Cartridge Headstamp Guide | Harrington Aviation Museum | CarpetBagger
Source: https://harringtonmuseum.org.uk/cartridge-headstamp-guide
Archived: 2026-04-23 17:21
Cartridge Headstamp Guide | Harrington Aviation Museum | CarpetBagger
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CARTRIDGE HEADSTAMP GUIDE
United States of America
Code Letters – Manufacturer
A
– On some batches of .30-06 steel cases. Frankford Arsenal,Philadelphia, USA
AACo
– American Ammunition Co., Oak Park, Ill., USA
ABC Co
– American Buckle and Cartridge Co.,West Haven, Conn., USA
ACCo
– Austin Cartridge Co., Cleveland, Ohio, USA
ACN
– Amron Corporation, Antigo Plant, Antigo, Wis., USA 20 – 30 mm carts, post 1950
AJD
– Aerojet Ordnance Manufacturing Co., Downey, Calif., USA, post 1950
ALAT
–
US Naval Air Station, Alameda, Calif., USA, solid steel dummy .50 carts
AMRON
– Amron Corporation div of Nasco International Inc.,Waukesha, Wis., USA
AMU
– Army Marksmanship Unit, US Army
AN
– Unknown American possibly CIA manufactured, .30-06 with 1940s dates
AO –
Allegheny Ordnance Plant, Cumberland, Md., USA
APC
– Austin Powder Co., McArthur, Ohio, USA
APW –
Austin Powder Co., McArthur, Ohio, USA
ASC
– Unknown American Military usually on 20 mm Oerlikon ammunition with 1940s dates
– Bridgeport Brass Co., Bridgeport, Conn., USA. Found on .50 Browning high velocity cases made 1943-45 and 20mm Oerlikon. The B is enclosed in a diamond
B
– Found on US .30-06 made at Frankford Arsenal (FA) in conjunction with a number. It indicates the use of a Berdan primer, the number signifying the primer mixture
BBC
– Bridgeport Brass Co., Bridgeport, Conn., USA, on .50 Browning High Velocity experimental and 20mm Hispano-Suiza carts
BDB
– Bridgeport Brass Co., division of National Distillers Inc., Bridgeport, Conn., USA, post 1970
BE
– Benson & Engstrom Cartridge Co.,Minneapolis, Minn., USA
BFL
– Bristol Flare Corp., Bristol, Pa., USA
CB
– Unknown American Military, found on 20mm Hispano dated 1942
CCI
– Cascade Cartridge Co, Lewiston, Idaho, USA
CMO
– Clymer Machine Corp., Trumbauersville, Pa., USA, post 1950
CN
– Unknown US Military, may be CIA manufactured
CNI
– National Conduit and Cable Co., Hastings on Hudson, NY., USA, on .30-06 carts
CRG
– ‘Chemical Rifle Grenade’: found on US .30-06 blank with FA marking
CSY
–
Avco Ordnance Division, Richmond, Ind., USA, post 1950
CTP
– Connecticut Cartridge Corp., Plainville, Conn., USA, post 1950
CW
– When found with Lake City (LC) headstamp indicates the use of cold worked metal for case manufacture
CWG –
‘Chemical Warfare Grenade’: found on US .30-06 blank with FA headstamps
DEI
– Dela Enterprises Inc., Coolidge, Ariz., USA
DEN
– Denver Ordnance Plant, Denver, Colo., USA. Operated by Remington Arms Co from Oct 1941 to Jul 1944 producing .30-06 carts
DM
– Des Moines Ordnance Plant, Des Moines, Iowa, USA Operated by US Rubber Co from Jan 42 to July 1945, .30-06 and .50 carts
DPS
– Unknown American, on 20 mm Hispano with wartime dates
DURA
– Dura Division of Detroit Harvester Corp., Toledo, Ohio, USA, on 20mm Oerlikon and Hispano 1942-44
EC
– Evansville-Chrysler Ordnance Plant, Evansville, Ind., USA. Operated by Chrysler Corporation from June 1942 to April 1944 producing .30 carbine and .45 ACP carts
EC
– Eau Claire Ordnance Plant, Eau Claire, Wis., USA. Operated by US Rubber Co using EC headstamp in August and September 1942 covering .30 carbine and .45 ACP carts
ECS
– Evansville Ordnance Plant ( Sunbeam Refrigerator Co.), Evansville, Ind., USA. Operated 1942-44, principal product was steel .45 acp
