Fidel V. Ramos - Wikipedia

Fidel V. Ramos - Wikipedia
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(Redirected from
President Fidel V. Ramos
President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998
"FVR" redirects here. For other uses, see
FVR (disambiguation)
In this
Filipino name
, the
middle name
or maternal
family name
is
Valdez
and the surname or paternal family name is
Ramos
Fidel V. Ramos
Official portrait, 1995
12th
President of the Philippines
In office
June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998
Vice President
Joseph Estrada
Preceded by
Corazon Aquino
Succeeded by
Joseph Estrada
17th
Secretary of National Defense
In office
January 22, 1988 – July 18, 1991
President
Corazon Aquino
Preceded by
Rafael Ileto
Succeeded by
Renato de Villa
19th
Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
In office
February 25, 1986 – January 21, 1988
President
Corazon Aquino
Preceded by
Fabian Ver
Succeeded by
Renato de Villa
In office
October 24, 1984 – December 2, 1985
Acting
President
Ferdinand Marcos
Preceded by
Fabian Ver
Succeeded by
Fabian Ver
Vice-Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
In office
December 2, 1985 – February 25, 1986
President
Ferdinand Marcos
Corazon Aquino
Preceded by
Rafael Ileto
Succeeded by
Salvador M. Mison
Chief
of the
Philippine Constabulary
Director General of the
Integrated National Police
(1975–1986)
In office
1972 – March
5, 1986
President
Ferdinand Marcos
Corazon Aquino
Preceded by
Eduardo M. Garcia
Succeeded by
Renato de Villa
Personal details
Born
Fidel Valdez Ramos
1928-03-18
March 18, 1928
Lingayen
Pangasinan
Philippine Islands
Died
July 31, 2022
(2022-07-31)
(aged 94)
Makati
, Philippines
Resting place
Libingan ng mga Bayani
Taguig
, Philippines
Party
Lakas
(1991–2022)
Other political
affiliations
LDP
(1991)
Spouse
Amelita Martinez
m.
1954)
Children
5 (including
Cristy
Alma mater
United States Military Academy
BS
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
MS
National Defense College of the Philippines
(MNSA)
Ateneo de Manila University
MBA
Occupation
Politician
Profession
Soldier
civil engineer
Signature
Website
Official website
Foundation website
Office of the President
(archived)
Military service
Allegiance
Philippines
Branch/service
Philippine Constabulary
Philippine Army
Years of service
1950–1988
Rank
General
Commands
See list
Platoon Leader, 2nd Battalion Combat Team (BCT), Counter-Insurgency against the Communist
Hukbalahap
, 1951
Infantry Company Commander, 16th BCT, Counter-Insurgency against the Communist
Hukbalahap
, 1951
Platoon Leader, 20th BCT,
Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea
, United Nations Command (PEFTOK-UNC),
Korean War
, 1951–1952
Duty, Personnel Research Group, General Headquarters,
Armed Forces of the Philippines
, 1952–1954
Senior Aide de Camp to Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1958–1960
Associate Infantry Company Officer at
Fort Bragg
North Carolina
, 1960
Founder and Commanding Officer of the elite
Special Forces
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1962–1965
Chief of Staff of the Philippine Military Contingent-Philippine Civil Action Group to Vietnam (AFP-PHILCAG),
Vietnam War
, 1965–1968
Presidential Assistant on Military Affairs, 1968–1969
Commander, 3rd Infantry Brigade
Philippine Army
, 1970
Chief of the
Philippine Constabulary
, 1970–1986
Command and General Staff of the Philippine Army, 1985
Acting Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1984–1985
Vice Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, 1985–1986
Military Reformist leader during the
People Power Revolution
, 1986
Chief of Staff of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines
, 1986–1988
Secretary of National Defense
, 1988–1991
Commander in Chief
of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines
, 1992–1998
Battles/wars
Hukbalahap Rebellion
Korean War
Battle of Hill Eerie
Vietnam War
Moro conflict
Battle Of Marawi (1972)
Awards
See list
Philippine Legion of Honor
Commander,
Legion of Merit
Military Merit Medal
United Nations Service Medal
Vietnam Service Medal
Légion d'honneur
Distinguished Conduct Star
(Philippines)
United States Military Academy
Distinguished Award
Korean Service Medal
Family Order of Laila Utama
(Brunei)
Commander, Order of Dharma Pratana (
Indonesia
Grand
Order of Mugunghwa
Collar,
Order of Civil Merit
Honorary Knight Grand Cross,
Order of Saint Michael and Saint George
Knight of the Collar,
Order of Isabella the Catholic
Knight Grand Cordon,
Order of the White Elephant
Order of Nishan-I-Pakistan
Collar,
Order of Carlos III
Collar,
Order of the Merit of Chile
Fidel Ramos's voice
Excerpt from his inaugural speech as president of the Philippines
(Recorded on June 30, 1992)
Fidel Valdez Ramos
CCLH
GCS
KGCR
Tagalog:
[pɪˈdɛl
bɐlˈdɛs
ˈɾamos]
; March 18, 1928 – July 31, 2022),
popularly known as
FVR
and
Eddie Ramos
, was a Filipino general and politician who served as the 12th
president of the Philippines
from 1992 to 1998. He was the only career
military officer
to reach the rank of
five-star general
. Rising from
second lieutenant
to
commander-in-chief
of the
armed forces
, Ramos is credited for revitalizing and renewing international confidence in the Philippine economy during his six years in office.
Ramos rose through the ranks in the Philippine military early in his career and became Chief of the
Philippine Constabulary
and Vice Chief-of-Staff of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines
during the term of President
Ferdinand Marcos
. During the
1986 EDSA People Power Revolution
, Ramos was hailed as a hero by many Filipinos for his decision to break away from the administration of Marcos, and pledge allegiance and loyalty to the newly established government of President
Corazon C. Aquino
. Prior to his election as president, Ramos served in the cabinet of President Aquino, first as chief-of-staff of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines
(AFP), and later as
Secretary of National Defense
from 1986 to 1991.
He was credited with the creation of the
Philippine Army's Special Forces
and the
Philippine National Police Special Action Force
. After his retirement, he remained active in politics, serving as advisor to his successors.
Ramos died of
COVID-19 Omicron variant
at the
Makati Medical Center
in
Makati
on July 31, 2022, at the age of 94.
Early life and education
edit
Rented family house of Narciso Ramos and Angela Valdez in Lingayen, where Fidel and
Leticia Ramos-Shahani
were born
Fidel Valdez Ramos was born on March 18, 1928, in
Lingayen
Pangasinan
, and grew up in
Asingan
during his childhood.
His father,
Narciso
(1900–1986), was a lawyer, journalist and five-term legislator of the
House of Representatives
, who eventually rose to the position of
secretary of foreign affairs
As such, Narciso was the Philippine signatory to the
ASEAN
declaration forged in
Bangkok
in 1967, and was a founding member of the
Liberal Party
. According to Ramos's biography for his
presidential inauguration
in 1992,
Narciso served as one of the leaders of the anti-Japanese guerrilla group
Maharlika
, which was founded by
Ferdinand Marcos
citation needed
His mother, Angela Valdez (1905–1978), was an educator, woman suffragette, and member of the Valdez clan of
Batac
Ilocos Norte
, making him a second degree cousin of former President
Ferdinand Marcos
He received elementary education in a Lingayen public school. Ramos began secondary education at the
University of the Philippines (UP) High School
(now the UP Integrated School), in
Manila
, and continued in the High School Department of
Mapúa Institute of Technology
. He graduated high school from
Centro Escolar University Integrated School
in 1945.
Afterwards, he went to the United States as he received an appointment to the
United States Military Academy
, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Military Engineering degree. He also earned his master's degree in civil engineering at the
University of Illinois
and later took Civil Engineering Board Exam in 1953, where he placed 8th overall.
