Alexander Graham Bell

Alexander Graham Bell
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell
BELL, Alexander Graham
, physicist,
born in Edinburgh, Scotland, 3 March 1847. He is a son of Alexander Melville
Bell, mentioned below, and was educated at the Edinburgh high school and
Edinburgh University, receiving special training in his father's system for
removing impediments in speech. He removed to London in 1867, and entered the
University there, but left on account of his health, and went to Canada with his
father in 1870. In 1872 he took up his residence in the United States,
introducing with success his father's system of deaf-mute instruction, and
became professor of vocal physiology in Boston University. He had been
interested for many years in the transmission of sound by electricity, and had
devised many forms of apparatus for the purpose, but the first public exhibition
of his invention was at Philadelphia in 1876. Its complete success has made him
wealthy.
His invention of the
"photophone,"
in
which a vibratory beam of light is substituted for a wire in conveying speech,
has also attracted much attention, but has never been practically used. It was
first described by him before the American association for the advancement of
science in Boston, 27 August 1880.
After the shooting of President
Garfield, Professor Bell, together with Sumner Tainter, experimented with a
a metal detector, which was an
improved form of Hughes's induction balance. They endeavored to find the exact
location of the mini-ball, but failed.
It is believed that the metal bed frame on which President Garfield was laying caused the instrument to malfunction.
Professor Bell has put forth the theory that
the present system of educating deaf-mutes is wrong, as it tends to restrict
them to one another's society, so that marriages between the deaf are common,
and therefore the number of deaf-mute children born is on the increase. His
latest experiments relate to the recording of speech by means of photographing
the vibrations of a jet of water. Many other inventions marked Bell's later
life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils
and aeronautics. In 1888, Bell became one of the founding members of the
National Geographic Society. He has been described as one of the most
influential figures in human history.
Alexander Graham Bell's design sketch of the telephone. Sketches, undated; handwritten text top and bottom of page, 1876. Box 273, "Subject File: The Telephone--Drawing of the Telephone, Bell's Original." Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
Bell died of complications arising
from diabetes on August 2, 1922, at his private estate, Beinn Bhreagh, Nova
Scotia, at age 75. Bell had also been afflicted with pernicious anemia.
Students and Teachers of US History this is a video of
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Alexander Graham Bell Timeline
Alexander Graham Bell Family Tree from Library of Congress
Alexander Melville Bell with his wife, Eliza Grace Symonds and their children, Melville James, Alexander Graham and Edward Charles. Circa. 1852?  Gilbert H. Grosvenor Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.
1847
3-Mar
Alexander Bell is born to Alexander
Melville and Eliza Symonds Bell in Edinburgh, Scotland. He is the second of
three sons; his siblings are Melville (b. 1845) and Edward (b. 1848).
1858
Bell adopts the name Graham out of admiration for Alexander
Graham, a family friend, and becomes known as Alexander Graham Bell.
1862
October
Bell arrives in
London to spend a year with his grandfather, Alexander Bell. Letter to Bell
from his father
1863
August
Bell begins teaching music and elocution at Weston House Academy
in Elgin, Scotland, and receives instruction in Latin and Greek for a year.
Chart, Circa 1860s  Box 196, "Subject File: The Deaf--Visible Speech--Nature & Uses." Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers, Manuscript Division , Library of Congress
Alexander Graham Bell at the Pemberton Square School in 1871
1864
April
Alexander Melville Bell develops Visible Speech, a kind of
universal alphabet that reduces all sounds made by the human voice into a
series of symbols. Visible Speech chart
Fall
Bell attends the University of Edinburgh.
1865-66
Bell returns to
Elgin to teach and experiments with vowel pitches and tuning forks. Letter
from Bell to his father
1866-67
Bell teaches at Somersetshire College in Bath.
1867
17-May
Younger brother
Edward Bell dies of tuberculosis at the age of 19.
Summer
Alexander Melville Bell publishes his definitive work on Visible
Speech, Visible Speech: The Science of Universal Alphabetics.
1868
21-May
Bell begins
teaching speech to the deaf at Susanna Hull's school for deaf children in
London. Bell attends University College in London.
1870
28-May
Older brother Melville Bell dies of tuberculosis at the age of
25.
July-August
Bell, his
parents, and his sister-in-law, Carrie Bell, emigrate to Canada and settle in
Brantford, Ontario.
1871
April
Moving to Boston, Bell begins teaching at the Boston School for
Deaf Mutes.