EK
– Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY., USA. On 20mm Oerlikon 1944 – 45
EW
– Eau Claire Ordnance Plant, Eau Claire, Wis, USA. Operated by US Rubber Co from August 1942 to December 1943
EX
– On Frankford Arsenal (FA) .30-06 cases indicating Extruded Case
EXP NCP
– On Frankford Arsenal (FA) .30-06 cases indicates Non Corrosive Primer, Experimental
F –
Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa., USA. On experimental steel cases 1942-44
F
– Federal Cartridge Co., Anoka, Minn., USA
FA
– Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
FAHP
– Frankford Arsenal, High Pressure – US proof carts
FAL
–
Frankford Arsenal Laboratory, found on experimental ammunition notably steel cased .30-06 with 1942-43 dates
FANM
– Frankford Arsenal , National Match competition grade ammunition in .30-06
FAPS
– Frankford Arsenal Pyrotechnic Signal. Found on .30-06 crimped blank carts
FC
– Federal Cartridge Co., Anoka, Minn., USA
FCA –
Federal Cartridge Co., Anoka, Minn., USA, post 1950
FCK
– Federal Cartridge Co., Anoka, Minn., USA
F Co
– Frost & Co, Kenosha, Wis., USA
FDCo
– Frank Draper & Co., USA
FND
– Susquehanna Corp., Ordnance Division ( formerly the US Flare Co.), Saugus, Calif., USA
GCCo
– Graphite Cartridge Co., Washington, DC, USA, on .30-06 carts
GE
– General Electric Co of America, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. On experimental .30-06 steel and brass cases with 1942 – 45 dates
GMC
– Globe Manufacturing Co., USA
HA
– Harvey Aluminium Corp, Torrance, Calif., USA. On 20mm with 1960s dates
HMC
– Harcord Mfg Co. Inc., Jersey City, NJ., USA, post 1970
IFS
– International Flare & Signal Co., Tippecanoe City, Ohio, USA, on signal carts 1941 – 45
IIA
– Explosive Devices Inc., Picayune, Miss., USA
ILL..G
– On .30-06 blank with FA headstamp indicates discharger cart for illuminating grenade 1917 – 1918
KBW
– Kathodion Bronze Works, Nyack, NY., USA, on .30-06 and 7mm Serbian Mauser
KO
– Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp, Winchester Western Diviision, La Porte, Ind., USA. On 20mm and above
KS
– Allegheny Ordnance Plant, Cumberland, Md., USA. Operated by Kelly Springfield Tire Co from Nov 1942 to Sept 1943, made .50 Browning carts
L
– Lowell Cartridge Co., Lowell, Mass., USA
LC
– Lake City Army Ammunition Plant, Independance, Mo., USA.Operated under contract by Remington as Lake City Ordnance Plant from Sept 1941 to August 1945, on .30-06, .30 carbine and .50 carts
LDF
– Liberty Display Fireworks Co., Danville, Ill., USA on US service pyrotechnic carts 1941 – 45
LM
– Lowell Ordnance Plant, Lowell, Mass.,USA. Operated by Remington under contract from Nov 1942 to Dec 1943, on .50 brass and steel carts
M
– Milwaukee Ordnance Plant, Milwaulkee, Wis., USA. Operated by US Rubber Co from August 1942 to December 1943, on .50 carts
MHR
– Honeywell Inc., Hopkins, Minn., USA, on 30mm
MS
– Metal Speciality Co., USA. On 20mm Oerlikon, 1942 – 50
MSA
– Mine Safety Appliances Ltd., Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
NOEN
– Naval Ordnance Engineeering Laboratory,Dahlgren, Md., USA. On 20mm experimental carts from 1940s/50s period
O
– Cascade Cartridge Co. (Omark Industries), Lewiston, Idaho, USA
OM
– Olin Matheson Chemical Corp., Bridgeport, Conn., USA, on experimental cases
PC –
Kings Mills Ordnance Plant, Kings Mills, Ohio, USA. Operated by the Peters Cartridge Co., from June 1942 to March 1944, on .45 acp and .30 carbine
RA
– Remington Arms Co Inc., Bridgeport, Conn., USA, 1914 – 1918 and 1939 – 1945
