LGBTQ+ History | English Heritage
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LGBTQ+ History
LGBTQ+ History
Individuals throughout history have lived radical private lives outside the accepted sexual and gender norms of the time. However, LGBTQ+ history is often hidden from view. Expression of same-sex love and gender non-conformity has been constrained by both repressive social attitudes and criminal persecution. The few first-hand accounts made of LGBTQ+ experience were often destroyed for self-protection.
By uncovering the LGBTQ+ stories that have survived, researchers can start to represent the true diversity of sexuality and gender in the history of England. Find out more about the lives of England’s LGBTQ+ people and their important place in the stories of English Heritage sites.
Image: Ian McKellen and James Laurenson as Edward II and Piers Gaveston © Central Press/Getty Images
Science and Innovation
LGBTQ+ History Month is celebrated each year in February and in 2026, the theme is
Science and Innovation
. Science and innovation impacts our daily lives, from the technology we use to developments in healthcare, as well as helping us to address global challenges such as climate change and access to clean energy.
LGBTQ+ History Month aims to highlight the contributions of LGBTQ+ people historically and today, and to raise awareness of the people behind them. Below are three of our Blue Plaque recipients who have contributed to the history of science and innovation.
Alan Turing
With his pioneering work in computer science, Alan Turing is one of those rare people who can justifiably be said to have changed the way in which we live.
John Maynard Keynes
Arguably the most influential economist since Adam Smith, John Maynard Keynes is remembered for the system of deficit finance that bears his name – Keynesianism.
Henry Havelock Ellis
Pioneer in the scientific study of sex, Henry Havelock Ellis’s book
Sexual Inversion
was the first English medical study of homosexuality.
LGBTQ+ Timeline
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer folk have always been part of English history. For some past figures, their sexuality and/or gender significantly shaped the way they contributed to the social, political or cultural history of England, for example through art or activism, while for others, their sexuality and/or gender was just another aspect of their lives and identities.
Explore this timeline highlighting some key events and figures from England’s LGBTQ+ past, offering you intriguing glimpses of how much more there is to explore.
Explore the timeline
Stories of England’s LGBTQ+ Past
Emperor Hadrian
Read more about Emperor Hadrian who ruled the Roman Empire from AD 117–138. He was known to have both male and female lovers, though the Romans did not define sexuality in such terms as ‘bi-sexual’ or ‘homosexual’.
James I and George Villiers
George Villiers, later the Duke of Buckingham, became a favourite of King James I after their first meeting at Apethorpe in 1614. Read about James and George and the surviving love letters which are telling of their close relationship.
A Cross-Dressing Medieval Spy at Kenilworth Castle
Discover the story of Margoth, Henry III’s cross-dressing female spy, and what light it sheds on both cross-dressing and espionage in medieval England.
Lord Beauchamp and Walmer Castle
Public exposure of Lord Beauchamp's sexuality led to a dramatic fall from grace in the 1930s. Read more about the man whose misfortunes inspired Evelyn Waugh’s
Brideshead Revisited
Piers Gaveston, Hugh Despenser and the Downfall of Edward II
Discover how Edward II’s reliance on his ‘favourites’ and possible lovers, Piers Gaveston and Hugh Despenser, led to his abdication and death.
Sir Walter Hungerford and the 'Buggery Act'
Find out how Sir Walter Hungerford, owner of Farleigh Hungerford Castle, came to be the first man in England to be executed under the ‘Buggery Act’.
‘Romantic Female Friendship’ and Chiswick House
Explore the life of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, and the fashion for ‘romantic female friendships’ in 18th-century England.
The Ladies of Llangollen
The lifestyle and relationship of Lady Eleanor Butler (1739–1829) and Sarah Ponsonby (1755–1831) became part of contemporary mythology and have remained subjects of fascination ever since.
The Partners: Seely and Paget
Discover the story of John Seely and Paul Paget, partners both in life and in an archictecture practice, whose masterpiece was their transformation of medieval Eltham Palace into an art deco home in the 1930s.
Gwen Lally and the Battle Abbey Pageant
Gwen Lally directed a cast of thousands at the Battle Abbey historical pageant in 1932. Find out more about the pageant and its unconventional pageant master.
