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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein, 1921
Born
March 14, 1879
1879-03-14
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died
April 18, 1955 (aged
76)
Princeton, New Jersey,
USA
Residence
Germany
Italy
Switzerland
USA
Citizenship
Württemberg/Germany
(1879–96)
Stateless
(1896-1901)
Switzerland
(1901–55)
Austria
(1911–12)
Germany
(1914–33)
United States
(1940–55)
Ethnicity
Jewish
Fields
Physics
Institutions
Swiss
Patent Office (Bern)
University of Zurich
Charles University in Prague
ETH Zurich
Prussian Academy of Sciences
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
University of Leiden
Institute for Advanced Study
Alma mater
ETH Zurich
University of Zurich
Doctoral
advisor
Alfred Kleiner
Other academic
advisors
Heinrich Friedrich Weber
Notable students
Ernst G. Straus
Nathan Rosen
Known
for
General relativity
Special relativity
Photoelectric effect
Brownian motion
Mass-energy equivalence
Einstein field equations
Unified Field Theory
Bose–Einstein statistics
Notable awards
Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
Copley Medal
(1925)
Max Planck Medal
(1929)
Time
Person of the Century
Religious stance
See Main article
Signature
Albert Einstein
14 March
1879
18 April
1955
) ek
Germany
me paida hoe waala, theoretical
bhautik vigyanik
(physicist) rahaa, jiske
theory of relativity
ke banaae ke khaatir jaana jaae hae. famous scientist rahaa jiske
1921
me Physics ke khatir
Nobel Prize
mila rahaa. Einstein,
quantum mechanics
me bhi khaas yogdaan diis hae.
Uske
mass–energy equivalence
formula
mc
, jon
special relativity
se aae hae, ke "the world's most famous equation" bataawa gais hae.
1921 me uske bhautik vigyan me
Nobel Prize
milaa, uske theoretical bhautik vigyan, khaas kar ke
photoelectric effect
ke niyam ke paae ke khaatir.
1905, Einsten ke "miracle saal" maana jaae hae, jab uu chaar khaas paper ke publish karis rahaa.
Template:Sfnp
Isme uu photoelectric effect ke theory,
Brownian motion
, theory of reativity aur mass and enery equivalence ke baare me samjhaais. 1915 me uu
general theory of relativity
ke propose karis aur aapan system of mechanics me
gravitation
ke bhi saamil karis. 1916 me ek paper me uu general relativity ke ke
universe
ke structure aur evolution ke baare me likhis.
1917 me, Einstein ek paper likhis jisme uu "concept of spontaneaous" aur "simulated emission" ke introduce karis jon
laser
aur
maser
ke banae ke possible karis aur isme uu sab jaankari rahaa jiske baad me quantum electrodynamics aur quantum optics me kaam me aais.
Uske kaam ke biich waala hissa me uu
statistical mechanics
aur quantum theory me khaas yogdaan diis rahaa. Uske ek important kaam "quantum physics of radiation" me rahaa, jisme light particles jiske baad me
photon
bola gais rahaa, rahaa. Uu India ke bhautik vigyanis,
Satyendra Nath Bose
ke saathe
Bose-Einstein statistics
ke groungwork ke lay karis. Uu aapan academic life ke aakhri phase me pahile "fundamental randomness" ke science me introduce kare ke virod karis
aur duusra uu ek "unified field thoery" ke banae ke kosis karis, jisse uu mainstream modern physics se duur hoe gais rahaa.
Uske jindagi aur kaam
badlo
source ke badlo
Bachpan aur parrhaai
badlo
source ke badlo
Einstein in 1882, age
Template:Nbs
Einstein ke janam Ulm
10
, Württemberg,
Germany
me 14 March 1879 me bhais rahaa. Uske palwaar Jewish rahin lekin bahut dharmic nai rahin. 1880 me uske palwaar
Munich
me jaae ke rahe lagin jahaan pe uske pitaji aur chaacha ek company ke suruu karis jon direct current ke kaam me llwat rahaa. Albert jab tiin saal ke rahaa tab baat kare ke suruu karis rahaa. Jab Albert lagbhag chaar saal ke rahaa tab uske pitaji uske ek magnetic compass diis rahaa. Uu ii jaane mangat rahaa ki uu kon invisible chij hai jon ki compass ke needle ke ghumae hae aur uske interest science aur Maths me aur jaada hoe gais.