REM-UMC
– Remington Arms – Union Metalic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport, Conn., USA
RF
– Rockland Fireworks Co., Boston, Mass., USA. On US Army Pyrotechnic carts, 1941 – 45
R-M
– Riverside Metal Products Co., Oakville, Conn., USA
SACorp
– Savage Arms Corporation, Chicopee Falls, Mass., USA
SCC
– Standard Cartridge Co., Pasadena, Calif., USA, 1946 – 1950
SD
– Sparklet Devices Inc., Dover Division, Dover, Ohio, USA, on .50 steel cases in 1942 – 43, also made .30-06 but these not headstamped
SL
– St Louis Ordnance Plant, St Louis, Mo., USA. Operated by US Cartridge Co from Nov 1941 to June 1945, on .30, .50 and .60 cases
SL*
– Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa., USA. Using tools removed from St Louis Ordnance Plant
SMC
– Symington Machine Corp, Rochester, NY., USA
SMCo
– Stant Manufacturing Co, Connersville, Ind., USA. .50 steel cases in 1945
STANT
– Stant Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, on .60 experimental steel and brass cases with a 44 mark
SWP
– Smith & Wesson Pyrotechnics Inc., Jefferson, Ohio, USA
TC
– Twin Cities Ordnance Plant, Minneapolis, Minn., USA, on .30-06 carts in early 1942
TEI
– Triumph Explosives Inc., Elkton, Md., USA. On US military pyrotechnic carts 1941 – 45
TW
– Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant , Minneapolis, Minn., USA. Operated under contract to Federal Cartridge Co from Feb 1942 to August 1945, on .30-06 and .50 carts, closed down in 1945 but reopened in early 50s and still in operation
U
– Utah Ordnance Plant, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Operated by Remington Arms from March 1942 – Dec 1943, on .30 and .50 carts
UF
– United Fireworks Mfg Co., Dayton, Ohio, USA. On US military pyrotechnic carts, 1941 – 45
US
– United States Cartridge Co., Lowell, Mass., USA
USCCo
– United States Cartridge Co., Lowell, Mass., USA
USF
–
Susquehanna Corp, Ordnance Div, Saugus, Calif., USA
UT
– Utah Ordnance Plant, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Operated by Remington Arms from March 1942 to Dec 1943
VFM
– Vitale Fireworks Mfg Co., New Castle, Pa., USA. Made US military pyrotechnic carts 1941 – 42
W
– Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn., USA
WCC
– Western Cartridge Co., East Alton, Ill., USA
WRA
– Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn., USA
WRACo
– Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn.,USA
WSMCo
– Worcester Stamped Metal Co., Worcester, Mass., USA, on experimental .60 cases made 1940 – 44
X
–
Delaware Cartridge Co. Wilmington, Del., USA
UNITED STATES BULLET TIP CODE
Red Tip –
Tracer
Red Tip over silver ring –
Armour piercing/incendiary/tracer
Yellow tip over red ring –
Observation/tracer
Green tip with white ring –
Frangible ball
Brown tip –
Tracer
Light blue tip –
Incendiary
Light blue tip over dark blue ring –
Incendiary
Black tip –
Armour piercing
Silver tip –
Armour piercing/ incendiary
Yellow tip –
Observation
Orange tip –
Dark ignition tracer
Red/black tip –
Experimental armour piercing
Black/white tip –
Experimental armour piercing
Silver/black tip –
Experimental armour piercing
Blue/black tip –
Armour piercing/ incendiary
Green tip –
Explosive
Yellow/blue tip –
Explosive
Ivory tip –
Experimental tracer
Green/black tip –
Experimental armour piercing/ lachrymatory
Red/white tip –
Experimental frangible tracer
Red/tan tip –
Experimental frangible tracer
Light green tip –
High Explosive
Purple tip –
Incendiary
We're seeking volunteers to help run the Museum, please
contact us
.