1872
March-June
Bell teaches at
the Clarke School for the Deaf in Boston and at the American Asylum for the
Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.
8-Apr
Bell meets Boston attorney Gardiner Greene Hubbard, who will
become one of his financial backers and his father-in-law.
Fall
Bell opens his
School of Vocal Physiology in Boston and starts experimenting with the
multiple telegraph. Brochure for Bell's School of Vocal Physiology
1873
Boston University appoints Bell Professor of Vocal Physiology
and Elocution at its School of Oratory. Mabel Hubbard, his future wife,
becomes one of his private pupils.
1874
Spring
Bell conducts acoustics experiments at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. He and Clarence Blake, a Boston ear specialist,
begin experimenting with the mechanics of the human ear and the
phonautograph, a device that could translate sound vibrations into visible
tracings.
Summer
In Brantford,
Ontario, Bell first conceives of the idea for the telephone. Bell's original
sketch of the telephone Bell meets Thomas Watson, a young electrician who
would become his assistant, at Charles Williams's electrician shop in Boston.
1875
January
Watson begins working with Bell more regularly.
February
Thomas Sanders, a
wealthy leather merchant whose deaf son studied with Bell, and Gardiner
Greene Hubbard enter into a formal partnership with Bell in which they
provide financial backing for his inventions.
March 1-2
Bell visits noted scientist Joseph Henry at the Smithsonian
Institution and explains to him his idea for the telephone. Henry recognizes
the significance of Bell's work and offers him encouragement.
25-Nov
Mabel Hubbard and
Bell become engaged to be married. Letter from Bell to Mabel Hubbard Bell
1876
14-Feb
Bell's telephone patent application is filed at the United
States Patent Office; Elisha Gray's attorney files a caveat for a telephone
just a few hours later.
7-Mar
United States
Patent No. 174,465 is officially issued for Bell's telephone.
10-Mar
Intelligible human speech is heard over the telephone for the
first time when Bell calls to Watson, "Mr. Watson -- Come here -- I want
to see you." Page from Bell's notebook
25-Jun
Bell demonstrates
the telephone for Sir William Thomson (Baron Kelvin) and Emperor Pedro II of
Brazil at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia. Letter from Bell to
Mabel Hubbard Bell
1877
9-Jul
Bell, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Thomas Sanders, and Thomas Watson
form the Bell Telephone Company.
11-Jul
Mabel Hubbard and
Bell are married.
4-Aug
Bell and his wife leave for England and remain there for a year.
1878
14-Jan
Bell demonstrates
the telephone for Queen Victoria.
8-May
Elsie May Bell, a daughter, is born.
12-Sep
Patent litigation
involving the Bell Telephone Company against Western Union Telegraph Company
and Elisha Gray begins.
1879
February-March
The Bell Telephone Company merges with the New England Telephone
Company to become the National Bell Telephone Company.
10-Nov
Western Union and
the National Bell Telephone Company reach a settlement. Newspaper article
Alexander Graham Bell's Telephone Patent Oath, 3/7/1876. Courtesy The National Archives
The telephone had several inventors, all of whom built upon the innovations of their predecessors. Bell's patent No. 174,465 both credited him with the invention of the telephone and created a controversy that continues to provoke historians, scientists, and scholars. This controversy centers on the fact that, on the very day Bell filed his patent application, a caveat for a similar invention was filed by Elisha Gray. The caveat is no longer used today, but at the time it was a preliminary document that would have been filed to describe an invention that would eventually be the subject of a formal patent application.
The key similarity between Bell's patent and Gray's is that each describes a "principle of variable resistance," and details a liquid contact transmitter. Bell used such a liquid transmitter to demonstrate his invention at the 1876 exposition in Philadelphia, held in honor of America's centennial year. He also describes both the transmitter and the "principle of varying resistance" in his patent. This transmitter consists of a diaphragm, a needle, and a small cup of water. The cup of water is able to conduct electricity with the addition of a little acid. Speech is projected on the diaphragm, causing the diaphragm to vibrate. The attached needle is thus caused to vibrate in accordance with the speech. The vibrating action causes the needle to dip in and out of the cut of water, thus varying the resistance of the battery circuit. This variation creates the undulating current necessary for the electrical transmission of articulate speech.
The most serious charge against Bell was leveled after his patent officer admitted to having shown Bell the caveat submitted by Elisha Gray. This caveat described the "principle of variable resistance," which Bell had yet to develop on his own. The evidence suggests that Bell was able to incorporate Gray's principle into his own patent application before filing it: the variable resistance claim is written in on the margin of Bell's original patent application. Though the courts did sustain Bell's claims and named him the rightful inventor of the telephone, the evidence remains and the controversy lives on.
