as navigational landmarks Within any document or application , the author SHOULD mark no more than one element with the contentinfo role. Note Because document and application elements can be nested in the DOM , they may have multiple contentinfo elements as DOM descendants, assuming each of those is associated with different document nodes, either by a DOM nesting (e.g., document within document ) or by use of the aria-owns attribute. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author definition role A definition of a term or concept. See related term Authors SHOULD identify the element being defined by giving that element a role of term and referencing it with the aria-labelledby attribute or by making the element with role term a descendant of the element with role definition Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author deletion role A deletion contains content that is marked as removed or content that is being suggested for removal. See related insertion Deletions are typically used to either mark differences between two versions of content or to designate content suggested for removal in scenarios where multiple people are revising content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: <del> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby Name From: prohibited dialog role A dialog is a descendant window of the primary window of a web application. For HTML pages, the primary application window is the entire web document, i.e., the body element. Dialogs are most often used to prompt the user to enter or respond to information. A dialog that is designed to interrupt workflow is usually modal. See related alertdialog Authors MUST provide an accessible name for a dialog, which can be done with the aria-label or aria-labelledby attribute. Authors SHOULD ensure that all dialogs (both modal and non-modal) have at least one focusable descendant element. Authors SHOULD focus an element in the modal dialog when it is displayed, and authors SHOULD manage focus of modal dialogs. Note In the description of this role, the term "web application" does not refer to the application role, which specifies specific assistive technology behaviors. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: window Subclass Roles: alertdialog Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-modal aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True directory role [Deprecated in ARIA 1.2] A list of references to members of a group, such as a static table of contents. Note As exposed by accessibility APIs , the directory role is essentially equivalent to the list role . So, using directory does not provide any additional benefits to assistive technology users. Authors are advised to treat directory as deprecated and to use list , or a host language's equivalent semantics instead. directory is a static table of contents, whether linked or unlinked. This includes tables of contents built with lists, including nested lists. Dynamic tables of contents, however, might use a tree role instead. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: list Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author document role An element containing content that assistive technology users may want to browse in a reading mode. When user agent focus moves to an element assigned the role of document assistive technologies having a reading mode for browsing static content MAY switch to that reading mode and intercept standard input events, such as Up or Down arrow keyboard events, to control the reading cursor. Because assistive technologies that have a reading mode default to that mode for all elements except for those with either a widget or application role, the only circumstance where the document role is useful for changing assistive technology behavior is when the element with role document is a focusable child element of a widget or application . For example, given an application element which contains some static rich text, the author can apply role document to the element containing the text and give it a tabindex of . When a screen reader user presses the Tab key and places focus on the document element, the user will be able to read the text with the screen reader's reading cursor. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: structure Subclass Roles: article Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False emphasis role One or more emphasized characters. See related strong The purpose of the emphasis role is to stress or emphasize content. It is not for communicating changes in typographical presentation that do not impact the meaning of the content. Authors SHOULD use the emphasis role only if its absence would change the meaning of the content. The emphasis role is not intended to convey importance; for that purpose, the strong role is more appropriate. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby Name From: prohibited feed role A scrollable list of articles where scrolling may cause articles to be added to or removed from either end of the list. feed enables users of assistive technologies that have a document browse mode, such as screen readers, to use the browse mode reading cursor to both read and scroll through a stream of rich content that may continue scrolling infinitely by loading more content as the user reads. In a feed assistive technologies provide a web application with signals of the user's reading cursor movement by moving user agent focus, enabling the application to both add new content and visually position content as the user browses the page. The feed also lets authors inform assistive technologies when additions and removals are occurring so assistive technologies can more reliably update their reading view without disrupting reading or degrading performance. For example, a feed could be used to present a stream of news stories where each article contains a story with text, links, images, and comments as well as widgets for sharing and commenting. As a screen reader user reads and interacts with each story and moves the screen reader reading cursor from story to story, each story scrolls into view and, as needed, new stories are loaded. feed is a container element whose children have role article . When articles are added or removed from either or both ends of a feed , authors SHOULD set aria-busy to true on the feed element before the changes are made and set it to false after the changes are complete. Authors SHOULD avoid inserting or removing articles in the middle of a feed . These requirements help assistive technologies gracefully respond to changes in the feed content that occur simultaneously with user commands to move the reading cursor within the feed Authors SHOULD make each article in a feed focusable and ensure that the application scrolls an article into view when user agent focus is set on the article or one of its descendant elements. For example, in HTML , each article element should have a tabindex value of either -1 or When an assistive technology reading cursor moves from one article to another, assistive technologies SHOULD set user agent focus on the article that contains the reading cursor. If the reading cursor lands on a focusable element inside the article , the assistive technology MAY set focus on that element in lieu of setting focus on the containing article Because the ability to scroll to another article with an assistive technology reading cursor depends on the presence of another article in the page, authors SHOULD attempt to load additional articles before user agent focus reaches an article at either end of the set of articles that has been loaded. Alternatively, authors MAY include an article at either or both ends of the loaded set of articles that includes an element, such as a button , that lets the user request more articles to be loaded. In addition to providing a brief label, authors MAY apply aria-describedby to article elements in a feed to suggest to screen readers which elements to speak after the label when users navigate by article . Screen readers MAY provide users with a way to quickly scan feed content by speaking both the label and accessible description when navigating by article , enabling the user to ignore repetitive or less important elements, such as embedded interaction widgets, that the author has left out of the description. Authors SHOULD provide keyboard commands for moving focus among articles in a feed so users who do not utilize an assistive technology that provides article navigation features can use the keyboard to navigate the feed If the number of articles available in a feed supply is static, authors MAY specify aria-setsize on article elements in that feed . However, if the total number is extremely large, indefinite, or changes often, authors MAY set aria-setsize to -1 to communicate the unknown size of the set. See the WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices for additional details on implementing a feed design pattern. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: list Required Owned Elements: article Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False figure role A perceivable section of content that typically contains a graphical document , images, code snippets, or example text. The parts of a figure MAY be user-navigable. Authors SHOULD provide a reference to the figure from the main text, but the figure need not be displayed at the same location as the referencing element. Authors MAY reference text serving as a caption using aria-describedby . Authors MAY provide a label using aria-label or MAY reference text serving as a label using aria-labelledby Assistive technologies SHOULD enable users to quickly navigate to figures. Mainstream user agents MAY enable users to quickly navigate to figures. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: <figure> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False form role landmark region that contains a collection of items and objects that, as a whole, combine to create a form. See related A form may contain a mix of host language form controls, scripted controls, and hyperlinks. Authors are reminded to use native host language semantics to create form controls whenever possible. If the purpose of a form is to submit search criteria, authors SHOULD use the role instead of the generic form role. Authors MUST give each element with role form a brief label that describes the purpose of the form. Authors SHOULD reference a visible label with aria-labelledby if a visible label is present. Authors SHOULD include the label inside of a heading whenever possible. The heading MAY be an instance of the standard host language heading element or an instance of an element with role heading If an author uses a script to submit a form based on a user action that would otherwise not trigger an onsubmit event (for example, a form submission triggered by the user changing a form element's value), the author SHOULD provide the user with advance notification of the behavior. User agents SHOULD treat elements with the role of form as navigational landmarks Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Base Concept: <form> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: true generic role A nameless container element that has no semantic meaning on its own. The generic role is intended for use as the implicit role of generic elements in host languages (such as HTML div or span ), so is primarily for implementors of user agents. Authors SHOULD NOT use this role in content. Authors MAY use presentation or none to remove implicit accessibility semantics, or a semantic container role such as group to semantically group descendants in a named container. Like an element with role presentation , an element with role generic can provide a limited number of accessible states and properties for its descendants, such as aria-live attributes. However, unlike elements with role presentation generic elements are exposed in APIs so that assistive technologies can gather certain properties such as layout and bounds. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: structure Related Concepts: HTML div HTML span Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby aria-roledescription Name From: prohibited grid role A composite widget containing a collection of one or more rows with one or more cells where some or all cells in the grid are focusable by using methods of two-dimensional navigation, such as directional arrow keys. The grid role does not imply a specific visual, e.g., tabular, presentation. It describes relationships among elements . It may be used for purposes as simple as grouping a collection of checkboxes or navigation links or as complex as creating a full-featured spreadsheet application. The cell elements of a grid have role gridcell . Authors MAY designate a cell as a row or column header by using either the rowheader or columnheader role in lieu of the gridcell role. Authors MUST ensure elements with role gridcell columnheader , or rowheader are owned by elements with role row , which are in turn owned by an element with role rowgroup , or grid To be keyboard accessible , authors SHOULD manage focus of descendants of a grid as described in Managing Focus . When a user is navigating the grid content with a keyboard, authors SHOULD set focus as follows: If a gridcell contains a single interactive widget that will not consume arrow key presses when it receives focus, such as a checkbox button , or link , authors MAY set focus on the interactive element contained in that cell. This allows the contained widget to be directly operable. Otherwise, authors SHOULD ensure the element that receives focus is a gridcell rowheader , or columnheader element. Authors SHOULD provide a mechanism for changing to an interaction or edit mode that allows users to navigate and interact with content contained inside a focusable cell if that focusable cell contains any of the following: a widget that requires arrow keys to operate, e.g., a combobox or radiogroup multiple interactive elements editable content For example, if a cell in a spreadsheet contains a combobox or editable text, the Enter key might be used to activate a cell interaction or editing mode when that cell has focus so the directional arrow keys can be used to operate the contained combobox or textbox . Depending on the implementation, pressing Enter again, Tab Escape , or another key may switch the application back to the grid navigation mode. Authors MAY use a gridcell to display the result of a formula, which could be editable by the user. In a spreadsheet application, for example, a gridcell may show a value calculated from a formula until the user activates the gridcell for editing when a textbox appears in the gridcell containing the formula in an editable state. If aria-readonly is set on an element with role grid user agents MUST propagate the value to all gridcell elements owned by the grid and expose the value in the accessibility API . An author MAY override the propagated value of aria-readonly for an individual gridcell element. In a grid that provides cell content editing functions, if the content of a focusable gridcell element is not editable, authors MAY set aria-readonly to true on the gridcell element. However, the value of aria-readonly , whether specified for a grid or individual cells, only indicates whether the content contained in cells is editable. It does not represent availability of functions for navigating or manipulating the grid itself. An unspecified value for aria-readonly does not imply that a grid or a gridcell contains editable content. For example, if a grid presents a collection of elements that are not editable, such as a collection of link elements representing dates in a datepicker, it is not necessary for the author to specify a value for aria-readonly Authors MAY indicate that a focusable gridcell is selectable as the object of an action with the aria-selected attribute. If the grid allows multiple gridcell s to be selected, the author SHOULD set aria-multiselectable to true on the element with role grid Since WAI-ARIA can augment an element of the host language, a grid can reuse the elements and attributes of a native table, such as an HTML table element. For example, if an author applies the grid role to an HTML table element, the author does not need to apply the row and gridcell roles to the descendant HTML tr and td elements because the user agent will automatically make the appropriate translations. When the author is reusing a native host language table element and needs a gridcell element to span multiple rows or columns, the author SHOULD apply the appropriate host language attributes instead of WAI-ARIA aria-rowspan or aria-colspan properties. See the WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices for additional details on implementing grid design patterns. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: composite table Subclass Roles: treegrid Base Concept: <table> in [ HTML Required Owned Elements: row rowgroup row Supported States and Properties: aria-multiselectable aria-readonly Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-colcount aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription aria-rowcount Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True gridcell role cell in a grid or treegrid gridcell may be focusable, editable, and selectable. A gridcell may have relationships such as aria-controls to address the application of functional relationships. If an author intends a gridcell to have a row header, column header, or both, and if the relevant headers cannot be determined from the DOM structure, authors SHOULD explicitly indicate which header cells are relevant to the gridcell by applying aria-describedby on the gridcell and referencing elements with role rowheader or columnheader In a treegrid , authors MAY define a gridcell as expandable by using the aria-expanded attribute. If the aria-expanded attribute is provided, it applies only to the individual cell. It is not a proxy for the container row , which also can be expanded. The main use case for providing this attribute on a gridcell is pivot table behavior. Authors MUST ensure elements with role gridcell are contained in, or owned by, an element with the role row Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: cell widget Subclass Roles: columnheader rowheader Base Concept: <td> in [ HTML Required Context Role: row Supported States and Properties: aria-disabled aria-errormessage aria-expanded aria-haspopup aria-invalid aria-readonly aria-required aria-selected Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-colindex aria-colspan aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-hidden (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription aria-rowindex aria-rowspan Name From: contents author group role A set of user interface objects that is not intended to be included in a page summary or table of contents by assistive technologies Contrast with region , which is a grouping of user interface objects that will be included in a page summary or table of contents. Authors SHOULD use a group to form a logical collection of items in a widget , such as children in a tree widget forming a collection of siblings in a hierarchy. However, when a group is used in the context of a listbox , authors MUST limit its children to option elements. Therefore, proper handling of group by authors and assistive technologies is determined by the context in which it is provided. Authors MAY nest group elements. If a section is significant enough to warrant inclusion in the web page's table of contents, the author SHOULD assign it a role of region or a standard landmark role Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Subclass Roles: row select toolbar Related Concepts: <fieldset> in [ HTML Supported States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-disabled Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author heading role A heading for a section of the page. To ensure elements with a role of heading are organized into a logical outline, authors MUST use the aria-level attribute to indicate the proper nesting level. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: sectionhead Related Concepts: <h1> <h2> <h3> <h4> <h5> , and <h6> in [ HTML Required States and Properties: aria-level Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True img role A container for a collection of elements that form an image. An img can contain captions and descriptive text, as well as multiple image files that when viewed together give the impression of a single image. An img represents a single graphic within a document, whether or not it is formed by a collection of drawing objects . In order for elements with a role of img to be perceivable , authors MUST provide a label using the aria-label or aria-labelledby attribute. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: <img> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True input role A generic type of widget that allows user input. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: widget Subclass Roles: checkbox combobox option radio slider spinbutton textbox Supported States and Properties: aria-disabled Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author insertion role An insertion contains content that is marked as added or content that is being suggested for addition. See related deletion Insertions are typically used to either mark differences between two versions of content or to designate content suggested for addition in scenarios where multiple people are revising content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: <ins> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby Name From: prohibited landmark role A perceivable section containing content that is relevant to a specific, author-specified purpose and sufficiently important that users will likely want to be able to navigate to the section easily and to have it listed in a summary of the page. Such a page summary could be generated dynamically by a user agent or assistive technology. Authors designate the purpose of the content by assigning a role that is a subclass of the landmark role and, when needed, by providing a brief, descriptive label. Elements with a role that is a subclass of the landmark role are known as landmark regions or navigational landmark regions. Assistive technologies SHOULD enable users to quickly navigate to landmark regions. Mainstream user agents MAY enable users to quickly navigate to landmark regions. Note landmark is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: section Subclass Roles: banner complementary contentinfo form main region Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False link role An interactive reference to an internal or external resource that, when activated, causes the user agent to navigate to that resource. See related button If this is a native link in the host language (such as an HTML anchor with an href value), activating the link causes the user agent to navigate to that resource. If this is a simulated link, the web application author is responsible for managing navigation. Note If pressing the link triggers an action but does not change browser focus or page location, authors are advised to consider using the button role instead of the link role. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: command Related Concepts: <a> in [ HTML <link> in [ HTML Supported States and Properties: aria-disabled aria-expanded aria-haspopup Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True list role section containing listitem elements. See related listbox Lists contain children whose role is listitem Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Subclass Roles: directory feed Base Concept: <ol> in [ HTML <ul> in [ HTML Required Owned Elements: listitem Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author listbox role widget that allows the user to select one or more items from a list of choices. See related combobox and list Items within the list are static and, unlike standard HTML select elements , may contain images. List boxes contain children whose role is option or elements whose role is group which in turn contains children whose role is option To be keyboard accessible , authors SHOULD manage focus of option descendants for all instances of this role , as described in Managing Focus Elements with the role listbox have an implicit aria-orientation value of vertical Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: select Related Concepts: list <select> in [ HTML Required Owned Elements: group option option Supported States and Properties: aria-errormessage aria-expanded aria-invalid aria-multiselectable aria-readonly aria-required Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-orientation aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-orientation is vertical listitem role A single item in a list or directory. Authors MUST ensure elements whose role is listitem are contained in, or owned by, an element whose role is list Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Subclass Roles: treeitem Base Concept: <li> in [ HTML Required Context Role: directory list Supported States and Properties: aria-level aria-posinset aria-setsize Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author log role A type of live region where new information is added in meaningful order and old information may disappear. See related marquee Examples include chat logs, messaging history, game log, or an error log. In contrast to other live regions, in this role there is a relationship between the arrival of new items in the log and the reading order. The log contains a meaningful sequence and new information is added only to the end of the log, not at arbitrary points. Elements with the role log have an implicit aria-live value of polite Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-live is polite main role landmark containing the main content of a document. This marks the content that is directly related to or expands upon the central topic of the document. The main role is a non-obtrusive alternative for "skip to main content" links, where the navigation option to go to the main content (or other landmarks ) is provided by the user agent through a dialog or by assistive technologies User agents SHOULD treat elements with the role of main as navigational landmarks. Within any document or application , the author SHOULD mark no more than one element with the main role. Note Because document and application elements can be nested in the DOM , they may have multiple main elements as DOM descendants, assuming each of those is associated with different document nodes, either by a DOM nesting (e.g., document within document ) or by use of the aria-owns attribute. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author marquee role A type of live region where non-essential information changes frequently. See related log Common usages of marquee include stock tickers and ad banners. The primary difference between a marquee and a log is that logs usually have a meaningful order or sequence of important content changes. Elements with the role marquee have an implicit aria-live value of off Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True math role Content that represents a mathematical expression. Content with the role math is intended to be marked up in an accessible format such as MathML MathML3 ], or with another type of textual representation such as TeX or LaTeX, which can be converted to an accessible format by native browser implementations or a polyfill library. While it is not ideal to use an image of a mathematical expression, there exists a significant amount of legacy content where images are used to represent mathematical expressions. Authors SHOULD ensure that images of math are labeled by text that describes the mathematical expression as it might be spoken. Note Browsers that support native implementations of MathML are able to provide a more robust, accessible math experience than can be accomplished with plain text approximations of math. Some rendering engines have close integration with screen readers that allow spacial touch exploration of the formula and refreshable braille display output in the Nemeth Braille format. This level of integration is not supported with images of mathematical formulas, even if the author provides a plain text approximation. At the time of this writing, some mainstream browsers do not support MathML natively, and must be retrofit using a JavaScript polyfill library. When authoring math content, use native MathML wherever possible, and test thoroughly. Use a polyfill library or provide a fallback image with a text alternative approximation if necessary. MathML Example with Embedded TeX Annotation Example   math xmlns "http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" mrow mi </ mi mo </ mo mfrac mrow mo form "prefix" </ mo mi </ mi mo </ mo msqrt msup mi </ mi mn </ mn </ msup mo </ mo mn </ mn mo ⁢  </ mo mi </ mi mo ⁢  </ mo mi </ mi </ msqrt </ mrow mrow mn </ mn mo ⁢  </ mo mi </ mi </ mrow </ mfrac </ mrow annotation encoding "TeX" x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a} </ annotation </ math Plain HTML or Polyfill DOM Result of the MathML Quadratic Formula If a rendering engine does not support a native math format such as MathML , authors MAY use JavaScript to downgrade the content to a format the browser can display, such as this HTML image using a data URI and plain text alternative. Example img role "math" src "..." alt "x=⟮−b±√⟮b²−4ac⟯⟯÷2a" Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Children Presentational: False meter role An element that represents a scalar measurement within a known range, or a fractional value. See related progressbar Authors MAY set aria-valuemin and aria-valuemax to indicate the minimum and maximum values for the meter . Otherwise, their implicit values follow the same rules as <input[type="range"]> in [ HTML ]: If aria-valuemin is missing or not a number , it defaults to 0 (zero). If aria-valuemax is missing or not a number , it defaults to 100. The value of aria-valuenow MUST NOT fall below or exceed the computed values of aria-valuemin and aria-valuemax , respectively. Authors SHOULD NOT use the meter role to indicate progress; the progressbar role exists to address that need. Note Presently, there are no WAI-ARIA properties corresponding to the low optimum , and high attributes supported on the <meter> element in [ HTML ]. The addition of these properties will be considered for ARIA version 1.3. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: range Related Concepts: <meter> in [ HTML Required States and Properties: aria-valuenow Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription aria-valuemax aria-valuemin aria-valuetext Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-valuemin is Default for aria-valuemax is 100 role A type of widget that offers a list of choices to the user. A menu is often a list of common actions or functions that the user can invoke. The role is appropriate when a list of menu items is presented in a manner similar to a menu on a desktop application. To be keyboard accessible , authors SHOULD manage focus of descendants for all instances of this role , as described in Managing Focus Elements with the role have an implicit aria-orientation value of vertical Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: select Subclass Roles: menubar Related Concepts: list Required Owned Elements: group menuitem group menuitemradio group menuitemcheckbox menuitem menuitemcheckbox menuitemradio Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-orientation aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-orientation is vertical menubar role A presentation of that usually remains visible and is usually presented horizontally. The menubar role is used to create a menu bar similar to those found in Windows, Mac, and Gnome desktop applications. A menu bar is used to create a consistent set of frequently used commands. Authors SHOULD ensure that menubar interaction is similar to the typical menu bar interaction in a desktop graphical user interface. To be keyboard accessible , authors SHOULD manage focus of descendants for all instances of this role , as described in Managing Focus Elements with the role menubar have an implicit aria-orientation value of horizontal Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: Related Concepts: toolbar Required Owned Elements: group menuitem group menuitemradio group menuitemcheckbox menuitem menuitemcheckbox menuitemradio Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-orientation aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-orientation is horizontal menuitem role An option in a set of choices contained by a or menubar Authors MAY disable a menu item with the aria-disabled attribute. If the menu item has its aria-haspopup attribute set to true , it indicates that the menu item may be used to launch a sub-level menu, and authors SHOULD display a new sub-level menu when the menu item is activated. In order to identify that they are related widgets , authors MUST ensure that menu items are owned by an element with role or menubar . Authors MAY separate menu items into sets by use of a separator or an element with an equivalent role from the native markup language. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: command Subclass Roles: menuitemcheckbox Related Concepts: listitem option Required Context Role: group menubar Supported States and Properties: aria-disabled aria-expanded aria-haspopup aria-posinset aria-setsize Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True menuitemcheckbox role menuitem with a checkable state whose possible values are true false , or mixed The aria-checked attribute of a menuitemcheckbox indicates whether the menu item is checked ( true ), unchecked ( false ), or represents a sub-level menu of other menu items that have a mixture of checked and unchecked values ( mixed ). In order to identify that they are related widgets , authors MUST ensure that menu item checkboxes are owned by an element with role or menubar . Authors MAY separate menu items into sets by use of a separator or an element with an equivalent role from the native markup language. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: menuitem Subclass Roles: menuitemradio Related Concepts: menuitem Required Context Role: group menubar Required States and Properties: aria-checked Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-expanded (state) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-posinset aria-relevant aria-roledescription aria-setsize Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True menuitemradio role A checkable menuitem in a set of elements with the same role, only one of which can be checked at a time. Authors SHOULD enforce that only one menuitemradio in a group can be checked at the same time. When one item in the group is checked, the previously checked item becomes unchecked (its aria-checked attribute becomes false ). In order to identify that they are related widgets , authors MUST ensure that menu item radios are owned by an element with role or menubar , or by a role group which itself is owned by an element with role or menubar If a or menubar contains more than one group of menuitemradio elements, or if the menu contains one group and other, unrelated menu items, authors SHOULD contain each set of related menuitemradio elements in an element using the group role. Authors MAY also delimit the group from other menu items with an element using the separator role, or an element with an equivalent role from the native markup language. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: menuitemcheckbox Related Concepts: menuitem Required Context Role: group menubar Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-checked (state) (required) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-expanded (state) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-posinset aria-relevant aria-roledescription aria-setsize Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True role landmark containing a collection of navigational elements (usually links) for navigating the document or related documents. User agents SHOULD treat elements with the role of as navigational landmarks Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: <nav> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author none role An element whose implicit native role semantics will not be mapped to the API . See synonym presentation Note Note regarding the ARIA 1.1 none role. In ARIA 1.1, the working group introduced none as a synonym to the presentation role, due to author confusion surrounding the intended meaning of the word "presentation" or "presentational." Many individuals erroneously consider role="presentation" to be synonymous with aria-hidden="true" , and we believe role="none" conveys the actual meaning more unambiguously. note role A section whose content is parenthetic or ancillary to the main content of the resource. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author option role A selectable item in a listbox Authors MUST ensure elements with role option are contained in, or owned by, an element with the role listbox or group within a listbox . Options not associated with a listbox might not be correctly mapped to an API Elements with the role option have an implicit aria-selected value of false Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: input Subclass Roles: treeitem Base Concept: <option> in [ HTML Related Concepts: listitem Required Context Role: group listbox Required States and Properties: aria-selected Supported States and Properties: aria-checked aria-posinset aria-setsize Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-selected is false paragraph role A paragraph of content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby Name From: prohibited presentation role An element whose implicit native role semantics will not be mapped to the API . See synonym none Note Note regarding the ARIA 1.1 none role. In ARIA 1.1, the working group introduced none as a synonym to the presentation role, due to author confusion surrounding the intended meaning of the word "presentation" or "presentational." Many individuals erroneously consider role="presentation" to be synonymous with aria-hidden="true" , and we believe role="none" conveys the actual meaning more unambiguously. Until implementations include sufficient support for role="none" , web authors are advised to use the presentation role alone role="presentation" or redundantly as a fallback to the none role role="none presentation" The intended use is when an element is used to change the look of the page but does not have all the functional, interactive, or structural relevance implied by the element type, or may be used to provide for an accessible fallback in older browsers that do not support WAI-ARIA Example use cases: An element whose content is completely presentational (like a spacer image, decorative graphic, or clearing element); An image that is in a container with the img role and where the full text alternative is available and is marked up with aria-labelledby and (if needed) aria-describedby An element used as an additional markup "hook" for CSS ; or A layout table and/or any of its associated rows, cells, etc. For any element with a role of presentation and which is not focusable, the user agent MUST NOT expose the implicit native semantics of the element (the role and its states and properties) to accessibility APIs . However, the user agent MUST expose content and descendant elements that do not have an explicit or inherited role of presentation. Thus, the presentation role causes a given element to be treated as having no role or to be removed from the accessibility tree, but does not cause the content contained within the element to be removed from the accessibility tree. For example, according to an accessibility API , the following markup elements would appear to have identical role semantics (no role) and identical content. Example  h1 role "presentation" Sample Content </ h1  span Sample Content </ span  span role "presentation" Sample Content </ span   Sample Content  The presentation role is used on an element that has implicit native semantics, meaning that there is a default accessibility API role for the element. Some elements are only complete when additional descendant elements are provided. For example, in HTML , table elements (matching the table role) require tr descendants (the row role ), which in turn require th or td children (the cell columnheader rowheader roles). Similarly, lists require list item children. The descendant elements that complete the semantics of an element are described in WAI-ARIA as required owned elements When an explicit or inherited role of presentation is applied to an element with the implicit semantic of a WAI-ARIA role that has required owned elements , in addition to the element with the explicit role of presentation , the user agent MUST apply an inherited role of presentation to any owned elements that do not have an explicit role defined. Also, when an explicit or inherited role of presentation is applied to a host language element which has required children as defined by the host language specification, in addition to the element with the explicit role of presentation, the user agent MUST apply an inherited role of presentation to any required children that do not have an explicit role defined. In HTML , the <img> element is treated as a single entity regardless of the type of image file. Consequently, using role="presentation" or role="none" on an HTML img is equivalent to using aria-hidden="true" . In order to make the image contents accessible, authors can embed the object using an <object> or <iframe> element , or use inline SVG code, and follow the accessibility guidelines for the image content. For any element with an explicit or inherited role of presentation and which is not focusable, user agents MUST ignore role-specific WAI-ARIA states and properties for that element. For example, in HTML , a ul or ol element with a role of presentation will have the implicit native semantics of its li elements removed because the list role to which the ul or ol corresponds has a required owned element of listitem . Likewise, the implicit native semantics of an HTML table element's thead tbody tfoot tr th td descendants will also be removed, because the HTML specification indicates that these are required structural descendants of the table element. Note Only the implicit native semantics of elements that correspond to WAI-ARIA required owned elements are removed. All other content remains intact, including nested tables or lists, unless those elements also have an explicit role of presentation applied. For example, according to an accessibility API , the following markup elements would appear to have identical role semantics (no roles) and identical content. Example 10  ul role "presentation" li Sample Content </ li li More Sample Content </ li </ ul  foo foo Sample Content </ foo foo More Sample Content </ foo </ foo Note There are other WAI-ARIA roles with required children for which this situation is applicable (e.g., radiogroups and listboxes), but tables and lists are the most common real-world cases in which the presentation inheritance is likely to apply. For any element with an explicit or inherited role of presentation , user agents MUST apply an inherited role of presentation to all host-language-specific labeling elements for the presentational element. For example, a table element with a role of presentation will have the implicit native semantics of its caption element removed, because the caption is merely a label for the presentational table. Authors SHOULD NOT provide meaningful alternative text (for example, use alt="" in HTML ) when the presentation role is applied to an image. In the following code sample, the containing img and is appropriately labeled by the caption paragraph. In this example the img element can be marked as presentation because the role and the text alternatives are provided by the containing element. Example 11 div role "img" aria-labelledby "caption" img src "example.png" role "presentation" alt "" id "caption" A visible text caption labeling the image. </ </ div In the following code sample, because the anchor ( HTML element) is acting as the treeitem, the list item ( HTML li element) is assigned an explicit WAI-ARIA role of presentation to override the user agent's implicit native semantics for list items. Example 12 ul role "tree" li role "presentation" role "treeitem" aria-expanded "true" An expanded tree node </ </ li </ ul Presentational Roles Conflict Resolution There are a number of ways presentational role conflicts are resolved. User agents MUST NOT expose elements having explicit or inherited presentational role in the accessibility tree, with these exceptions: If an element is focusable, or otherwise interactive, user agents MUST ignore the presentation role and expose the element with its implicit role, in order to ensure that the element is operable If a required owned element has an explicit non-presentational role, user agents MUST ignore an inherited presentational role and expose the element with its explicit role. If the action of exposing the explicit role causes the accessibility tree to be malformed, the expected results are undefined. If an element has global WAI-ARIA states or properties, user agents MUST ignore the presentation role and expose the element with its implicit role. However, if an element has only non-global, role-specific WAI-ARIA states or properties, the element MUST NOT be exposed unless the presentational role is inherited and an explicit non-presentational role is applied. For example, aria-describedby is a global attribute and would always be applied; aria-level is not a global attribute and would therefore only apply if the element was not in a presentational state. Example 13  h1 role "presentation" aria-describedby "comment-1" Sample Content </ h1  h1 role "presentation" aria-level "2" Sample Content </ h1 Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: structure Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby Name From: prohibited progressbar role An element that displays the progress status for tasks that take a long time. A progressbar indicates that the user's request has been received and the application is making progress toward completing the requested action. Authors MAY set aria-valuemin and aria-valuemax to indicate the minimum and maximum progress indicator values. Otherwise, their implicit values follow the same rules as <input[type="range"]> in [ HTML ]: If aria-valuemin is missing or not a number , it defaults to 0 (zero). If aria-valuemax is missing or not a number , it defaults to 100. The author SHOULD supply a value for aria-valuenow unless the value is indeterminate, in which case the author SHOULD omit the aria-valuenow attribute. Authors SHOULD update this value when the visual progress indicator is updated. If the progressbar is describing the loading progress of a particular region of a page, the author SHOULD use aria-describedby to point to the status, and set the aria-busy attribute to true on the region until it is finished loading. It is not possible for the user to alter the value of a progressbar because it is always read-only. Note Assistive technologies generally will render the value of aria-valuenow as a percent of a range between the value of aria-valuemin and aria-valuemax , unless aria-valuetext is specified. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: range widget Related Concepts: status Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription aria-valuemax aria-valuemin aria-valuenow aria-valuetext Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-valuemin is Default for aria-valuemax is 100 radio role A checkable input in a group of elements with the same role, only one of which can be checked at a time. Authors SHOULD ensure that elements with role radio are explicitly grouped in order to indicate which ones affect the same value. This is achieved by enclosing the radio elements in an element with role radiogroup . If it is not possible to make the radio buttons DOM children of the radiogroup , authors SHOULD use the aria-owns attribute on the radiogroup element to indicate the relationship to its children. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: input Related Concepts: <input[type="radio"]> in [ HTML Required States and Properties: aria-checked Supported States and Properties: aria-posinset aria-setsize Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True radiogroup role A group of radio buttons. radiogroup is a type of select list that can only have a single entry checked at any one time. Authors SHOULD enforce that only one radio button in a group can be checked at the same time. When one item in the group is checked, the previously checked item becomes unchecked (its aria-checked attribute becomes false ). Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: select Related Concepts: list Required Owned Elements: radio Supported States and Properties: aria-errormessage aria-invalid aria-readonly aria-required Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-orientation aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True range role An element representing a range of values. Note range is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: structure Subclass Roles: meter progressbar scrollbar slider spinbutton Supported States and Properties: aria-valuemax aria-valuemin aria-valuenow aria-valuetext Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author region role landmark containing content that is relevant to a specific, author-specified purpose and sufficiently important that users will likely want to be able to navigate to the section easily and to have it listed in a summary of the page. Such a page summary could be generated dynamically by a user agent or assistive technology. Authors SHOULD limit use of the region role to sections containing content with a purpose that is not accurately described by one of the other landmark roles, such as main complementary , or Authors MUST give each element with role region a brief label that describes the purpose of the content in the region. Authors SHOULD reference a visible label with aria-labelledby if a visible label is present. Authors SHOULD include the label inside of a heading whenever possible. The heading MAY be an instance of the standard host language heading element or an instance of an element with role heading Assistive technologies SHOULD enable users to quickly navigate to elements with role region. Mainstream user agents MAY enable users to quickly navigate to elements with role region. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Related Concepts: <section> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True roletype role The base role from which all other roles inherit. Properties of this role describe the structural and functional purpose of objects that are assigned this role. A role is a concept that can be used to understand and operate instances. Note roletype is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Subclass Roles: structure widget window Supported States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label (Except where prohibited) aria-labelledby (Except where prohibited) aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: n/a row role A row of cells in a tabular container. Rows contain cell or gridcell elements , and thus serve to organize a table grid , or treegrid While the row role can be used in a table grid , or treegrid , the semantics of aria-expanded aria-posinset aria-setsize , and aria-level are only applicable to the hierarchical structure of an interactive tree grid. Therefore, authors MUST NOT apply aria-expanded aria-posinset aria-setsize , and aria-level to a row that descends from a table or grid , and user agents SHOULD NOT expose any of these four properties to assistive technologies unless the row descends from a treegrid Authors MUST ensure elements with role row are contained in, or owned by, an element with the role table grid rowgroup , or treegrid Note : Usage of aria-disabled While aria-disabled is currently supported on row , in a future version the working group plans to prohibit its on elements with role row except when the element is in the context of a grid or treegrid Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: group widget Base Concept: <tr> in [ HTML Required Context Role: grid rowgroup table treegrid Required Owned Elements: cell columnheader gridcell rowheader Supported States and Properties: aria-colindex aria-expanded aria-level aria-posinset aria-rowindex aria-setsize aria-selected Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author rowgroup role A structure containing one or more row elements in a tabular container. The rowgroup role establishes a relationship between owned row elements. It is a structural equivalent to the thead tfoot , and tbody elements in an HTML table element Authors MUST ensure elements with role rowgroup are contained in, or owned by, an element with the role grid table , or treegrid Note The rowgroup role exists, in part, to support role symmetry in HTML , and allows for the propagation of presentation inheritance on HTML table elements with an explicit presentation role applied. Note This role does not differentiate between types of row groups (e.g., thead vs. tbody ), but an issue has been raised for WAI-ARIA 2.0. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: structure Base Concept: <tbody> <tfoot> and <thead> in [ HTML Required Context Role: grid table treegrid Required Owned Elements: row Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author rowheader role A cell containing header information for a row. The rowheader role can be used to identify a cell as a header for a row in a table grid , or treegrid . The rowheader establishes a relationship between it and all cells in the corresponding row. It is a structural equivalent to setting scope="row" on an HTML th element Authors MUST ensure elements with role rowheader are contained in, or owned by, an element with the role row Applying the aria-selected state on a rowheader MUST NOT cause the user agent to automatically propagate the aria-selected state to all the cells in the corresponding row. An author MAY choose to propagate selection in this manner depending on the specific application. While the rowheader role can be used in both interactive grids and non-interactive tables, the use of aria-expanded aria-readonly , and aria-required is only applicable to interactive elements. Therefore, authors SHOULD NOT use aria-expanded aria-readonly , or aria-required in a rowheader that descends from a table , and user agents SHOULD NOT expose these properties to assistive technologies unless the rowheader descends from a grid or treegrid Note : Usage of aria-disabled While aria-disabled is currently supported on rowheader , in a future version the working group plans to prohibit its use on elements with role rowheader except when the element is in the context of a grid or treegrid Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: cell gridcell sectionhead Base Concept: <th[scope="row"]> in [ HTML Required Context Role: row Supported States and Properties: aria-expanded aria-sort Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-colindex aria-colspan aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-readonly aria-relevant aria-required aria-roledescription aria-rowindex aria-rowspan aria-selected (state) Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True scrollbar role A graphical object that controls the scrolling of content within a viewing area, regardless of whether the content is fully displayed within the viewing area. A scrollbar represents the current value and range of possible values via the size of the scrollbar and position of the thumb with respect to the visible range of the orientation (horizontal or vertical) it controls. Its orientation represents the orientation of the scrollbar and the scrolling effect on the viewing area controlled by the scrollbar. It is typically possible to add or subtract to the current value by using directional keys such as arrow keys. Authors MUST set the aria-controls attribute on the scrollbar element to reference the scrollable area it controls. Authors MAY set aria-valuemin and aria-valuemax to indicate the minimum and maximum thumb position. Otherwise, their implicit values follow the same rules as <input[type="range"]> in [ HTML ]: If aria-valuemin is missing or not a number , it defaults to 0 (zero). If aria-valuemax is missing or not a number , it defaults to 100. Authors MUST set the aria-valuenow attribute to indicate the current thumb position. If aria-valuenow is missing or has an unexpected value, browsers MAY implement the repair techniques specified in the section describing handling author errors in states and properties , which are equivalent to the repair techniques for <input[type="range"]> in [ HTML ]. Elements with the role scrollbar have an implicit aria-orientation value of vertical Note Assistive technologies generally will render the value of aria-valuenow as a percent of a range between the value of aria-valuemin and aria-valuemax , unless aria-valuetext is specified. It is best to set the values for aria-valuemin aria-valuemax , and aria-valuenow in a manner that is appropriate for this calculation. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: range widget Required States and Properties: aria-controls aria-valuenow Supported States and Properties: aria-disabled aria-orientation aria-valuemax aria-valuemin Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription aria-valuetext Name From: author Accessible Name Required: False Children Presentational: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-orientation is vertical Default for aria-valuemin is Default for aria-valuemax is 100 role landmark region that contains a collection of items and objects that, as a whole, combine to create a search facility. See related form and searchbox A search region may be a mix of host language form controls, scripted controls, and hyperlinks. User agents SHOULD treat elements with the role of as navigational landmarks Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: landmark Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author searchbox role A type of textbox intended for specifying search criteria. See related textbox and Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: textbox Base Concept: <input[type="search"]> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-autocomplete aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-multiline aria-owns aria-placeholder aria-readonly aria-relevant aria-required aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True section role A renderable structural containment unit in a document or application. Note section is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: structure Subclass Roles: alert blockquote caption cell code definition deletion emphasis figure group img insertion landmark list listitem log marquee math note paragraph status strong subscript superscript table tabpanel term time tooltip Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: n/a sectionhead role A structure that labels or summarizes the topic of its related section. Note sectionhead is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: structure Subclass Roles: columnheader heading rowheader tab Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author select role A form widget that allows the user to make selections from a set of choices. Note select is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: composite group Subclass Roles: listbox radiogroup tree Supported States and Properties: aria-orientation Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author separator role A divider that separates and distinguishes sections of content or groups of menuitems. There are two types of separators: a static structure that provides only a visible boundary and a focusable, interactive widget that is also moveable. If a separator is not focusable, it is revealed to assistive technologies as a static structural element. For example, a static separator can be used to help visually divide two groups of menu items in a menu or to provide a horizontal rule between two sections of a page. Authors MAY make a separator focusable to create a widget that both provides a visible boundary between two sections of content and enables the user to change the relative size of the sections by changing the position of the separator . A variable separator widget can be moved continuously within a range, whereas a fixed separator widget supports only two discrete positions. Typically, a fixed separator widget is used to toggle one of the sections between expanded and collapsed states. If the separator is focusable, authors MUST set the value of aria-valuenow to a number reflecting the current position of the separator and update that value when it changes. Authors SHOULD also provide the value of aria-valuemin if it is not and the value of aria-valuemax if it is not 100 . If missing or not a number, the implicit values of these attributes are as follows: The implicit value of aria-valuemin is The implicit value of aria-valuemax is 100 In applications where there is more than one focusable separator , authors SHOULD provide an accessible name for each one. Elements with the role separator have an implicit aria-orientation value of horizontal Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: structure (if not focusable) widget (if focusable) Related Concepts: <hr> in [ HTML Required States and Properties: aria-valuenow (if focusable) Supported States and Properties: aria-disabled (if focusable) aria-orientation aria-valuemax (if focusable) aria-valuemin (if focusable) aria-valuetext (if focusable) Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Children Presentational: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-orientation is horizontal Default for aria-valuemin is Default for aria-valuemax is 100 slider role An input where the user selects a value from within a given range. A slider represents the current value and range of possible values via the size of the slider and position of the thumb. It is typically possible to add or subtract to the value by using directional keys such as arrow keys. Authors MAY set the aria-valuemin and aria-valuemax attributes. Otherwise, their implicit values follow the same rules as <input[type="range"]> in [ HTML ]: If aria-valuemin is missing or not a number , it defaults to 0 (zero). If aria-valuemax is missing or not a number , it defaults to 100. Authors MUST set the aria-valuenow attribute. If aria-valuenow is missing or has an unexpected value, browsers MAY implement the repair techniques specified in the section describing handling author errors in states and properties , which are equivalent to the repair techniques for <input[type="range"]> in [ HTML ]. Elements with the role slider have an implicit aria-orientation value of horizontal Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: input range Required States and Properties: aria-valuenow Supported States and Properties: aria-errormessage aria-haspopup aria-invalid aria-orientation aria-readonly aria-valuemax aria-valuemin Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-hidden (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription aria-valuetext Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-orientation is horizontal Default for aria-valuemin is Default for aria-valuemax is 100 spinbutton role A form of range that expects the user to select from among discrete choices. spinbutton typically allows users to change its displayed value by activating increment and decrement buttons that step through a set of allowed values. Some implementations display the value in an text field that allows editing and typing but typically limits input in ways that help prevent invalid values. Although a spinbutton is similar in appearance to many presentations of select , it is advisable to use spinbutton when working with known ranges (especially in the case of large ranges) as opposed to distinct options. For example, a spinbutton representing a range from 1 to 1,000,000 would provide much better performance than a select widget representing the same values. Authors MAY create a spinbutton with children or owned elements, but MUST limit those elements to a textbox and/or two buttons . Alternatively, authors MAY apply the spinbutton role to a text input and create sibling buttons to support the increment and decrement functions. To be keyboard accessible , authors SHOULD manage focus of descendants for all instances of this role , as described in Managing Focus . When a spinbutton receives focus, authors SHOULD ensure focus is placed on the textbox element if one is present, and on the spinbutton itself otherwise. Authors SHOULD also ensure the up and down arrows on a keyboard perform the increment and decrement functions and that the increment and decrement button elements are NOT included in the primary navigation ring, e.g., the Tab ring in HTML Authors SHOULD set the aria-valuenow attribute when the spinbutton has a value. Authors SHOULD set the aria-valuemin attribute when there is a minimum value, and the aria-valuemax attribute when there is a maximum value. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: composite input range Supported States and Properties: aria-errormessage aria-invalid aria-readonly aria-required aria-valuemax aria-valuemin aria-valuenow aria-valuetext Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-valuemin is that there is no minimum value. Default for aria-valuemax is that there is no maximum value. Default for aria-valuenow is status role A type of live region whose content is advisory information for the user but is not important enough to justify an alert , often but not necessarily presented as a status bar. Authors SHOULD ensure an element with role status does not receive focus as a result of change in status. Status is a form of live region . If another part of the page controls what appears in the status, authors SHOULD make the relationship explicit with the aria-controls attribute Assistive technologies MAY reserve some cells of a Braille display to render the status. Elements with the role status have an implicit aria-live value of polite and an implicit aria-atomic value of true Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Subclass Roles: timer Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-live is polite Default for aria-atomic is true strong role Content that is important, serious, or urgent. See related emphasis The purpose of the strong role is to communicate strong importance, seriousness, or urgency. It is not for communicating changes in typographical presentation that are not important to the meaning of the content. Authors SHOULD use the strong role only if its absence would change the meaning of the content. The strong role is not intended to convey stress or emphasis; for that purpose, the emphasis role is more appropriate. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby Name From: prohibited structure role A document structural element Roles for document structure support the accessibility of dynamic web content by helping assistive technologies determine active content versus static document content. Structural roles by themselves do not all map to APIs , but are used to create widget roles or assist content adaptation for assistive technologies. Note structure is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: roletype Subclass Roles: application document generic presentation range rowgroup section sectionhead separator Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: n/a subscript role One or more subscripted characters. See related superscript The subscript role is intended to be used only to mark up typographical conventions that have specific meanings; not for typographical presentation for presentation's sake. In general, authors SHOULD use this role only if the absence of the subscript would change the meaning of the content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: and in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby Name From: prohibited superscript role One or more superscripted characters. See related superscript The superscript role is intended to be used only to mark up typographical conventions that have specific meanings; not for typographical presentation for presentation's sake. In general, authors SHOULD use this role only if the absence of the superscript would change the meaning of the content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: and in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Prohibited States and Properties: aria-label aria-labelledby Name From: prohibited switch role A type of checkbox that represents on/off values, as opposed to checked/unchecked values. See related checkbox The aria-checked attribute of a switch indicates whether the input is on ( true ) or off ( false ). The mixed value is invalid, and user agents MUST treat a mixed value as equivalent to false for this role. Note switch provides approximately the same functionality as a checkbox and toggle button , but makes it possible for assistive technologies to present the widget in a fashion consistent with its on-screen appearance. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: checkbox Related Concepts: button Required States and Properties: aria-checked Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage aria-expanded (state) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-readonly aria-relevant aria-required aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True Children Presentational: True tab role A grouping label providing a mechanism for selecting the tab content that is to be rendered to the user. If a tabpanel or item in a tabpanel has focus, the associated tab is the currently active tab in the tablist , as defined in Managing Focus tablist elements, which contain a set of associated tab elements, are typically placed near a series of tabpanel elements, usually preceding it. See the WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices for details on implementing a tab set design pattern. Authors MUST ensure elements with role tab are contained in, or owned by, an element with the role tablist Authors SHOULD ensure the tabpanel associated with the currently active tab is perceivable to the user. For a single-selectable tablist , authors SHOULD hide other tabpanel elements from the user until the user selects the tab associated with that tabpanel. For a multi-selectable tablist , authors SHOULD ensure that the tab for each visible tabpanel has the aria-expanded attribute set to true , and that the tabs associated with the remaining hidden tabpanel elements have their aria-expanded attributes set to false In either case, authors SHOULD ensure that a selected tab has its aria-selected attribute set to true , that inactive tab elements have their aria-selected attribute set to false , and that the currently selected tab provides a visual indication that it is selected. In the absence of an aria-selected attribute on the current tab, user agents SHOULD indicate to assistive technologies through the platform API that the currently focused tab is selected. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: sectionhead widget Required Context Role: tablist Supported States and Properties: aria-disabled aria-expanded aria-haspopup aria-posinset aria-selected aria-setsize Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Children Presentational: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-selected is false table role section containing data arranged in rows and columns. See related grid The table role is intended for tabular containers which are not interactive. If the tabular container maintains a selection state, provides its own two-dimensional navigation, or allows the user to rearrange or otherwise manipulate its contents or the display thereof, authors SHOULD use grid or treegrid instead. Authors SHOULD prefer the use of the host language's semantics for table whenever possible, such as the <table> element in [ HTML ]. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Subclass Roles: grid Base Concept: <table> in [ HTML Required Owned Elements: row rowgroup row Supported States and Properties: aria-colcount aria-rowcount Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True tablist role A list of tab elements , which are references to tabpanel elements. To be keyboard accessible , authors SHOULD manage focus of descendants for all instances of this role , as described in Managing Focus For a single-selectable tablist , authors SHOULD hide other tabpanel elements from the user until the user selects the tab associated with that tabpanel. For a multi-selectable tablist , authors SHOULD ensure each visible tabpanel has its aria-expanded attribute set to true , and that the remaining hidden tabpanel elements have their aria-expanded attributes set to false tablist elements are typically placed near usually preceding, a series of tabpanel elements. See the WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices for details on implementing a tab set design pattern. Elements with the role tablist have an implicit aria-orientation value of horizontal Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: composite Required Owned Elements: tab Supported States and Properties: aria-multiselectable aria-orientation Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-orientation is horizontal tabpanel role A container for the resources associated with a tab , where each tab is contained in a tablist Authors SHOULD associate a tabpanel element with its tab , either by using the aria-controls attribute on the tab to reference the tab panel, or by using the aria-labelledby attribute on the tab panel to reference the tab. tablist elements are typically placed near, usually preceding, a series of tabpanel elements. See the WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices for details on implementing a tab set design pattern. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True term role A word or phrase with a corresponding definition. See related definition The term role is used to explicitly identify a word or phrase for which a definition has been provided by the author or is expected to be provided by the user. Authors SHOULD NOT use the term role on interactive elements such as links because doing so could prevent users of assistive technologies from interacting with those elements. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: <dfn> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author textbox role A type of input that allows free-form text as its value. If the aria-multiline attribute is true , the widget accepts line breaks within the input, as in an HTML textarea . Otherwise, this is a simple text box. The intended use is for languages that do not have a text input element , or cases in which an element with different semantics is repurposed as a text field. Note In most user agent implementations, the default behavior of the ENTER or RETURN key is different between the single-line and multi-line text fields in HTML . When user has focus in a single-line <input type="text"> element, the keystroke usually submits the form. When user has focus in a multi-line <textarea> element, the keystroke inserts a line break. The WAI-ARIA textbox role differentiates these types of boxes with the aria-multiline attribute, so authors are advised to be aware of this distinction when designing the field. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: input Subclass Roles: searchbox Related Concepts: <textarea> in [ HTML <input[type="text"]> in [ HTML Supported States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-autocomplete aria-errormessage aria-haspopup aria-invalid aria-multiline aria-placeholder aria-readonly aria-required Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-hidden (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True time role An element that represents a specific point in time. Note At the present time, there are no WAI-ARIA properties corresponding to the datetime attribute supported on <time> in [ HTML ]. The addition of this property will be considered for ARIA version 1.3. Authors SHOULD limit text contents to a valid date- or time-related string, or apply this future datetime -equivalent property to the element which has role time Examples of valid date- or time-related strings as text contents of an element with the time role: A valid month string: 2019-11 A valid date string: 2019-11-18 A valid yearless date string: 11-18 A valid time string: 09:54:39 A valid floating date and time string: 2019-11-18T14:54 A valid time-zone offset string: -08:00 A valid global date and time string: 2019-11-18T14:54Z A valid week string: 2019-W47 Four or more ASCII digits, at least one of which is not U+0030 DIGIT ZERO (0): 0001 A valid duration string: 4h 18m 3s Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Related Concepts: <time> in [ HTML Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author timer role A type of live region containing a numerical counter which indicates an amount of elapsed time from a start point, or the time remaining until an end point. The text contents of the timer object indicate the current time measurement, and are updated as that amount changes. The timer value is not necessarily machine parsable, but authors SHOULD update the text contents at fixed intervals, except when the timer is paused or reaches an end-point. Elements with the role timer have an implicit aria-live value of off Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: status Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author toolbar role A collection of commonly used function buttons or controls represented in compact visual form. The toolbar is often a subset of functions found in a menubar , designed to reduce user effort in using these functions. Authors MUST supply a label on each toolbar when the application contains more than one toolbar. Authors MAY manage focus of descendants for all instances of this role , as described in Managing Focus Elements with the role toolbar have an implicit aria-orientation value of horizontal Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: group Related Concepts: menubar Supported States and Properties: aria-orientation Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-orientation is horizontal tooltip role A contextual popup that displays a description for an element. The tooltip typically becomes visible, after a short delay, in response to a mouse hover, or after the owning element receives keyboard focus. The use of a WAI-ARIA tooltip is a supplement to the normal tooltip behavior of the user agent. Note Typical tooltip delays last from one to five seconds. Authors SHOULD ensure that elements with the role tooltip are referenced through the use of aria-describedby before or at the time the tooltip is displayed. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: section Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True tree role widget that allows the user to select one or more items from a hierarchically organized collection. To be keyboard accessible , authors SHOULD manage focus of descendants for all instances of this role , as described in Managing Focus Elements with the role tree have an implicit aria-orientation value of vertical Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: select Subclass Roles: treegrid Required Owned Elements: group treeitem treeitem Supported States and Properties: aria-errormessage aria-invalid aria-multiselectable aria-required Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-orientation aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True Implicit Value for Role: Default for aria-orientation is vertical treegrid role grid whose rows can be expanded and collapsed in the same manner as for a tree If aria-readonly is set on an element with role treegrid user agents MUST propagate the value to all gridcell elements owned by the treegrid and expose the value in the accessibility API . An author MAY override the propagated value of aria-readonly for an individual gridcell element. When the aria-readonly attribute is applied to a focusable gridcell , it indicates whether the content contained in the gridcell is editable. The aria-readonly attribute does not represent availability of functions for navigating or manipulating the treegrid itself. In a treegrid that provides content editing functions, if the content of a focusable gridcell element is not editable, authors MAY set aria-readonly to true on the gridcell element. However, if a treegrid presents a collection of elements that do not support aria-readonly , such as a collection of link elements, it is not necessary for the author to specify a value for aria-readonly To be keyboard accessible , authors SHOULD manage focus of descendants for all instances of this role , as described in Managing Focus Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: grid tree Required Owned Elements: row rowgroup row Inherited States and Properties: aria-activedescendant aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-colcount aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-multiselectable aria-orientation aria-owns aria-readonly aria-relevant aria-required aria-roledescription aria-rowcount Name From: author Accessible Name Required: True treeitem role An option item of a tree . This is an element within a tree that may be expanded or collapsed if it contains a sub-level group of tree item elements. A collection of treeitem elements to be expanded and collapsed are enclosed in an element with the group role Authors MUST ensure elements with role treeitem are contained in, or owned by, an element with the role group or tree Characteristics: Characteristic Value Superclass Role: listitem option Required Context Role: group tree Supported States and Properties: aria-expanded aria-haspopup Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-checked (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-level aria-live aria-owns aria-posinset aria-relevant aria-roledescription aria-selected (state) (required) aria-setsize Name From: contents author Accessible Name Required: True widget role An interactive component of a graphical user interface ( GUI ). Widgets are discrete user interface objects with which the user can interact. Widget roles map to standard features in APIs . When the user navigates an element assigned any of the non-abstract subclass roles of widget assistive technologies that typically intercept standard keyboard events SHOULD switch to an application browsing mode, and pass keyboard events through to the web application. The intent is to hint to certain assistive technologies to switch from normal browsing mode into a mode more appropriate for interacting with a web application; some user agents have a browse navigation mode where keys, such as up and down arrows, are used to browse the document, and this native behavior prevents the use of these keys by a web application. Note widget is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: roletype Subclass Roles: command composite gridcell input progressbar row scrollbar separator tab Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: n/a window role A browser or application window. Elements with this role have a window-like behavior in a graphical user interface ( GUI ) context, regardless of whether they are implemented as a native window in the operating system, or merely as a section of the document styled to look like a window. Note In the description of this role, the term "application" does not refer to the application role, which specifies specific assistive technology behaviors. Note window is an abstract role used for the ontology. Authors should not use this role in content. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Is Abstract: True Superclass Role: roletype Subclass Roles: dialog Supported States and Properties: aria-modal Inherited States and Properties: aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (deprecated on this role in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label aria-labelledby aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription Name From: author 6. Supported States and Properties 6.1 Clarification of States versus Properties The terms "states" and "properties" refer to similar features. Both provide specific information about an object , and both form part of the definition of the nature of roles . In this document, states and properties are both treated as aria-prefixed markup attributes . However, they are maintained conceptually distinct to clarify subtle differences in their meaning. One major difference is that the values of properties (such as aria-labelledby ) are often less likely to change throughout the application life-cycle than the values of states (such as aria-checked ) which may change frequently due to user interaction. Note that the frequency of change difference is not a rule; a few properties, such as aria-valuetext are expected to change often. Because the distinction between states and properties is of little consequence to most web content authors, this specification refers to both "states" and "properties" simply as "attributes" whenever possible. See the definitions of state and property for more information. 6.2 Characteristics of States and Properties States and properties have the characteristics described in the following sections. 6.2.1 Related Concepts Advisory information about features from this or other languages that correspond to this state or property . While the correspondence may not be exact, it is useful to help understand the intent of the state or property. 6.2.2 Used in Roles Advisory information about roles that use this state or property . This information is provided to help understand the appropriate usage of the state or property. Use of a given state or property is not defined when used on roles other than those listed. 6.2.3 Inherits into Roles Advisory information about roles that inherit the state or property from an ancestor role. 6.2.4 Value Value type of the state or property . The value may be one of the following types: true/false Value representing either true or false . The default value for this value type is false unless otherwise specified. tristate Value representing true false mixed , or undefined values. The default value for this value type is undefined unless otherwise specified. true/false/undefined Value representing true false , or undefined (not applicable). The default value for this value type is undefined unless otherwise specified. For example, an element with aria-expanded set to false is not currently expanded; an element with aria-expanded set to undefined is not expandable. ID reference Reference to the ID of another element in the same document ID reference list A list of one or more ID references. integer A numerical value without a fractional component. number Any real numerical value. string Unconstrained value type. token One of a limited set of allowed values. The default value is defined in each attribute's Values table, as specified in the Attribute Values section. token list A list of one or more tokens. These are generic types for states and properties, but do not define specific representation. See State and Property Attribute Processing for details on how these values are expressed and handled in host languages. 6.3 ARIA Attributes 6.3.1 Multi-value Attribute Values When the ARIA attribute definition includes a table listing the attribute's allowed values that attribute is a multi-value nullable attribute. Each value in the table is a keyword for the attribute, mapping to a state of the same name. 6.3.2 IDL reflection of ARIA attributes All ARIA attributes reflect in IDL as nullable DOMString attributes. This includes the boolean-like true/false type, and all other ARIA attributes. Default values from the ARIA values tables MUST NOT reflect to IDL as the missing value default or the invalid value default for the attribute. On getting, a missing ARIA attribute will return null . ARIA attributes are not validated on get. If an ARIA value is invalid, on getting, it will return its set value as a literal string, and will not return an invalid value default. 6.3.3 Operating System Accessibility API mapping of multi-value ARIA attributes Unlike IDL reflection, operating system accessibility API mappings of ARIA attributes can have defaults. Any default values from the ARIA values tables are exposed to the operating system accessibility API as described in 5.2.3 Supported States and Properties , and in Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1 6.3.4 ARIA nullable DOMString Attributes As noted in A. Mapping WAI-ARIA Value types to languages , attributes are included in host languages, and the syntax for representation of WAI-ARIA types is governed by the host language. The following algorithm should be used for ARIA nullable DOMString attributes in HTML On getting, if the corresponding content attribute is not present, then the IDL attribute must return null, otherwise, the IDL attribute must get the value in a transparent, case-preserving manner. On setting, if the new value is null, the content attribute must be removed, and otherwise, the content attribute must be set to the specified new value in a transparent, case-preserving manner. Note Note: As of ARIA 1.2, all ARIA attributes exposed via IDL are defined as nullable DOMStrings . This matches the current implementation of all major rendering engines. This specification change should result in no implementation changes; it will merely represent the current reality of web engines. However, in a future draft, the ARIA Working Group intends to change several ARIA attributes to non-nullable DOMStrings, and seek implementations. The proposed change will bring ARIA into alignment with the HTML ’s usage of enumerated attributes 6.3.4.1 Example Attribute Usage This section is non-normative. Example 14 // HTML hidden="" example (not aria-hidden="true") // Actual boolean type; defaults to false. // Note: Actual boolean assignment and return value. el.hidden = true el.hidden; // true // Removal of content attribute results in missing value default: boolean false. el.removeAttribute( "hidden" ); el.hidden; // false Example 15 // aria-busy example // true/false ~ boolean-like nullable string; returns null unless set el.ariaBusy; // null // Note: String assignment and return value. el.ariaBusy = "true" el.ariaBusy; // "true" // Removal of content attribute results in missing value default: string "false". el.removeAttribute( "aria-busy" ); el.ariaBusy; // null // Assignment of invalid "busy" value. Not validated on set or get and the literal string value "busy" is returned. el.setAttribute( "aria-busy" "busy" ); el.ariaBusy; // "busy" Example 16 // aria-pressed example // Tristate ~ true/false/mixed/undefined string; null if unspecified // no value has been defined button.ariaPressed; // null // A value of "true", "false", or "mixed" for aria-pressed on a button denotes a toggle button. button.setAttribute( "aria-pressed" "true" ); // Content attribute assignment. button.ariaPressed; // "true" button.ariaPressed = "false" // DOM property assignment. button.ariaPressed; // "false" // Assignment of invalid "foo" value. Not validated on set or get and the literal string value "foo" is returned. button.ariaPressed = "foo" button.ariaPressed; // "foo" (Note: button is no longer a toggle button.) // Removal of content attribute results in a null value button.removeAttribute( "aria-pressed" ); button.ariaPressed; // null 6.4 Translatable States and Properties The HTML specification states that other specifications can define translatable attributes . In order to be understandable by assistive technology users, the values of the following states and properties are translatable attributes and should be translated when a page is localized: aria-label aria-placeholder aria-roledescription aria-valuetext 6.5 Global States and Properties Some states and properties are applicable to all host language elements regardless of whether a role is applied. The following global states and properties are supported by all roles and by all base markup elements unless otherwise prohibited. If a role prohibits use of any global states or properties, those states or properties are listed as prohibited in the characteristics table included in the section that defines the role. aria-atomic aria-busy (state) aria-controls aria-current (state) aria-describedby aria-details aria-disabled (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-dropeffect aria-errormessage (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-flowto aria-grabbed (state) aria-haspopup (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-hidden (state) aria-invalid (state) (Global use deprecated in ARIA 1.2) aria-keyshortcuts aria-label (Except where prohibited) aria-labelledby (Except where prohibited) aria-live aria-owns aria-relevant aria-roledescription 6.6 Taxonomy of WAI-ARIA States and Properties States and properties are categorized as follows: Widget Attributes Live Region Attributes Drag-and-Drop Attributes Relationship Attributes 6.6.1 Widget Attributes This section contains attributes specific to common user interface elements found on GUI systems or in rich internet applications which receive user input and process user actions. These attributes are used to support the widget roles aria-autocomplete aria-checked aria-disabled aria-errormessage aria-expanded aria-haspopup aria-hidden aria-invalid aria-label aria-level aria-modal aria-multiline aria-multiselectable aria-orientation aria-placeholder aria-pressed aria-readonly aria-required aria-selected aria-sort aria-valuemax aria-valuemin aria-valuenow aria-valuetext Widget attributes might be mapped by a user agent to platform API state , for access by assistive technologies , or they might be accessed directly from the DOM . User agents MUST provide a way for assistive technologies to be notified when states change, either through DOM attribute change events or platform accessibility API events. 