He also held a master's degree in National Security Administration from the
National Defense College of the Philippines
and a master's degree in Business Administration from
Ateneo de Manila University
. In addition, he received a total of 29
honorary doctorate degrees
Marriage
edit
Fidel Ramos (left to the second row) along his wife
Amelita
(right to the first row) with his parents
Ramos married
Amelita Martinez
on October 21, 1954, at the Central Church (now known as
Central United Methodist Church
) in
Ermita
, Manila.
They started as friends while they were classmates at the UP High School and neighbors at
Padre Faura Street
in Manila.
10
Together, they had five daughters: Angelita Ramos-Jones, Josephine Ramos-Samartino, Carolina Ramos-Sembrano,
Cristina Ramos-Jalasco
, and Gloria Ramos.
They also have five grandsons and three granddaughters.
11
Military career
edit
Early career
edit
Ramos went to the United States Military Academy at
West Point
where he graduated in 1950.
During his stint at the
Philippine Army
, Ramos founded the
Philippine Army Special Forces
. Later, he was named as the commander of the Army's
3rd Division
based in
Cebu City
Cebu
Ramos received several military awards including the
Philippine Legion of Honor
(March 18, 1988, and July 19, 1991), the Distinguished Conduct Star (1991), the Distinguished Service Star (May 20, 1966, December 20, 1967, and August 3, 1981), Philippine Military Merit Medal (May 23, 1952), the U.S. Military Academy Distinguished Graduate Award and
Legion of Merit
(August 1, 1990), and the French
Legion of Honor
12
Korean War service
edit
Ramos was a member of the Philippines' 20th Battalion Combat Team of the
Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea
(PEFTOK) that fought in the
Korean War
. He was an Infantry Reconnaissance Platoon Leader.
Ramos was one of the heroes of the
Battle of Hill Eerie
13
where he led his platoon to sabotage the enemy in Hill Eerie.
14
Vietnam War service
edit
Ramos was also in the
Vietnam War
as a non-combat civil military engineer and Chief of Staff of the
Philippine Civic Action Group
(PHILCAG).
It was during this assignment where he forged his lifelong friendship with his junior officer Maj.
Jose T. Almonte
, who went on to become his National Security Advisor during his administration from 1992 to 1998.
Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos
edit
Main articles:
Martial Law under Ferdinand Marcos
and
Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship
Chief of Indonesian National Police Lieutenant General Awaloeddin Djamin received an honorary visit by Chief of
Philippine Constabulary
Maj. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos, AFP (left), December 1979
Implementation of Martial Law
edit
In January 1972, Ramos was appointed head of the
Philippine Constabulary
, then a major service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
15
which functioned as the country's national police. He served at this post at the time
Ferdinand Marcos
imposed
Martial Law
on September 21, 1972.
In 1975, all civic and municipal police forces in the country were integrated by decree, and it became known as the
Integrated National Police
(INP), which was under the control and supervision of the Philippine Constabulary. As head of the PC, Ramos was
ex officio
the INP's first concurrent Director-General.
Last years of the Marcos administration
edit
Martial Law was formally lifted nine years later on January 17, 1981, but Marcos retained absolute powers. Due to his accomplishments, Ramos was one of the candidates for the position of Chief of Staff of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines
in 1981, as replacement to the retiring General
Romeo Espino
who was the nation's longest serving chief of staff. Ramos lost to General
Fabian Ver
a graduate of the
University of the Philippines
, whom Marcos appointed to the top military post. Instead Ramos, a cousin of Marcos was named AFP Vice-Chief of staff in 1982, and promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, while remaining as PC-INP Chief.
On May 12, 1983, a new unit in the former
Philippine Constabulary
was organized to deal with so-called "terrorist-related" crimes, and named as the Philippine Constabulary
Special Action Force
16
as a requirement of General Order 323 of Philippine Constabulary Headquarters. Fidel Ramos and Gen.
Renato de Villa
were the founders of the unit. De Villa tasked Rosendo Ferrer and Sonny Razon to organize a Special Action Force.
17
Subsequently, a training program called the SAF Ranger Course, was used to train the 1st generation of SAF troopers, which numbered 149.
18
Of that number, 26 were commissioned officers while the rest were enlisted personnel recruited from a wide range of PC units such as the defunct PC Brigade, the Long Range Patrol Battalion (LRP), the K-9 Support Company, PC Special Organized Group, the Light Reaction Unit (LRU) of PC METROCOM, the Constabulary Off-shore Action Command (COSAC), and other PC Units.
18
Later on, they changed the name of the course to the SAF Commando Course.
18
On August 8, 1983, during a speech in
Camp Crame
to commemorate Philippine Constabulary Day, Marcos announced his removal of Defense Minister
Juan Ponce Enrile
from the chain of command, and the creation of a new arrangement with himself as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces replacing AFP Chief of Staff Gen.
Fabian Ver
. Marcos also removed the operational control of the Integrated National Police from the Philippine Constabulary under Gen. Ramos and transferred it under the direct control of Gen. Ver; the Constabulary then had only administrative supervision over the INP.
Role in the EDSA Revolution
edit
Main article:
People Power Revolution
On February 22, 1986, Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile protested alleged fraud committed by Marcos in the
1986 snap elections
, withdrawing support and triggering the non-violent
People Power Revolution
. General Ramos later also defected and followed Enrile into Camp Crame, and the duo shifted their fealty to
Corazón Aquino
, the widow of Senator Benigno Aquino and Marcos' main election rival. On February 25, the "EDSA Revolution" reached its peak when Marcos, along with his family and some supporters, fled into exile in Hawaii with the assistance of the
United States government
, ending his
20-year rule
, leaving Corazon Aquino to accede as the country's first female President. Later in life, Ramos would say he considered his role in the revolution as his "atonement" for his role in the implementation of Martial Law.
19
Combat record
edit
When belittled by the press regarding his combat record, Ramos responded with trademark
sarcasm
(July 31, 1987):
I fought the
communists
as part of the
battalion
combat teams, I went up the ladder. Battalion staff officer.
Company commander
. Task Force commander.
Special Forces group
commander. Brigade commander. All in different periods in our country.
Huk
campaign.
Korean War
campaign. The
Vietnam War
, and I was the head of the advance party of the PHILCAG (Philippine Civil Action Group to Vietnam) that went to a tiny province at the Cambodian border – the so-called Alligator Jaw – War Zone Z where even
Max Soliven
said
The
Viet-Cong
will eat us up.
Of course, we were physically there as non-combat troops. But you try to be a non-combat troop in a combat area – that is the toughest kind of assignment.
Korea – as a Recon platoon leader. What is the job of a recon leader? To recon the front line – no man's land. And what did we do? I had to
assault
a fortified position of the Chinese communists and wiped them out. And what is this Special Forces group that we commanded in the Army – '62–'65? That was the only remaining combat unit in the
Philippine Army
. The rest were training in a military division unit set-up. We were in
Luzon
. We were in
Sulu
. And then, during the previous regime,
Marawi
incident. Who was sent there? Ramos. We defended the camp, being besieged by 400 rebels.
So next time, look at the man's record, don't just write and write. You said, no combat experience, no combat experience. Look around you who comes from the platoon, who rose to battalion staff, company commander, group commander, which is like a battalion,
brigade commander
, here and abroad. Abroad, I never had an abroad assignment that was not combat. NO SOFT JOBS FOR RAMOS. Thirty-seven years in the Armed Forces. REMEMBER THAT. You're only writing about the fringe, but do not allow yourself to destroy the armed forces by those guys. You write about the majority of the Armed Forces who are on the job.
That's why we're here enjoying our freedom, ladies and gentlemen. You are here. If the majority of the Armed Forces did not do their job, I doubt very much if you'd all be here.
excessive quote
20
Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces and Secretary of National Defense
edit
After Corazon Aquino assumed the Presidency, she appointed Ramos as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (1986–1988), and later
Secretary of National Defense
as well as Chairman of the
National Disaster Coordinating Council
(1988–1991),
handling the government's response to disasters such as the
1990 Luzon earthquake
and the
1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
During this time, Ramos personally handled the military operations that crushed
nine coup attempts against the Aquino government
21
1992 presidential campaign: EDSA '92
edit
Main article:
1992 Philippine presidential election
In December 1991, Ramos declared his candidacy for president. However, he lost the nomination of the then-dominant party
Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
(LDP) to House Speaker
Ramon Mitra Jr.