The electromagnetic receiver described by Bell in patent No. 174,465 is essentially the same as the telephone receivers in use today, and this feature is unique to his patent. Bell was accused of stealing Gray's "principle of variable resistance," a principle that was vital to the development of later electrical transmitters of speech. Though liquid is not used in current receivers, the "principle of variable resistance" played (and continues to play) a key role in the success of the telephone. - the
Franklin Institute
Bell's Experimental Notebook, 10 March 1876, Box 271, "Subject File: Scientific Notebooks, 1876." Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
1880
The National Bell Telephone Company becomes the American Bell
Telephone Company.
15-Feb
Marian (Daisy) Bell, a daughter, is born.
Fall
The French
government awards the Volta Prize for scientific achievement in electricity
to Bell. He uses the prize money to set up the Volta Laboratory as a
permanent, self-supporting experimental laboratory devoted to invention.
1881
At the Volta Laboratory, Bell, his cousin, Chichester Bell, and
Charles Sumner Tainter invent a wax cylinder for Thomas Edison's phonograph.
July-August
When President
Garfield is shot, Bell attempts unsuccessfully to locate the bullet inside
his body by using an electromagnetic device called an induction balance.
15-Aug
Death in infancy of Bell's son, Edward (b. 1881).
1882
November
Bell is granted
American citizenship.
1883
At Scott Circle in Washington, D.C., Bell starts a day school
for deaf children. Bell is elected to the National Academy of Sciences. With
Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell funds the publication of Science, a journal
that would communicate new research to the American scientific community.
17-Nov
Death in infancy
of Bell's son, Robert (b. 1883).
1885
3-Mar
The American Telephone & Telegraph Company is formed to
manage the expanding long-distance business of the American Bell Telephone
Company.
1886
Bell establishes
the Volta Bureau as a center for studies on the deaf.
Summer
Bell begins buying land on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia.
There he eventually builds his summer home, Beinn Bhreagh.
"This model of Bell's first telephone is a duplicate of the instrument through which speech sounds were first transmitted electrically, 1875" on phone. Created/Published between 1915 and 1925. Reproduction Number LC-D420-2586.
Detroit Publishing Company,  Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.
Helen Keller, Annie Sullivan and Alexander Graham Bell, full-length portrait, seated outdoors.  Gilbert H. Grosvenor Collection, Prints and Photographs, Library of Congress.
1887
February
Bell meets six-year-old blind and deaf Helen Keller in
Washington, D.C. He helps her family find a private teacher by recommending
that her father seek help from Michael Anagnos, director of the Perkins
Institution for the Blind.
1890
August-September
Bell and his supporters form the American Association to Promote
the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf.
27-Dec
Letter from Mark Twain to Gardiner G.
Hubbard, "The Father-in-law of the Telephone"
1892
October
Bell participates in the formal opening of long-distance
telephone service between New York and Chicago. Photograph
1897
Death of Gardiner
Greene Hubbard; Bell is elected President of the National Geographic Society
in his stead.
1898
Bell is elected a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution.
Fourth summer meeting of the American Association for the Promotion of Teaching Speech to the Deaf.  Gilbert H. Grosvenor Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress.
1899
30-Dec
Acquiring the American Bell Telephone Company's business and
property, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company becomes the parent
company of the Bell System.
1900
October
Elsie Bell marries Gilbert Grosvenor, the National Geographic
Magazine editor.
1901
Winter
Bell invents the
tetrahedral kite, whose shape of four triangular sides would prove to be
light, strong, and rigid.
1905
April
Daisy Bell marries botanist David Fairchild.
1907
1-Oct
Glenn Curtiss,
Thomas Selfridge, Casey Baldwin, J.A.D. McCurdy, and Bell form the Aerial
Experiment Association (AEA), which is funded by Mabel Hubbard Bell.
1909
23-Feb
The AEA's Silver Dart makes the first flight of a
heavier-than-air machine in Canada.
1915
25-Jan
Bell takes part in the formal opening of the transcontinental
telephone line by talking on the telephone in New York to Watson in San
Francisco. Invitation from Theodore Vail to Bell
1919
9-Sep
Bell and Casey Baldwin's HD-4, a hydrofoil craft, sets a world
marine speed record.
1922
2-Aug
Bell dies and is
buried at Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia.