6.6.2 Live Region Attributes This section contains attributes specific to live regions in rich internet applications. These attributes may be applied to any element . The purpose of these attributes is to indicate that content changes may occur without the element having focus, and to provide assistive technologies with information on how to process those content updates. Some roles specify a default value for the aria-live attribute specific to that role. An example of a live region is a ticker section that lists updating stock quotes. aria-atomic aria-busy aria-live aria-relevant 6.6.3 Drag-and-Drop Attributes This section lists attributes which indicate information about drag-and-drop interface elements , such as draggable elements and their drop targets. Drop target information will be rendered visually by the author and provided to assistive technologies through an alternate modality. aria-dropeffect aria-grabbed 6.6.4 Relationship Attributes This section lists attributes that indicate relationships or associations between elements which cannot be readily determined from the document structure. aria-activedescendant aria-colcount aria-colindex aria-colspan aria-controls aria-describedby aria-details aria-errormessage aria-flowto aria-labelledby aria-owns aria-posinset aria-rowcount aria-rowindex aria-rowspan aria-setsize 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) Below is an alphabetical list of WAI-ARIA states and properties to be used by rich internet application authors. A detailed definition of each WAI-ARIA state and property follows this compact list. aria-activedescendant Identifies the currently active element when DOM focus is on a composite widget, combobox textbox group , or application aria-atomic Indicates whether assistive technologies will present all, or only parts of, the changed region based on the change notifications defined by the aria-relevant attribute. aria-autocomplete Indicates whether inputting text could trigger display of one or more predictions of the user's intended value for a combobox searchbox , or textbox and specifies how predictions would be presented if they were made. aria-busy Indicates an element is being modified and that assistive technologies MAY want to wait until the modifications are complete before exposing them to the user. aria-checked Indicates the current "checked" state of checkboxes, radio buttons, and other widgets . See related aria-pressed and aria-selected aria-colcount Defines the total number of columns in a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-colindex aria-colindex Defines an element's column index or position with respect to the total number of columns within a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-colcount and aria-colspan aria-colspan Defines the number of columns spanned by a cell or gridcell within a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-colindex and aria-rowspan aria-controls Identifies the element (or elements) whose contents or presence are controlled by the current element. See related aria-owns aria-current Indicates the element that represents the current item within a container or set of related elements. aria-describedby Identifies the element (or elements) that describes the object . See related aria-labelledby aria-details Identifies the element that provides a detailed, extended description for the object . See related aria-describedby aria-disabled Indicates that the element is perceivable but disabled, so it is not editable or otherwise operable . See related aria-hidden and aria-readonly aria-dropeffect [Deprecated in ARIA 1.1] Indicates what functions can be performed when a dragged object is released on the drop target. aria-errormessage Identifies the element that provides an error message for an object . See related aria-invalid and aria-describedby aria-expanded Indicates whether a grouping element owned or controlled by this element is expanded or collapsed. aria-flowto Identifies the next element (or elements) in an alternate reading order of content which, at the user's discretion, allows assistive technology to override the general default of reading in document source order. aria-grabbed [Deprecated in ARIA 1.1] Indicates an element's "grabbed" state in a drag-and-drop operation. aria-haspopup Indicates the availability and type of interactive popup element, such as menu or dialog, that can be triggered by an element aria-hidden Indicates whether the element is exposed to an accessibility API . See related aria-disabled aria-invalid Indicates the entered value does not conform to the format expected by the application. See related aria-errormessage aria-keyshortcuts Indicates keyboard shortcuts that an author has implemented to activate or give focus to an element. aria-label Defines a string value that labels the current element. See related aria-labelledby aria-labelledby Identifies the element (or elements) that labels the current element. See related aria-describedby aria-level Defines the hierarchical level of an element within a structure. aria-live Indicates that an element will be updated, and describes the types of updates the user agents assistive technologies , and user can expect from the live region aria-modal Indicates whether an element is modal when displayed. aria-multiline Indicates whether a text box accepts multiple lines of input or only a single line. aria-multiselectable Indicates that the user may select more than one item from the current selectable descendants. aria-orientation Indicates whether the element's orientation is horizontal, vertical, or unknown/ambiguous. aria-owns Identifies an element (or elements) in order to define a visual, functional, or contextual parent/child relationship between DOM elements where the DOM hierarchy cannot be used to represent the relationship. See related aria-controls aria-placeholder Defines a short hint (a word or short phrase) intended to aid the user with data entry when the control has no value. A hint could be a sample value or a brief description of the expected format. aria-posinset Defines an element 's number or position in the current set of listitems or treeitems. Not required if all elements in the set are present in the DOM . See related aria-setsize aria-pressed Indicates the current "pressed" state of toggle buttons. See related aria-checked and aria-selected aria-readonly Indicates that the element is not editable, but is otherwise operable . See related aria-disabled aria-relevant Indicates what notifications the user agent will trigger when the accessibility tree within a live region is modified. See related aria-atomic aria-required Indicates that user input is required on the element before a form may be submitted. aria-roledescription Defines a human-readable, author-localized description for the role of an element aria-rowcount Defines the total number of rows in a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-rowindex aria-rowindex Defines an element's row index or position with respect to the total number of rows within a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-rowcount and aria-rowspan aria-rowspan Defines the number of rows spanned by a cell or gridcell within a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-rowindex and aria-colspan aria-selected Indicates the current "selected" state of various widgets . See related aria-checked and aria-pressed aria-setsize Defines the number of items in the current set of listitems or treeitems. Not required if all elements in the set are present in the DOM . See related aria-posinset aria-sort Indicates if items in a table or grid are sorted in ascending or descending order. aria-valuemax Defines the maximum allowed value for a range widget aria-valuemin Defines the minimum allowed value for a range widget aria-valuenow Defines the current value for a range widget . See related aria-valuetext aria-valuetext Defines the human readable text alternative of aria-valuenow for a range widget aria-activedescendant property Identifies the currently active element when DOM focus is on a composite widget, combobox textbox group , or application The aria-activedescendant property provides an alternative method of managing focus for interactive elements that may contain multiple focusable descendants, such as menus, grids, and toolbars. Instead of moving DOM focus among owned elements, authors MAY set DOM focus on a container element that supports aria-activedescendant and then use aria-activedescendant to refer to the element that is active. Authors MUST ensure that one of the following two sets of conditions is met when setting the value of aria-activedescendant on an element with DOM focus: The value of aria-activedescendant refers to an owned element. An owned element is either a descendant of the element with DOM focus or a logical descendant as indicated by the aria-owns attribute. The element with DOM focus is a combobox textbox or searchbox with aria-controls referring to an element that supports aria-activedescendant , and the value of aria-activedescendant refers to an owned element of the controlled element. For example, in a combobox , focus may remain on the combobox while the value of aria-activedescendant on the combobox element refers to a descendant of a popup listbox that is controlled by the combobox Authors SHOULD also ensure that the currently active descendant is visible and in view (or scrolls into view) when focused. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: SVG SVG2 ] and DOM DOM ] active Used in Roles: application combobox composite group textbox Inherits into Roles: grid listbox menubar radiogroup row searchbox select spinbutton tablist toolbar tree treegrid Value: ID reference aria-atomic property Indicates whether assistive technologies will present all, or only parts of, the changed region based on the change notifications defined by the aria-relevant attribute. Both APIs and the Document Object Model DOM ] provide events to allow the assistive technologies to determine changed areas of the document. When the content of a live region changes, user agents SHOULD examine the changed element and traverse the ancestors to find the first element with aria-atomic set, and apply the appropriate behavior for the cases below. If none of the ancestors have explicitly set aria-atomic , the default is that aria-atomic is false , and assistive technologies will only present the changed node to the user. If aria-atomic is explicitly set to false , assistive technologies will stop searching up the ancestor chain and present only the changed node to the user. If aria-atomic is explicitly set to true , assistive technologies will present the entire contents of the element, including the author-defined live region label if one exists. When aria-atomic is true , assistive technologies MAY choose to combine several changes and present the entire changed region at once. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: true/false Values: Value Description false (default) Assistive technologies will present only the changed node or nodes. true Assistive technologies will present the entire changed region as a whole, including the author-defined label if one exists. aria-autocomplete property Indicates whether inputting text could trigger display of one or more predictions of the user's intended value for a combobox searchbox , or textbox and specifies how predictions would be presented if they were made. The aria-autocomplete property describes the type of interaction model a textbox searchbox , or combobox employs when dynamically helping users complete text input. It distinguishes between two models: the inline model ( aria-autocomplete="inline" ) that presents a value completion prediction inside the text input and the list model ( aria-autocomplete="list" ) that presents a collection of possible values in a separate element that pops up adjacent to the text input. It is possible for an input to offer both models at the same time ( aria-autocomplete="both" ). The aria-autocomplete property is limited to describing predictive behaviors of an input element. Authors SHOULD either omit specifying a value for aria-autocomplete or set aria-autocomplete to none if an input element provides one or more input proposals where none of the proposals are dependent on the specific input provided by the user. For instance, a combobox where the value of aria-autocomplete would be none is a search field that displays suggested values by listing the 5 most recently used search terms without any filtering of the list based on the user's input. Elements with a role that supports aria-autocomplete have a default value for aria-autocomplete of none When an inline suggestion is made as a user types in an input, suggested text for completing the value of the field dynamically appears in the field after the input cursor, and the suggested value is accepted as the value of the input if the user performs an action that causes focus to leave the field. When an element has aria-autocomplete set to inline or both , authors SHOULD ensure that the automatically suggested portion of the text is presented as selected text. This enables assistive technologies to distinguish between a user's input and the automatic suggestion and, in the event that the suggestion is not the desired value, enables the user to easily delete the suggestion or replace it by continuing to type. If an element has aria-autocomplete set to list or both , authors MUST ensure both of the following conditions are met: The element has a value specified for aria-controls that refers to the element that contains the collection of suggested values. The element has a value for aria-haspopup that matches the role of the element that contains the collection of suggested values. Some implementations of the list model require the user to perform an action, such as moving focus to the suggestion with the Down Arrow or clicking on the suggestion, in order to choose the suggestion. In such implementations, authors MAY manage focus by either using aria-activedescendant if the collection container supports it or by moving DOM focus to the suggestion. However, other implementations of the list model automatically highlight one suggestion as the selected value that will be accepted when the field loses focus, e.g., when the user presses the Tab key or clicks on a different field. If an element has aria-autocomplete set to list or both , and if a suggestion is automatically selected as the user provides input, authors MUST ensure all the following conditions are met: The collection of suggestions is presented in an element with a role that supports aria-activedescendant The value of aria-activedescendant set on the input field is dynamically adjusted to refer to the element containing the selected suggestion as described in the definition of aria-activedescendant DOM focus remains on the text input while the suggestions are displayed. The aria-autocomplete property is not intended to indicate the presence of a completion suggestion, and authors SHOULD NOT dynamically change its value in order to communicate the presence of a suggestion. When an element has aria-autocomplete set to list or both , authors SHOULD use the aria-expanded state to communicate whether the element that presents the suggestion collection is displayed. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: combobox textbox Inherits into Roles: searchbox Value: token Values: Value Description inline When a user is providing input, text suggesting one way to complete the provided input may be dynamically inserted after the caret. list When a user is providing input, an element containing a collection of values that could complete the provided input may be displayed. both When a user is providing input, an element containing a collection of values that could complete the provided input may be displayed. If displayed, one value in the collection is automatically selected, and the text needed to complete the automatically selected value appears after the caret in the input. none (default) When a user is providing input, an automatic suggestion that attempts to predict how the user intends to complete the input is not displayed. aria-busy state Indicates an element is being modified and that assistive technologies MAY want to wait until the modifications are complete before exposing them to the user. The default value of aria-busy is false for all elements. When aria-busy is true for an element, assistive technologies MAY ignore changes to content owned by that element and then process all changes made during the busy period as a single, atomic update when aria-busy becomes false If it is necessary to make multiple additions, modifications, or removals within a container element that is already either partially or fully rendered, authors MAY set aria-busy to true on the container element before the first change, and then set it to false when the last change is complete. For example, if multiple changes to a live region should be spoken as a single unit of speech, authors MAY set aria-busy to true while the changes are being made and then set it to false when the changes are complete and ready to be spoken. If an element with role feed is marked busy, assistive technologies MAY defer rendering changes that occur inside the feed with the exception of user-initiated changes that occur inside the article that the user is reading during the busy period. If changes to a rendered widget would create a state where the widget is missing required owned elements during script execution, authors MUST set aria-busy to true on the widget during the update process. For example, if a rendered tree grid required a set of simultaneous updates to multiple discontiguous branches, an alternative to replacing the complete tree element with a single update would be to mark the tree busy while each of the branches are modified. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: true/false Values: Value Description false (default) There are no expected updates for the element. true The element is being updated. aria-checked state Indicates the current "checked" state of checkboxes, radio buttons, and other widgets . See related aria-pressed and aria-selected The aria-checked attribute indicates whether the element is checked ( true ), unchecked ( false ), or represents a group of other elements that have a mixture of checked and unchecked values mixed ). Most inputs only support values of true and false , but the mixed value is supported by certain tri-state inputs such as a checkbox or menuitemcheckbox The mixed value is not supported on radio menuitemradio switch or any element that inherits from these, and user agents MUST treat a mixed value as equivalent to false for those roles Examples using the mixed value of tri-state inputs are covered in the WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: checkbox menuitemcheckbox option radio switch Inherits into Roles: menuitemradio switch treeitem Value: tristate Values: Value Description false The element supports being checked but is not currently checked. mixed Indicates a mixed mode value for a tri-state checkbox or menuitemcheckbox. true The element is checked. undefined (default) The element does not support being checked. aria-colcount property Defines the total number of columns in a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-colindex If all of the columns are present in the DOM , it is not necessary to set this attribute as the user agent can automatically calculate the total number of columns. However, if only a portion of the columns is present in the DOM at a given moment, this attribute is needed to provide an explicit indication of the number of columns in the full table. Authors MUST set the value of aria-colcount to an integer equal to the number of columns in the full table. If the total number of columns is unknown, authors MUST set the value of aria-colcount to -1 to indicate that the value should not be calculated by the user agent. The following example shows a grid with 16 columns, of which columns 2, 3, 4, and 9 are displayed to the user. Example 17 div role "grid" aria-colcount "16" div role "rowgroup" div role "row" span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "2" First Name </ span span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "3" Last Name </ span span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "4" Company </ span span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "9" Phone </ span </ div </ div div role "rowgroup" div role "row" span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "2" Fred </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "3" Jackson </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "4" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "9" 555-1234 </ span </ div div role "row" span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "2" Sara </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "3" James </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "4" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "9" 555-1235 </ span </ div </ div </ div Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: table Inherits into Roles: grid treegrid Value: integer aria-colindex property Defines an element's column index or position with respect to the total number of columns within a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-colcount and aria-colspan If all of the columns are present in the DOM , it is not necessary to set this attribute as the user agent can automatically calculate the column index of each cell or gridcell . However, if only a portion of the columns is present in the DOM at a given moment, this attribute is needed to provide an explicit indication of the column of each cell or gridcell with respect to the full table. Authors MUST set the value for aria-colindex to an integer greater than or equal to 1, greater than the aria-colindex value of any previous elements within the same row, and less than or equal to the number of columns in the full table. For a cell or gridcell which spans multiple columns, authors MUST set the value of aria-colindex to the start of the span. If the set of columns which is present in the DOM is contiguous, and if there are no cells which span more than one row or column in that set, then authors MAY place aria-colindex on each row, setting the value to the index of the first column of the set. Otherwise, authors SHOULD place aria-colindex on all of the children or owned elements of each row. The following example shows a grid with 16 columns, of which columns 2 through 5 are displayed to the user. Because the set of columns is contiguous, aria-colindex can be placed on each row. Example 18 div role "grid" aria-colcount "16" div role "rowgroup" div role "row" aria-colindex "2" span role "columnheader" First Name </ span span role "columnheader" Last Name </ span span role "columnheader" Company </ span span role "columnheader" Address </ span </ div </ div div role "rowgroup" div role "row" aria-colindex "2" span role "gridcell" Fred </ span span role "gridcell" Jackson </ span span role "gridcell" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" 123 Broad St. </ span </ div div role "row" aria-colindex "2" span role "gridcell" Sara </ span span role "gridcell" James </ span span role "gridcell" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" 123 Broad St. </ span </ div </ div </ div The following example shows a grid with 16 columns, of which columns 2 through 5 are displayed to the user. While the set of columns is contiguous, some of the cells span multiple rows. As a result, aria-colindex needs to be placed on all of the owned elements of each row. Example 19 div role "grid" aria-colcount "16" div role "rowgroup" div role "row" span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "2" First Name </ span span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "3" Last Name </ span span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "4" Company </ span span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "5" Address </ span </ div </ div div role "rowgroup" div role "row" span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "2" Fred </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "3" Jackson </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "4" aria-rowspan "2" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "5" aria-rowspan "2" 123 Broad St. </ span </ div div role "row" span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "2" Sara </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "3" James </ span </ div </ div </ div The following example shows a grid with 16 columns, of which columns 2, 3, 4, and 9 are displayed to the user. Because the set of columns is non-contiguous, aria-colindex needs to be placed on all of the owned elements of each row. Example 20 div role "grid" aria-colcount "16" div role "rowgroup" div role "row" span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "2" First Name </ span span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "3" Last Name </ span span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "4" Company </ span span role "columnheader" aria-colindex "9" Phone </ span </ div </ div div role "rowgroup" div role "row" span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "2" Fred </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "3" Jackson </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "4" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "9" 555-1234 </ span </ div div role "row" span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "2" Sara </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "3" James </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "4" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" aria-colindex "9" 555-1235 </ span </ div </ div </ div Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: cell row Inherits into Roles: columnheader gridcell rowheader Value: integer aria-colspan property Defines the number of columns spanned by a cell or gridcell within a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-colindex and aria-rowspan This attribute is intended for cells and gridcells which are not contained in a native table. When defining the column span of cells or gridcells in a native table, authors SHOULD use the host language's attribute instead of aria-colspan . If aria-colspan is used on an element for which the host language provides an equivalent attribute, user agents MUST ignore the value of aria-colspan and instead expose the value of the host language's attribute to assistive technologies Authors MUST set the value of aria-colspan to an integer greater than or equal to 1 and less than the value which would cause the cell or gridcell to overlap the next cell or gridcell in the same row. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: cell Inherits into Roles: columnheader rowheader Value: integer aria-controls property Identifies the element (or elements) whose contents or presence are controlled by the current element. See related aria-owns For example: A table of contents tree view may control the content of a neighboring document pane. A group of checkboxes may control what commodity prices are tracked live in a table or graph. A tab controls the display of its associated tab panel. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: ID reference list aria-current state Indicates the element that represents the current item within a container or set of related elements. The aria-current attribute is a token type. Any value not included in the list of allowed values SHOULD be treated by assistive technologies as if the value true had been provided. If the attribute is not present or its value is an empty string or undefined , the default value of false applies and the aria-current state MUST NOT be exposed by user agents or assistive technologies. The aria-current attribute is used when an element within a set of related elements is visually styled to indicate it is the current item in the set. For example: page token used to indicate a link within a set of pagination links, where the link is visually styled to represent the currently-displayed page. step token used to indicate a link within a step indicator for a step-based process, where the link is visually styled to represent the current step. location token used to indicate the image that is visually highlighted as the current component of a flow chart. date token used to indicate the current date within a calendar. time token used to indicate the current time within a timetable. Authors SHOULD only mark one element in a set of elements as current with aria-current Authors SHOULD NOT use the aria-current attribute as a substitute for aria-selected in widgets where aria-selected has the same meaning. For example, in a tablist aria-selected is used on a tab to indicate the currently-displayed tabpanel Note In some use cases for widgets that support aria-selected , current and selected can have different meanings and can both be used within the same set of elements. For example, aria-current="page" can be used in a navigation tree to indicate which page is currently displayed, while aria-selected="true" indicates which page will be displayed if the user activates the treeitem . Furthermore, the same tree may support operating on one or more selected pages (treeitems) by way of a context menu containing options such as "delete" and "move." Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: token Values: Value Description page Represents the current page within a set of pages. step Represents the current step within a process. location Represents the current location within an environment or context. date Represents the current date within a collection of dates. time Represents the current time within a set of times. true Represents the current item within a set. false (default) Does not represent the current item within a set. aria-describedby property Identifies the element (or elements) that describes the object . See related aria-labelledby The aria-labelledby attribute is similar to the aria-describedby in that both reference other elements to calculate a text alternative, but a label should be concise, where a description is intended to provide more verbose information. The element or elements referenced by the aria-describedby comprise the entire description. Include ID references to multiple elements if necessary, or enclose a set of elements (e.g., paragraphs) with the element referenced by the ID. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: <label> in [ HTML online help HTML table cell headers Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: ID reference list aria-details property Identifies the element that provides a detailed, extended description for the object . See related aria-describedby The aria-details attribute references a single element that provides more detailed information than would normally be provided by aria-describedby . It enables assistive technologies to make users aware of the availability of an extended description as well as navigate to it. Authors SHOULD ensure the element referenced by aria-details is visible to all users. Unlike elements referenced by aria-describedby , the element referenced by aria-details is not used in either the Accessible Name Computation or the Accessible Description Computation as defined in the Accessible Name and Description specification. Thus, the content of an element referenced by aria-details is not flattened to a string when presented to assistive technology users. This makes aria-details particularly useful when converting the information to a string would cause a loss of information or make the extended description more difficult to understand. In some user agents, multiple reference relationships for descriptive information are not supported by the accessibility API . In such cases, if both aria-describedby and aria-details are provided on an element, aria-details takes precedence. A common use for aria-details is in digital publishing where an extended description needs to be conveyed in a book that requires structural markup or the embedding of other technology to provide illustrative content. The following example demonstrates this scenario. Example 21  img src "pythagorean.jpg" alt "Pythagorean Theorem" aria-details "det" details id "det" summary Example </ summary The Pythagorean Theorem is a relationship in Euclidean Geometry between the three sides of a right triangle, where the square of the hypotenuse is the sum of the squares of the two opposing sides. </ The following drawing illustrates an application of the Pythagorean Theorem when used to construct a skateboard ramp. </ object data "skatebd-ramp.svg" type "image/svg+xml" </ object In this example you will notice a skateboard with a base and vertical board whose width is the width of the ramp. To compute how long the ramp must be, simply calculate the base length, square it, sum it with the square of the height of the ramp, and take the square root of the sum. </ </ details Alternatively, aria-details may refer to a link to a web page having the extended description, as shown in the following example. Example 22  img src "pythagorean.jpg" alt "Pythagorean Theorem" aria-details "det" See an href "http://foo.com/pt.html" id "det" Application of the Pythagorean Theorem </ </ Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: ID reference aria-disabled state Indicates that the element is perceivable but disabled, so it is not editable or otherwise operable . See related aria-hidden and aria-readonly For example, irrelevant options in a radio group may be disabled. Disabled elements might not receive focus from the tab order. For some disabled elements, applications might choose not to support navigation to descendants. In addition to setting the aria-disabled attribute, authors SHOULD change the appearance (grayed out, etc.) to indicate that the item has been disabled. The state of being disabled applies to the current element and all focusable descendant elements of the element on which the aria-disabled attribute is applied. Note While aria-disabled and proper scripting can successfully disable an element with role link , fully disabling a host language equivalent can be problematic. Authors are advised not to use aria-disabled on elements that cannot be disabled through features of the host language alone. Note : Usage on columnheader, rowheader and row While aria-disabled is currently supported on columnheader rowheader , and row , in a future version the working group plans to prohibit its use on elements with any of those three roles except when they are in the context of a grid or treegrid Note This state is being deprecated as a global state in ARIA 1.2. In future versions it will only be allowed on roles where it is specifically supported. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: application button composite gridcell group input link menuitem scrollbar separator tab Inherits into Roles: checkbox columnheader combobox grid listbox menubar menuitemcheckbox menuitemradio option radio radiogroup row rowheader searchbox select slider spinbutton switch tablist textbox toolbar tree treegrid treeitem Value: true/false Values: Value Description false (default) The element is enabled. true The element and all focusable descendants are disabled and its value cannot be changed by the user. aria-dropeffect property [Deprecated in ARIA 1.1] Indicates what functions can be performed when a dragged object is released on the drop target. Note The aria-dropeffect property is expected to be replaced by a new feature in a future version of WAI-ARIA . Authors are therefore advised to treat aria-dropeffect as deprecated This property allows assistive technologies to convey the possible drag options available to users, including whether a pop-up menu of choices is provided by the application. Typically, drop effect functions can only be provided once an object has been grabbed for a drag operation as the drop effect functions available are dependent on the object being dragged. More than one drop effect may be supported for a given element . Therefore, the value of this attribute is a space-separated set of tokens indicating the possible effects, or none if there is no supported operation. In addition to setting the aria-dropeffect attribute, authors SHOULD show a visual indication of potential drop targets. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: token list Values: Value Description copy A duplicate of the source object will be dropped into the target. execute A function supported by the drop target is executed, using the drag source as an input. link A reference or shortcut to the dragged object will be created in the target object. move The source object will be removed from its current location and dropped into the target. none (default) No operation can be performed; effectively cancels the drag operation if an attempt is made to drop on this object. Ignored if combined with any other token value. e.g., 'none copy' is equivalent to a 'copy' value. popup There is a popup menu or dialog that allows the user to choose one of the drag operations (copy, move, link, execute) and any other drag functionality, such as cancel. aria-errormessage property Identifies the element that provides an error message for an object . See related aria-invalid and aria-describedby The aria-errormessage attribute references another element that contains error message text. Authors MUST use aria-invalid in conjunction with aria-errormessage When the value of an object is not valid, aria-invalid is set to true , which indicates that the message contained by an element referenced by aria-errormessage is pertinent. When an object is in a valid state, it has either aria-invalid set to false or it does not have the aria-invalid attribute. Authors MAY use aria-errormessage on an object that is currently valid, but only if the element referenced by aria-errormessage is hidden , because the message it contains is not pertinent. When aria-errormessage is pertinent, authors MUST ensure the content is not hidden so users can navigate to and examine the error message. Similarly, when aria-errormessage is not pertinent, authors MUST either ensure the content is hidden or remove the aria-errormessage attribute or its value. User agents MUST NOT expose aria-errormessage for an object with an aria-invalid value of false Authors MAY call attention to a newly rendered error message with a live region by either applying an aria-live property or using one of the live region roles , such as alert . A live region is appropriate when an error message is displayed to users after they have provided an invalid value. A typical message describes what is wrong and informs users what is required. For example, an error message might be, Invalid time: the time must be between 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM. The following example code shows markup for an initial valid state and for a subsequent invalid state. Note the changes to aria-invalid on the text input object , and to aria-live on the element containing the text of the error message: Example 23  label for "startTime" Please enter a start time for the meeting: </ label input id "startTime" type "text" aria-errormessage "msgID" value "" aria-invalid "false" span id "msgID" aria-live "assertive" span style "visibility:hidden" Invalid time: the time must be between 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM </ span </ span  label for "startTime" Please enter a start time for the meeting: </ label input id "startTime" type "text" aria-errormessage "msgID" aria-invalid "true" value "11:30 PM" span id "msgID" aria-live "assertive" span style "visibility:visible" Invalid time: the time must be between 9:00 AM and 5:00 PM </ span </ span Note This example uses aria-live="assertive" to indicate that assistive technologies should immediately announce the error message rather than completing other queued announcements first. This increases the likelihood that users are aware of the error message before they move focus out of the input. Note This state is being deprecated as a global state in ARIA 1.2. In future versions it will only be allowed on roles where it is specifically supported. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: application checkbox combobox gridcell listbox radiogroup slider spinbutton textbox tree Inherits into Roles: columnheader rowheader searchbox switch treegrid Value: ID reference aria-expanded state Indicates whether a grouping element owned or controlled by this element is expanded or collapsed. The aria-expanded attribute is applied to a focusable, interactive element that toggles visibility of content in another element. For example, it is applied to a parent treeitem to indicate whether its child branch of the tree is shown. Similarly, it can be applied to a button that controls visibility of a section of page content. If a grouping container that can be expanded or collapsed is not owned by the element that has the aria-expanded attribute, the author SHOULD identify the controlling relationship by referencing the container from the element that has aria-expanded with the aria-controls property. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: application button checkbox combobox gridcell link listbox menuitem row rowheader tab treeitem Inherits into Roles: columnheader menuitemcheckbox menuitemradio rowheader switch Value: true/false/undefined Values: Value Description false The grouping element this element owns or controls is collapsed. true The grouping element this element owns or controls is expanded. undefined (default) The element does not own or control a grouping element that is expandable. aria-flowto property Identifies the next element (or elements) in an alternate reading order of content which, at the user's discretion, allows assistive technology to override the general default of reading in document source order. When aria-flowto has a single ID reference, it allows assistive technologies to, at the user's request, forego normal document reading order and go to the targeted object . However, when aria-flowto is provided with multiple ID references, assistive technologies SHOULD present the referenced elements as path choices. In the case of one or more ID references, user agents or assistive technologies SHOULD give the user the option of navigating to any of the targeted elements. The name of the path can be determined by the name of the target element of the aria-flowto attribute APIs can provide named path relationships Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: ID reference list aria-grabbed state [Deprecated in ARIA 1.1] Indicates an element's "grabbed" state in a drag-and-drop operation. Note The aria-grabbed state is expected to be replaced by a new feature in a future version of WAI-ARIA . Authors are therefore advised to treat aria-grabbed as deprecated Setting aria-grabbed to true indicates that the element has been selected for dragging. Setting aria-grabbed to false indicates that the element can be grabbed for a drag-and-drop operation, but is not currently grabbed. If aria-grabbed is unspecified or set to undefined (default), the element cannot be grabbed. When aria-grabbed is set to true , authors SHOULD update the aria-dropeffect attribute of all potential drop targets. When an element is not grabbed (the value is set to false or undefined , or the attribute is removed), authors SHOULD revert the aria-dropeffect attributes of the associated drop targets to none Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: true/false/undefined Values: Value Description false Indicates that the element supports being dragged. true Indicates that the element has been "grabbed" for dragging. undefined (default) Indicates that the element does not support being dragged. aria-haspopup property Indicates the availability and type of interactive popup element, such as menu or dialog, that can be triggered by an element A popup element usually appears as a block of content that is on top of other content. Authors MUST ensure that the role of the element that serves as the container for the popup content is listbox tree grid , or dialog , and that the value of aria-haspopup matches the role of the popup container. For the popup element to be keyboard accessible, authors SHOULD ensure that the element that can trigger the popup is focusable, that there is a keyboard mechanism for opening the popup, and that the popup element manages focus of all its descendants as described in Managing Focus The aria-haspopup property is a token type. User agents MUST treat any value of aria-haspopup that is not included in the list of allowed values, including an empty string, as if the value false had been provided. To provide backward compatibility with ARIA 1.0 content, user agents MUST treat an aria-haspopup value of true as equivalent to a value of Assistive technologies SHOULD NOT expose the aria-haspopup property if it has a value of false Note tooltip is not considered to be a popup in this context. Note aria-haspopup is most relevant to use when there is a visual indicator in the element that triggers the popup. For example, many controls styled with a downward pointing triangle, chevron, or ellipsis (three consecutive dots) have become standard visual indicators that a popup will display when the control is activated. If some functional difference is relevant to display to a sighted user by means of a different visual style, that functional difference is usually relevant to convey to users of assistive technology. If there is no visual indication that an element will trigger a popup, authors are advised to consider whether use of aria-haspopup is necessary, and avoid using it when it's not. Note This property is being deprecated as a global property in ARIA 1.2. In future versions it will only be allowed on roles where it is specifically supported. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: aria-controls Used in Roles: application button combobox gridcell link menuitem slider tab textbox treeitem Inherits into Roles: columnheader menuitemcheckbox menuitemradio rowheader searchbox Value: token Values: Value Description false (default) Indicates the element does not have a popup. true Indicates the popup is a Indicates the popup is a listbox Indicates the popup is a listbox tree Indicates the popup is a tree grid Indicates the popup is a grid dialog Indicates the popup is a dialog aria-hidden state Indicates whether the element is exposed to an accessibility API . See related aria-disabled User agents determine an element's hidden status based on whether it is rendered, and the rendering is usually controlled by CSS . For example, an element whose display property is set to none is not rendered. An element is considered hidden if it, or any of its ancestors are not rendered or have their aria-hidden attribute value set to true Authors MAY , with caution, use aria-hidden to hide visibly rendered content from assistive technologies only if the act of hiding this content is intended to improve the experience for users of assistive technologies by removing redundant or extraneous content. Authors using aria-hidden to hide visible content from screen readers MUST ensure that identical or equivalent meaning and functionality is exposed to assistive technologies. Note Authors are advised to use extreme caution and consider a wide range of disabilities when hiding visibly rendered content from assistive technologies. For example, a sighted, dexterity-impaired individual may use voice-controlled assistive technologies to access a visual interface. If an author hides visible link text "Go to checkout" and exposes similar, yet non-identical link text "Check out now" to the accessibility API , the user may be unable to access the interface they perceive using voice control. Similar problems may also arise for screen reader users. For example, a sighted telephone support technician may attempt to have the blind screen reader user click the "Go to checkout" link, which they may be unable to find using a type-ahead item search ("Go to…"). Note At the time of this writing, aria-hidden ="false" is known to work inconsistently in browsers. As future implementations improve, use caution and test thoroughly before relying on this approach. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: true/false/undefined Values: Value Description false The element is exposed to the accessibility API as if it was rendered. true The element is hidden from the accessibility API undefined (default) The element's hidden state is determined by the user agent based on whether it is rendered. aria-invalid state Indicates the entered value does not conform to the format expected by the application. See related aria-errormessage If the value is computed to be invalid or out-of-range, the application author SHOULD set this attribute to true User agents SHOULD inform the user of the error. Application authors SHOULD provide suggestions for corrections if they are known. When the user attempts to submit data involving a field for which aria-required is true , authors MAY use the aria-invalid attribute to signal there is an error. However, if the user has not attempted to submit the form, authors SHOULD NOT set the aria-invalid attribute on required widgets simply because the user has not yet entered data. For future expansion, the aria-invalid attribute is a token type. Any value not recognized in the list of allowed values MUST be treated by user agents as if the value true had been provided. If the attribute is not present, or its value is false , or its value is an empty string, the default value of false applies. Note This state is being deprecated as a global state in ARIA 1.2. In future versions it will only be allowed on roles where it is specifically supported. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: application checkbox combobox gridcell listbox radiogroup slider spinbutton textbox tree Inherits into Roles: columnheader rowheader searchbox switch treegrid Value: token Values: Value Description grammar A grammatical error was detected. false (default) There are no detected errors in the value. spelling A spelling error was detected. true The value entered by the user has failed validation. aria-keyshortcuts property Indicates keyboard shortcuts that an author has implemented to activate or give focus to an element. The value of the aria-keyshortcuts attribute is a space-separated list of keyboard shortcuts that can be pressed to activate a command or textbox widget. The keys defined in the shortcuts represent the physical keys pressed and not the actual characters generated. Each keyboard shortcut consists of one or more tokens delimited by the plus sign ("+") representing zero or more modifier keys and exactly one non-modifier key that must be pressed simultaneously to activate the given shortcut. Authors MUST specify modifier keys exactly according to the UI Events KeyboardEvent key Values spec [ uievents-key ] - for example, "Alt", "Control", "Shift", "Meta", or "AltGraph". Note that Meta corresponds to the Command key, and Alt to the Option key, on Apple computers. The valid names for non-modifier keys are any printable character such as "A", "B", "1", "2", "$", "Plus" for a plus sign, "Space" for the spacebar, or the names of any other non-modifier key specified in the UI Events KeyboardEvent key Values spec [ uievents-key ] - for example, "Enter", "Tab", "ArrowRight", "PageDown", "Escape", or "F1". The use of "Space" for the spacebar is an exception to the UI Events KeyboardEvent key Values spec [ uievents-key ] as the space or spacebar key is encoded as ' ' and would be treated as a whitespace character. Authors MUST ensure modifier keys come first when they are part of a keyboard shortcut. Authors MUST ensure that required non-modifier keys come last when they are part of a shortcut. The order of the modifier keys is not otherwise significant, so "Alt+Shift+T" and "Shift+Alt+T" are equivalent, but "T+Shift+Alt" is not valid because all of the modifier keys don't come first, and "Alt" is not valid because it doesn't include at least one non-modifier key. When specifying an alphabetic key, both the uppercase and lowercase variants are considered equivalent: "a" and "A" are the same. When implementing keyboard shortcuts authors should consider the keyboards they intend to support to avoid unintended results. Keyboard designs vary significantly based on the device used and the languages supported. For example, many modifier keys are used in conjunction with other keys to create common punctuation symbols, create number characters, swap keyboard sides on bilingual keyboards to switch languages, and perform a number of other functions. For many supported keyboards, authors can prevent conflicts by avoiding keys other than ASCII letters, as number characters and common punctuation often require modifiers. Here, the keyboard shortcut entered does not equate to the key generated. For example, in French keyboard layouts, the number characters are not available until you press the Control key, so a keyboard shortcut defined as "Control+2" would be ambiguous as this is how one would type the "2" character on a French keyboard. If the character used is determined by a modifier key, the author MUST specify the actual key used to generate the character, that is generated by the key, and not the resulting character. This convention enables the assistive technology to accurately convey what keys must be used to generate the shortcut. For example, on most U.S. English keyboards, the percent sign "%" can be input by pressing Shift+5. The correct way to specify this shortcut is "Shift+5". It is incorrect to specify "%" or "Shift+%". However, note that on some international keyboards the percent sign may be an unmodified key, in which case "%" and "Shift+%" could be correct on those keyboards. If the key that needs to be specified is illegal in the host language or would cause a string to be terminated, authors MUST use the string escaping sequence of the host language to specify it. For example, the double-quote character can be encoded as "Shift+'" in HTML Examples of valid keyboard shortcuts include: "A" "Shift+Space" "Control+Alt+." "Control+Shift+'" "Alt+Shift+P Control+F" "Meta+C Meta+Shift+C" User agents MUST NOT change keyboard behavior in response to the aria-keyshortcuts attribute. Authors MUST handle scripted keyboard events to process aria-keyshortcuts . The aria-keyshortcuts attribute exposes the existence of these shortcuts so that assistive technologies can communicate this information to users. Authors SHOULD provide a way to expose keyboard shortcuts so that all users may discover them, such as through the use of a tooltip. Authors MUST ensure that aria-keyshortcuts applied to disabled elements are unavailable. Authors SHOULD avoid implementing shortcut keys that inhibit operating system, user agent, or assistive technology functionality. This requires the author to carefully consider both which keys to assign and the contexts and conditions in which the keys are available to the user. For guidance, see the keyboard shortcuts section of the WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: Keyboard shortcut Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: string aria-label property Defines a string value that labels the current element. See related aria-labelledby The purpose of aria-label is the same as that of aria-labelledby . It provides the user with a recognizable name of the object. The most common API mapping for a label is the accessible name property. If the label text is available in the DOM (i.e. typically visible text content), authors SHOULD use aria-labelledby and SHOULD NOT use aria-label . There may be instances where the name of an element cannot be determined programmatically from the DOM , and there are cases where referencing DOM content is not the desired user experience. Most host languages provide an attribute that could be used to name the element (e.g., the title attribute in [ HTML ]), yet this could present a browser tooltip. In the cases where DOM content or a tooltip is undesirable, authors MAY set the accessible name of the element using aria-label . As required by the accessible name and description computation , user agents give precedence to aria-labelledby over aria-label when computing the accessible name property. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: title attribute in [ HTML Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup except for the following roles: caption code deletion emphasis generic insertion paragraph presentation strong subscript superscript Value: string aria-labelledby property Identifies the element (or elements) that labels the current element. See related aria-describedby The purpose of aria-labelledby is the same as that of aria-label . It provides the user with a recognizable name of the object. The most common API mapping for a label is the accessible name property. If the interface is such that it is not possible to have a visible label on the screen, authors SHOULD use aria-label and SHOULD NOT use aria-labelledby . As required by the accessible name and description computation , user agents give precedence to aria-labelledby over aria-label when computing the accessible name property. The aria-labelledby attribute is similar to aria-describedby in that both reference other elements to calculate a text alternative, but a label should be concise, where a description is intended to provide more verbose information. Note The expected spelling of this property in U.S. English is "labeledby." However, the API features to which this property is mapped have established the "labelledby" spelling. This property is spelled that way to match the convention and minimize the difficulty for developers. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: <label> in [ HTML Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup except for the following roles: caption code deletion emphasis generic insertion paragraph presentation strong subscript superscript Value: ID reference list aria-level property Defines the hierarchical level of an element within a structure. This can be applied inside trees to tree items, to headings inside a document, to nested grids, nested tablists and to other structural items that may appear inside a container or participate in an ownership hierarchy. The value for aria-level is an integer greater than or equal to 1. Levels increase with depth. If the DOM ancestry does not accurately represent the level, authors SHOULD explicitly define the aria-level attribute This attribute is applied to elements that act as leaf nodes within the orientation of the set, for example, on elements with role treeitem rather than elements with role group . This means that multiple elements in a set may have the same value for this attribute. Although it would be less repetitive to provide a single value on the container, restricting this to leaf nodes ensures that there is a single way for assistive technologies to use the attribute. If the DOM ancestry accurately represents the level, the user agent can calculate the level of an item from the document structure. This attribute can be used to provide an explicit indication of the level when that is not possible to calculate from the document structure or the aria-owns attribute. User agent support for automatic calculation of level may vary; authors SHOULD test with user agents and assistive technologies to determine whether this attribute is needed. If the author intends for the user agent to calculate the level, the author SHOULD omit this attribute. Note In the case of a treegrid aria-level is supported on elements with the role row , not elements with role gridcell . At first glance, this may seem inconsistent with the application of aria-level on treeitem elements, but it is consistent in that the row acts as the leaf node within the vertical orientation of the grid , whereas the gridcell is a leaf node within the horizontal orientation of each row . Level is not supported on sets of cells within rows, so the aria-level attribute is applied to the element with the role row Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: heading listitem row Inherits into Roles: treeitem Value: integer aria-live property Indicates that an element will be updated, and describes the types of updates the user agents assistive technologies , and user can expect from the live region The values of this attribute are expressed in degrees of importance. When regions are specified as polite , assistive technologies will notify users of updates but generally do not interrupt the current task, and updates take low priority. When regions are specified as assertive , assistive technologies will immediately notify the user, and could potentially clear the speech queue of previous updates. Politeness levels are essentially an ordering mechanism for updates and serve as a strong suggestion to user agents or assistive technologies. The value may be overridden by user agents, assistive technologies, or the user. For example, if assistive technologies can determine that a change occurred in response to a key press or a mouse click, the assistive technologies may present that change immediately even if the value of the aria-live attribute states otherwise. Since different users have different needs, it is up to the user to tweak his or her assistive technologies' response to a live region with a certain politeness level from the commonly defined baseline. Assistive technologies may choose to implement increasing and decreasing levels of granularity so that the user can exercise control over queues and interruptions. When the property is not set on an object that needs to send updates, the politeness level is the value of the nearest ancestor that sets the aria-live attribute. The aria-live attribute is the primary determination for the order of presentation of changes to live regions. Implementations will also consider the default level of politeness in a role when the aria-live attribute is not set in the ancestor chain (e.g., log changes are polite by default). Items which are assertive will be presented immediately, followed by polite items. User agents or assistive technologies MAY choose to clear queued changes when an assertive change occurs. (e.g., changes in an assertive region may remove all currently queued changes) When live regions are marked as polite , assistive technologies SHOULD announce updates at the next graceful opportunity, such as at the end of speaking the current sentence or when the user pauses typing. When live regions are marked as assertive , assistive technologies SHOULD notify the user immediately. Because an interruption may disorient users or cause them to not complete their current task, authors SHOULD NOT use the assertive value unless the interruption is imperative. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: token Values: Value Description assertive Indicates that updates to the region have the highest priority and should be presented the user immediately. off (default) Indicates that updates to the region should not be presented to the user unless the user is currently focused on that region. polite Indicates that updates to the region should be presented at the next graceful opportunity, such as at the end of speaking the current sentence or when the user pauses typing. aria-modal property Indicates whether an element is modal when displayed. The aria-modal attribute is used to indicate that the presence of a "modal" element precludes usage of other content on the page. For example, when a modal dialog is displayed, it is expected that the user's interaction is limited to the contents of the dialog, until the modal dialog loses focus or is no longer displayed. When a modal element is displayed, assistive technologies SHOULD navigate to the element unless focus has explicitly been set elsewhere. Assistive technologies MAY limit navigation to the modal element's contents. If focus moves to an element outside the modal element, assistive technologies SHOULD NOT limit navigation to the modal element. When a modal element is displayed, authors MUST ensure the interface can be controlled using only descendants of the modal element. In other words, if a modal dialog has a close button, the button should be a descendant of the dialog. When a modal element is displayed, authors SHOULD mark all other contents as inert (such as "inert subtrees" in HTML ) if the ability to do so exists in the host language. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: window Inherits into Roles: alertdialog dialog Value: true/false Values: Value Description false (default) Element is not modal. true Element is modal. aria-multiline property Indicates whether a text box accepts multiple lines of input or only a single line. Note In most user agent implementations, the default behavior of the ENTER or RETURN key is different between the single-line and multi-line text fields in HTML . When user has focus in a single-line <input type="text"> element, the keystroke usually submits the form. When user has focus in a multi-line <textarea> element, the keystroke inserts a line break. The WAI-ARIA textbox role differentiates these types of boxes with the aria-multiline attribute, so authors are advised to be aware of this distinction when designing the field. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: textbox Inherits into Roles: searchbox Value: true/false Values: Value Description false (default) This is a single-line text box. true This is a multi-line text box. aria-multiselectable property Indicates that the user may select more than one item from the current selectable descendants. Authors SHOULD ensure that selected descendants have the aria-selected attribute set to true , and selectable descendant have the aria-selected attribute set to false . Authors SHOULD NOT use the aria-selected attribute on descendants that are not selectable. Note Lists and trees are examples of roles that might allow users to select more than one item at a time. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: grid listbox tablist tree Inherits into Roles: treegrid Value: true/false Values: Value Description false (default) Only one item can be selected. true More than one item in the widget may be selected at a time. aria-orientation property Indicates whether the element's orientation is horizontal, vertical, or unknown/ambiguous. Note In ARIA 1.1, the default value for aria-orientation changed from horizontal to undefined . Implicit defaults are defined on some roles (e.g., slider defaults to horizontal; scrollbar defaults to vertical) but remain undefined on roles where an expected default orientation is ambiguous (e.g., radiogroup ). Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: scrollbar select separator slider tablist toolbar Inherits into Roles: listbox menubar radiogroup tree treegrid Value: token Values: Value Description horizontal The element is oriented horizontally. undefined (default) The element's orientation is unknown/ambiguous. vertical The element is oriented vertically. aria-owns property Identifies an element (or elements) in order to define a visual, functional, or contextual parent/child relationship between DOM elements where the DOM hierarchy cannot be used to represent the relationship. See related aria-controls The value of the aria-owns attribute is a space-separated ID reference list that references one or more elements in the document by ID. The reason for adding aria-owns is to expose a parent/child contextual relationship to assistive technologies that is otherwise impossible to infer from the DOM If an element has both aria-owns and DOM children then the order of the child elements with respect to the parent/child relationship is the DOM children first, then the elements referenced in aria-owns . If the author intends that the DOM children are not first, then list the DOM children in aria-owns in the desired order. Authors SHOULD NOT use aria-owns as a replacement for the DOM hierarchy. If the relationship is represented in the DOM , do not use aria-owns . Authors MUST ensure that an element's ID is not specified in more than one other element's aria-owns attribute at any time. In other words, an element can have only one explicit owner. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: ID reference list aria-placeholder property Defines a short hint (a word or short phrase) intended to aid the user with data entry when the control has no value. A hint could be a sample value or a brief description of the expected format. Authors SHOULD NOT use aria-placeholder instead of a label as their purposes are different: The label indicates what kind of information is expected. The placeholder text is a hint about the expected value. See related aria-labelledby and aria-label Authors SHOULD present this hint to the user by displaying the hint text at any time the control's value is the empty string. This includes cases where the control first receives focus, and when users remove a previously-entered value. Note As is the case with the related placeholder attribute in [ HTML ], use of placeholder text as a replacement for a displayed label can reduce the accessibility and usability of the control for a range of users including older users and users with cognitive, mobility, fine motor skill or vision impairments. While the hint given by the control's label is shown at all times, the short hint given in the placeholder attribute is only shown before the user enters a value. Furthermore, placeholder text may be mistaken for a pre-filled value, and as commonly implemented the default color of the placeholder text provides insufficient contrast and the lack of a separate visible label reduces the size of the hit region available for setting focus on the control. Note The following examples do not use the HTML label element as it cannot be used to label HTML elements with contenteditable The following example shows a searchbox in which the user has entered a value: Example 24 span id "label" Birthday: </ span div contenteditable role "searchbox" aria-labelledby "label" aria-placeholder "MM-DD-YYYY" 03-14-1879 </ div The following example shows the same searchbox in which the user has not yet entered a value or has removed a previously-entered value: Example 25 span id "label" Birthday: </ span div contenteditable role "searchbox" aria-labelledby "label" aria-placeholder "MM-DD-YYYY" MM-DD-YYYY </ div Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: placeholder attribute in [ HTML Used in Roles: textbox Inherits into Roles: searchbox Value: string aria-posinset property Defines an element 's number or position in the current set of listitems or treeitems. Not required if all elements in the set are present in the DOM . See related aria-setsize If all items in a set are present in the document structure, it is not necessary to set this attribute , as the user agent can automatically calculate the set size and position for each item. However, if only a portion of the set is present in the document structure at a given moment, this property is needed to provide an explicit indication of an element's position. The following example shows items 5 through 8 in a set of 16. Example 26 h2 id "label_fruit" Available Fruit </ h2 ul role "listbox" aria-labelledby "label_fruit" li role "option" aria-setsize "16" aria-posinset "5" apples </ li li role "option" aria-setsize "16" aria-posinset "6" bananas </ li li role "option" aria-setsize "16" aria-posinset "7" cantaloupes </ li li role "option" aria-setsize "16" aria-posinset "8" dates </ li </ ul Authors MUST set the value for aria-posinset to an integer greater than or equal to 1, and less than or equal to the size of the set when that size is known. Authors SHOULD use aria-setsize When exposing aria-posinset on a menuitem menuitemcheckbox , or menuitemradio , authors SHOULD set the value of aria-posinset with respect to the total number of items in the , excluding any separators. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: article listitem menuitem option radio row tab Inherits into Roles: menuitemcheckbox menuitemradio treeitem Value: integer aria-pressed state Indicates the current "pressed" state of toggle buttons. See related aria-checked and aria-selected Toggle buttons require a full press-and-release cycle to change their value. Activating it once changes the value to true , and activating it another time changes the value back to false . A value of mixed means that the values of more than one item controlled by the button do not all share the same value. If the attribute is not present, the button is not a toggle button. The aria-pressed attribute is similar but not identical to the aria-checked attribute. Operating systems support pressed on buttons and checked on checkboxes. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: button Value: tristate Values: Value Description false The element supports being pressed but is not currently pressed. mixed Indicates a mixed mode value for a tri-state toggle button. true The element is pressed. undefined (default) The element does not support being pressed. aria-readonly property Indicates that the element is not editable, but is otherwise operable . See related aria-disabled This means the user can read but not set the value of the widget . Readonly elements are relevant to the user, and application authors SHOULD NOT restrict navigation to the element or its focusable descendants. Other actions such as copying the value of the element are also supported. This is in contrast to disabled elements, to which applications might not allow user navigation to descendants. Examples include: A form element which represents a constant. Row or column headers in a spreadsheet grid. The result of a calculation such as a shopping cart total. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: readonly attribute in [ HTML Used in Roles: checkbox combobox grid gridcell listbox radiogroup slider spinbutton textbox Inherits into Roles: columnheader rowheader searchbox switch treegrid Value: true/false Values: Value Description false (default) The user can set the value of the element. true The user cannot change the value of the element. aria-relevant property Indicates what notifications the user agent will trigger when the accessibility tree within a live region is modified. See related aria-atomic The attribute is represented as a space-separated list of the following values additions removals text ; or a single catch-all value all This is used to describe semantically meaningful changes, as opposed to merely presentational ones. For example, nodes that are removed from the top of a log are merely removed for purposes of creating room for other entries, and the removal of them does not have meaning. However, in the case of a buddy list, removal of a buddy name indicates that they are no longer online, and this is a meaningful event . In that case aria-relevant will be set to all . When the aria-relevant attribute is not provided, the default value, additions text , indicates that text modifications and node additions are relevant, but that node removals are irrelevant. Note aria-relevant values of removals or all are to be used sparingly. Assistive technologies only need to be informed of content removal when its removal represents an important change, such as a buddy leaving a chat room. Note Text removals should only be considered relevant if one of the specified values is 'removals' or 'all'. For example, for a text change from 'foo' to 'bar' in a live region with a default aria-relevant value, the text addition ('bar') would be spoken, but the text removal ('foo') would not. aria-relevant is an optional attribute of live regions. This is a suggestion to assistive technologies , but assistive technologies are not required to present changes of all the relevant types. When aria-relevant is not defined, an element's value is inherited from the nearest ancestor with a defined value. Although the value is a token list , inherited values are not additive; the value provided on a descendant element completely overrides any inherited value from an ancestor element. When text changes are denoted as relevant, user agents MUST monitor any descendant node change that affects the accessible name and description computation of the live region as if the accessible name were determined from contents ( nameFrom: contents ). For example, a text change would be triggered if the HTML alt attribute of a contained image changed. However, no change would be triggered if there was a text change to a node outside the live region, even if that node was referenced (via aria-labelledby ) by an element contained in the live region. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: token list Values: Value Description additions Element nodes are added to the accessibility tree within the live region. additions text (default) Equivalent to the combination of values, "additions text". all Equivalent to the combination of all values, "additions removals text". removals Text content, a text alternative, or an element node within the live region is removed from the accessibility tree. text Text content or a text alternative is added to any descendant in the accessibility tree of the live region. aria-required property Indicates that user input is required on the element before a form may be submitted. For example, if the user needs to fill in an address field, the author will need to set the field's aria-required attribute to true Note The fact that the element is required is often presented visually (such as a sign or symbol after the widget ). Using the aria-required attribute allows the author to explicitly convey to assistive technologies that an element is required. Unless an exactly equivalent native attribute is available, host languages SHOULD allow authors to use the aria-required attribute on host language form elements that require input or selection by the user. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: required attribute in [ HTML Used in Roles: checkbox combobox gridcell listbox radiogroup spinbutton textbox tree Inherits into Roles: columnheader rowheader searchbox switch treegrid Value: true/false Values: Value Description false (default) User input is not necessary to submit the form. true Users need to provide input on an element before a form is submitted. aria-roledescription property Defines a human-readable, author-localized description for the role of an element Some assistive technologies , such as screen readers, present the role of an element as part of the user experience. Such assistive technologies typically localize the name of the role, and they may customize it as well. Users of these assistive technologies depend on the presentation of the role name, such as "region," "button," or "slider," for an understanding of the purpose of the element and, if it is a widget, how to interact with it. The aria-roledescription property gives authors the ability to override how assistive technologies localize and express the name of a role. Thus inappropriately using aria-roledescription may inhibit users' ability to understand or interact with an element. Authors SHOULD limit use of aria-roledescription to clarifying the purpose of non-interactive container roles like group or region , or to providing a more specific description of a widget When using aria-roledescription , authors SHOULD also ensure that: The element to which aria-roledescription is applied has a valid WAI-ARIA role or has an implicit WAI-ARIA role semantic. The value of aria-roledescription is not empty or does not contain only whitespace characters. User agents MUST NOT expose the aria-roledescription property if any of the following conditions exist: The element to which aria-roledescription is applied does not have a valid WAI-ARIA role or does not have an implicit WAI-ARIA role semantic. The element to which aria-roledescription is applied has an explicit or implicit WAI-ARIA role where aria-roledescription is prohibited The value of aria-roledescription is empty or contains only whitespace characters. Assistive technologies SHOULD use the value of aria-roledescription when presenting the role of an element, but SHOULD NOT change other functionality based on the role of an element that has a value for aria-roledescription . For example, an assistive technology that provides functions for navigating to the next region or button SHOULD allow those functions to navigate to regions and buttons that have an aria-roledescription The following two examples show the use of aria-roledescription to indicate that a non-interactive container is a "slide" in a web-based presentation application. Example 27 div role "region" aria-roledescription "slide" id "slide42" aria-labelledby "slide42heading" h1 id "slide42heading" Quarterly Report </ h1  </ div Example 28 section aria-roledescription "slide" id "slide42" aria-labelledby "slide42heading" h1 id "slide42heading" Quarterly Report </ h1  </ section In the previous examples, a screen reader user may hear "Quarterly Report, slide" rather than the more vague "Quarterly Report, region" or "Quarterly Report, group." Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: All elements of the base markup Value: string aria-rowcount property Defines the total number of rows in a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-rowindex If all of the rows are present in the DOM , it is not necessary to set this attribute as the user agent can automatically calculate the total number of rows. However, if only a portion of the rows is present in the DOM at a given moment, this attribute is needed to provide an explicit indication of the number of rows in the full table. Authors MUST set the value of aria-rowcount to an integer equal to the number of rows in the full table. If the total number of rows is unknown, authors MUST set the value of aria-rowcount to -1 to indicate that the value should not be calculated by the user agent. The following example shows a grid with 2000 rows, of which the first row and rows 100 through 102 are displayed to the user. Example 29 div role "grid" aria-rowcount "2000" div role "rowgroup" div role "row" aria-rowindex "1" span role "columnheader" First Name </ span span role "columnheader" Last Name </ span span role "columnheader" Company </ span span role "columnheader" Phone </ span </ div </ div div role "rowgroup" div role "row" aria-rowindex "100" span role "gridcell" Fred </ span span role "gridcell" Jackson </ span span role "gridcell" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" 555-1234 </ span </ div div role "row" aria-rowindex "101" span role "gridcell" Sara </ span span role "gridcell" James </ span span role "gridcell" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" 555-1235 </ span </ div div role "row" aria-rowindex "102" span role "gridcell" Taylor </ span span role "gridcell" Johnson </ span span role "gridcell" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" 555-1236 </ span </ div </ div </ div Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: table Inherits into Roles: grid treegrid Value: integer aria-rowindex property Defines an element's row index or position with respect to the total number of rows within a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-rowcount and aria-rowspan If all of the rows are present in the DOM , it is not necessary to set this attribute as the user agent can automatically calculate the index of each row. However, if only a portion of the rows is present in the DOM at a given moment, this attribute is needed to provide an explicit indication of each row's position with respect to the full table. Authors MUST set the value for aria-rowindex to an integer greater than or equal to 1, greater than the aria-rowindex value of any previous rows, and less than or equal to the number of rows in the full table. For a cell or gridcell which spans multiple rows, authors MUST set the value of aria-rowindex to the start of the span. Authors SHOULD place aria-rowindex on each row. Authors MAY also place aria-rowindex on all of the children or owned elements of each row. The following example shows a grid with 2000 rows, of which the first row and rows 100 through 102 are displayed to the user. Example 30 div role "grid" aria-rowcount "2000" div role "rowgroup" div role "row" aria-rowindex "1" span role "columnheader" First Name </ span span role "columnheader" Last Name </ span span role "columnheader" Company </ span span role "columnheader" Phone </ span </ div </ div div role "rowgroup" div role "row" aria-rowindex "100" span role "gridcell" Fred </ span span role "gridcell" Jackson </ span span role "gridcell" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" 555-1234 </ span </ div div role "row" aria-rowindex "101" span role "gridcell" Sara </ span span role "gridcell" James </ span span role "gridcell" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" 555-1235 </ span </ div div role "row" aria-rowindex "102" span role "gridcell" Taylor </ span span role "gridcell" Johnson </ span span role "gridcell" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" 555-1236 </ span </ div </ div </ div The following example shows the grid from the previous example with aria-rowindex also placed on all of the owned elements of each row. Example 31 div role "grid" aria-rowcount "2000" div role "rowgroup" div role "row" aria-rowindex "1" span role "columnheader" aria-rowindex "1" First Name </ span span role "columnheader" aria-rowindex "1" Last Name </ span span role "columnheader" aria-rowindex "1" Company </ span span role "columnheader" aria-rowindex "1" Phone </ span </ div </ div div role "rowgroup" div role "row" aria-rowindex "100" span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "100" Fred </ span span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "100" Jackson </ span span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "100" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "100" 555-1234 </ span </ div div role "row" aria-rowindex "101" span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "101" Sara </ span span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "101" James </ span span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "101" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "101" 555-1235 </ span </ div div role "row" aria-rowindex "102" span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "102" Taylor </ span span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "102" Johnson </ span span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "102" Acme, Inc. </ span span role "gridcell" aria-rowindex "102" 555-1236 </ span </ div </ div </ div Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: cell row Inherits into Roles: columnheader gridcell rowheader Value: integer aria-rowspan property Defines the number of rows spanned by a cell or gridcell within a table grid , or treegrid . See related aria-rowindex and aria-colspan This attribute is intended for cells and gridcells which are not contained in a native table. When defining the row span of cells or gridcells in a native table, authors SHOULD use the host language's attribute instead of aria-rowspan . If aria-rowspan is used on an element for which the host language provides an equivalent attribute, user agents MUST ignore the value of aria-rowspan and instead expose the value of the host language's attribute to assistive technologies Authors MUST set the value of aria-rowspan to an integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than the value which would cause the cell or gridcell to overlap the next cell or gridcell in the same column. Setting the value to 0 indicates that the cell or gridcell is to span all the remaining rows in the row group. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: cell Inherits into Roles: columnheader rowheader Value: integer aria-selected state Indicates the current "selected" state of various widgets . See related aria-checked and aria-pressed This attribute is used with single-selection and multiple-selection widgets: Single-selection containers where the currently focused item is not selected. The selection normally follows the focus, and is managed by the user agent Multiple-selection containers. Authors SHOULD ensure that any selectable descendant of a container in which the aria-multiselectable attribute is true specifies a value of either true or false for the aria-selected attribute. Any explicit assignment of aria-selected takes precedence over the implicit selection based on focus. If no DOM element in the widget is explicitly marked as selected, assistive technologies MAY convey implicit selection which follows the keyboard focus of the managed focus widget. If any DOM element in the widget is explicitly marked as selected, the user agent MUST NOT convey implicit selection for the widget. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: gridcell option row tab Inherits into Roles: columnheader rowheader treeitem Value: true/false/undefined Values: Value Description false The selectable element is not selected. true The selectable element is selected. undefined (default) The element is not selectable. aria-setsize property Defines the number of items in the current set of listitems or treeitems. Not required if all elements in the set are present in the DOM . See related aria-posinset This property is marked on the members of a set, not the container element that collects the members of the set. To orient the user by saying an element is "item X out of Y," the assistive technologies would use X equal to the aria-posinset attribute and Y equal to the aria-setsize attribute. If all items in a set are present in the document structure, it is not necessary to set this property, as the user agent can automatically calculate the set size and position for each item. However, if only a portion of the set is present in the document structure at a given moment (in order to reduce document size), this property is needed to provide an explicit indication of set size. Authors MUST set the value of aria-setsize to an integer equal to the number of items in the set. If the total number of items is unknown, authors SHOULD set the value of aria-setsize to -1 When exposing aria-setsize on a menuitem menuitemcheckbox , or menuitemradio , authors SHOULD set the value of aria-setsize based on the total number of items in the , excluding any separators. The following example shows items 5 through 8 in a set of 16. Example 32 h2 id "label_fruit" Available Fruit </ h2 ul role "listbox" aria-labelledby "label_fruit" li role "option" aria-setsize "16" aria-posinset "5" apples </ li li role "option" aria-setsize "16" aria-posinset "6" bananas </ li li role "option" aria-setsize "16" aria-posinset "7" cantaloupes </ li li role "option" aria-setsize "16" aria-posinset "8" dates </ li </ ul The following example shows items 5 through 8 in a set whose total size is unknown. Example 33 h2 id "label_fruit" Available Fruit </ h2 ul role "listbox" aria-labelledby "label_fruit" li role "option" aria-setsize "-1" aria-posinset "5" apples </ li li role "option" aria-setsize "-1" aria-posinset "6" bananas </ li li role "option" aria-setsize "-1" aria-posinset "7" cantaloupes </ li li role "option" aria-setsize "-1" aria-posinset "8" dates </ li </ ul Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: article listitem menuitem option radio row tab Inherits into Roles: menuitemcheckbox menuitemradio treeitem Value: integer aria-sort property Indicates if items in a table or grid are sorted in ascending or descending order. Authors SHOULD only apply this property to table headers or grid headers. If the property is not provided, there is no defined sort order. For each table or grid, authors SHOULD apply aria-sort to only one header at a time. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: columnheader rowheader Value: token Values: Value Description ascending Items are sorted in ascending order by this column. descending Items are sorted in descending order by this column. none (default) There is no defined sort applied to the column. other A sort algorithm other than ascending or descending has been applied. aria-valuemax property Defines the maximum allowed value for a range widget Authors MUST ensure the value of aria-valuemax is greater than or equal to the value of aria-valuemin . If the aria-valuenow has a known maximum and minimum, the author SHOULD provide properties for aria-valuemax and aria-valuemin Note A range widget starts with a given value, which can be increased until reaching the maximum value, defined by this property . Declaring the minimum and maximum values allows assistive technology to convey the size of the range to users. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: <range> element max attribute in [ HTML Used in Roles: range scrollbar separator slider spinbutton Inherits into Roles: meter progressbar scrollbar slider spinbutton Value: number aria-valuemin property Defines the minimum allowed value for a range widget Authors MUST ensure the value of aria-valuemin is less than or equal to the value of aria-valuemax . If the aria-valuenow has a known maximum and minimum, the author SHOULD provide properties for aria-valuemax and aria-valuemin Note A range widget starts with a given value, which can be decreased until reaching the minimum value, defined by this property . Declaring the minimum and maximum values allows assistive technology to convey the size of the range to users. Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: <range> element min attribute in [ HTML Used in Roles: range scrollbar separator slider spinbutton Inherits into Roles: meter progressbar scrollbar slider spinbutton Value: number aria-valuenow property Defines the current value for a range widget . See related aria-valuetext This property is used, for example, on a range widget such as a slider or progress bar. If the current value is not known (for example, an indeterminate progress bar), the author SHOULD NOT set the aria-valuenow attribute . If the aria-valuenow attribute is absent, no information is implied about the current value. If the aria-valuenow has a known maximum and minimum, the author SHOULD provide properties for aria-valuemax and aria-valuemin The value of aria-valuenow is a decimal number. If the range is a set of numeric values, then aria-valuenow is one of those values. For example, if the range is [0, 1], a valid aria-valuenow is 0.5. A value outside the range, such as -2.5 or 1.1, is invalid. For progressbar elements and scrollbar elements, assistive technologies SHOULD render the value to users as a percent, calculated as a position on the range from aria-valuemin to aria-valuemax if both are defined, otherwise the actual value with a percent indicator. For elements with role slider and spinbutton , assistive technologies SHOULD render the actual value to users. When the rendered value cannot be accurately represented as a number, authors SHOULD use the aria-valuetext attribute in conjunction with aria-valuenow to provide a user-friendly representation of the range's current value. For example, a slider may have rendered values of small medium , and large . In this case, the values of aria-valuetext would be one of the strings: small medium , or large Note If aria-valuetext is specified, assistive technologies render that instead of the value of aria-valuenow Characteristics: Characteristic Value Related Concepts: <range> element value attribute in [ HTML Used in Roles: meter range scrollbar separator slider spinbutton Inherits into Roles: meter progressbar scrollbar slider spinbutton Value: number aria-valuetext property Defines the human readable text alternative of aria-valuenow for a range widget This property is used, for example, on a range widget such as a slider or progress bar. If the aria-valuetext attribute is set, authors SHOULD also set the aria-valuenow attribute, unless that value is unknown (for example, on an indeterminate progressbar ). Authors SHOULD only set the aria-valuetext attribute when the rendered value cannot be meaningfully represented as a number. For example, a slider may have rendered values of small medium , and large . In this case, the values of aria-valuenow could range from 1 through 3, which indicate the position of each value in the value space, but the aria-valuetext would be one of the strings: small medium , or large . If the aria-valuetext attribute is absent, the assistive technologies will rely solely on the aria-valuenow attribute for the current value. If aria-valuetext is specified, assistive technologies SHOULD render that value instead of the value of aria-valuenow Characteristics: Characteristic Value Used in Roles: range separator spinbutton Inherits into Roles: meter progressbar scrollbar slider spinbutton Value: string 7. Accessibility Tree The accessibility tree and the DOM tree are parallel structures. The accessibility tree includes the user interface objects of the user agent and the objects of the document. Accessible objects are created in the accessibility tree for every DOM element that should be exposed to an assistive technology , either because it may fire an accessibility event or because it has a property relationship or feature which needs to be exposed. 