Aquaculture | NOAA Fisheries
Source: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/aquaculture
Archived: 2026-04-23 17:11
Aquaculture | NOAA Fisheries
Skip to main content
Aquaculture
Aquaculture
U.S. aquaculture provides safe, sustainable seafood and creates jobs and business opportunities in coastal communities in the United States.
Marine aquaculture (or farmed seafood) is vital for supporting our nation’s seafood production, year-round jobs, rebuilding protected species and habitats, and enhancing coastal resilience. Aquaculture—the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of animals and plants in all types of water environments—is one of the most resource-efficient ways to produce protein. It has helped improve nutrition and food security in many parts of the world. Globally, aquaculture supplies more than 50 percent of all seafood produced for human consumption—and that percentage will continue to rise.
At NOAA Fisheries, we support cutting-edge science and research as well as federal policy making and regulation to grow sustainable aquaculture in the United States while supporting commercial and recreational fisheries. We also support science, policies, and regulations that allow communities to reap the social, economic, and environmental benefits of aquaculture. We foster responsible aquaculture that provides safe, sustainable seafood; creates employment and business opportunities in coastal communities; and complements NOAA’s comprehensive strategy for maintaining healthy and productive marine populations, ecosystems, and vibrant coastal communities.
Featured News
Feature Story
NOAA Fisheries Asks for Public Comment on Identifying Aquaculture Opportunity Areas in Alaska State Waters
Alaska
Leadership Message
50 Years of Innovation and Leadership: Celebrating the Magnuson-Stevens Act
Alaska
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Pacific Islands
Southeast
West Coast
National
International
Feature Story
Helping Growers Permit Aquaculture Farms on the West Coast
West Coast
Feature Story
Home-Grown Seafood: NOAA’s Aquaculture Highlights from 2025
National
View More News
More Information
Office of Aquaculture Priorities
Aquaculture Library
Aquaculture Opportunity Area Information
Sea Grant Aquaculture Program
USDA Aquaculture Resources
Notices & Rules
Fisheries
Notice of Intent to Prepare a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for the Identification of Aquaculture Opportunity Areas in Alaska State Waters and Conduct Public Scoping
Alaska
Alaska
Protected Resources
Hatchery and Genetic Management Plans for Mitchell Act Hatchery Programs
West Coast
West Coast
Fisheries
Notice of Availability Alaska Draft Aquaculture Opportunity Area Options
Alaska
Alaska
Fisheries
National Aquaculture Development Plan: Overview
National
National
Fisheries
Potential Aquaculture Management Program in the Pacific Islands
Pacific Islands
Pacific Islands
More Fisheries Notices & Rules
Upcoming Events
Public Listening Session: NOAA's Aquaculture Opportunity Area process in Alaska
Apr 28, 2026
Alaska
More Events
Open Funding Opportunities
There are currently no open funding opportunities.
More Opportunities
FACT
$1.6 billion worth of aquaculture products
In 2023, estimated freshwater and marine aquaculture production in the United States was 688 million pounds with a value of $1.6 billion.
FACT
25 percent of total domestic seafood value
While aquaculture only accounts for 9 percent of total domestic seafood production, the focus on high-value products means that 25 percent of the value of seafood products comes from aquaculture.
FACT
The world is turning to oceans for additional food supply
Oceans cover 71% of the Earth’s surface, but currently account for only 2% of our food supply. With limited arable land and freshwater, the world is turning to the oceans for additional food supply as the global population is projected to reach 9 billion by the year 2050.
Show me another fact
U.S. Aquaculture
We are working hard to foster the growth of aquaculture in the United States not only to help meet U.S. seafood demand, but also to help encourage job growth. We are involved in a variety of aquaculture activities around the country and offer assistance through our regional aquaculture coordinators.
Aquaculture in the United States
Global Aquaculture
Fisheries and aquaculture remain important sources of food, nutrition, income and livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people around the world. World per capita fish supply reached a new record high of 20 kg in 2014. This is thanks to vigorous growth in aquaculture and to a slight improvement in the state of certain fish stocks due to improved fisheries management. Aquaculture now provides half of all fish for human consumption.
Learn more about global aquaculture
Shellfish Aquaculture
Shellfish farming and restoration is critical to get more oysters, clams, and mussels in the water for food, jobs, and ecosystem services. We are working with partners to address environmental research, spatial planning, permitting, restoration, and farming techniques for shellfish aquaculture.