CARTRIDGE HEADSTAMP GUIDE
United States of America
Code Letters – Manufacturer
A
– On some batches of .30-06 steel cases. Frankford Arsenal,Philadelphia, USA
AACo
– American Ammunition Co., Oak Park, Ill., USA
ABC Co
– American Buckle and Cartridge Co.,West Haven, Conn., USA
ACCo
– Austin Cartridge Co., Cleveland, Ohio, USA
ACN
– Amron Corporation, Antigo Plant, Antigo, Wis., USA 20 – 30 mm carts, post 1950
AJD
– Aerojet Ordnance Manufacturing Co., Downey, Calif., USA, post 1950
ALAT
–
US Naval Air Station, Alameda, Calif., USA, solid steel dummy .50 carts
AMRON
– Amron Corporation div of Nasco International Inc.,Waukesha, Wis., USA
AMU
– Army Marksmanship Unit, US Army
AN
– Unknown American possibly CIA manufactured, .30-06 with 1940s dates
AO –
Allegheny Ordnance Plant, Cumberland, Md., USA
APC
– Austin Powder Co., McArthur, Ohio, USA
APW –
Austin Powder Co., McArthur, Ohio, USA
ASC
– Unknown American Military usually on 20 mm Oerlikon ammunition with 1940s dates
– Bridgeport Brass Co., Bridgeport, Conn., USA. Found on .50 Browning high velocity cases made 1943-45 and 20mm Oerlikon. The B is enclosed in a diamond
B
– Found on US .30-06 made at Frankford Arsenal (FA) in conjunction with a number. It indicates the use of a Berdan primer, the number signifying the primer mixture
BBC
– Bridgeport Brass Co., Bridgeport, Conn., USA, on .50 Browning High Velocity experimental and 20mm Hispano-Suiza carts
BDB
– Bridgeport Brass Co., division of National Distillers Inc., Bridgeport, Conn., USA, post 1970
BE
– Benson & Engstrom Cartridge Co.,Minneapolis, Minn., USA
BFL
– Bristol Flare Corp., Bristol, Pa., USA
CB
– Unknown American Military, found on 20mm Hispano dated 1942
CCI
– Cascade Cartridge Co, Lewiston, Idaho, USA
CMO
– Clymer Machine Corp., Trumbauersville, Pa., USA, post 1950
CN
– Unknown US Military, may be CIA manufactured
CNI
– National Conduit and Cable Co., Hastings on Hudson, NY., USA, on .30-06 carts
CRG
– ‘Chemical Rifle Grenade’: found on US .30-06 blank with FA marking
CSY
–
Avco Ordnance Division, Richmond, Ind., USA, post 1950
CTP
– Connecticut Cartridge Corp., Plainville, Conn., USA, post 1950
CW
– When found with Lake City (LC) headstamp indicates the use of cold worked metal for case manufacture
CWG –
‘Chemical Warfare Grenade’: found on US .30-06 blank with FA headstamps
DEI
– Dela Enterprises Inc., Coolidge, Ariz., USA
DEN
– Denver Ordnance Plant, Denver, Colo., USA. Operated by Remington Arms Co from Oct 1941 to Jul 1944 producing .30-06 carts
DM
– Des Moines Ordnance Plant, Des Moines, Iowa, USA Operated by US Rubber Co from Jan 42 to July 1945, .30-06 and .50 carts
DPS
– Unknown American, on 20 mm Hispano with wartime dates
DURA
– Dura Division of Detroit Harvester Corp., Toledo, Ohio, USA, on 20mm Oerlikon and Hispano 1942-44
EC
– Evansville-Chrysler Ordnance Plant, Evansville, Ind., USA. Operated by Chrysler Corporation from June 1942 to April 1944 producing .30 carbine and .45 ACP carts
EC
– Eau Claire Ordnance Plant, Eau Claire, Wis., USA. Operated by US Rubber Co using EC headstamp in August and September 1942 covering .30 carbine and .45 ACP carts
ECS
– Evansville Ordnance Plant ( Sunbeam Refrigerator Co.), Evansville, Ind., USA. Operated 1942-44, principal product was steel .45 acp
EK
– Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY., USA. On 20mm Oerlikon 1944 – 45
EW