Days later, he bolted from the LDP and founded his own party, the
Partido Lakas Tao
(People Power Party), inviting
Cebu
Governor
Emilio Mario Osmeña
to be his running mate. The party formed a coalition with the National Union of Christian Democrats (NUCD) of Senator & DFA Secretary
Raul Manglapus
and the United Muslim Democrats of the Philippines (UMDP) of Ambassador Sanchez Ali, and turned into Lakas–NUCD Ramos and Osmeña, together with Congressman (later House Speaker)
Jose de Venecia
, campaigned for economic reforms and improved national security and unity.
He won the seven-way race on May 11, 1992, narrowly defeating popular Agrarian Reform Secretary
Miriam Defensor Santiago
. His running mate, Governor Osmeña, lost to Senator
Joseph Estrada
as vice president. Despite winning, he garnered only 23.58% of the vote, the lowest plurality in the country's history. The election results were marred by allegations of fraud as Santiago was leading the race for the first five days of counting but became second after a nationwide energy black-out, putting Ramos in first place. International media were already calling Santiago as the president-elect but withdrew their declarations because of the sudden change in positions in the vote tally. Santiago filed an electoral protest, but it was eventually junked by the
Supreme Court
. The quote, "Miriam won in the elections, but lost in the counting" became popular nationwide.
22
De los Santos alleged that Libyan leader
Muammar al-Qaddafi
had channeled $200,000 (5 million pesos) to Ramos' 1992 election campaign. Philippine election laws prohibit accepting contribution from foreigners.
23
Ramos dismissed the claim as "hearsay by itself, and is further based on a string of successive hearsay conversations" and challenged anyone who presumed the claim's veracity to produce evidence.
24
Presidency (1992–1998)
edit
Main article:
Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos
Ramos taking his oath of office as the 12th
president of the Philippines
on June 30, 1992.
Presidential styles of
Fidel V. Ramos
Reference style
His Excellency
Spoken style
Your Excellency
Alternative style
Mr. President
At the time of his accession in 1992, he was the first and only
Protestant
to date to be elected President of the Philippines, which has a majority-
Roman Catholic
population, and the only Filipino officer in history to have held every rank in the Philippine military from Second Lieutenant to Commander-in-Chief.
The first three years of his administration were characterized by an economic boom, technological development, political stability, and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people. He advocated party platforms as an outline and agenda for governance. He was the first
Christian Democrat
to be elected in the country, being the founder of Lakas-CMD (Christian-Muslim Democrats Party). He was one of the most influential leaders and the unofficial spokesman of
liberal democracy
in Asia.
25
Official portrait, 1995
Domestic policies
edit
Philippines 2000
edit
Main article:
Philippines 2000
Ramos' policies were organized around a
socio-economic
program dubbed "Philippines 2000",
26
which envisioned the Philippines achieving a
newly industrialized country
status by the year 2000 and beyond.
The five points of the program were:
Peace and Stability
Economic Growth and Sustainable Development
Energy and Power Generation
Environmental Protection
Streamlined Bureaucracy
Contrary to expectations as a former military general, Ramos made peace with the country's various armed rebel groups, kickstarting the process by creating a National Unification Commission (NUC) and appointing
Haydee Yorac
to be its chair.
27
Upon the recommendation of the NUC, Ramos eventually decided to grant amnesty to the rebel military officers of the
Reform the Armed Forces Movement
(RAM) led by
Gregorio Honasan
and Proceso Maligalig.
contradictory
Ramos was instrumental in the signing of the final peace agreement between the government and the
Moro National Liberation Front
(MNLF) led by
Nur Misuari
in 1996.
Although he battled Communist rebels as a young lieutenant in the 1950s, Ramos signed into law the
Republic Act
No. 7636,
28
which repealed the
Anti-Subversion Law
29
With its repeal, membership in the once-outlawed
Communist Party of the Philippines
became legal.
30
It was also during his presidency that the Comprehensive Agreement on Respect for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (CARHRIHL), which provided a mechanism to monitor human rights abuses in the course of operations was signed between the government and the CPP on 16 March 1998.
31
Economic reforms
edit
Economy of the Philippines under
President Fidel Ramos
1992–1998
Population
1992
{\displaystyle \approx }
63.82 million
Gross Domestic Product (constant 1985 prices)
1992
Ph₱
718,941 million
1997
Ph₱
893,151 million
Growth rate, 1992–1998 average
4.9%
Per capita income (constant 1985 prices)
1992
Ph₱
11,265
1997
Ph₱
12,147
Total exports
1992
Ph₱
250,610 million
1997
Ph₱
743,469 million
Exchange rates
1 US$ =
Ph₱
29.47
Ph₱
= US$ 0.034
Sources
FIDEL V. RAMOS
During his administration, Ramos began implementing economic reforms intended to open up the once-closed national economy, encourage private enterprise, invite more foreign and domestic investment, and reduce corruption. Ramos ended the government's monopoly over the skies and opened aviation to new players.
32
Ramos was also known as the most-traveled Philippine President compared to his predecessors with numerous foreign trips abroad, generating about
US$
20 billion
worth of foreign investments to the Philippines. To ensure a positive financial outlook on the Philippines, Ramos led the
4th
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC) Leaders' Summit in the Philippines in November 1996.
Under his administration, the Philippines enjoyed economic growth and stability. The
Philippine Stock Exchange
in the mid-1990s was one of the best in the world and his visions of '
Philippines 2000
' that led the country into a newly industrialized country in the world and the "Tiger Cub Economy in Asia".
33
Power crisis
edit
At the start of Ramos' tenure, the Philippines was experiencing widespread blackouts due to huge demand for electricity, the antiquity of power plants, the abolishment of the
Department of Energy
, and the discontinuation of the
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
during the Corazon Aquino administration. During his State of the Nation address on July 27, 1992, he requested that the
Congress
enact a law that would create an Energy Department that would plan and manage the Philippines' energy demands. Congress not only created the department but gave him special emergency powers to resolve the power crisis. Using the powers given to him, Ramos issued licenses to independent power producers (IPP) to construct power plants within 24 months. Ramos issued supply contracts that guaranteed the government would buy whatever power the IPPs produced under the contract in U.S. dollars to entice investments in power plants. This became a problem during the
1997 Asian financial crisis
when the demand for electricity contracted and the
Philippine peso
lost half of its value.
Ramos personally pushed for the speedy approval of some of the most expensive power deals, and justified signing more contracts despite warnings from within the government and the
World Bank
that an impending oversupply of electricity could push up prices, a situation that persists in the Philippines up to the present. Individuals linked to Ramos lobbied for the approval of some of the contracts for
independent power producers
(IPPs), which came with numerous other deals, including lucrative legal, technical, and financial consultancies that were given to individuals and companies close to him. Among the deals tied to IPP projects were insurance contracts in which companies made millions of dollars in commissions alone. All the IPP contracts came with attractive incentives and guarantees. Every contract was designed to give IPP creditors some degree of comfort in financing ventures that would usually involve huge capital and risks. Most IPPs were funded by foreign loans secured with a form of government guarantee or performance undertaking, which meant that the Philippine government would pay for the loans if the IPPs defaulted. The Ramos government continued signing IPP contracts even after the end of 1993 when the power crisis was considered solved. The World Bank came up with a report in 1994 warning that power rates would rise if the government continued to enter into more IPP contracts that would mean excess power. The World Bank questioned the ambitious projections of the government on economic growth and power demand from 1994 to 1998. It also warned that the power generated by private utilities' IPPs could duplicate those of the
National Power Corporation
and create an overcapacity. The World Bank said that the factors created considerable uncertainty in power demand, like substantial overcapacity, particularly under take-or-pay conditions and would require considerable tariff increases that would be unpopular with the public.