Learn more about the National Shellfish Initiative
Learn more about best management practices, standards, and certification programs
Find shellfish aquaculture contacts in your area
Finfish Aquaculture
In the United States, aquaculture technologies and management practices have continued to evolve through lessons learned and significant public and private research focused on bringing greater efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness to aquaculture. A variety of techniques and technologies—each with its own advantages and disadvantages—can be used to raise finfish.
Learn more about finfish aquaculture
Learn more about finfish health
Funding Opportunities
There are a number of financial assistance programs that support sustainable aquaculture in the United States. Funding can address a variety of issues such as environmental monitoring, recirculating aquaculture systems, shellfish farming, alternative feeds, new species research, and offshore aquaculture.
View 'Guide to Federal Aquaculture Grant Services'
See other related funding opportunities
Aquaculture Outreach
Many stakeholders want to understand the challenges and benefits of aquaculture, especially as communities look for ways to maintain working waterfronts and diversify their seafood portfolio. Providing outreach materials with accurate information about aquaculture research, management practices, and key initiatives is vital to cultivating public understanding of farmed seafood.
Explore aquaculture outreach materials
Understanding Marine Aquaculture
The United States has a small and vibrant commercial marine aquaculture industry supported by world class research and technology.
Read More
Multimedia
NOAA Fisheries Video Gallery
Podcast
2024 Winter News Roundup
Alaska
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Pacific Islands
Southeast
West Coast
National
Podcast
How to Maximize Aquaculture: Growing More Seafood Through Science
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Teacher at Sea Roy Arezzo on a dock for a rowing race. Courtesy: Roy Arezzo
Podcast
Sharing a Love of Teaching (and Oysters)
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Regulation and Policy
Image
New Hampshire Sea Grant's AquaFort is an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture platform used to grow trout, blue mussels, and sugar kelp. Each of the species in the IMTA provides a benefit to the others. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Kevin Madley
United States marine aquaculture
operates within one of the most comprehensive regulatory environments in the world. Aquaculture operations must meet a number of federal, state, and local regulations that ensure environmental protection, water quality, and healthy oceans. Science and transparent public engagement inform NOAA policy, regulatory, and management decisions regarding sustainable aquaculture development.
The
National Aquaculture Act of 1980
established aquaculture as a national policy priority for the United States. It also created an interagency Subcommittee on Aquaculture, through which NOAA coordinates with other federal agencies on regulatory, policy, economic, and science aquaculture-related activities.
NOAA Fisheries plays a central role in developing and implementing aquaculture policies for both NOAA and the Department of Commerce. NOAA ensures that aquaculture activities comply with federal laws,
regulating marine aquaculture
under a suite of federal statutes designed to sustain healthy oceans.
NOAA Aquaculture Policies
Both established in 2011, these policies provide federal guidance for all aquaculture-related activities at NOAA and the Department of Commerce.
NOAA Marine Aquaculture Policy
specifies goals, objectives, and priorities for all aquaculture-related activities at NOAA in the context of its marine stewardship mission
Department of Commerce Aquaculture Policy
specifies goals, objectives, and priorities for all Department of Commerce bureaus, including NOAA, in the context of the Department's overarching emphasis on jobs, the economy, innovation, and international competitiveness
Executive Order on Promoting American Seafood Competitiveness and Economic Growth
A May 2020 Executive Order,
Promoting American Seafood Competitiveness and Economic Growth
, calls for the expansion of sustainable U.S. seafood production.
Section 6
Section 6 states that NOAA will serve as the lead agency for National Environmental Policy Act review for aquaculture projects when the projects meet all three of the following criteria:
Located within the Exclusive Economic Zone and outside of the waters of any state or territory
Require environmental review or authorization by two or more federal agencies
The agency that would otherwise be the lead agency has determined that it will prepare an environmental impact statement
As lead agency, NOAA is responsible for completing the environmental impact statement process in cooperation with the main permitting agencies.
Section 7
NOAA is identifying
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
, defined geographic areas that have been evaluated to determine their potential suitability for commercial aquaculture. NOAA is using the best available science and public input to look for spaces that are environmentally, socially, and economically appropriate for aquaculture development.