Jab uu paanch saal ke rahaa tab uu ek
Catholic
school me parrhai suruu karis. Aath saal ke umar me uu duusra school gais jahaan pe uu aapan promary aur secondary parhai karis rahaa.
Einstein's parents,
Hermann
and
Pauline
Einstein in 1893, age
Template:Nbs
14
Jab uu aur barra bhais tab uu
Switzerland
me ek school me gais. Graduate hoe ke baad uu ek patent office me kaaam kare lagaa. Ii kaam kare ke time uu papers likhis jisse uu ek famous scientist banaa.
World War I
se kuchh din pahile uu Germany laut gais aur ek school ke director ban gais. Uu, ja talak Nazi government power me nai aais,
Berlin
me rahat rahaa. Nazi logan Einstein ke "Jewish physics," khatir acuse karis aur German physicists uske theory ke disprove kare ke kisis karis Einstein
United States
chal diis aur Princeton, New Jersey me rahat rahaa aur
1940
me United States
citizen
ban gais.
World War II
ke time , Einstein aur Leó Szilárd U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt ke lage likh ke ii maang karis ki US , Germany se pahile nucklear bomb banae.
Einsteinke maut
18 April
1955
, heart disease ke kaaran hoe gais.
Vigyan ke kaam
badlo
source ke badlo
Albert Einstein in 1904
The photoelectric effect. Incoming photons on the left strike a metal plate (bottom), and eject electrons, depicted as flying off to the right.
Einstein, aapan jindagi bhar, dher sau books aur article publish karis rahaa.
11
10
Uu aapan akkele kaam ke saathe, duusra scientist logan ke saaathe bhi dher kaam karis rahaa, jisme Bose–Einstein statistics bhi hae, aur
Einstein refrigerator
12
1895 me Einstein
Switzerland
me jaae ke rahe lagaa, aur 1896 me aapan German citizenship ke tyaag diis.
note 1
1897 me, jab uske umar 17 saal rahaa, tab uu Zurich ke federal polytechnic school me bharti hoe ke mathematics aur physics teaching diploma ke parrhai suruu karis aur 1900 me graduate bhais. 1901 me uu Switzerland ke citizenship liis, jiske uu jindagi bhar rakkhis rahaa, aur Bern ke Swiss Patent Office me kaam kare ke suruu karis. 1905 me uu University of Zurich se PhD karis. 1914 me uu
Berlin
me jaae ke rahe lagaa aur University of Berlin ke Kaiser Wilhem Institute me bhautik vigyan ke director banaa. 1917 me uu fir se German citizen banaa.
note 1
1933 me, jab Einstein, United States me rahaa, tab Germany me
Adolf Hitler
power me aais.
Nazi
log ke Jews ke prosecution ke dekh ke uu America me rahe ke decide karis aur 1940 me uske American citizenship dewa gais rahaa.
13
World War II
ke surru hoe ke time uu America ke President ke lage ek chitthii likhis jisme uu Germany ke nuclear program ke baare me chetauni diis aur ii sifaris karis ki America bhi nuclear research kae.
Duusra websites
badlo
source ke badlo
Wikimedia Commons me
Albert Einstein
ke baare me kuchh media hae.
Wikiquote me
Albert Einstein
ke baare me kuchh quotation hae.
;kl[
ol
G.O.Mueller
References
badlo
source ke badlo
{{reflist|refs=
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13
11
14
15
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17
18
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25
Hans-Josef, Küpper (2000).
"Various things about Albert Einstein"
. einstein-website.de. Archived from
the original
on 2011-07-22
. Retrieved
2009-07-18
Whittaker,
E.
(1 November 1955).
"Albert Einstein. 1879–1955".
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
: 37–67.
doi
10.1098/rsbm.1955.0005
Yang,
Fujia
Hamilton,
Joseph H.
(2010).
Modern Atomic and Nuclear Physics
World Scientific.
p.
274.