– Eau Claire Ordnance Plant, Eau Claire, Wis, USA. Operated by US Rubber Co from August 1942 to December 1943
EX
– On Frankford Arsenal (FA) .30-06 cases indicating Extruded Case
EXP NCP
– On Frankford Arsenal (FA) .30-06 cases indicates Non Corrosive Primer, Experimental
F –
Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa., USA. On experimental steel cases 1942-44
F
– Federal Cartridge Co., Anoka, Minn., USA
FA
– Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
FAHP
– Frankford Arsenal, High Pressure – US proof carts
FAL
–
Frankford Arsenal Laboratory, found on experimental ammunition notably steel cased .30-06 with 1942-43 dates
FANM
– Frankford Arsenal , National Match competition grade ammunition in .30-06
FAPS
– Frankford Arsenal Pyrotechnic Signal. Found on .30-06 crimped blank carts
FC
– Federal Cartridge Co., Anoka, Minn., USA
FCA –
Federal Cartridge Co., Anoka, Minn., USA, post 1950
FCK
– Federal Cartridge Co., Anoka, Minn., USA
F Co
– Frost & Co, Kenosha, Wis., USA
FDCo
– Frank Draper & Co., USA
FND
– Susquehanna Corp., Ordnance Division ( formerly the US Flare Co.), Saugus, Calif., USA
GCCo
– Graphite Cartridge Co., Washington, DC, USA, on .30-06 carts
GE
– General Electric Co of America, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. On experimental .30-06 steel and brass cases with 1942 – 45 dates
GMC
– Globe Manufacturing Co., USA
HA
– Harvey Aluminium Corp, Torrance, Calif., USA. On 20mm with 1960s dates
HMC
– Harcord Mfg Co. Inc., Jersey City, NJ., USA, post 1970
IFS
– International Flare & Signal Co., Tippecanoe City, Ohio, USA, on signal carts 1941 – 45
IIA
– Explosive Devices Inc., Picayune, Miss., USA
ILL..G
– On .30-06 blank with FA headstamp indicates discharger cart for illuminating grenade 1917 – 1918
KBW
– Kathodion Bronze Works, Nyack, NY., USA, on .30-06 and 7mm Serbian Mauser
KO
– Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp, Winchester Western Diviision, La Porte, Ind., USA. On 20mm and above
KS
– Allegheny Ordnance Plant, Cumberland, Md., USA. Operated by Kelly Springfield Tire Co from Nov 1942 to Sept 1943, made .50 Browning carts
L
– Lowell Cartridge Co., Lowell, Mass., USA
LC
– Lake City Army Ammunition Plant, Independance, Mo., USA.Operated under contract by Remington as Lake City Ordnance Plant from Sept 1941 to August 1945, on .30-06, .30 carbine and .50 carts
LDF
– Liberty Display Fireworks Co., Danville, Ill., USA on US service pyrotechnic carts 1941 – 45
LM
– Lowell Ordnance Plant, Lowell, Mass.,USA. Operated by Remington under contract from Nov 1942 to Dec 1943, on .50 brass and steel carts
M
– Milwaukee Ordnance Plant, Milwaulkee, Wis., USA. Operated by US Rubber Co from August 1942 to December 1943, on .50 carts
MHR
– Honeywell Inc., Hopkins, Minn., USA, on 30mm
MS
– Metal Speciality Co., USA. On 20mm Oerlikon, 1942 – 50
MSA
– Mine Safety Appliances Ltd., Pittsburgh, Pa., USA
NOEN
– Naval Ordnance Engineeering Laboratory,Dahlgren, Md., USA. On 20mm experimental carts from 1940s/50s period
O
– Cascade Cartridge Co. (Omark Industries), Lewiston, Idaho, USA
OM
– Olin Matheson Chemical Corp., Bridgeport, Conn., USA, on experimental cases
PC –
Kings Mills Ordnance Plant, Kings Mills, Ohio, USA. Operated by the Peters Cartridge Co., from June 1942 to March 1944, on .45 acp and .30 carbine
RA
– Remington Arms Co Inc., Bridgeport, Conn., USA, 1914 – 1918 and 1939 – 1945
REM-UMC
– Remington Arms – Union Metalic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport, Conn., USA