Section 8
NOAA Fisheries’
Guide to Permitting Marine Aquaculture in the United States
assists individuals with navigating the federal permitting process for marine aquaculture (finfish, shellfish, invertebrates, seaweed). The
Guide to Federal Aquaculture Grant and Financial Assistance Services
lists programs for which aquaculture farmers or aquaculture researchers may be eligible.
Section 9
The Subcommittee on Aquaculture is preparing a National Aquaculture Development Plan. It supports the expansion of existing operations, encourages new entrants, and maximizes the effectiveness of existing federal policies and programs, while strengthening public-private partnerships.
Interagency Subcommittee on Aquaculture
NOAA is a co-chair of the
Subcommittee on Aquaculture
. The subcommittee coordinates federal agencies to increase the overall effectiveness and productivity of federal aquaculture research, regulation, technology transfer, and assistance programs.
National Shellfish Initiative
Image
Florida Cedar Key farmed clams. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Adriane Michaelis
The
National Shellfish Initiative
aims to increase populations of bivalve shellfish (oysters, clams, and mussels) in our nation's coastal waters through commercial production and conservation activities. Efforts focus on encouraging shellfish aquaculture, advancing science and research, and promoting regulatory efficiencies at federal, state, and local levels.
The
Washington Shellfish Initiative
was the first partnership to focus on restoring and expanding resources to promote shellfish aquaculture and create family-wage jobs within Washington state. Today, there are a growing number of
states with shellfish initiatives
.
State-by-State Summaries of Leasing/Permitting Requirements
Finfish Aquaculture
Seaweed Aquaculture
Shellfish Aquaculture
Marine Aquaculture Regulations and Policies
Marine aquaculture producers in the United States must meet federal, state, and local regulations and policies. Learn how these responsibly expand aquaculture.
More Information
Aquaculture Overview
Opportunities for More Efficient Permitting of Commercial Shellfish Aquaculture
Science and Technology
We are working to address the technical and scientific barriers of marine aquaculture and to provide science information for management in a number of ways. We do this through in-house research at NOAA, grants and cooperative agreements with Sea Grant and other stakeholders, and by coordinating research with other federal agencies.
International Collaboration
Aquaculture Research at NOAA Fisheries
Several NOAA Fisheries Science Centers explore a wide spectrum of aquaculture issues. These include the culture of specific species, life-cycle analysis, alternative feeds, ocean acidification, and habitat benefits and impacts.
For example, the Northeast Fisheries Science Center
Milford Laboratory
, established in 1931, is located on the shore of Long Island Sound. The facility comprises two laboratory/office buildings and support buildings housing raceway and circular tanks. A 49-foot vessel, the R/V
Victor Loosanoff
, is also docked at the Laboratory for nearshore research. Present research emphasizes aquaculture and habitat-related work. The aquaculture program includes studies of the culture of fish and shellfish to develop methods suitable for commercial use as well as for stock enhancement and restoration. Nearshore habitats are being studied to determine what characteristics make a habitat suitable for a particular species.
Additionally, the Northwest Fisheries Science Center
Environmental and Fisheries Science Division
conducts research to improve methods for fisheries restoration and production in conservation hatcheries and in aquaculture. Research focuses on the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish, shellfish safety (harmful algal blooms and pathogens), and native Olympia oyster restoration. Lab research also includes alternative marine fish feeds, larval fish physiology and nutrition.
At the NOAA Beaufort Laboratory, scientists from NOAA Fisheries and National Ocean Service conduct a variety of research including harmful algal blooms, seafloor mapping, and aquaculture.
Explore Aquaculture Research
NOAA has marine aquaculture research capabilities at in-house laboratories within NOAA Fisheries and the National Ocean Service. We also have research and extension capabilities through state Sea Grant programs. This story map covers the in-house projects funded by the NOAA Fisheries Office of Aquaculture. The research explores a wide spectrum of relevant aquaculture issues. These include the culture of specific species, life-cycle analysis, alternative feeds, ocean acidification, and potential habitat benefits and impacts. This Story Map serves as a tool to highlight NOAA's aquaculture research and as well as to connect researchers with topics of common interest. It is updated periodically as new projects are planned and implemented.