34
Death penalty
edit
Main article:
Capital punishment in the Philippines
While campaigning for the presidency, Ramos declared his support for reinstating the death penalty. Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1987, making the Philippines the first Asian country to do so. In 1996, Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the
electric chair
(method used from 1923 to 1976, making Philippines the only country to do so outside U.S.)
"until the
gas chamber
could be installed"
35
However, no one was electrocuted or gassed, because the previously used chair was destroyed earlier in a fire and the Philippines adopted the method of
lethal injection
. After his presidency, some people were put to death by this means, until the death penalty was abolished again in 2006.
Foreign policies
edit
Spratly Islands
edit
President Fidel V. Ramos troops the honor guards at the Pentagon with Secretary of Defense
William Cohen
during a state visit in 1998.
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In early 1995, the Philippines discovered a primitive
PRC military
structure on Mischief Reef in the
Spratly Islands
, 130 nautical miles (240 km; 150 mi) off the coast of
Palawan
. The Philippine government issued a formal protest over the PRC's occupation of the reef and the
Philippine Navy
arrested sixty-two Chinese fishermen at Half Moon Shoal, eighty kilometers from Palawan. A week later, following confirmation from surveillance pictures that the structures were of military design, President Fidel Ramos had the military forces in the region strengthened. He ordered the
Philippine Air Force
to dispatch five
F-5 fighters
backed by four jet trainers and two helicopters, while the navy sent two additional ships. The People's Republic of China had claimed that the structures were shelters for fishermen but these small incidents could have triggered a war in the
South China Sea
Migrant workers protection
edit
A perceived weakness
according to whom?
of his administration was the situation in handling migrant workers' protection, a very major issue in the Philippines, as there are millions of Filipinos abroad throughout the world serving as workers in foreign countries, and their remittances to relatives at home are very important to the Filipino economy. On the eve of his 67th birthday on March 17, 1995, Ramos was on a foreign trip when
Flor Contemplación
was hanged in Singapore. His last-minute effort to negotiate with Singapore President
Ong Teng Cheong
and Prime Minister
Goh Chok Tong
failed and Ramos' return was marred with protests after his arrival in
Manila
. The protests also caused the resignation of Foreign Affairs Secretary
Roberto Romulo
and Labor Secretary
Nieves Confesor
from the cabinet. He immediately recalled Philippine ambassador to Singapore Alicia Ramos and suspended diplomatic relations with Singapore and created a special commission to look into the case, which was in part an effort to try to rescue his sagging popularity.
citation needed
The commission was led by retired
Supreme Court
Justice
Emilio Gancayco
As recommended by the Gancayco Commission, Ramos facilitated the enactment of Republic Act No. 8042, better known as the "Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995", which was signed into law on June 7, 1995.
36
Learning from the lessons of the Contemplación case, Ramos immediately ordered Philippines Ambassador to the
UAE
Roy Señeres
to facilitate negotiations after learning of the death penalty verdict of
Sarah Balabagan
in September 1995. Balabagan's sentence was reduced and she was released in August 1996. After tensions cooled off, Ramos restored diplomatic relations with Singapore after meeting Goh Chok Tong on the sidelines during the 50th anniversary of the United Nations in New York City.
1997 Asian financial crisis
edit
Main article:
1997 Asian financial crisis
The
1997 Asian financial crisis
, which started in Thailand, was a major blow to the end of the Ramos administration, with him stepping down with a negative GDP growth. The economy was hit by currency devaluation with the
Philippine Peso
dropped to ₱45.42/$1 in January 1998 from ₱26.40/$1 in July 1997.
37
The same was true for the
Thai baht
Malaysian ringgit
, and
Indonesian rupiah
. Growth fell to about −0.6% in 1998 from 5.2% in 1997, but recovered to 3.4% by 1999. It also resulted in the shutdown of some businesses, a decline in importation, a rising unemployment rate, and an unstable financial sector.
Clark Centennial Expo Scandal
edit
Supposedly, one of his notable contributions to the Philippines was the revival of nationalistic spirit by embarking on a massive promotion campaign for the centennial of Philippine Independence celebrated on June 12, 1998. However, charges of alleged massive corruption or misuse of funds blemished the resulting programs and various projects, one of which was the Centennial Expo and Amphitheater at the former
Clark Air Base
in
Angeles City
, supposedly Ramos's pet project. The commemorative projects, particularly those undertaken at Clark, were hounded by illegal electioneering and corruption controversies even years after the Centennial celebrations. Clark Air Base at that point was already completely free of American interference and therefore conceived as a suitable venue for
Independence Day
. In 1992, all American military bases were transferred to Philippine control after the Senate rejected the military bases agreement with the United States.
Later on it was revealed through a special report by the
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
(PCIJ) that the projects relating to the Expo site not only revealed the extravagance and inefficiency of the administration, but also served as a convenient vehicle to affect election fund-raising for the LAKAS political party of Ramos, which came at the expense of tax-payers and was in direct violation of the
Election Code
. The
Centennial Expo Pilipino
project, intended to be the centerpiece for celebrating the 100th anniversary of the country's independence from Spain, also earned extensive criticism for being an expensive
white elephant
project that disadvantaged the government at the cost of
₱9 billion
or 1.7 percent of the country's 1998 national budget.
38
Six ranking Ramos cabinet members and officials, headed by
Salvador Laurel
(former vice-president), chairman of the Centennial Commission, were cleared by the
Ombudsman
and the
Sandiganbayan
. Ramos appeared before a Congressional Committee in October 1998 to help exonerate said officials of any wrongdoing.
Charter change
edit
During his final years in office, Ramos tried to amend the country's
1987 constitution
through a process popularly known to many Filipinos as
charter change
or
cha-cha
. Widespread protests led by Corazon Aquino and the
Roman Catholic Church
stopped him from pushing through with the plan. Political analysts were divided as to whether Ramos really wanted to use charter change to extend his presidency or only to imbalance his opponents as the next presidential election neared. He also intended to extend the term limits of the presidency to remain in power but his political rival
Miriam Defensor Santiago
went to the Supreme Court and negated extending the term limit of the president, which preserved democracy at the time.
39
Administration and cabinet
edit
Main article:
Presidency of Fidel Ramos § Administration and cabinet
Post-presidency (1998–2022)
edit
Activities
edit
EDSA II
edit
In January 2001, Ramos was instrumental in the success of the so-called
Second EDSA Revolution
that deposed Philippine president
Joseph Estrada
and installed then-Vice President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
as president.
40
Ramos was Chairman Emeritus of his party now named
Lakas–CMD
. The CMD or Christian–Muslim Democrats in the party's name adopted in 2003 which led by then-President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.
At the height of the
election-rigging scandal
in July 2005, Ramos publicly convinced President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
not to resign from office.
41
Ramos, who was also hounded by charges of electoral fraud during the 1992 elections which were never proven in the Supreme Court, repeatedly stated that the scandal is nowhere as grave as that of People Power Revolutions of 1986 and 2001, citing factors such as the stagnant Philippine economy in the final years of the Marcos regime as well as the allegedly massive corruption of the Estrada administration. According to Arroyo, he also showed full support to her during the failed coups in the latter part of her presidency.
42
Advocacies
edit
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needs additional citations for
verification
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improve this article
by
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Ramos, then-Philippine Special Envoy to China, briefs President
Rodrigo Duterte
and the cabinet.
Ramos also unveiled his proposals for constitutional change of the country. Citing the need to be more economically competitive in the midst of
globalization
and the need to improve governance for all Filipinos, Ramos suggested that government should start the process of Charter Change with a set deadline in 2007 (by which time the new charter and new government would take effect). Ramos supported the transformation of the country's political system from the Philippine presidential-bicameral-system into a unicameral parliament in transition to a federal form.
Ramos represented the Philippines in the
ASEAN Eminent Persons Group
, tasked to draft the Charter of the
Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN). He was also a member of numerous international groups and fora, and was the chairman of the board of directors of the
Boao Forum for Asia
(also one of the co-founders of BFA) and co-chairman of the Global Meeting of the
Emerging Markets Forum
(EMF). Ramos was heavily recommended for the position of the United Nations envoy to
Myanmar
(formerly known as Burma) in June 2006.