Library of Congress on Bell
The online version of the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers at the
Library of Congress will comprise a selection of approximately 4700 items
(totaling about 38,000 images). This second release contains about 4650 items
consisting of correspondence, scientific notebooks, journals, blueprints,
articles, and photographs documenting Bell's invention of the telephone and his
involvement in the first telephone company, his family life, his interest in the
education of the deaf, and his aeronautical and other scientific research. Dates
span from 1862 to 1939, but the bulk of the materials are from 1865 to 1920.
Included among Bell's papers are pages from his experimental notebook from March
10, 1876, describing the first successful experiment with the telephone, during
which he spoke through the instrument to his assistant the famous words, "Mr.
Watson--Come here--I want to see you." Bell's various roles in life as teacher,
inventor, celebrity, and family man are covered extensively in his papers. The
digitization of this selection of the Bell Family Papers is made possible
through the generous support of the AT&T Foundation.
The Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers: Collection Highlights
Letter from Alexander Graham Bell to Mabel Hubbard Bell, 1875
- A month before they became engaged to be married, Alexander Graham Bell
wrote Mabel Hubbard this letter, teasing her about her interest in "Woman's
Rights": "I never suspected that you were one of these people who think
women have rights. Do you actually suppose their wishes are to be considered
with the same respect as those of men?" However, Bell may have actually been
sympathetic to the women's movement, and he later admitted to Mabel that he
wrote the letter because he was "hoping to rouse your indignation to a
reply!"
Brochure for Alexander Graham Bell's School of Vocal Physiology, 1875
- In 1872 Bell started his School of Vocal Physiology in Boston. His classes
were largely based on Visible Speech, an alphabetical system developed by
his father in which each symbol represented a position of the mouth when it
made a particular sound. Bell taught Visible Speech and articulation to the
deaf, individuals with speech difficulties, and teachers of the deaf. This
brochure shows the kinds of classes he taught and the rates he charged.
Scientific notebook, 1876
- Alexander Graham Bell's notebook entry of 10 March 1876 describes his
successful experiment with the telephone. Bell's notes show him speaking
through the instrument to his assistant, Thomas A. Watson, in the next room,
and uttering these famous words, "Mr. Watson -- Come here -- I want to see
you."
Petition from Bostonians to Alexander Graham Bell, 1877
- This petition, signed by such notable Bostonians as Oliver Wendell Holmes
and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, requests Alexander Graham Bell to give a
public demonstration of the telephone. For months after the issuance of his
telephone patent, Bell gave public lectures and demonstrations of his new
invention. Such events not only provided him with needed income and
increased publicity for the telephone but also helped establish Bell as its
legitimate inventor in the face of such rival claimants as Elisha Gray. In
his response to this petition, Bell agreed to give a series of three
lectures in the Music Hall in Boston, each of which would be "illustrated by
the actual transmission of speech and music from cities remote from Boston."
Letter from Thomas A. Watson to Alexander Graham Bell, 1878
- While Alexander Graham Bell honeymooned in England with his new wife, his
assistant Thomas Watson wrote to him about the progress of the newly-formed
Bell Telephone Company, improvements made on the telephone, and developments
by rival inventors. In this letter, Watson reports about tests he performed
on Thomas Edison's Carbon Telephone. In the last segment of the letter,
however, Watson is nostalgic for the days when he worked with Bell on the
telephone: "I still retain the experiment room and your room...the wires are
still there and it retains something of its old appearance. I shall feel
badly when I leave these rooms as I prepare doing soon."
Letter from Mr. and Mrs. C.L. Shattuck to Alexander Graham Bell, 1886
- This letter is representative of correspondence written by parents who
sought Alexander Graham Bell's assistance and advice for the education of
their deaf children. Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Shattuck were anxious that their
five-year-old deaf daughter not only attend the proper school but also learn
to speak. The letter conveys their concern for their child and their faith
in Bell as an "authority in these matters." Later correspondence, written
several months later, reveals that Bell actually visited the family and that
the little girl was showing progress as a result of his assistance. The
Shattucks were extremely grateful to Bell, whose visit allowed them to "see
light through what had been great darkness, and hopes yet of a final
triumph."
Letter from Mark Twain to Gardiner Greene Hubbard, 1890
- In this satirical complaint letter, Twain rails to Bell's father-in-law
against the poor telephone service he has received in Hartford, Connecticut.