Story Map: NOAA Aquaculture Research
Funding Research and Technology
Since 1998, NOAA has funded aquaculture projects through the Sea Grant Marine Aquaculture grant program, a competitive grants program coordinated by the National Sea Grant College Program. Several other grant opportunities are administered or funded through NOAA Fisheries. Together these grants have funded projects that have responded to key scientific, engineering, environmental, and economic questions. These include studies of candidate species, health and nutrition, best management practices, ecosystems monitoring and management, engineered production systems, and legal and operational frameworks.
Aquaculture Funding Opportunities Directory
NOAA Fisheries Aquaculture Funding Opportunities and Grants
Sea Grant Aquaculture Grants
Marine Aquaculture Science and Research Initiatives
NOAA Fisheries conducts and supports cutting-edge science to help overcome barriers to the sustainable growth of U.S. aquaculture.
More Information
Offshore Mariculture Escapes Genetics Assessment Model
NOAA-USDA Alternative Feeds Initiative
National Aquatic Animal Health Plan
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Symposium
Regional Activities
Aquaculture is present along our coasts and in our oceans across the nation. Activities and products vary by region so we have regional coordinators supporting these activities and increasing awareness of region-specific issues.
Alaska
The Alaska mariculture industry produces shellfish and aquatic plants along Alaska’s coastline. As of 2016, mariculture activity in Alaska consists of approximately 75 operations, including 65 authorized farms, seven nurseries, and three hatcheries. Most operations are located along the coastline in either Southeast or Southcentral Alaska.
Aquaculture in Alaska
New England/Mid-Atlantic
The New England/Mid-Atlantic region has a commercial marine aquaculture industry supported by a research and technology sector. Landings from marine aquaculture (predominantly Atlantic Salmon and oysters, but also clams, mussels, and other species) totaled approximately $219 million in this region in 2013. This makes aquaculture the third most valuable fishery in the region in terms of economic revenue, behind scallops and American lobster.
Farmed items in New England and the Mid-Atlantic include finfish, shellfish, and sea vegetables grown as food for human consumption. Hatchery-raised species are also used habitat (e.g., oyster) and endangered species (e.g., Atlantic salmon) restoration.
Aquaculture in New England and the Mid-Atlantic
Northwest
In the Pacific Northwest, we work closely with regional tribes, the states of Washington, Oregon, and California, the aquaculture industry, and non-governmental organizations. This work focuses on fish, shellfish, and algae species. Washington State is our nation's leading producer of farmed shellfish. The region primarily grows oysters, mussels, clam, as well as Atlantic and Pacific salmon species.
We also work with partners to responsibly restore populations of native Olympia oysters, pinto abalone, and Pacific salmon. Aquaculture-related research at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center focuses on the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish, shellfish safety (harmful algal blooms and pathogens), and native Olympia oyster restoration.
Aquaculture in the Northwest
Pacific Islands
The Pacific Islands region primarily grows finfish, such as kampachi (
Seriola rivoliana
), shrimp, and marine algae for commercial purposes.
Aquaculture in the Pacific Islands
Southeast
In the southeast, marine aquaculture focuses on stock enhancement, food production, research, and restoration efforts. Species cultured in the region include oysters, clams, red drum, spotted sea trout, flounder, snook, pompano, black sea bass, and algae. Aquaculture occurs on land in recirculating systems or ponds as well as in coastal areas or state waters. We have also provided funding for projects related to culture of red snapper, blackfin tuna, cobia, and baitfish species as well as for research into alternative diets for marine finfish.
Aquaculture in the Southeast
Southwest
California primarily grows Pacific oysters, Kumamoto oysters, and manila clams for commercial purposes. They also farm Mediterranean mussels, Atlantic oysters, red abalone, rock scallops, and seaweed. Research in the Southwest focuses on abalone recovery at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center and Olympia oyster restoration by various sectors of academia, primarily in the San Francisco Bay area.
Aquaculture in the Southwest
Marine Aquaculture Products and Issues by U.S. Region
Aquaculture products and issues vary by region. Find information on regional policies, research, and funding opportunities.
More Information
Contact Regional Aquaculture Coordinators
Outreach
Sustainably farmed seafood is a smart choice for healthy people, a healthy economy, and a healthy planet. Most of the public still has limited understanding of aquaculture and may encounter information that can be out of date, inaccurate, or incomplete. Science communications sources that share accurate information can increase aquaculture and sustainable seafood literacy.