7.1 Excluding Elements from the Accessibility Tree The following elements are not exposed via the API and user agents MUST NOT include them in the accessibility tree Elements, including their descendent elements, that have host language semantics specifying that the element is not displayed, such as CSS display:none visibility:hidden , or the HTML hidden attribute. Elements with none or presentation as the first role in the role attribute. However, their exclusion is conditional. In addition, the element's descendants and text content are generally included. These exceptions and conditions are documented in the presentation (role) section. If not already excluded from the accessibility tree per the above rules, user agents SHOULD NOT include the following elements in the accessibility tree: Elements, including their descendants, that have aria-hidden set to true . In other words, aria-hidden="true" on a parent overrides aria-hidden="false" on descendants. Any descendants of elements that have the characteristic " Children Presentational: True " unless the descendant is not allowed to be presentational because it meets one of the conditions for exception described in Presentational Roles Conflict Resolution . However, the text content of any excluded descendants is included. Elements with the following roles have the characteristic "Children Presentational: True": button checkbox img menuitemcheckbox menuitemradio meter option progressbar radio scrollbar separator slider switch tab 7.2 Including Elements in the Accessibility Tree If not excluded from or marked as hidden in the accessibility tree per the rules above in Excluding Elements in the Accessibility Tree , user agents MUST provide an accessible object in the accessibility tree for DOM elements that meet any of the following criteria: Elements that are not hidden and may fire an API event , including: Elements that are currently focused, even if the element or one of its ancestor elements has its aria-hidden attribute set to true Elements that are a valid target of an aria-activedescendant attribute. Elements that have an explicit role or a global WAI-ARIA attribute and do not have aria-hidden set to true . (See Excluding Elements in the Accessibility Tree for additional guidance on aria-hidden .) Elements that are not hidden and have an ID that is referenced by another element via a WAI-ARIA property. Note Text equivalents for hidden referenced objects may still be used in the name and description computation even when not included in the accessibility tree. 8. Implementation in Host Languages The roles state , and properties defined in this specification do not form a complete web language or format. They are intended to be used in the context of a host language. This section discusses how host languages are to implement WAI-ARIA , to ensure that the markup specified here will integrate smoothly and effectively with the host language markup. Although markup languages look alike superficially, they do not share language definition infrastructure. To accommodate differences in language-building approaches, the requirements are both general and modularization-specific. While allowing for differences in how the specifications are written, the intent is to maintain consistency in how the WAI-ARIA information looks to authors and how it is manipulated in the DOM by scripts. WAI-ARIA roles, states, and properties are implemented as attributes of elements . Roles are applied by placing their names among the tokens appearing in the value of a host-language-provided role attribute. States and properties each get their own attribute, with values as defined for each particular state or property in this specification. The name of the attribute is the aria-prefixed name of the state or property. 8.1 Role Attribute An implementing host language will provide an attribute with the following characteristics: The attribute name MUST be role The attribute value MUST allow a token list as the value; The appearance of the name literal of any concrete WAI-ARIA role as one of these tokens MUST NOT in and of itself make the attribute value illegal in the host-language syntax; and The first name literal of a non-abstract WAI-ARIA role in the list of tokens in the role attribute defines the role according to which the user agent MUST process the element. User Agent processing for roles is defined in the Core Accessibility API Mappings CORE-AAM-1.2 ]. 8.2 State and Property Attributes An implementing host language MUST allow attributes with the following characteristics: The attribute name is the name of any state or property identified in the Supported States and Properties section, such as aria-busy aria-selected aria-activedescendant aria-valuetext The syntax does NOT prevent the attribute from appearing anywhere that it is applicable, as specified in this specification; When these attributes appear in a document instance, the attributes will be processed as defined in this specification. Host languages that support XML Namespaces XML-NAMES MAY require that WAI-ARIA attributes be used with a namespace. In this case, the namespace for WAI-ARIA state and property attributes MUST be . To use WAI-ARIA in host languages that do not explicitly describe support for it, authors SHOULD use this namespace as well, if the host language supports namespaces and there is expectation that user agents will recognize the WAI-ARIA namespace. The namespace prefix is not defined by this specification but generally is expected to be " aria ". Note The WAI-ARIA state and property attributes have a naming convention such that they all begin with the string " aria- ". This is not a namespace prefix, it is a part of the state or property name. Therefore, when using WAI-ARIA states and properties with namespace prefixes, the complete attribute name will be like " aria:aria-foo ". Some host languages do not use namespaces with WAI-ARIA state and property attributes, either because the host language does not support namespaces or because the designers wish to incorporate WAI-ARIA into the core feature set. In these host languages, the namespace name for these attributes has no value. The names of these attributes do not have a prefix offset by a colon; in the terms of namespaces they are unprefixed attribute names. The ECMAScript binding of the DOM interface getAttributeNS for example, treats an empty string ( "" ) as representing this condition, so that both getAttribute("aria-busy") and getAttributeNS("", "aria-busy") access the same aria-busy attribute in the DOM Note According to the requirements of this section, some user agents recognize WAI-ARIA state and property attributes with namespaces, some without namespaces, and some might recognize both. Authors are advised to be aware of which form is supported for the host language they are using. Unless the host language and supporting user agents explicitly indicate that the namespace is required, authors are advised to use the attribute without namespaces. Even user agents that support namespaces generally do not publish namespaced WAI-ARIA states and properties to accessibility APIs . In particular, current implementations of HTML , including XHTML , do not support this namespace. 8.3 Focus Navigation An implementing host language MUST provide support for the author to make all interactive elements focusable, that is, any renderable or event-receiving elements. An implementing host language MUST provide a facility to allow web authors to define whether these focusable, interactive elements appear in the default tab navigation order. The tabindex attribute in HTML is an example of one implementation. 8.4 Implicit WAI-ARIA Semantics WAI-ARIA is designed to provide semantic information about objects when host languages lack native semantics for the object. WAI-ARIA is designed, however, to provide additional semantics for many host languages. Furthermore, host languages over time can evolve and provide new native features that correspond to WAI-ARIA features. Therefore, there are many situations in which WAI-ARIA semantics are redundant with host language semantics. These host language features can be viewed as having "implicit WAI-ARIA semantics". User agent processing of features with implicit WAI-ARIA semantics would be similar to the processing for the WAI-ARIA feature. The processing might not be identical because of lexical differences between the host language feature and the WAI-ARIA feature, but generally the user agent would expose the same information to the accessibility API . Features with implicit WAI-ARIA semantics satisfy WAI-ARIA structural requirements such as required owned elements, required states and properties, etc. and do not require explicit WAI-ARIA semantics to be provided. On elements with implicit WAI-ARIA roles, authors can also use WAI-ARIA states and properties supported by those roles without requiring explicit indication of the WAI-ARIA role. For example, if an element with the functionality already exists, such as a checkbox or radio button, use the native semantics of the host language. WAI-ARIA markup is only intended to be used to enhance the native semantics (e.g., indicating that the element is required with aria-required ), or to change the semantics to a different purpose from the standard functionality of the element. Implicit WAI-ARIA semantics affect the conflict resolution procedures in the following section, Conflicts with Host Language Semantics. Therefore, implicit WAI-ARIA semantics need to be defined in a normative specification, such as the host language specification or the Core Accessibility API Mappings 8.5 Conflicts with Host Language Semantics WAI-ARIA roles, states, and properties are intended to add semantic information when native host language elements with these semantics are not available, and are generally used on elements that have no native semantics of their own. They can also be used on elements that have similar but non-identical semantics (for example, a nested list could be used to represent a tree structure). This method can be part of a fallback strategy for older browsers that have no WAI-ARIA implementation, or because native presentation of the repurposed element reduces the amount of style and/or script needed. Except for the cases outlined below, user agents MUST always use the WAI-ARIA semantics to define how it exposes the element to accessibility APIs , rather than using the host language semantics. In addition to these normal situations in which WAI-ARIA is expected to override native semantics, there are elements that are inappropriate to override with WAI-ARIA . This could be because identical host language semantics exist, so WAI-ARIA is not needed, or because semantics from WAI-ARIA directly conflict with host language semantics. When a feature in the host language with identical role semantics and values is available, and the author has no compelling reason to avoid using the host language feature, authors SHOULD use the host language features rather than repurpose other elements with WAI-ARIA Host languages can have features that have implicit WAI-ARIA semantics corresponding to roles. When a WAI-ARIA role is provided, user agents MUST use the semantic of the WAI-ARIA role for processing, not the native semantic, unless the role requires WAI-ARIA states and properties whose attributes are explicitly forbidden on the native element by the host language. Values for roles do not conflict in the same way as values for states and properties (for example, the HTML 'checked' attribute and the 'aria-checked' attribute could have conflicting values), and authors are expected to have valid reason to provide a WAI-ARIA role even on elements that would not normally be repurposed. When WAI-ARIA states and properties correspond to host language features that have the same implicit WAI-ARIA semantic , it can be particularly problematic to use the WAI-ARIA feature. If the WAI-ARIA feature and the host language feature are both provided but their values are not kept in sync, user agents and assistive technologies cannot know which value to use. Therefore, to prevent providing conflicting states and properties to assistive technologies, host languages MUST explicitly declare where the use of WAI-ARIA attributes on each host language element conflicts with native attributes for that element. When a host language declares a WAI-ARIA attribute to be in direct semantic conflict with a native attribute for a given element, user agents MUST ignore the WAI-ARIA attribute and instead use the host language attribute with the same implicit semantic. Host languages MAY document features that cannot be overridden with WAI-ARIA (these are called "strong native semantics"). These can be features that have implicit WAI-ARIA semantics, as well as features where the processing would be uncertain if the semantics were changed with WAI-ARIA . Conformance checkers MAY signal an error or warning when a WAI-ARIA role is used on elements with strong native semantics, but as described above, user agents MUST still use the value of the semantic of the WAI-ARIA role when exposing the element to accessibility APIs unless the native host language semantic is permanently presentational. The opportunity for host languages to create exceptions to the WAI-ARIA override of native features is meant to avoid potential author errors or problems with intrinsic processing of host language features. Author errors could happen when a host language and WAI-ARIA provide similar but not identical features, where it might not be clear how changing one but not the other affects the accessibility API . Intrinsic processing refers to the way a feature is processed, beyond simple rendering and exposure to the Accessibility API , that cannot reasonably be changed in response to an ARIA feature, and would lead to unpredictable results were ARIA allowed. In these situations, there is good reason for host languages to limit the scope of WAI-ARIA . However, this provision does not give blanket permission for host languages to forbid the use of WAI-ARIA simply by documenting, feature by feature, that it may not be used. Host languages should create restrictions on the use of ARIA only when it is critical to effective processing of content. Certain ARIA features are critical to building a complete model in the accessibility API . Such features are not expected to conflict with native host language semantics (though they may complement them). Therefore, host languages MUST NOT declare strong native semantics that prevent use of the following ARIA features: aria-describedby aria-label aria-labelledby 8.6 State and Property Attribute Processing State and property attributes are included in host languages, and therefore syntax for representation of their value types is governed by the host language. For each of the value types defined in Value , an appropriate value type from the host language is used. Recommended correspondences between WAI-ARIA value types and various host language value types are listed in Mapping WAI-ARIA Value types to languages . This is a non-normative mapping in order to accommodate new host languages supporting WAI-ARIA The list value types—ID reference list and token list—allow more than one value of the given type to be provided. The values are separated by delimiter characters recognized by the host language for list attributes, such as space characters, commas, etc. Some languages may require a specific, single delimiter, while others may allow various delimiters. Global states and properties are supported on any element in the host language. However, authors MUST only use non-global states and properties on elements with a role supporting the state or property; either defined as an explicit WAI-ARIA role, or as defined by the host language implicit WAI-ARIA semantic matching an appropriate WAI-ARIA role. When a role attribute is added to an element, the semantics and behavior of the element, including support for WAI-ARIA states and properties, are augmented or overridden by the role behavior. User agents MUST ignore non-global states and properties used on an element without a role supporting the state or property; either defined as an explicit WAI-ARIA role, or as defined by the host language WAI-ARIA semantic matching an appropriate WAI-ARIA role. For example, the aria-valuetext attribute may be used on a progressbar WAI-ARIA roles have associated states and properties that are qualified as "supported" or "required". An example of a property supported by the combobox role is aria-autocomplete . The property is designated "supported" in this case because a given combobox might or might not implement auto completion. In contrast, the combobox role requires the aria-expanded state in order to indicate that it is expandable. Comboboxes have a controlled popup element, such as a listbox , that is either open or closed. If the listbox is open, the combobox is in its expanded state; otherwise it is collapsed. When WAI-ARIA roles are used, supported states and properties that are not present in the DOM are treated according to their default value. Keeping with the combobox example, a missing aria-autocomplete attribute is equivalent to aria-autocomplete="none" , meaning the combobox does not offer auto completion. However, required states and properties that are absent are an author error. Missing required states and properties are treated as if they were present and have an implicit neutral value that is not necessarily their default value. For example, the default value of aria-expanded is undefined , meaning neither expandable nor collapsible. But that does not apply to the case of a combobox . In this case, aria-expanded is needed to convey the expandable/collapsible nature of the combobox . Thus, the implicit value of aria-expanded for the combobox role is false , meaning expandable (and currently collapsed). The characteristics table associated with each WAI-ARIA role has an " Implicit Value for Role " entry that specifies the value of a state or property to use in the context of that role when the state or property is missing. Elements that have implicit WAI-ARIA semantics support the full set of WAI-ARIA states and properties supported by the corresponding role. Therefore, authors MAY omit the role when setting states and properties. The role is only needed when the implicit WAI-ARIA role of the element needs to be changed. Sometimes states and properties are present in the DOM but have a zero-length string ("") as their value. Authors MAY specify a zero-length string ("") for any supported (but not required) state or property. User agents SHOULD treat state and property attributes with a value of "" the same as they treat an absent attribute. For supported states and properties, this corresponds to the default value, but if it is a required attribute, it signals an author error, and the implicit value for the role is used. 8.6.1 ID Reference Error Processing User agents SHOULD ignore ID references that do not match the ID of another element in the same document. It is the web author's responsibility to ensure that IDs are unique. If more than one element has the same ID, the user agent SHOULD use the first element found with the given ID. The behavior will be the same as getElementById If the same element is specified multiple times in a single WAI-ARIA relation, user agents SHOULD return multiple pointers to the same element aria-activedescendant is defined as referencing only a single ID reference. Any aria-activedescendant value that does not match an existing ID reference exactly is an author error and will not match any element in the DOM 8.7 CSS Selectors Note This section might be removed in a future version. Support for attribute selectors MUST include WAI-ARIA attributes. For example, .fooMenuItem[aria-haspopup="true"] would select all elements with class fooMenuItem , and WAI-ARIA property aria-haspopup with value of true . The presentation MUST be updated for dynamic changes to WAI-ARIA attributes. This allows authors to match styling with WAI-ARIA semantics 9. Handling Author Errors 9.1 Roles User agents are expected to perform validation of WAI-ARIA roles As stated in the Definition of Roles section, it is considered an authoring error to use abstract roles in content. User agents MUST NOT map abstract roles via the standard role mechanism of the accessibility API If the role attribute contains no tokens matching the name of a non-abstract WAI-ARIA role, the user agent MUST treat the element as if no role had been provided. For example, <table role="foo"> should be exposed in the same way as <table> and <input type="text" role="structure"> in the same way as <input type="text"> 9.2 States and Properties In general, user agents do not do much validation of WAI-ARIA properties . User agents MAY do some minor validation on request, such as making sure valid IDs are specified for WAI-ARIA relations, and enforcing things like aria-posinset being within 1 and aria-setsize , inclusive. User agents are not responsible for logical validation, such as the following: Circular references created by relations, such as specifying that two elements own each other. Correct usage with regard to DOM tree structure, such as an element being owned by more than one other element. Elements with WAI-ARIA roles correctly implement the behavior of the specified role. For example, user agents do not verify that an element with a role of checkbox actually behaves like a checkbox. Elements that do not correctly observe required child / parent role relationships or that appear elsewhere than in their required parent. Determining whether aria-activedescendant actually points to an owned element of the container widget. Determining implicit values of aria-setsize and aria-posinset when they are specified on some but not all the elements of the set. If the author specifies a non-numeric value for a decimal or integer value type, the user agent SHOULD do the following: When asked for the string version of the property, return the string if specified by the author. When asked for the numeric version: Follow the guidance in the Fallback values for missing required attributes table below, if applicable. Otherwise, return a fallback value of 0.0 for decimal value types and 0 for integer value types. If a WAI-ARIA property contains an unknown or disallowed value, the user agent SHOULD expose to platform APIs as follows: When exposing as a platform accessibility API attribute, expose the unknown value — do not vet it against possible values. When exposing as a platform API Boolean state: For values of "" (empty string), "undefined" or no attribute present: Follow the guidance in the Fallback values for missing required attributes table below, if applicable. Otherwise, treat as false. Treat any other value as true. Otherwise, ignore the value and treat the property as not present. Note In UIA , the user agent might leave the corresponding property set to "unsupported." User agents MUST NOT expose WAI-ARIA attributes that reference unresolved IDs. For example: When the state or property has only one ID reference that cannot be resolved, treat as if the state or property is not present. When the state or property has a list of ID references, ignore any that can't be resolved. If none in the list can be resolved, treat as if the state or property is not present. User Agents MUST NOT expose aria-roledescription when: The element it is applied to has an invalid WAI-ARIA role, or The element does not have an implicit WAI-ARIA role If a required WAI-ARIA attribute for a given role is missing, user agents SHOULD process the attribute as if the values given in the following table were provided. Fallback values for missing required attributes WAI-ARIA role Required Attribute Fallback value checkbox aria-checked false combobox aria-controls no mapping combobox aria-expanded false heading aria-level menuitemcheckbox aria-checked false menuitemradio aria-checked false radio aria-checked false scrollbar aria-controls no mapping scrollbar aria-valuenow If missing or not a number (aria-valuemax - aria-valuemin) / 2 . If present but less than aria-valuemin , the value of aria-valuemin . If present but greater than aria-valuemax , the value of aria-valuemax separator (if focusable) aria-valuenow If missing or not a number (aria-valuemax - aria-valuemin) / 2 . If present but less than aria-valuemin , the value of aria-valuemin . If present but greater than aria-valuemax , the value of aria-valuemax slider aria-valuenow If missing or not a number (aria-valuemax - aria-valuemin) / 2 . If present but less than aria-valuemin , the value of aria-valuemin . If present but greater than aria-valuemax , the value of aria-valuemax switch aria-checked false meter aria-valuenow A value matching the implicit or explicitly set aria-valuemin Note Implicit Values for non-required states and properties appear in the characteristics table for each role. These are not considered fallback values so are not included here. 10. IDL Interface Conforming user agents MUST implement the following IDL interface. 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin WebIDL interface mixin ARIAMixin attribute DOMString role attribute DOMString ariaAtomic attribute DOMString ariaAutoComplete attribute DOMString ariaBusy attribute DOMString ariaChecked attribute DOMString ariaColCount attribute DOMString ariaColIndex attribute DOMString ariaColSpan attribute DOMString ariaCurrent attribute DOMString ariaDisabled attribute DOMString ariaExpanded attribute DOMString ariaHasPopup attribute DOMString ariaHidden attribute DOMString ariaInvalid attribute DOMString ariaKeyShortcuts attribute DOMString ariaLabel attribute DOMString ariaLevel attribute DOMString ariaLive attribute DOMString ariaModal attribute DOMString ariaMultiLine attribute DOMString ariaMultiSelectable attribute DOMString ariaOrientation attribute DOMString ariaPlaceholder attribute DOMString ariaPosInSet attribute DOMString ariaPressed attribute DOMString ariaReadOnly attribute DOMString ariaRequired attribute DOMString ariaRoleDescription attribute DOMString ariaRowCount attribute DOMString ariaRowIndex attribute DOMString ariaRowSpan attribute DOMString ariaSelected attribute DOMString ariaSetSize attribute DOMString ariaSort attribute DOMString ariaValueMax attribute DOMString ariaValueMin attribute DOMString ariaValueNow attribute DOMString ariaValueText }; Interfaces that include ARIAMixin must provide the following algorithms: ARIAMixin getter steps , which take the host interface instance, IDL attribute name, and content attribute name, and must return a string value; and ARIAMixin setter steps , which take the host interface instance, IDL attribute name, content attribute name, and string value, and must return nothing. For every IDL attribute idlAttribute defined in ARIAMixin , on getting, it must perform the following steps: Let contentAttribute be the ARIA content attribute determined by looking up idlAttribute in the ARIA Attribute Correspondence table. Return the result of running the ARIAMixin getter steps , given this, idlAttribute , and contentAttribute Similarly, on setting, it must perform the following steps: Let contentAttribute be the ARIA content attribute determined by looking up idlAttribute in the ARIA Attribute Correspondence table. Run the ARIAMixin setter steps , given this, idlAttribute contentAttribute , and the given value. Note This very general framework is motivated by the desire for different host interfaces, such as Element and ElementInternals , to give these IDL attributes different behaviors. The alternative is requiring each host interface to duplicate the IDL attributes independently, so that they can specify independent behaviors, but that comes with a high risk of them getting out of sync. 10.2 ARIA Attribute Correspondence The following table provides a correspondence between IDL attribute names and content attribute names, for use by ARIAMixin IDL Attribute Reflected ARIA Content Attribute role role ariaAtomic aria-atomic ariaAutoComplete aria-autocomplete ariaBusy aria-busy ariaChecked aria-checked ariaColCount aria-colcount ariaColIndex aria-colindex ariaColSpan aria-colspan ariaCurrent aria-current ariaDisabled aria-disabled ariaExpanded aria-expanded ariaHasPopup aria-haspopup ariaHidden aria-hidden ariaInvalid aria-invalid ariaKeyShortcuts aria-keyshortcuts ariaLabel aria-label ariaLevel aria-level ariaLive aria-live ariaModal aria-modal ariaMultiLine aria-multiline ariaMultiSelectable aria-multiselectable ariaOrientation aria-orientation ariaPlaceholder aria-placeholder ariaPosInSet aria-posinset ariaPressed aria-pressed ariaReadOnly aria-readonly ariaRequired aria-required ariaRoleDescription aria-roledescription ariaRowCount aria-rowcount ariaRowIndex aria-rowindex ariaRowSpan aria-rowspan ariaSelected aria-selected ariaSetSize aria-setsize ariaSort aria-sort ariaValueMax aria-valuemax ariaValueMin aria-valuemin ariaValueNow aria-valuenow ariaValueText aria-valuetext Note Note: Attributes aria-dropeffect and aria-grabbed were deprecated in ARIA 1.1 and do not have corresponding IDL attributes. 10.2.1 Disambiguation Pattern This section is non-normative. Though specification authors may make exceptions to this pattern, the following rules were used to disambiguate names and case of the IDL attributes listed above. Any attribute name referencing concepts that are combinations of two or more words (such as "described by") becomes a camel-cased IDL attribute capitalizing each word boundary. For example, aria-describedby becomes ariaDescribedBy with both the D and B capitalized. Likewise, any attribute name referencing concepts that can be hyphenated (such as "multi-selectable") becomes a camel-cased IDL attribute capitalizing each hyphenation boundary. For example, the only valid spelling for "multi-selectable" is hyphenated, so aria-multiselectable becomes ariaMultiSelectable with both the M and S capitalized. When trusted dictionary sources list both hyphenated or non-hyphenated spellings (e.g. "multi-line" and "multiline" are both valid spellings) use the hyphenated version and apply the hyphenation rule above. For example, aria-multiline becomes ariaMultiLine with both the M and L capitalized. If all trusted dictionary sources list a single spelling of a compound word with no spaces or hyphens, only the first letter of the term is capitalized. For example, neither “place-holder” nor “place holder” are considered valid spellings of the term “placeholder,” so aria-placeholder becomes ariaPlaceholder with only the P capitalized. There are currently no acronym-based ARIA attributes, but if future attributes include acronym usage, attempt to match existing DOM conventions (e.g. ID becomes Id). 