Apparently, there is no night service and Twain is regularly cut off while
practicing his cursing. In fact, Twain loved new inventions, as shown by his
espousal of the typewriter; it was Twain who submitted the first typed
manuscript to a publisher.
Letter from Helen Keller to Alexander Graham Bell, 1907
- In January of 1907, Helen Keller was scheduled to speak at a meeting for the
blind in New York. Her teacher, Annie Sullivan, was to have repeated the
speech for those who found it difficult to understand Keller. When Sullivan
suddenly became ill, Keller wired Alexander Graham Bell for help, and he
immediately came up from Washington, D.C., to take her teacher's place. In
this letter, Keller thanks Bell not only for coming to her rescue but also
for his continual support. Ever since meeting Keller in 1887, Bell had
served as her advocate and even provided occasional financial assistance.
Keller's letter conveys the warm nature of their friendship and her
gratitude for all he had done for her throughout her life: "I cherish ever
the many tokens of your love."
Aerial Experiment Association Photograph of the June Bug, 1908
- The third of four aircraft built by members of the Bell-led Aerial
Experiment Association (AEA), the June Bug was designed by AEA member Glenn
H. Curtiss. On July 4, 1908, at Hammondsport, New York, Curtiss made the
first public flight in the United States of more than one kilometer, winning
the
Scientific American
trophy..
Invitation from Theodore Vail and AT&T to Alexander Graham Bell, 1915
This is an invitation for Alexander Graham Bell to participate in AT&T's
formal opening of the transcontinental telephone line on January 25, 1915.
The event included a telephone conversation between Bell in New York and his
old assistant, Thomas Watson, in San Francisco, as well as speeches by
President Woodrow Wilson from the White House and AT&T President Theodore
Vail from Georgia. When a duplicate of an 1876 telephone was connected to
the New York line, Bell, echoing his famous words on the original occasion,
called out, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want you." Watson replied that this
time it would take him a week to do so.
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William H. Harrison
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James K. Polk
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60
Abigail Fillmore
Millard Fillmore
July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
52
Jane Means Pierce
Franklin Pierce
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
46
Lifelong Bachelor
James Buchanan
n/a
n/a
Mary Todd Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
42
Varina Davis
Jefferson Davis*
February 22, 1862 – May 10, 1865
Eliza McCardle Johnson
Andrew Johnson
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
54
Julia Boggs Dent Grant
Ulysses S. Grant
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
43
Lucy Ware Webb Hayes
Rutherford B. Hayes
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
45
Lucretia  Rudolph Garfield
James A. Garfield
March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881
48
Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur
Chester Arthur
January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)
n/a
Frances Folsom Cleveland
Grover Cleveland
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
21
Caroline  Scott Harrison
Benjamin Harrison
March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892
56
Frances Folsom Cleveland
Grover Cleveland
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
28
Ida Saxton McKinley
William McKinley
March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901
49
Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909
40
Helen Louise Herron Taft
William H. Taft
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
47
Ellen Axson Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914
52
Edith Bolling Galt Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921
43
Florence Mabel King Harding
Warren G. Harding
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923
60
Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929
44
Lou Henry Hoover
Herbert C. Hoover
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
54
Eleanor Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
48
Elizabeth Virginia  "Bess" Truman
Harry S. Truman
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
60
Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
56
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy
John F. Kennedy
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
31
Claudia Alta Taylor "Lady Bird" Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969
50
Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Nixon
Richard M. Nixon
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
56
Elizabeth Ann "Betty" Ford
Gerald R. Ford
August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977
56
Eleanor Rosalynn Carter
James Earl Carter, Jr.
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
49
Nancy Davis Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
59
Barbara Pierce Bush
George H. W. Bush
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
63
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
45
Laura  Lane Welch Bush
George W. Bush
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
54
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama
Barack H. Obama
January 20, 2009 to date
45
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September 27, 1777
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Philadelphia
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Princeton
June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
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Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
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New York City
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*Republican Party - - the political Party organized by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1791 that went out of existence over the schism between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Today, for the sake of expediency, political scientists incorrectly refer to it as the Democratic-Republican Party. Party Members at the time never utilized the name Democratic-Republican because it was the Republican Party.
**
Acting US President - David Atchison never claimed that he was the President of the United States for one day on March 4, 1849. Political Scientists who make the assertion claim that because Zachary Taylor refused to be sworn in on a Sunday, March 4, 1849, and both the President and Vice President's term ended on that date the President pro-tempore of the U.S. Senate, David Atchison, therefore became the President under 1849 Presidential succession law.
*** President of the Confederate States of America