ISBN
978-981-4277-16-7
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LnLVo
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Nobel Prize
"Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Physics 2011. The accelerating universe"
(PDF)
. Nobel Media AB. p.
2. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 16 May 2012
. Retrieved
4 January
2015
Overbye, Dennis.
A Century Ago, Einstein's Theory of Relativity Changed Everything
",
The New York Times
, 24 November 2015.
Template:Cbignore
Kleppner,
Daniel
(1 February 2005).
"Rereading Einstein on Radiation"
(in en).
Physics Today
58
(2): 30–33.
doi
10.1063/1.1897520
ISSN
0031-9228
Robinson,
Andrew
(30 April 2018).
"Did Einstein really say that?"
Nature
557
(30): 30.
doi
10.1038/d41586-018-05004-4
ISSN
0028-0836
Retrieved 21 February 2021
"Albert Einstein
:Template:Nbs
– Biography"
Nobel Foundation
Archived
from the original on 6 March 2007
. Retrieved
7 March
2007
URL–wikilink conflict (
help
Paul Arthur Schilpp, ed.
(1951).
Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist
II
New York:
Harper and Brothers Publishers (Harper Torchbook edition).
pp.
730–746.
. His non-scientific works include:
About Zionism: Speeches and Lectures by Professor Albert Einstein
(1930), "Why War?" (1933, co-authored by
Sigmund Freud
),
The World As I See It
(1934),
Out of My Later Years
(1950), and a book on science for the general reader,
The Evolution of Physics
(1938, co-authored by
Leopold Infeld
).
Einstein archive at the Instituut-Lorentz
".
Instituut-Lorentz.
2005. Retrieved on 21 November 2005.
Paul S. Boyer
Melvyn Dubofsky
(2001).
The Oxford Companion to United States History
Oxford University Press.
p.
218
ISBN
978-0-19-508209-8
"Result of WordNet Search for Einstein"
. 3.1. The Trustees of Princeton University.
Archived
from the original on 28 August 2015
. Retrieved
4 January
2015
Robinson,
Andrew
(2015).
[[[:Template:GBurl]]
Einstein: A Hundred Years of Relativity
].
Princeton University Press.
pp.
143–145.
ISBN
978-0-691-16989-7
Template:GBurl
Retrieved 19 July 2016
"FAQ about Einstein and the Institute"
(official website). Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, IGE/IPI. 27 May 2014.
Archived
from the original on 12 June 2021
. Retrieved
27 March
2015
A New Physics, Based on Einstein
",
The New York Times
, 25 November 1919, p.
17.
Andrzej,
Stasiak
(2003).
"Myths in science".
EMBO Reports
(3): 236.
doi
10.1038/sj.embor.embor779
PMC
1315907
Fred Jerome
Rodger Taylor
(2006).
[[[:Template:GBurl]]
Einstein on Race and Racism
].
Rutgers University Press.
p.
10.
ISBN
978-0-8135-3952-2
Template:GBurl
Retrieved 18 June 2015
Gilbert, Martin.
Churchill and the Jews
, Henry Holt and Company, N.Y. (2007) pp. 101, 176
"Denunciation of German Policy is a Stirring Event", Associated Press, 27 July 1933
"Stateless Jews: The Exiles from Germany, Nationality Plan",
The Guardian
(UK) 27 July 1933
Arntzenius,
Linda G.
(2011).
[[[:Template:GBurl]]
Institute for Advanced Study
].
Arcadia Publishing.
p.
19.
ISBN
978-0-7385-7409-7
Template:GBurl
Retrieved 18 June 2015
Jerome,
Fred
(December 2004).
"Einstein, Race, and the Myth of the Cultural Icon".
Isis
95
(4): 627–639.
doi
10.1086/430653
PMID
16011298
"Albert Einstein, Civil Rights activist"
. 12 April 2007.
Archived
from the original on 2 March 2018
. Retrieved
8 June
2014
Harvard Gazette
, 12 April 2007
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" se lawa gais hae
Vibhag
Physics ke khatir Nobel Prize jiite waala
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1879 janam
1955 maut
Germany ke log
Scientists
Pages with reference errors
Albert Einstein
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