England’s Rulers and their ‘Favourites’
We explore LGBTQ+ history and the private lives of four rulers who had same-sex relationships with their ‘favourites’.
Aelred of Rievaulx
Read about the life of the 12th-century abbot of Rievaulx Abbey whose writings have become a source of inspiration for LGBTQ+ Christians.
The Galli: Breaking Roman Gender Norms
Discover how these Roman priests with ambiguous gender identities were viewed by their contemporaries, and learn about their possible presence on Hadrian’s Wall in Roman Britain.
Experiments in Gender
In the early 20th century women such as Vita Sackville-West, Gwen Lally and Radclyffe Hall adopted masculine styles of dress that were subversive, exploratory and playful. Historian Alison Oram explores more.
Listen to our Podcast
Episode 270 - England’s rulers and their ‘favourites’
Episode 217 - Pride of place: uncovering LGBTQ+ histories at our sites
Espionage, identity and cross-dressing in the Middle Ages podcast cover Espionage, identity and cross-dressing in the Middle Ages
Talking about LGBTQ+ history
The terms we use today to describe a range of sexualities and gender identities – lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer – are mostly quite recent inventions. For the most part, we simply don’t know how people in the past would have described their sexuality or gender. We use the acronym LGBTQ+ because we believe it comes closest to capturing the breadth of experiences and identities for those whose sexualities didn’t fit within societal norms.
The non-specific word ‘queer’ can also be useful when talking about sexuality and gender in history. We know that for some it has negative associations – historically it has been used derisively as well as for self-identification. However, the Oxford English Dictionary reports that from the late 1980s, ‘queer’ started to be reclaimed as a neutral or positive term. It is now used to capture the complexity and fluidity of sexuality and gender, with the intention of including all experiences and identities rather than defining and limiting them. It is in that spirit of inclusivity that we use the term ‘queer’.
Out at Ranger’s House
An LGBTQIA+ tour
The Wernher Collection at Ranger’s House, in London, is one of the greatest surviving private art collections ever assembled in Europe.
Out at Ranger’s House
is an LGBTQIA+ tour of the collection developed by young producers as part of
Shout Out Loud
, our national youth engagement programme. The tour illuminates the LGBTQIA+ stories of the artists, the people who commissioned or owned the works, the figures represented within them, or their appropriation by the LGBTQIA+ community – traversing thousands of years of history from classical myth to modernity.
The tour is self-guided via a booklet available on site. Pick one up on your next visit to
Ranger’s House
Read more about the project
The Out at Rangers tour was created by our Shout Out Loud Young Producers. Learn more about the project on their website here.
Watch the video
Join Dr Dominique Bouchard and Nick Collinson at Ranger’s House in London as they discuss the LGBTQ+ connections of some of the fascinating objects there, part of the Wernher Collection.
Listen to the Podcast
In this podcast episode we hear from Senior Interpretation Manager Nick Collinson, Properties Historian Andrew Roberts and Young Producer Katie Burke to learn more about the LGBTQIA+ tour at Rangers house.
Shout Out Loud
Shout Out Loud
is English Heritage’s national youth engagement programme, and part of the
National Lottery Heritage Fund’s
#KicktheDust
programme. Discover how young people have been exploring and participating in queer heritage in these community projects.
Our House
Watch the documentary about the 2019 play, ‘Our House’, that explored the queer history of Eltham Palace.
‘A Visitor of Mrs Damer’: Queer Circles in Elite Georgian London
From the Shout Out Loud blog written by our young producers and placements: we explore female sculptor Anne Seymour Damer and her network of friends, to reveal a broader picture of elite queerness in Georgian London.
Queer History Month
In this blog post we hear from one of our young project participants on their thoughts on Queer History Month and the
Our Queer History
project – an eight-week youth-led project looking at queer history in Brighton and Hove.
London Pride
Of the hundreds of individuals honoured with London blue plaques, many have lived radical private lives outside the accepted sexual norms of the time, from Oscar Wilde to Virginia Woolf and Alan Turing.
Some were persecuted for it and some helped to challenge public perceptions of gender and sexuality. Explore the stories of some of London’s famous LGBTQ+ residents through our blue plaques scheme.
Explore London’s LGBTQ+ stories
LGBTQ+ blue plaques
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