Image
A Maine mussel farmer's shellfish operation helps grow economic and ecosystem benefits.
Fact Sheets
Regional Fact Sheets
Each region of the United States features different ecosystems, a variety of water temperatures, and many different species. Just like their wild counterparts, aquaculture species need the right conditions to grow. Explore the regional aquaculture fact sheets to learn about the species, grow-out methods used, and the economic importance of aquaculture by region.
Alaska
California
New England and Mid-Atlantic
Northwest
Pacific Islands
Southeast
Deep-Dive Fact Sheets
Seafood farming, if done responsibly—as it is in the US—is increasingly recognized as one of the most environmentally sustainable ways to produce food and protein. Farmed seafood requires far less feed than most terrestrial animals, and thirty years of lessons learned have been put into practice in U.S. aquaculture farm management and regulatory requirements. Learn more about the many facets of science-based, sustainable aquaculture in the U.S.:
Antibiotic Use in Finfish
Aquaculture and Environmental Interactions
Aquaculture Provides Beneficial Ecosystem Services
Climate Resilience and Aquaculture
Disaster Assistance for Fisheries
Marine Aquaculture in the U.S.
Potential Risks of Aquaculture Escapes
Regulation of Marine Aquaculture
Sustainable Aquaculture Feeds and Fish Nutrition
Frequently Asked Questions
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
Feeds for Aquaculture
Marine Aquaculture and the Environment
Understanding Marine Aquaculture
Understanding Shellfish Aquaculture
Aquaculture Videos
Marine aquaculture refers to the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of aquatic plants and animals. Faced with limited fresh water and land resources, seafood farmers are cultivating the ocean. These videos explore the challenges and benefits of marine aquaculture:
Alaska Kelp Farming: A New Sustainable Seafood Opportunity
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
The Future of Ocean Farming
Innovative Aquaculture Tools for a Growing Industry
Milford Lab's GoPro Aquaculture Project
No Shell Left Behind
(2020 Emmy winner)
Ocean to Table: Stories of Food, Farming, and Conservation
Eat More Seafood
Choosing to eat more seafood is good for your health and the environment. Use these guides to master easy and flavorful seafood recipes:
FishWatch Recipes
Oregon Sea Grant Recipes
Seafood Nutrition Partnership Recipes
9 Seafood Recipes That Will Take Your Taste Buds on Vacation
Try something new: learn how to cook Kelp Noodles Fra Diavolo.
Not sure where to start? Check out
Seafood: A Fare for Every Palate
for help choosing a recipe.
Marine Aquaculture Factsheets and Videos
Get answers to frequently asked questions surrounding marine aquaculture and learn how aquaculture supports healthy food supplies, economies, and oceans.
More Information
Aquaculture Library
Aquaculture References and Further Reading
Milford Lab Outreach, Partnerships, and Collaborations
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
An Aquaculture Opportunity Area (AOA) is a defined geographic area that has been evaluated to determine its potential suitability for commercial aquaculture.
NOAA is using a combination of scientific analysis and public engagement to identify areas that are environmentally, socially, and economically appropriate for commercial aquaculture.
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas show high potential for commercial aquaculture. NOAA uses a science and community-based approach to assess potential AOAs.
How NOAA Will Identify Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
NOAA uses a combination of spatial mapping, scientific review, and stakeholder input to identify AOAs.
The AOA identification process begins by selecting a region of interest, then narrowing that region into smaller study areas. These smaller study areas are needed for NOAA’s
National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
to conduct effective aquaculture spatial modeling. NCCOS uses the best available data to account for key environmental, economic, social, and cultural considerations (i.e. fishing and protected areas) in this spatial modeling to identify areas that may support sustainable aquaculture development.
The spatial modeling results are one source of information NOAA uses in identifying AOAs. NOAA combines the spatial modeling results with input from Fishery Management Councils, Marine Fisheries Commissions, states and tribes, the general public, and other sources to develop preliminary alternatives to be considered through a programmatic review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The NEPA review will consider alternative scenarios for siting aquaculture within the study areas and will present the best available science on the potential effects of siting aquaculture within the areas.
Identification of AOAs happens at the end of this process, after the NEPA review is complete. This results in identification of a defined geographic area that has been evaluated through a combination of scientific analysis and public engagement to determine its potential suitability for commercial aquaculture.