He served as the
Carlyle Group
Asia Advisor Board Member until the board was disbanded in February 2004. More recently, as a private citizen, Ramos was engaged in various private sector advocacies where he played prominent roles. These included; chairman, Ramos Peace and Development Foundation; chairman,
Boao Forum for Asia
; Trustee,
International Crisis Group
(ICG); Member, Advisory Group,
UN University for Peace
; Honorary Director, General Douglas MacArthur Foundation; Founding Member, Policy Advisory Commission,
World Intellectual Property Organization
(PAC-WIPO); Honorary Member, World Commission on Water for the 21st century; Member, International Advisory Council, Asia House; Patron, Opportunity International (Philippines); Global Advisor,
University of Winnipeg
; Honorary Chairman, Yuchengco Center,
De La Salle University
; Member, Advisory Board,
Metrobank
; Honorary President,
Human Development Network (HDN) Philippines
; Lifetime Honorary President,
Christian Democrats International (CDI)
; and Chairman Emeritus,
Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats
(CMD) Party.
Ramos was also a firm backer of the proposed Philippine
Reproductive Health bill
. During a meet-up with fellow RH bill supporters in May 2011, he urged President
Benigno Aquino III
to certify the RH bill as urgent, saying it is the "right thing" to do.
43
During his administration, the
Department of Health
under
Juan Flavier
launched an intense drive to promote
family planning
Asiaweek
reported in August 1994 that under Ramos, "family planning funding has quintupled." They also noted that President Ramos "has gone the farthest of any administration in opposing the Church's positions on contraception and abortion."
44
As of 2024, Ramos was listed by the Forum for Family Planning and Development as one of its Eminent Persons.
45
46
47
Ramos was a member of the
Global Leadership Foundation
, an organization which works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation and promote good governance in the form of democratic institutions, open markets, human rights and the rule of law. It does so by making available, discreetly and in confidence, the experience of former leaders to today's national leaders. It is a not-for-profit organization composed of former heads of government, senior governmental and international organization officials who work closely with Heads of Government on governance-related issues of concern to them.
Ramos Peace and Development Foundation
edit
After his presidency, Ramos founded the Ramos Foundation for Peace and Development (RPDEV) with offices located in the
Urban Bank Building
(now ExportBank Plaza) in
Makati
. The foundation is a non-partisan, nonprofit, non-stock organization dedicated to promoting peace and development in the Philippines and the larger Asia-Pacific region. RPDEV supports Philippine national interests and people empowerment.
Operating as a network of individuals and institutions inside and outside the country, it is meant to serve as a catalyst for constructive change, a medium for fostering unity, stability, and progress, and a force for mutual understanding.
48
Philippine Envoy to China
edit
Ramos (center) as Special Envoy to China meets with President
Rodrigo Duterte
(right) on September 14, 2016.
President-elect
Rodrigo Duterte
revealed in June 2016 that Ramos was the one who pushed him to run for office so that "Mindanao will finally have a Filipino president."
citation needed
On July 23, 2016, Ramos was appointed by President Duterte as the Philippine Envoy to
China
to strengthen bilateral ties again after a much-heated diplomatic war over the
South China Sea
49
50
On 8 August 2016, the Philippines him to Hong Kong to mitigate tensions.
51
: 129
Ramos met with
Fu Ying
(chair of China's
Foreign Affairs Committee for the National People's Congress
) and Wu Shicun (president of the National Institute for South China Sea Studies).
51
: 129
Ramos conveyed the Philippines' willingness to engage in formal discussions with China.
51
: 129
The three issued a statement in their personal capacities emphasizing cooperation and dialogue between the two countries.
51
: 129
On November 1, 2016, Ramos sent his resignation after President Duterte returned from his state visit to China "because the officials have taken over." Duterte accepted his resignation from the post on the same day.
52
He was replaced by veteran journalist
Jose Santiago "Chito" Sta. Romana
53
After stepping down, while he continued to show support to President Rodrigo Duterte, he had been vocal in raising concerns and criticisms to his administration. In February 2017, Ramos raised his concern about
impunity
and
unilateralism
amidst the
drug war
54
In May 2017, Ramos criticized government officials who went with Duterte to
Russia
, claiming they turned the President's official visit into a "junket", which the Palace later denied.
55
In September 2017, Ramos said the Philippines continued to "lose badly" under the Duterte administration.
56
Despite his criticisms, Duterte still saw him as his "number one supporter" and at the same time his "number one critic", and even called him his "everything."
57
58
59
COVID-19 pandemic
edit
Ramos pictured on June 25, 2021, receiving his second dose of
Sinovac
's
COVID-19 vaccine
in Muntinlupa.
During the
COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
, he stayed under strict home quarantine and kept himself updated of the latest news including the pandemic.
60
61
On June 25, 2021, he completed his
COVID-19 vaccination
by receiving his second dose in
Ayala Alabang
Muntinlupa
62
where he had lived.
63
On March 18, 2022, on Ramos' 94th birthday, the Fidel V. Ramos Presidential Library was launched online.
48
It became the first and, so far, the only online presidential library in the Philippines.
64
It was later revealed that Ramos was already ill at this time and was unable to take on visitors.
65
2022 elections
edit
Ramos did not make his endorsement public during the
2022 elections
, but he pledged support for the
presidential bid
of
Leni Robredo
, whom he had also successfully endorsed for vice president in
2016
66
This was despite the fact that his party
Lakas–CMD
had earlier adopted her rival
Bongbong Marcos
, who was the running mate of Lakas chairperson
Sara Duterte
, as its presidential candidate.
67
Death and funeral
edit
State funeral of Fidel V. Ramos at the
Libingan ng mga Bayani
in
Taguig
on August 9, 2022, the day of his burial.
On July 31, 2022, Ramos died from the complications of the
COVID-19 Omicron variant
at the
Makati Medical Center
in
Makati
, at the age of 94.
68
According to the radio station
DZRH
and his family statement, he has been
fully or triple vaccinated
, but he compromised his
immune system
; he also had suffered from a
heart condition
69
At the time of his death, he was the second longest living president in Philippine history, only behind
Emilio Aguinaldo
by 186 days. He was previously the oldest living president, a distinction he held from
Diosdado Macapagal
's death in 1997.
Ramos's grave at the
Libingan ng mga Bayani
President
Bongbong Marcos
declared a nine-day period of "
national mourning day
" from July 31 to August 9, 2022, where all national flags were "flown at
half-mast
from sunrise to sunset" as a sign of mourning.
70
Due prevailing policies about COVID-19 Omicron-related deaths in the country (during the Omicron time in the first 18-month period), Ramos' remains were
cremated
, which made him the second Philippine president to have been cremated before an initial burial after former President
Benigno Aquino III
in June 2021. His wake was held from August 4 to 8 at The Chapels at Heritage Park in
Taguig
71
On August 9, he was accorded a
state funeral
, which was the first for a former Philippine president since Diosdado Macapagal.