10.2.2 IDL Attribute Name Notes or Exceptions This section is non-normative. Any notes or exceptions for specific attribute names will be listed here. ariaPosInSet : The aria-posinset attribute refers to an item's position in a set (two words: "in set") rather than the "inset" of an item from the beginning of the collection. Therefore the IDL attribute name is ariaPosInSet with the P, I, and second S capitalized, not ariaPosInset 10.3 ARIAMixin Mixed in to Element User agents MUST include ARIAMixin on Element WebIDL Element includes ARIAMixin For Element The ARIAMixin getter steps given element idlAttribute , and contentAttribute are to return the result of the getter algorithm for idlAttribute reflecting contentAttribute on element The ARIAMixin setter steps given element idlAttribute contentAttribute , and value are to perform the setter algorithm for idlAttribute reflecting contentAttribute on element , given value Note In practice, this means that, e.g., the role IDL on Element reflects the role content attribute; the ariaValueMin IDL attribute reflects the aria-valuemin content attribute; etc. 10.4 Example IDL Attribute Usage This section is non-normative. The primary purpose of ARIA IDL attribute reflection is to ease JavaScript-based manipulation of values. The following examples demonstrate its usage. Example 34 div id "inaccessibleButton"  </ div // Get a reference to the element. let el = document .getElementById( 'inaccessibleButton' ); el.tabIndex = // Make it focusable. // Set the role and label. el.role = "button" el.ariaLabel = "Edit" // Get the role and label. el.role; // Returns "button" el.ariaLabel; // Returns "Edit" // These are interchangeable with the more verbose setAttribute and getAttribute methods. el.setAttribute( "role" "button" ); el.setAttribute( "aria-label" "Edit" ); el.getAttribute( "role" ); // Returns "button" el.getAttribute( "aria-label" ); // Returns "Edit" // Changes via either interface are reflected by the other. el.setAttribute( "aria-label" "Delete" ); el.ariaLabel; // Returns "Delete" el.ariaLabel = "Publish" el.getAttribute( "aria-label" ); // Returns "Publish" 11. Privacy and Security Considerations This section is non-normative. This specification introduces no new security considerations. In accordance with Web Platform Design Principles , this specification provides no programatic interface to determine if information is being used by Assistive Technologies. However, this specificaton does allow an author to present different information to users of Assistive Technologies from the information available to users who do not use Assistive Technologies. This is possible using many features of the ARIA specification, just as this is possible using many other parts of the web technology stack. This content disparity could be abused to perform active fingerprinting of users of Assistive Technologies. A. Mapping WAI-ARIA Value types to languages This section is non-normative. Note The HTML column of the table below is advisory. Guidance on use of WAI-ARIA state and properties in HTML is provided in Allowed ARIA roles, states and properties ([ HTML-ARIA ]. Note The suggested mappings for true/false values in HTML use Keyword and enumerated attributes with allowed values of true and false , instead of using the HTML boolean value type. The table below provides recommended mappings between WAI-ARIA state and property types and attribute types from [ HTML ], XML Schema Datatypes XMLSCHEMA11-2 ], [ SVG2 ], and SGML. Languages not listed below might have appropriate value types defined in the language. If they do not, we recommend XML Schema Datatypes for general purpose XML languages. Documents using DTDs instead of schemas will not be able to validate automatically and require additional processing on WAI-ARIA attributes. WAI-ARIA type HTML XML Schema true/false Keyword and enumerated attributes with allowed values of "true" and "false" boolean true/false/undefined Keyword and enumerated attributes with allowed values of true false , and undefined NMTOKEN with an enumeration constraint allowing values of true false , and undefined tristate Keyword and enumerated attributes with allowed values of "true", "false", and "mixed" NMTOKEN with an enumeration constraint allowing values of "true", "false", and "mixed" number Floating-point numbers decimal integer Non-negative integer integer token Keyword and enumerated attributes NMTOKEN with an enumeration constraint allowing values listed in the state or property definition token list Space-separated tokens NMTOKENS with an enumeration constraint allowing values listed in the state or property definition ID reference The value of a defined id attribute on another element IDREF ID reference list The value of one or more defined id attributes on other element(s), represented as Space-separated tokens IDREFS string No value constraints string B. Substantive changes since the WAI-ARIA 1.1 Recommendation 16-Feb-2023: Resolved At-Risk items from CR 16-Feb-2023: Reverted spinbutton : Change the default value of aria-valuenow from to "there is no current value." Also add aria-valuetext as a supported property. 17-Sep-2021: Revised IDL and enumerated attribute section to reflect implementations 30-Aug-2021: removed ariaDescription from IDL section as was added erroneously 14-May-2021: Added Privacy and Security Considerations section 05-May-2021: clarify accessible name prohibited definition 10-Feb-2021: clarify including elements in accessibility tree to only require elements when actually focused 08-Sep-2020: remove aria-level from tablist 08-Sep-2020: Remove contents as a supported name source for rowgroup 08-Sep-2020: prohibit aria-roledescription on generic 08-Sep-2020: Require user agents to expose a value for combobox elements 08-Sep-2020: Remove multiple inheritance from menuitemcheckbox and menuitemradio 08-Sep-2020: Add missing implicit value for progressbar 27-Jul-2020: Update to define owned and container for 10-Jul-2020: Re-add aria-haspopup on links 15-May-2020: Remove nullable from IDL DOMString s, add enumerated attributes prose and examples, and remove ariaRelevant IDL until Issue #1267 can be resolved. 07-May-2020: Deprecate aria-disabled aria-errormessage aria-haspopup and aria-invalid as globals rather than removing them. 03-Apr-2020: Clarify default values 03-Apr-2020: Revise meter authoring advice 26-Mar-2020: remove recommendation to use role="none presentation" 26-Mar-2020: Add info about layout and bounds to generic 03-Mar-2020: Clean up of Presentational roles conflict resolution section 20-Feb-2020: Update combobox to remove aria-multiline reference 01-Nov-2019: Modify combobox to new ARIA 1.2 pattern. 25-Oct-2019: Modify caption authoring advice 25-Oct-2019: Change aria-disabled aria-errormessage aria-haspopup and aria-invalid from global to widget specific. 24-Oct-2019: Prohibits Labeling of caption code deletion emphasis insertion paragraph presentation strong subscript superscript 24-Oct-2019: Remove accessible name required from log and timer 24-Oct-2019: Allow group as child of listbox 24-Oct-2019: Add code role 24-Oct-2019: Add time role 24-Oct-2019: Add subscript and superscript roles 24-Oct-2019: Add meter role 23-Oct-2019: Resolve inconsistencies around group ownership of menuitem menuitemcheckbox and menuitemradio 23-Oct-2019: Add generic role 22-Oct-2019: Clarify use of alertdialog and alert roles 22-Oct-2019: Add insertion and deletion roles 18-Oct-2019: Remove references to taxonomy file 18-Oct-2019: Remove implicit value from aria-checked on checkbox 17-Oct-2019: Add strong and emphasis roles 11-Oct-2019: Deprecate directory role 11-Oct-2019: Make form role accessible name required true 11-Oct-2019: Remove allowance of group in list 04-Sep-2019: Add aria-required as a supported property of checkbox 04-Sep-2019: Allow aria-posinset and aria-setsize on row when used in a treegrid 04-Sep-2019: Add aria-expanded support to application and checkbox roles. 04-Sep-2019: Remove aria-expanded support from the following roles: alert alertdialog article banner blockquote caption cell complementary contentinfo definition deletion dialog directory feed figure form grid group heading img insertion landmark list listitem log main marquee math menubar note paragraph radiogroup region select status subscript superscript table tabpanel term time timer toolbar tooltip tree treegrid 04-Sep-2019: Remove children-presentational=true from math role 22-Aug-2019: Remove aria-level from grid 23-Jul-2019: Add generic role 11-Jul-2019: Remove advice against changing roles 11-Jul-2019: Set Accessible Name Required to false on gridcell 04-Jun-2019: Make aria-valuemin and aria-valuemax supported, rather than required, properties of focusable separator slider , and scrollbar . Make aria-orientation a supported, rather than required, property of scrollbar 27-Mar-2019: Add Translatable States and Properties Section 31-Jan-2019: Change the superclass of range from widget to structure. 23-Jan-2019: Removed Default value of aria-checked from menuitemcheckbox and menuitemradio roles 09-Jan-2019: Removed Default value of aria-checked from switch and checkbox roles 05-Oct-2018: Role spinbutton : Change the default value of aria-valuenow from to "there is no current value." Also add aria-valuetext as a supported property. 05-Oct-2018: Role spinbutton : allow empty values, no min, no max, and structure with sibling steppers 21-Aug-2018: Correct normative language in rowheader to be consistent with required states and properties. 21-Jun-2018: Allow group as child of listbox 31-May-2018: Add blockquote caption , and paragraph roles. 01-Apr-2018: Added ARIA IDL Section (JavaScript interfaces). 06-Dec-2017: Make aria-expanded a supported state of menuitem . This change also makes it a supported property of menuitemcheckbox and menuitemradio via inheritance. 06-Dec-2017: When aria-errormessage is not pertinent, authors MUST either ensure the content is not rendered or remove the aria-errormessage attribute or its value. User agents MUST NOT expose aria-errormessage for an object with an aria-invalid value of false C. Acknowledgments This section is non-normative. The following people contributed to the development of this document. C.1 Participants active in the ARIA WG at the time of publication Sina Bahram (Invited Expert) Curt Bellew (Oracle Corporation) Zoë Bijl (Invited Expert) Shari Butler (Pearson plc) Dominic Cooney (Meta) Michael Cooper ( W3C Staff) James Craig (Apple Inc.) Joanmarie Diggs (Igalia) Isaac Durazo (Bocoup) Howard Edwards (Bocoup) Frank Elavsky (Invited Expert) Mayuri Faldu (Navy Federal Credit Union) Steve Faulkner (TPGi) Reinaldo Ferraz (NIC.br) Alexander Flenniken (Bocoup) Bryan Garaventa (Level Access) Rashmi Garimella (Google LLC) Matt Garrish (DAISY Consortium) Jaunita George (Navy Federal Credit Union) Ariella Gilmore (IBM Corporation) Raghavendra Giriyappa (IBM Corporation) Michael Goddard (Bocoup) Glen Gordon (TPGi) Shirisha Gubba (Google LLC) Jon Gunderson (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Markku Hakkinen (Educational Testing Service) Sarah Higley (Microsoft Corporation) Hans Hillen (TPGi) Isabel Holdsworth (TPGi) Stanley Hon (Microsoft Corporation) Patrick Hung (University of Ontario Institute of Technology) Matthew King (Meta) Greta Krafsig (The Washington Post) Peter Krautzberger (Invited Expert) JaEun Jemma Ku (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Christopher Lane (VMWare) Charles LaPierre (Benetech) Gez Lemon (TPGi) Aaron Leventhal (Google LLC) Brian Liu Xu (Microsoft Corporation) David MacDonald (Invited Expert) Carolyn MacLeod (IBM Corporation) Mark McCarthy (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Jan McSorley (Pearson plc) Erika Miguel (Bocoup) Daniel Montalvo ( W3C Sheila Moussavi (Bocoup) James Nurthen (Adobe) Scott O'Hara (Microsoft Corporation) Adam Page (Intel Corporation) Michael Pennisi (Bocoup) Roberto Perez (Microsoft Corporation) Janina Sajka (Invited Expert, The Linux Foundation) Trish Salas (Level Access) Stefan Schnabel (SAP SE) Harris Schneiderman (Deque Systems, Inc.) Boaz Sender (Bocoup) Cynthia Shelly (Google LLC) Tzviya Siegman (Wiley) Avneesh Singh (DAISY Consortium) Neil Soiffer (Invited Expert) Francis Storr (Intel Corporation) Melanie Sumner (Invited Expert) Alexander Surkov (Igalia) James Teh (Mozilla Foundation) Seth Thompson (Bocoup) Jan Williams (TPGi) Benjamin Young (Wiley) Valerie Young (Igalia) Helen Zhou (University of Illinois) 骅杨 (Shenzhen Accessibiltiy Research Association) C.2 Other ARIA contributors, commenters, and previously active participants Ann Abbott (Invited Expert) Shadi Abou-Zahra ( W3C Irfan Ali (Educational Testing Service) Jim Allan (TSB) CB Averitt (Deque Systems, Inc) Jonny Axelsson (Opera Software) David Baron (Mozilla Foundation) Art Barstow (Nokia Corporation) Simon Bates Amelia Bellamy-Royds (Invited Expert) Alex Bernier (Association BrailleNet) Jorge Blazquez Alonso (IBM Corporation) Christy Blew (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Chris Blouch (AOL) David Bolter (Mozilla Foundation) Alice Boxhall (Igalia) Judy Brewer ( W3C /MIT) Mark Birbeck (Sidewinder Labs) Matthew Brennan (Facebook) Bogdan Brinza (Microsoft Corporation) Kim Bunge (TPGi) Sally Cain (Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB)) Ben Caldwell (Trace) Thaddeus Cambron (Invited Expert) Tammy Campoverde (UnitedHealth Group) Gerardo Capiel (Benetech) David Caro (Wikimedia Foundation) Sofia Celic-Li Jaesik Chang (Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.) Alex Qiang Chen (University of Manchester) Charles Chen (Google, Inc.) Gerard K. Cohen Christian Cohrs Timothy Cole (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Jory Cunningham (Salesforce) Deborah Dahl Erik Dahlström (Opera Software) Jes Daigle (Bocoup) Dimitar Denev (Frauenhofer Gesellschaft) Jason Duan (IBM Corporation) Micah Dubinko (Invited Expert) Mandana Eibegger Beth Epperson (Websense) Fred Esch (IBM Corporation) Donald Evans (AOL) Chris Fleizach (Apple Inc.) John Foliot (Deque Systems, Inc.) Kelly Ford (Microsoft Corporation) Geoff Freed (Invited Expert, NCAM) Kentarou Fukuda (IBM Corporation) Christopher Gallelo (Microsoft Corporation) Billy Gregory (The Paciello Group, LLC) Karl Groves (The Paciello Group, LLC) Birkir Gunnarsson (Deque Systems, Inc.) Guido Geloso Ali Ghassemi Becky Gibson (Invited Expert) Alfred S. Gilman Andres Gonzalez (Adobe Systems Inc.) Scott González (JQuery Foundation) James Graham Georgios Grigoriadis (SAP AG) Jeff Grimes (Oracle) Loretta Guarino Reid (Google, Inc.) Markus Gylling (DAISY Consortium) Katie Haritos-Shea (Knowbility) Barbara Hartel James Hawkins (Google, Inc.) Benjamin Hawkes-Lewis Sean Hayes (Microsoft Corporation) Mona Heath (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Jan Heck Shawn Henry Tina Homboe Nicholas Hoyt (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) John Hrvatin (Microsoft Corporation) Takahiro Inada Masayasu Ishikawa ( W3C Jim Jewitt Kenny Johar (Microsoft Corporation) Earl Johnson (Sun) Masahiko Kaneko (Microsoft Corporation) Shilpi Kapoor (BarrierBreak Technologies) Marjolein Katsma Susann Keohane (IBM Corporation) George Kerscher (International Digital Publishing Forum) Jason Kiss (Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand Government) Todd Kloots Jamie Knight (British Broadcasting Corporation) Johannes Koch Sam Kuper Jael Kurz Rajesh Lal (Nokia Corporation) Diego La Monica (International Webmasters Association / HTML Writers Guild (IWA-HWG)) Lori Lane (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Alex Li (SAP) Chris Lilley Thomas Logan (HiSoftware Inc.) Brian Loh William Loughborough (Invited Expert) Krzysztof Maczyński Linda Mao (Microsoft) Anders Markussen (Opera Software) Daniel Marques (WIRIS Science) Matthew May (Adobe Systems Inc.) Dominic Mazzoni (Google LLC) Shane McCarron (Invited Expert, Aptest) Charles McCathie Nevile (Yandex) Juliette McShane (Access2online Inc.) Heather Migliorisi (Invited Expert) Mary Jo Mueller (IBM Corporation) Alexandre Morgaut (4D) Ann Navarro (Invited Expert) Rich Noah (Bocoup) Joshue O Connor (Invited Expert, CFIT) Achraf Othman (MADA Center) Artur Ortega (Microsoft Corporation) Sailesh Panchang (Deque) Lisa Pappas (Society for Technical Communication (STC)) Marta Pawlowlska (Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.) Dave Pawson (RNIB) Steven Pemberton (CWI Amsterdam) Vijaya Gowri Perumal (Newgen Knowledgeworks) Christos Petrou (Centre for Inclusive Design) Simon Pieters (Bocoup) Jean-Bernard Piot (4D) David Poehlman (Opera Software) Ian Pouncey (TetraLogical Services Ltd) Sarah Pulis (Media Access Australia) T.V. Raman (Google, Inc.) Ruoxi Ran ( W3C Staff) Melanie Richards (Microsoft Corporation) Jan Richards Adrian Roselli (TPGi) Gregory Rosmaita (Invited Expert) Tony Ross (Microsoft Corporation) Alex Russell (Dojo Foundation) Mark Sadecki (Invited Expert) Mario Sánchez Prada (Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and Gnome Foundation) Martin Schaus (SAP AG) Doug Schepers ( W3C Cynthia Shelly (Microsoft Corporation) Joseph Scheuhammer (Invited Expert, Inclusive Design Research Centre, OCAD University) Matthias Schmitt Richard Schwerdtfeger (IBM, Knowbility) Lisa Seeman-Kestenbaum (Invited Expert) Marc Silbey (Microsoft Corporation) Leif Halvard Sili Henri Sivonen (Mozilla) Ville Skyttä Sharon Snider (IBM Corporation) Michael Smith ( W3C Andi Snow-Weaver (IBM Corporation) Volker Sorge (Invited Expert) Vitaly Sourikov Mike Squillace (IBM) Maciej Stachowiak (Apple Inc.) Christophe Strobbe Henny Swan (BBC) Suzanne Taylor (Pearson plc) William Tennis (Navy Federal Credit Union) Terrill Thompson David Todd Gregg Vanderheiden (Invited Expert, Trace) Job van Achterberg (Invited Expert) Anne van Kesteren Scott Vinkle (Shopify) Wen He (Tencent) Can Wang (Zhejiang University) Wei Wang (Zhejiang University) Léonie Watson (TetraLogical Services Ltd) Wu Wei ( W3C / RITT) Jason White (Educational Testing Service) Sam White (Apple Inc.) Ryan Williams (Oracle) Tom Wlodkowski Evan Yamanishi (W. W. Norton) Marco Zehe (Mozilla Foundation) Gottfried Zimmermann (Invited Expert, Access Technologies Group) C.3 Enabling funders This publication has been funded in part with U.S. Federal funds from the Department of Education, National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research (NIDILRR), initially under contract number ED-OSE-10-C-0067, then under contract number HHSP23301500054C, and now under HHS75P00120P00168. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Education, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. D. References D.1 Normative references [ACCNAME-1.2] Accessible Name and Description Computation 1.2 . Bryan Garaventa; Joanmarie Diggs; Michael Cooper. W3C. 11 July 2019. W3C Working Draft. URL: [CORE-AAM] Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1 . Joanmarie Diggs; Joseph Scheuhammer; Richard Schwerdtfeger; Michael Cooper; Andi Snow-Weaver; Aaron Leventhal. W3C. 14 December 2017. W3C Recommendation. URL: [CORE-AAM-1.2] Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.2 . Valerie Young; Alexander Surkov; Michael Cooper. W3C. 18 May 2023. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: [CSS3-SELECTORS] Selectors Level 3 . Tantek Çelik; Elika Etemad; Daniel Glazman; Ian Hickson; Peter Linss; John Williams. W3C. 6 November 2018. W3C Recommendation. URL: [DOM] DOM Standard . Anne van Kesteren. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: [HTML] HTML Standard . Anne van Kesteren; Domenic Denicola; Ian Hickson; Philip Jägenstedt; Simon Pieters. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: [MathML3] Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) Version 3.0 2nd Edition . David Carlisle; Patrick D F Ion; Robert R Miner. W3C. 10 April 2014. W3C Recommendation. URL: [RFC2119] Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels . S. Bradner. IETF. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: [ROLE-ATTRIBUTE] Role Attribute 1.0 . Shane McCarron et al. W3C. 28 March 2013. W3C Recommendation. URL: [SVG2] Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) 2 . Amelia Bellamy-Royds; Bogdan Brinza; Chris Lilley; Dirk Schulze; David Storey; Eric Willigers. W3C. 4 October 2018. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: [uievents-key] UI Events KeyboardEvent key Values . Travis Leithead; Gary Kacmarcik. W3C. 30 May 2023. W3C Candidate Recommendation. URL: [webidl] Web IDL Standard . Edgar Chen; Timothy Gu. WHATWG. Living Standard. URL: [XML-NAMES] Namespaces in XML 1.0 (Third Edition) . Tim Bray; Dave Hollander; Andrew Layman; Richard Tobin; Henry Thompson et al. W3C. 8 December 2009. W3C Recommendation. URL: D.2 Informative references [AT-SPI] Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface . The GNOME Project. URL: [ATK] ATK - Accessibility Toolkit . The GNOME Project. URL: [AXAPI] The NSAccessibility Protocol for macOS . Apple, Inc. URL: [HTML-ARIA] ARIA in HTML . Steve Faulkner; Scott O'Hara; Patrick Lauke. W3C. 31 May 2023. W3C Recommendation. URL: [IAccessible2] IAccessible2 . Linux Foundation. URL: [MSAA] Microsoft Active Accessibility (MSAA) . Microsoft Corporation. URL: [UI-AUTOMATION] UI Automation . Microsoft Corporation. URL: [UIA-EXPRESS] The IAccessibleEx Interface . Microsoft Corporation. URL: [wai-aria-1.1] Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.1 . Joanmarie Diggs; Shane McCarron; Michael Cooper; Richard Schwerdtfeger; James Craig. W3C. 14 December 2017. W3C Recommendation. URL: [WAI-ARIA-PRACTICES-1.2] WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices 1.2 . Matthew King; JaEun Jemma Ku; James Nurthen; Zoë Bijl; Michael Cooper. W3C. 19 May 2022. W3C Working Group Note. URL: [WCAG21] Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1 . Andrew Kirkpatrick; Joshue O'Connor; Alastair Campbell; Michael Cooper. W3C. 5 June 2018. W3C Recommendation. URL: [XMLSCHEMA11-2] W3C XML Schema Definition Language (XSD) 1.1 Part 2: Datatypes . David Peterson; Sandy Gao; Ashok Malhotra; Michael Sperberg-McQueen; Henry Thompson; Paul V. Biron et al. W3C. 5 April 2012. W3C Recommendation. URL: Permalink Referenced in: § 1. Introduction (2) (3) § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 1.3 User Agent Support § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) § 3.1 Non-interference with the Host Language § 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties § 4.3.2 Information for User Agents § 5.2.9 Presentational Children § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) § 6.6.1 Widget Attributes § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) (5) § 7.1 Excluding Elements from the Accessibility Tree § 7.2 Including Elements in the Accessibility Tree § 9.2 States and Properties Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) § 4.1 WAI-ARIA Roles § 7. Accessibility Tree (2) § 7.1 Excluding Elements from the Accessibility Tree § 7.2 Including Elements in the Accessibility Tree Permalink Referenced in: § 2. Important Terms § 5.4 Definition of Roles Permalink Referenced in: § 2. Important Terms § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) Permalink Referenced in: § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) (4) (5) § 7. Accessibility Tree § 7.2 Including Elements in the Accessibility Tree Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: § 1. Introduction § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility (2) § 1.2 Target Audience (2) (3) § 1.3 User Agent Support § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) (4) § 3.3 Assistive Technology Notifications Communicated to Web Applications § 4. Using WAI-ARIA § 4.1 WAI-ARIA Roles § 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties § 4.3.1 Information for Authors § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) § 6.6.1 Widget Attributes § 6.6.2 Live Region Attributes § 6.6.3 Drag-and-Drop Attributes § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) § 7. Accessibility Tree Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) (4) § 4. Using WAI-ARIA § 4.1 WAI-ARIA Roles (2) § 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) § 6.1 Clarification of States versus Properties § 6.6.1 Widget Attributes § 6.6.2 Live Region Attributes § 6.6.3 Drag-and-Drop Attributes § 6.6.4 Relationship Attributes § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) § 8. Implementation in Host Languages § 8.1 Role Attribute § 8.2 State and Property Attributes § 8.3 Focus Navigation § 8.7 CSS Selectors § 9.2 States and Properties Permalink Referenced in: § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) § 5.1.1 Superclass Role Permalink Referenced in: § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) Permalink Referenced in: § 4.3 Managing Focus and Supporting Keyboard Navigation § 4.3.2 Information for User Agents (2) Permalink Referenced in: § 6.3.2 IDL reflection of ARIA attributes § 6.3.4 ARIA nullable DOMString Attributes (2) § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) § B. Substantive changes since the WAI-ARIA 1.1 Recommendation Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) § 4. Using WAI-ARIA § 4.1 WAI-ARIA Roles § 4.3 Managing Focus and Supporting Keyboard Navigation § 4.3.1 Information for Authors (2) § 4.3.2 Information for User Agents § 5.2.4 Inherited States and Properties § 5.2.6 Required Owned Elements § 5.2.8 Accessible Name Calculation § 5.2.9 Presentational Children § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) § Presentational Roles Conflict Resolution § 6.2.4 Value § 6.5 Global States and Properties § 6.6.1 Widget Attributes § 6.6.2 Live Region Attributes § 6.6.3 Drag-and-Drop Attributes § 6.6.4 Relationship Attributes § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) § 7.1 Excluding Elements from the Accessibility Tree § 7.2 Including Elements in the Accessibility Tree § 8. Implementation in Host Languages § 8.6.1 ID Reference Error Processing (2) § 8.7 CSS Selectors § 9.2 States and Properties (2) § 10.3 ARIAMixin Mixed in to Element Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) § 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties § 4.3.2 Information for User Agents § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) § 6.6.1 Widget Attributes § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) § 7. Accessibility Tree § 7.2 Including Elements in the Accessibility Tree Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: § 5.4 Definition of Roles Permalink Referenced in: § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) § 7.2 Including Elements in the Accessibility Tree (2) Permalink Referenced in: § 2. Important Terms § 3. Conformance Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 2. Important Terms § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 5.3.4 Landmark Roles § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Permalink Referenced in: § 5.3.5 Live Region Roles § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) § 6.6.2 Live Region Attributes § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: § 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties Permalink Referenced in: § 5.4 Definition of Roles Permalink Referenced in: § 2. Important Terms (2) § 5.2.8 Accessible Name Calculation Permalink Referenced in: § 2. Important Terms § 3. Conformance § 3.4 Conformance Checkers Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) § 4.3.2 Information for User Agents § 5.1.4 Base Concept § 5.2.2 Required States and Properties § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) § 6.1 Clarification of States versus Properties § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 2. Important Terms Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility (2) § Presentational Roles Conflict Resolution § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) Permalink Referenced in: § 4.3.2 Information for User Agents (2) (3) (4) § 5.2.6 Required Owned Elements (2) (3) (4) § 5.2.7 Required Context Role (2) § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) (5) § 9.2 States and Properties Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility (2) § 2. Important Terms § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 1.5.1 Authoring Tools § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) (4) § 3.3 Assistive Technology Notifications Communicated to Web Applications § 4. Using WAI-ARIA § 4.1 WAI-ARIA Roles § 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties § 5.2.2 Required States and Properties § 5.2.3 Supported States and Properties § 5.2.4 Inherited States and Properties § 6.1 Clarification of States versus Properties § 6.2.1 Related Concepts § 6.2.2 Used in Roles § 6.2.3 Inherits into Roles § 6.2.4 Value § 6.4 Translatable States and Properties § 6.5 Global States and Properties § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) § 7. Accessibility Tree § 8. Implementation in Host Languages § 9.2 States and Properties Permalink Referenced in: § 1. Introduction § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) § 6.6.4 Relationship Attributes § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) § 7. Accessibility Tree Permalink Referenced in: § 1. Introduction § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility (2) § 1.5.1 Authoring Tools § 2. Important Terms § 4. Using WAI-ARIA § 4.1 WAI-ARIA Roles (2) § 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties § 4.3.2 Information for User Agents (2) § 5. The Roles Model § 5.1.1 Superclass Role § 5.1.2 Subclass Roles § 5.1.4 Base Concept § 5.2.1 Abstract Roles § 5.2.2 Required States and Properties § 5.2.3 Supported States and Properties § 5.2.4 Inherited States and Properties § 5.2.5 Prohibited States and Properties § 5.2.6 Required Owned Elements § 5.2.7 Required Context Role § 5.2.8 Accessible Name Calculation § 5.3 Categorization of Roles § 5.3.1 Abstract Roles § 5.3.3 Document Structure Roles § 5.3.4 Landmark Roles § 5.3.5 Live Region Roles § 5.3.6 Window Roles § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) § 6.1 Clarification of States versus Properties § 6.5 Global States and Properties § 6.6.2 Live Region Attributes § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) § 8. Implementation in Host Languages § 8.1 Role Attribute § 9.1 Roles (2) § 9.2 States and Properties Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 2. Important Terms § 4. Using WAI-ARIA § 4.3.1 Information for Authors § 5.4 Definition of Roles § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) § 8.4 Implicit WAI-ARIA Semantics § 8.5 Conflicts with Host Language Semantics § 8.6 State and Property Attribute Processing § 8.7 CSS Selectors Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 1.5.1 Authoring Tools § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) § 3.3 Assistive Technology Notifications Communicated to Web Applications § 4. Using WAI-ARIA § 4.1 WAI-ARIA Roles § 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties § 5.2.2 Required States and Properties § 5.2.3 Supported States and Properties § 5.2.4 Inherited States and Properties § 5.4 Definition of Roles § 6.1 Clarification of States versus Properties § 6.2.1 Related Concepts § 6.2.2 Used in Roles § 6.2.3 Inherits into Roles § 6.2.4 Value § 6.4 Translatable States and Properties § 6.5 Global States and Properties § 6.6.1 Widget Attributes § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) § 8. Implementation in Host Languages Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: § 2. Important Terms Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink Referenced in: § 1. Introduction § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility § 1.2 Target Audience (2) (3) § 1.3 User Agent Support § 2. Important Terms (2) (3) § 3. Conformance § 3.1 Non-interference with the Host Language § 3.2 All WAI-ARIA in DOM § 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties § 4.3.2 Information for User Agents § 5.2 Characteristics of Roles § 5.2.3 Supported States and Properties (2) § 5.2.9 Presentational Children (2) § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) § 6.6.1 Widget Attributes § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) § 7. Accessibility Tree § 8.6.1 ID Reference Error Processing § 9.2 States and Properties Permalink Referenced in: § 9.2 States and Properties Permalink Referenced in: § 1.1 Rich Internet Application Accessibility (2) (3) § 1.5.2 Testing Practices and Tools § 2. Important Terms § 4.2 WAI-ARIA States and Properties § 4.3 Managing Focus and Supporting Keyboard Navigation (2) § 5.1.3 Related Concepts § 5.2 Characteristics of Roles § 5.3 Categorization of Roles § 5.4 Definition of Roles (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) § 6.7 Definitions of States and Properties (all aria-* attributes) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Permalink Referenced in: Not referenced in this document. Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin § 10.3 ARIAMixin Mixed in to Element Permalink Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin § 10.3 ARIAMixin Mixed in to Element Permalink Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin § 10.3 ARIAMixin Mixed in to Element Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin Permalink exported IDL Referenced in: § 10.1 Interface Mixin ARIAMixin</div> </div> <div class="detail-actions"> <a href="/search?q=www.w3.org" class="btn">Same domain →</a> <a href="/search?q=Accessible%20Rich%20Internet%20Appli" class="btn btn-secondary">Similar titles →</a> </div> </article> </main> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="container"> C U Cyber History — Public Interest Web Archive Preserving fading web memories. Discover history that once existed. </div> </footer> <script id="chat-i18n-en" type="application/json">{"button_label":"Need Help?","placeholder":"Ask us anything...","title":"CUCH Assistant","subtitle":"How can we help you?","send":"Send","close":"Close","folder":"/var/www/cu","greeting":"Hi! Welcome to CUCH.org. How can I help you today? Feel free to ask about our archive, search, or anything else!","error":"Sorry, our service is temporarily unavailable. Please try again later.","banner_text":"Need help? Ask our AI assistant!"}</script> <script src="/static/js/chat-widget.js"></script> </body> </html>