Why is NOAA Identifying Aquaculture Opportunity Areas?
NOAA has directives to preserve ocean sustainability and facilitate domestic aquaculture in the United States through the National Aquaculture Act of 1980, the NOAA Marine Aquaculture Policy, and Executive Order 13921, “Promoting American Seafood Competitiveness and Economic Growth” (May 7, 2020). NOAA has a variety of proven science-based tools and strategies that can support these directives. These help stakeholders thoughtfully consider how and where to sustainably develop offshore aquaculture that will complement wild-capture fisheries, working waterfronts, and our nation’s seafood processing and distribution infrastructure.
Identifying AOAs is an opportunity to use the best available global science-based guidance on sustainable aquaculture and support the “triple bottom line” of environmental, economic, and social sustainability. This approach has been refined and utilized widely within states and by other countries with robust, sustainable aquaculture sectors.
Considering NOAA-trust resources and stakeholder uses of a defined area will help to encourage the sustainable growth of aquaculture. This is done by siting aquaculture farms in ways that minimize impacts to those natural resources and reduce user conflicts while maximizing public input in the AOA identification process.
Aquaculture Opportunity Area Publications to Date
Gulf of Mexico* AOA Atlas
Public Scoping Summary for Gulf of Mexico
Southern California AOA Atlas
Public Scoping Summary for Southern California
More Resources
Webinars
Aquaculture Opportunity Area Update and Next Steps
(5/4/21)
Web Stories
NOAA Fisheries Selects Alaska to Begin Aquaculture Opportunity Area Identification
(
6/1/23)
Considering Culture for Aquaculture: NOAA’s Efforts to Expand Aquaculture Social Science Capacity
(8/15/22)
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas Featured at Aquaculture America 2022
(4/11/22)
Public Provides Important Insights Into Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
(2/12/21)
NOAA Announces Regions for First Two Aquaculture Opportunity Areas Under Executive Order on Seafood
(8/20/20)
*Executive Order 14172, “Restoring Names That Honor American Greatness” (Jan. 20, 2025), directs that the Gulf of Mexico be renamed the Gulf of America. On August 7, 2025, NOAA Fisheries and the National Ocean Service amended regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations to reflect the renaming. The name change did not result in any changes to, and had no effect on the applicability or enforceability of, any existing regulations. This website continues to use “Gulf of Mexico” when quoting statutes or previously published materials.
Marine Aquaculture Opportunity Areas in the United States
NOAA Fisheries uses scientific analysis and public engagement to identify areas that are appropriate for commercial aquaculture.
More Information
Alaska Aquaculture Opportunity Area Website
Alaska AOA Request for Information - Now open for public comment until December…
Southern California Aquaculture Opportunity Area
Gulf of America Aquaculture Opportunity Area Environmental Impact Statement
Frequently Asked Questions: Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
Skip to main content
Aquaculture
Aquaculture
U.S. aquaculture provides safe, sustainable seafood and creates jobs and business opportunities in coastal communities in the United States.
Marine aquaculture (or farmed seafood) is vital for supporting our nation’s seafood production, year-round jobs, rebuilding protected species and habitats, and enhancing coastal resilience. Aquaculture—the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of animals and plants in all types of water environments—is one of the most resource-efficient ways to produce protein. It has helped improve nutrition and food security in many parts of the world. Globally, aquaculture supplies more than 50 percent of all seafood produced for human consumption—and that percentage will continue to rise.
At NOAA Fisheries, we support cutting-edge science and research as well as federal policy making and regulation to grow sustainable aquaculture in the United States while supporting commercial and recreational fisheries. We also support science, policies, and regulations that allow communities to reap the social, economic, and environmental benefits of aquaculture. We foster responsible aquaculture that provides safe, sustainable seafood; creates employment and business opportunities in coastal communities; and complements NOAA’s comprehensive strategy for maintaining healthy and productive marine populations, ecosystems, and vibrant coastal communities.