72
His remains were inurned at the
Libingan ng mga Bayani
between former presidents
Elpidio Quirino
and
Ferdinand Marcos Sr
11
73
74
Approval ratings
edit
SWS
Net satisfaction ratings of Fidel V. Ramos
(September 1992 – April 1998)
75
Date
Rating
Sep 1992
+66
Dec 1992
+60
Apr 1993
+66
Jul 1993
+69
Sep 1993
+62
Dec 1993
+65
Apr 1994
+67
Aug 1994
+55
Nov 1994
+49
Dec 1994
+50
Mar 1995
+24
Jun 1995
+26
Oct 1995
+1
Dec 1995
+2
Apr 1996
+17
Jun 1996
+19
Sep 1996
+21
Dec 1996
+24
Apr 1997
+50
Jun 1997
+49
Sep 1997
+35
Dec 1997
+40
Jan 1998
+13
Feb 1998
+20
Mar 1998
+15
Mar–Apr 1998
+30
Apr 1998
+19
Average
+38
Electoral history
edit
Electoral history of Fidel V. Ramos
Year
Office
Party
Votes received
Result
Total
Swing
1992
President of the Philippines
Lakas
5,342,521
23.58%
1st
N/a
Won
Honors and decorations
edit
This section
needs additional citations for
verification
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improve this article
by
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in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Ramos House marker
National Honors
edit
: Commander of the
Philippine Legion of Honor
, Second Bronze Anahaw Leaf (March 18, 1988)
: Commander of the
Philippine Legion of Honor
, Third Bronze Anahaw Leaf (July 19, 1991)
: Knight Grand Cross of the
Order of the Knights of Rizal
76
Military Merit Medal
with Spearhead (May 23, 1952)
Distinguished Service Star
(May 20, 1966)
Distinguished Service Star
, First Bronze Anahaw Leaf (December 20, 1967)
Military Commendation Medal
(May 31, 1968)
Distinguished Service Star
, First Silver Anahaw Leaf (August 3, 1981)
Outstanding Achievement Medal
(July 29, 1983)
Distinguished Conduct Star
(January 14, 1991)
: AFP Long Service Medal
Korean Campaign Medal
Vietnam Service Medal
Disaster Relief & Rehabilitation Operation Ribbon
Foreign Honors
edit
Brunei
Honorary Member of
The Most Esteemed Family Order of Brunei
(March 5, 1988)
Chile
Collar of the Grand Cross of the
Order of the Merit of Chile
France
Grand Cross of the Order of
Legion of Honour
Indonesia
Grand Meritorious Military Order Star, 1st Class (June 20, 1989)
77
National Police Meritorious Service Star, 1st Class (June 17, 1974)
78
Malaysia
Honorary Recipient of the
Order of the Crown of the Realm
(1995)
79
Pakistan
Nishan-e-Pakistan
(March 8, 1997)
Panama
Collar of the
Order of Manuel Amador Guerrero
(September 18, 1995)
Peru
Grand Cross of the
Order of the Sun of Peru
(1994)
80
Spain
Collar of the
Order of Civil Merit
(September 2, 1994)
81
Collar of the
Order of Isabella the Catholic
(March 24, 1995)
82
Collar of the
Order of Charles III
(January 30, 1998)
83
South Korea
Grand Order of Mugunghwa
Cheonsu Medal, Order of National Security Merit
Thailand
Knight Grand Cordon of The Most Exalted
Order of the White Elephant
(January 29, 1997)
United Nations
United Nations Korea Medal
United Kingdom
Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished
Order of St. Michael and St. George
(1995)
United States
: Commander of the
Legion of Merit
(August 1, 1990)
Vietnam Service Medal
Korean Service Medal
Other awards
edit
Rizal Pro Patria Award (June 22, 1993)
International organizations
edit
Bronze Wolf Award
(July 28, 1993)
Legacy
edit
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may incorporate text from a
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It may include
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FVR Legacy Initiative
edit
The FVR Legacy Initiative is a digital platform that honors the life and leadership of President Fidel V. Ramos, the 12th President of the Philippines. It offers a rich archive of materials that span his early years, military service, presidency, and post-presidential contributions to peace and development. It is a commemorative and educational project dedicated to preserving and promoting the leadership principles, governance philosophy, and historical contributions of former Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos. It serves as a multi-platform archive and advocacy network that highlights Ramos’ role in shaping democratic governance, national development, and regional diplomacy during and beyond his presidency (1992–1998).
84
Fidel V. Ramos LEAD4R Fellowship Program
edit
On March 18, 2024, the
UP National College of Public Administration and Governance
(UP NCPAG), in collaboration with the Management Association of the Philippines (MAP) and the FVR Legacy Initiative, launched the Fidel V. Ramos LEAD4R Fellowship Program. This executive education initiative is designed to honor the legacy of former President Fidel V. Ramos by promoting progressive governance and leadership principles.
85
The program is tailored for current and future leaders across government, civil society, and the private sector. Its core mission is to foster values such as collaboration, integrity, accountability, and inclusivity in pursuit of public sector reform and sustainable development. The
University of the Philippines
emphasized that the fellowship seeks to instill the enduring leadership model of President Ramos, who championed democratic values alongside economic growth. His administration is remembered for linking economic progress with democratic reform, both nationally and globally. Structured as a 10-month non-degree program, the fellowship is equivalent to six academic units at the master's level. It offers participants exposure to innovative governance practices from both local and international contexts.
86
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edit
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Philippine Daily Inquirer
Archived
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. Retrieved
August 29,
2024
Wang, Frances Yaping (2024).
The Art of State Persuasion: China's Strategic Use of Media in Interstate Disputes
Oxford University Press
ISBN
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"Duterte confirms Ramos resignation as special envoy to China"
SunStar
. November 2, 2016. Archived from
the original
on November 4, 2016
. Retrieved
November 4,
2016
"Beijing-based journalist 'Chito' Sta. Romana is new PH envoy to China"
Philippine Daily Inquirer
"Ex-Philippine leader Ramos concerned about impunity, Duterte 'unilateralism'
Reuters
. Manila. February 13, 2017
. Retrieved
August 9,
2022
"Russia trip not a junket, Duterte tells FVR"
ABS-CBN News
. July 29, 2017
. Retrieved
August 9,
2022
"GUSTO NG POGI POINTS? | Duterte disowns signature gesture, says fist bump started by FVR"
Interaksyon
. November 13, 2017
. Retrieved
August 9,
2022
Romero, Alexis (November 28, 2016).
"FVR my No.1 supporter, critic – Rody"
The Philippine Star
. Yahoo! News. Archived from
the original
on August 9, 2022
. Retrieved
August 9,
2022
Mangosing, Frances (July 17, 2017).
"Duterte to FVR: You're my No.1 supporter and critic"
INQUIRER.net
. Retrieved
August 9,
2022
'My lahat': Duterte calls FVR 'his everything'
ABS-CBN News
. April 18, 2018
. Retrieved
August 9,
2022
Cal, Ben (May 2, 2020).
"FVR is doing fine"
Philippine News Agency
. BusinessMirror
. Retrieved
August 1,
2022
Cal, Ben (March 18, 2021).
"FVR at 93 is still sharp, keeps abreast of news"
The Manila Standard
. Retrieved
August 1,
2022
"LOOK: Former president Fidel Ramos completes COVID-19 vaccination"
INQUIRER.net
. June 25, 2021
. Retrieved
August 1,
2022
Bunye, Ignacio R.
(August 8, 2022).
"PFVR, a favorite son of Muntinlupa"
Manila Bulletin
. Retrieved
June 27,
2025
Cal, Ben (March 18, 2022).
"FVR turns 94, online presidential library unveiled"
. Retrieved
August 1,
2022
"Ramos has been sick for a while: Bello"
ABS-CBN News
. August 1, 2022
. Retrieved
August 1,
2022
Antonio, Raymund (August 1, 2022).
"LOOK: Leni Robredo shares old family photo with 'personal friend' Fidel Ramos"
Manila Bulletin
. Retrieved
August 2,
2022
Tolentino, Ma. Reina Leanne (November 24, 2021).
"Lakas adopts BBM as presidential bet"
The Manila Times
. Retrieved
August 2,
2022
"Fidel Ramos, Who Helped End Marcos Dictatorship, Dies at 94"
Bloomberg
. July 31, 2022
. Retrieved
July 31,
2022
'Death of a great statesman': Former presidents pay tribute to Fidel Ramos"
. Philippine Star. August 1, 2022
. Retrieved
August 3,
2022
Parrocha, Azer (August 1, 2022).
"PBBM declares July 31-Aug. 9 as nat'l days of mourning for FVR"
Philippine News Agency
. Retrieved
August 1,
2022
Galvez, Daphne (August 2, 2022).
"Former President Fidel Ramos' wake to start on Aug. 4-8"
INQUIRER.net
. Retrieved
August 2,
2022
Montemayor, Jocelyn (August 8, 2022).
"FVR state burial set"
Malaya
. Retrieved
August 9,
2022
Valiente, Catherine (August 9, 2022).