RF
– Rockland Fireworks Co., Boston, Mass., USA. On US Army Pyrotechnic carts, 1941 – 45
R-M
– Riverside Metal Products Co., Oakville, Conn., USA
SACorp
– Savage Arms Corporation, Chicopee Falls, Mass., USA
SCC
– Standard Cartridge Co., Pasadena, Calif., USA, 1946 – 1950
SD
– Sparklet Devices Inc., Dover Division, Dover, Ohio, USA, on .50 steel cases in 1942 – 43, also made .30-06 but these not headstamped
SL
– St Louis Ordnance Plant, St Louis, Mo., USA. Operated by US Cartridge Co from Nov 1941 to June 1945, on .30, .50 and .60 cases
SL*
– Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa., USA. Using tools removed from St Louis Ordnance Plant
SMC
– Symington Machine Corp, Rochester, NY., USA
SMCo
– Stant Manufacturing Co, Connersville, Ind., USA. .50 steel cases in 1945
STANT
– Stant Manufacturing Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, on .60 experimental steel and brass cases with a 44 mark
SWP
– Smith & Wesson Pyrotechnics Inc., Jefferson, Ohio, USA
TC
– Twin Cities Ordnance Plant, Minneapolis, Minn., USA, on .30-06 carts in early 1942
TEI
– Triumph Explosives Inc., Elkton, Md., USA. On US military pyrotechnic carts 1941 – 45
TW
– Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant , Minneapolis, Minn., USA. Operated under contract to Federal Cartridge Co from Feb 1942 to August 1945, on .30-06 and .50 carts, closed down in 1945 but reopened in early 50s and still in operation
U
– Utah Ordnance Plant, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Operated by Remington Arms from March 1942 – Dec 1943, on .30 and .50 carts
UF
– United Fireworks Mfg Co., Dayton, Ohio, USA. On US military pyrotechnic carts, 1941 – 45
US
– United States Cartridge Co., Lowell, Mass., USA
USCCo
– United States Cartridge Co., Lowell, Mass., USA
USF
–
Susquehanna Corp, Ordnance Div, Saugus, Calif., USA
UT
– Utah Ordnance Plant, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Operated by Remington Arms from March 1942 to Dec 1943
VFM
– Vitale Fireworks Mfg Co., New Castle, Pa., USA. Made US military pyrotechnic carts 1941 – 42
W
– Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn., USA
WCC
– Western Cartridge Co., East Alton, Ill., USA
WRA
– Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn., USA
WRACo
– Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, Conn.,USA
WSMCo
– Worcester Stamped Metal Co., Worcester, Mass., USA, on experimental .60 cases made 1940 – 44
X
–
Delaware Cartridge Co. Wilmington, Del., USA
UNITED STATES BULLET TIP CODE
Red Tip –
Tracer
Red Tip over silver ring –
Armour piercing/incendiary/tracer
Yellow tip over red ring –
Observation/tracer
Green tip with white ring –
Frangible ball
Brown tip –
Tracer
Light blue tip –
Incendiary
Light blue tip over dark blue ring –
Incendiary
Black tip –
Armour piercing
Silver tip –
Armour piercing/ incendiary
Yellow tip –
Observation
Orange tip –
Dark ignition tracer
Red/black tip –
Experimental armour piercing
Black/white tip –
Experimental armour piercing
Silver/black tip –
Experimental armour piercing
Blue/black tip –
Armour piercing/ incendiary
Green tip –
Explosive
Yellow/blue tip –
Explosive
Ivory tip –
Experimental tracer
Green/black tip –
Experimental armour piercing/ lachrymatory
Red/white tip –
Experimental frangible tracer
Red/tan tip –
Experimental frangible tracer
Light green tip –
High Explosive
Purple tip –
Incendiary