Featured News
Feature Story
NOAA Fisheries Asks for Public Comment on Identifying Aquaculture Opportunity Areas in Alaska State Waters
Alaska
Leadership Message
50 Years of Innovation and Leadership: Celebrating the Magnuson-Stevens Act
Alaska
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Pacific Islands
Southeast
West Coast
National
International
Feature Story
Helping Growers Permit Aquaculture Farms on the West Coast
West Coast
Feature Story
Home-Grown Seafood: NOAA’s Aquaculture Highlights from 2025
National
View More News
More Information
Office of Aquaculture Priorities
Aquaculture Library
Aquaculture Opportunity Area Information
Sea Grant Aquaculture Program
USDA Aquaculture Resources
Notices & Rules
Fisheries
Notice of Intent to Prepare a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for the Identification of Aquaculture Opportunity Areas in Alaska State Waters and Conduct Public Scoping
Alaska
Alaska
Protected Resources
Hatchery and Genetic Management Plans for Mitchell Act Hatchery Programs
West Coast
West Coast
Fisheries
Notice of Availability Alaska Draft Aquaculture Opportunity Area Options
Alaska
Alaska
Fisheries
National Aquaculture Development Plan: Overview
National
National
Fisheries
Potential Aquaculture Management Program in the Pacific Islands
Pacific Islands
Pacific Islands
More Fisheries Notices & Rules
Upcoming Events
Public Listening Session: NOAA's Aquaculture Opportunity Area process in Alaska
Apr 28, 2026
Alaska
More Events
Open Funding Opportunities
There are currently no open funding opportunities.
More Opportunities
FACT
$1.6 billion worth of aquaculture products
In 2023, estimated freshwater and marine aquaculture production in the United States was 688 million pounds with a value of $1.6 billion.
FACT
25 percent of total domestic seafood value
While aquaculture only accounts for 9 percent of total domestic seafood production, the focus on high-value products means that 25 percent of the value of seafood products comes from aquaculture.
FACT
The world is turning to oceans for additional food supply
Oceans cover 71% of the Earth’s surface, but currently account for only 2% of our food supply. With limited arable land and freshwater, the world is turning to the oceans for additional food supply as the global population is projected to reach 9 billion by the year 2050.
Show me another fact
U.S. Aquaculture
We are working hard to foster the growth of aquaculture in the United States not only to help meet U.S. seafood demand, but also to help encourage job growth. We are involved in a variety of aquaculture activities around the country and offer assistance through our regional aquaculture coordinators.
Aquaculture in the United States
Global Aquaculture
Fisheries and aquaculture remain important sources of food, nutrition, income and livelihoods for hundreds of millions of people around the world. World per capita fish supply reached a new record high of 20 kg in 2014. This is thanks to vigorous growth in aquaculture and to a slight improvement in the state of certain fish stocks due to improved fisheries management. Aquaculture now provides half of all fish for human consumption.
Learn more about global aquaculture
Shellfish Aquaculture
Shellfish farming and restoration is critical to get more oysters, clams, and mussels in the water for food, jobs, and ecosystem services. We are working with partners to address environmental research, spatial planning, permitting, restoration, and farming techniques for shellfish aquaculture.
Learn more about the National Shellfish Initiative
Learn more about best management practices, standards, and certification programs
Find shellfish aquaculture contacts in your area
Finfish Aquaculture
In the United States, aquaculture technologies and management practices have continued to evolve through lessons learned and significant public and private research focused on bringing greater efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness to aquaculture. A variety of techniques and technologies—each with its own advantages and disadvantages—can be used to raise finfish.
Learn more about finfish aquaculture
Learn more about finfish health
Funding Opportunities
There are a number of financial assistance programs that support sustainable aquaculture in the United States. Funding can address a variety of issues such as environmental monitoring, recirculating aquaculture systems, shellfish farming, alternative feeds, new species research, and offshore aquaculture.
View 'Guide to Federal Aquaculture Grant Services'
See other related funding opportunities
Aquaculture Outreach
Many stakeholders want to understand the challenges and benefits of aquaculture, especially as communities look for ways to maintain working waterfronts and diversify their seafood portfolio. Providing outreach materials with accurate information about aquaculture research, management practices, and key initiatives is vital to cultivating public understanding of farmed seafood.
Explore aquaculture outreach materials
Understanding Marine Aquaculture
The United States has a small and vibrant commercial marine aquaculture industry supported by world class research and technology.