"PH holds state funeral for Ramos"
The Manila Times
. Retrieved
August 9,
2022
Terencio, Jojo (August 4, 2023).
"Remembering FVR"
Publiko
. Retrieved
May 25,
2024
"Net Satisfaction Ratings of Presidents: Philippines (Page 1 of 2)"
Social Weather Stations
. September 24, 2021. Archived from
the original
on October 20, 2021
. Retrieved
March 2,
2022
"Our Story"
Knights of Rizal
. Archived from
the original
on June 15, 2021
. Retrieved
December 10,
2021
Dharmasena Bagian 15, Edisi 19-29
. Pusat Penerangan HANKAM. 1989. p. 38. Archived from the original on November 30, 2024.
Daily Report Asia & Pacific · Edisi 117-126
. The Service. 1974. Archived from the original on November 30, 2024.
"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang, dan Pingat Persekutuan"
"Condecorados: Orden El Sol del Perú"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on October 9, 2022
. Retrieved
July 23,
2022
"Real Decreto 1819/1994, de 2 de septiembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden del Mérito Civil a su excelencia señor don Fidel Valdez Ramos, Presidente de la República de Filipinas"
(PDF)
. Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE)
. Retrieved
September 24,
2016
"Real Decreto 453/1995, de 24 de marzo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a su excelencia señor Fidel Valdez Ramos, Presidente de la República de Filipinas"
(PDF)
. Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE)
. Retrieved
September 24,
2016
"Real Decreto 136/1998, de 30 de enero, por el que se concede el Collar de la Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos III a su Excelencia el Presidente de la República de Filipinas, don Fidel V. Ramos"
(PDF)
. Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE)
. Retrieved
September 24,
2016
"The FVR Legacy"
. Retrieved
August 23,
2025
"Legacy leadership: UP's new governance program rooted in the vision of former president FVR"
Manila Bulletin
. March 18, 2024
. Retrieved
August 23,
2025
"The UP NCPAG – Fidel V. Ramos LEAD4R Fellowship Program on Advanced Governance and Leadership for Public Sector Reform"
. Retrieved
August 23,
2025
Sources
edit
Wikisource
has original works by or about:
Fidel Valdez Ramos
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Fidel V. Ramos
Fidel Ramos Curriculum Vitae
Westpoint Distinguished Graduate Award: DGA Fidel Ramos
Zaide, Sonia M. (1999).
The Philippines: A Unique Nation
. All Nations Publishing.
ISBN
971-642-071-4
Bardos, Phil,
Cold War Warriors: The Story of the Achievements and Leadership of the Men of the West Point Class of 1950
, (United States, 2000)
Bowring, Philip. "Filipino Democracy Needs Stronger Institutions.", January 22, 2001.
International Herald Tribune
. Retrieved August 24, 2008:
"Church, elite, Ramos ousted me, says Estrada."
SunStar Network Online
. (June 1, 2006). Retrieved August 24, 2008:
Fernandez, Butch. "Ramos told to come clean before hitting Palace pardon for Erap." (November 2–3, 2007).
Business Mirror
. Retrieved August 24, 2008:
Florentino-Hofilena and Ian Sayson.
Centennial Expo: Convenient Cover for Election Fundraising
. (June 14–16, 1999). Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism:
Johnson, Bryan,
Four Days of Courage: The Untold Story of the Fall of Ferdinand Marcos
, (Toronto, Canada, 1987)
Cal, Ben,
FVR Through the Years
, (Washington, D.C., USA, 1998)
Hamilton-Paterson, James,
America's Boy: The Marcoses and the Philippines
, (Granta Books, London, Great Britain, 1998)
Lazaro, Isagani L.,
Mga Dakilang Lider na Pilipino
, 5th Edition, (National Book Store, Mandaluyong, Philippines, 2004)
Mendoza Jr., Amado.
Study 2a-The industrial anatomy of corruption: Government procurement, bidding and award of contracts
. Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Transparent Accountable Governance website:
More electricity rate hikes to come: Sale of energy assets to have long-term shocking effects on the people – Bayan Muna
. (August 21, 2007). Bayan Muna.
Mydans, Seth. "Expecting Praise, Filipinos Are Criticized for Ouster."
The New York Times
. (February 5, 2001). Retrieved August 24, 2008:
Mydans, Seth. "Manila Journal; People Power 2: A Sleeping Giant Is Awakened."
The New York Times
. (September 22, 1997). Retrieved August 24, 2008:
Rimban, Luz and Samonte-Pesayco, Sheila.
Trail of Power Mess Leads to Ramos.
(August 5–8, 2002). Retrieved August 24, 2008, from the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism website:
Chŏnsa Pʻyŏnchʻan Wiwŏnhoe,
The history of the United Nations forces in the Korean War
, Volume I-VI, (Seoul, Ministry of National Defense, Republic of Korea, 1972–77)
Ramos Presidential Center, Makati City
Senate, Republic of the Philippines.
COMMITTEE REPORT NO. 30
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[1]
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Philippine Daily Inquirer
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Villasanta, Johnny F., 20th Battalion Combat Team (Leaders), The Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea (1950–1955),
26, 2009+00:22:05, (August 26, 2006)
External links
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Official website
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1990s
Offices and distinctions
Military offices
Preceded by
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Chief of the Philippine Constabulary
1980–1986
Succeeded by
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Succeeded by
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1996
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Fidel V. Ramos
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Other media
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("
Kalapati
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")
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Slogans
Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa
Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan
Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!
Never again
Gestures
V sign
Laban sign
Raised fist
Legacy and
historiography
Monuments and
memorials
Bantayog ng mga Bayani
EDSA Shrine
People Power Monument
individuals
Disinformation
and distortionism
Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality
Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
Cabinet
of
President
Fidel V. Ramos
(1992-1998)
Vice-President
Joseph Estrada
(1992–1998)
Secretary of Agrarian Reform
Ernesto Garilao (1992–1998)
Secretary of Agriculture
Roberto Sebastian (1992–1996)
Salvador Escudero III
(1996–1998)
Secretary of Budget and Management
Salvador Enriquez, Jr. (1992–1998)
Emilia Boncodin
(1998)
Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports
Armand Fabella
(1992–1994)
Ricardo Gloria (1994–1997)
Erlinda Piafanco (1998)
Secretary of Energy
Rufino Bomasang (1992–1993)
Delfin Lazaro (1993–1994)
Francisco Viray (1994–1998)
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources
Angel Alcala
(1992–1995)
Victor Ramos (1995–1998)
Secretary of Finance
Ramon del Rosario, Jr. (1992–1993)
Ernest Leung (1993–1994)
Roberto de Ocampo
(1994–1998)
Salvador Enriquez (1998)
Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Roberto Romulo (1992–1995)
Domingo Siazon, Jr.
(1995–1998)
Secretary of Health
Juan Flavier
(1992–1995)
Jaime Galvez Tan (1995)
Hilarion Ramiro, Jr. (1995–1996)
Carmencita Reodica (1996–1998)
Secretary of the Interior and Local Government
Rafael Alunan III (1992–1996)
Robert Barbers
(1996–1998)
Epimaco Velasco
(1998)
Nelson Collantes (1998)
Secretary of Justice
Franklin Drilon
(1992–1995)
Demetrio Demetria (1995)
Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
(1995–1998)
Silvestre Bello III
(1998)
Secretary of Labor and Employment
Nieves Confessor (1992–1995)
Jose Brillantes (1995–1996)
Leonardo Quisumbing
(1996–1998)
Cresenciano Trajano (1998)
Secretary of National Defense
Renato de Villa
(1992–1997)
Fortunato Abat
(1997-1998)
Secretary of Public Works and Highways
Jose de Jesus
(1992–1993)
Eduardo Mir (1993)
Gregorio Vigilar (1993–1998)
Secretary of Science and Technology
Ricardo Gloria (1992–1994)
William Padolina (1994–1998)
Secretary of Social Welfare and Development
Corazon Alma de Leon (1992–1995)
Lilian Laigo (1995–1998)
Secretary of Tourism
Narzalina Lim (1992)
Vicente Carlos (1992–1995)
Eduardo Pilapil (1995–1996)
Evelyn Pantig (1996)
Guillermina Gabor (1996–1998)
Secretary of Trade and Industry
Rizalino Navarro
(1992–1996)
Cesar Bautista (1996–1998)
Secretary of Transportation and Communications
Jesus Garcia (1992–1996)
Amado Lagdameo, Jr. (1996–1997)
Arturo Enrile
(1997–1998)
Josefina Lichauco (1998)
Executive Secretary
Peter Garuccho (1992)
Edelmiro Amante
(1992–1993)
Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
(1993–1995)
Ruben Torres
(1995-1998)
Alexander Aguirre (1998)
Chairperson of the Commission on Higher Education
Ricardo Gloria (1994–1995)
Angel Alcala
(1995–1998)
Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority
Cielito Habito (1992–1998)
Solicitor General
Ramon Desuasido (1992)
Eduardo Montenegro (1992)
Raul Goco (1992–1996)
Silvestre Bello III
(1996–1998)
Romeo dela Cruz (1998)
Silvestre Bello III
(1998)
Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
Prospero Oreta (1995–1998)
National Security Adviser
Jose Almonte (1992–1998)
Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process
Haydee Yorac
(1992–1993)
Oscar Santos (1993–1994)
Manuel Yan
(1994–1998)
Chief of the Presidential Management Staff
Ma. Leonora Vasquez-de Jesus, Ph.D. (1992–1996)
Candidates in the
1992 Philippine presidential election
Presidential
candidates
Winner
Fidel V. Ramos
Lakas
Other candidates
Miriam Defensor Santiago
PRP
Eduardo Cojuangco Jr.
NPC
Ramon Mitra Jr.
LDP
Imelda Marcos
KBL
Jovito Salonga
Liberal
Salvador Laurel
Nacionalista
Vice presidential
candidates
Winner
Joseph Estrada
NPC
Other candidates
Marcelo Fernan
LDP
Emilio Mario Osmeña
Lakas
Ramon Magsaysay Jr.
PRP
Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
PDP–Laban
Vicente Magsaysay
KBL
Eva Estrada Kalaw
Nacionalista
Filipino recipients of distinguished Peace and Human Rights Awards
Nobel Peace Prize
2021
Maria Ressa
World Methodist Peace Award
2012: Joy Balazo
International Children's Peace Prize
2012:
Kesz Valdez
N-Peace Awards
2012:
Teresita Quintos Deles
2012:
Irene Santiago
and
Rohaniza Usman
2014:
Miriam Coronel-Ferrer
2015: Jo Genna Martin Jover
2016: Mariam Barandia
2017: Hadja Giobay Diocolano
2018:
Samira Gutoc
Ka Pepe
Diokno Human Rights Award
2005:
Voltaire Rosales
2006: Sis.
Mariani Dimaranan
2007: Augusto "Bobbit" Sanchez
2010:
Jovito Salonga
2012: Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña and Francisco B. Cruz
2013:
Wigberto Tañada
2019: Bp.
Pablo Virgilio David
and
Maria Ressa
2020: The Nightcrawlers
2021:
Benigno Aquino III
Antonio Carpio
Conchita Carpio-Morales
, and
Albert del Rosario
Reebok Human Rights Award
2003: Ernest Guevara
Pax Christi International Peace Award
2002:
Roberto Layson
Gusi Peace Prize
2002:
Robert Barbers
Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
Angelo Reyes
, and
Benjamin Abalos
2003:
Fernando Poe, Jr.
Max Soliven
, Julita Sotejo,
Rodolfo Biazon
, Enrique Syquia, Teresita Ang-See, Mildred Go,
Julius Babao
, and
Fe del Mundo
2004:
Rodolfo Quizon
Gaudencio Rosales
Feliciano Belmonte Jr.
Eugene Torre
Mel Tiangco
, and Fundador Soriano
2005:
Edward Hagedorn
, Maria Coop,
Gina Lopez
, Alexandra Prieto-Romualdez, and
Jose Mari Chan
2006:
Fidel V. Ramos
, Felipe Tolentino, Corsie Legaspi and
Carlo J. Caparas
2007:
Heherson Alvarez
, Constancia de Guzman, and Persida Rueda-Acosta
2008: Antonio Lopez, Cosme Naval, and Rosario Uriarte
2009:
Lea Salonga
, Joseph Faller, and Preciosa Soliven
2010: Rocky Evangelista
2011:
Felino Palafox
and Yolanda Stern
2012: James Dy
2013: Yolanda Reyes
2014:
Cynthia Villar
2015:
Nora Aunor
2016:
Ronald dela Rosa
2017: Lellani Asis and Paulyn Jean Rosell Ubial
2018:
Lucas Bersamin
and Antonio Tamayo
2019:
Isko Moreno
and Caroline Enriquez
Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize
1997:
Fidel V. Ramos
and
Nur Misuari
International Peace Award
1997:
Juan Flavier
Prize For Freedom
1987:
Corazon Aquino
2018:
Leila de Lima
Right Livelihood Award
1984:
Winefreda Geonzon
and Free Legal Assistance Volunteers' Association (FREE LAVA)
2003:
Nicanor Perlas
and
Walden Bello
United Nations Peace Medal
1981:
Carlos Romulo
King Faisal Prize
Service to Islam (1979–present)
1988: Ahmad Domocao Alonto
Ramon Magsaysay Award
Peace and International
Understanding (1958–2008)
1958:
Operation Brotherhood
1965:
Bayanihan Folk Arts Center
1969:
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
1974:
William Masterson
1977:
UPLB College of Agriculture
1985:
Harold Ray Watson
1986:
International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR)
1991:
Press Foundation of Asia
1992:
Washington SyCip
1998:
Corazon Aquino
1995:
Asian Institute of Management (AIM)
Government Service (1958–2008)
1959:
Jose Vasquez Aguilar
1962:
Francisca Reyes-Aquino
1982:
Arturo Alcaraz
1988:
Miriam Defensor Santiago
1991:
Alfredo Bengzon
2000:
Jesse Robredo
2002:
Hilario G. Davide, Jr.
2004:
Haydee Yorac
2007:
Jovito Salonga
2008:
Grace Padaca
Public Service (1958–2008)
1959: Joaquin Vilallonga
1971:
Pedro Orata
1972: Cecile Guidote-Alvarez and Gilopez Kabayao
1973: Benjamin Gaston and Bp.
Antonio Fortich
1977:
Fe del Mundo
1992:
Angel Alcala
1999:
Rosa Rosal
2008: Center for Agriculture and Rural Development Mutually Reinforcing Institutions (CARD MRI)
Community Leadership (1958–2008)
1964:
Pablo Torres Tapia
1968: Silvino and Rosario Encarnacion
1997: Sis. Eva Fidela Maamo
2006:
Gawad Kalinga Community Development Foundation
and
Antonio Meloto
Emergent Leadership (2001–present)
2004:
Benjamin Abadiano
2014:
Randy Halasan
Authority control databases
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ISNI
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National
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BnF data
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Other
IdRef
NARA
SNAC
Yale LUX
Retrieved from "
Categories
Fidel V. Ramos
1928 births
2022 deaths
Filipino generals
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Filipino military personnel of the Vietnam War
Filipino anti-communists
Candidates in the 1992 Philippine presidential election
Presidents of the Philippines
Chief Commanders of the Philippine Legion of Honor
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Military Merit Medal (Philippines)
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Distinguished Conduct Star
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Collars of the Order of Civil Merit
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Marcos family
People from Pangasinan
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Centro Escolar University alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
Ilocano people
Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians
Secretaries of national defense of the Philippines
Lakas–CMD politicians
Ramos family
The Carlyle Group people
Filipino Protestants
Corazon Aquino administration cabinet members
National University (Philippines) alumni
Filipino political party founders
Recipients of the Bronze Wolf Award
People of the People Power Revolution
Filipino expatriates in the United States
Chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
Ferdinand Marcos administration personnel
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
Burials at the Libingan ng mga Bayani
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Fidel V. Ramos
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