Read More
Multimedia
NOAA Fisheries Video Gallery
Podcast
2024 Winter News Roundup
Alaska
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Pacific Islands
Southeast
West Coast
National
Podcast
How to Maximize Aquaculture: Growing More Seafood Through Science
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Teacher at Sea Roy Arezzo on a dock for a rowing race. Courtesy: Roy Arezzo
Podcast
Sharing a Love of Teaching (and Oysters)
New England/Mid-Atlantic
Regulation and Policy
Image
New Hampshire Sea Grant's AquaFort is an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture platform used to grow trout, blue mussels, and sugar kelp. Each of the species in the IMTA provides a benefit to the others. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Kevin Madley
United States marine aquaculture
operates within one of the most comprehensive regulatory environments in the world. Aquaculture operations must meet a number of federal, state, and local regulations that ensure environmental protection, water quality, and healthy oceans. Science and transparent public engagement inform NOAA policy, regulatory, and management decisions regarding sustainable aquaculture development.
The
National Aquaculture Act of 1980
established aquaculture as a national policy priority for the United States. It also created an interagency Subcommittee on Aquaculture, through which NOAA coordinates with other federal agencies on regulatory, policy, economic, and science aquaculture-related activities.
NOAA Fisheries plays a central role in developing and implementing aquaculture policies for both NOAA and the Department of Commerce. NOAA ensures that aquaculture activities comply with federal laws,
regulating marine aquaculture
under a suite of federal statutes designed to sustain healthy oceans.
NOAA Aquaculture Policies
Both established in 2011, these policies provide federal guidance for all aquaculture-related activities at NOAA and the Department of Commerce.
NOAA Marine Aquaculture Policy
specifies goals, objectives, and priorities for all aquaculture-related activities at NOAA in the context of its marine stewardship mission
Department of Commerce Aquaculture Policy
specifies goals, objectives, and priorities for all Department of Commerce bureaus, including NOAA, in the context of the Department's overarching emphasis on jobs, the economy, innovation, and international competitiveness
Executive Order on Promoting American Seafood Competitiveness and Economic Growth
A May 2020 Executive Order,
Promoting American Seafood Competitiveness and Economic Growth
, calls for the expansion of sustainable U.S. seafood production.
Section 6
Section 6 states that NOAA will serve as the lead agency for National Environmental Policy Act review for aquaculture projects when the projects meet all three of the following criteria:
Located within the Exclusive Economic Zone and outside of the waters of any state or territory
Require environmental review or authorization by two or more federal agencies
The agency that would otherwise be the lead agency has determined that it will prepare an environmental impact statement
As lead agency, NOAA is responsible for completing the environmental impact statement process in cooperation with the main permitting agencies.
Section 7
NOAA is identifying
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
, defined geographic areas that have been evaluated to determine their potential suitability for commercial aquaculture. NOAA is using the best available science and public input to look for spaces that are environmentally, socially, and economically appropriate for aquaculture development.
Section 8
NOAA Fisheries’
Guide to Permitting Marine Aquaculture in the United States
assists individuals with navigating the federal permitting process for marine aquaculture (finfish, shellfish, invertebrates, seaweed). The
Guide to Federal Aquaculture Grant and Financial Assistance Services
lists programs for which aquaculture farmers or aquaculture researchers may be eligible.
Section 9
The Subcommittee on Aquaculture is preparing a National Aquaculture Development Plan. It supports the expansion of existing operations, encourages new entrants, and maximizes the effectiveness of existing federal policies and programs, while strengthening public-private partnerships.
Interagency Subcommittee on Aquaculture
NOAA is a co-chair of the
Subcommittee on Aquaculture
. The subcommittee coordinates federal agencies to increase the overall effectiveness and productivity of federal aquaculture research, regulation, technology transfer, and assistance programs.
National Shellfish Initiative
Image
Florida Cedar Key farmed clams. Credit: NOAA Fisheries/Adriane Michaelis
The
National Shellfish Initiative
aims to increase populations of bivalve shellfish (oysters, clams, and mussels) in our nation's coastal waters through commercial production and conservation activities. Efforts focus on encouraging shellfish aquaculture, advancing science and research, and promoting regulatory efficiencies at federal, state, and local levels.
The
Washington Shellfish Initiative
was the first partnership to focus on restoring and expanding resources to promote shellfish aquaculture and create family-wage jobs within Washington state. Today, there are a growing number of
states with shellfish initiatives
.
State-by-State Summaries of Leasing/Permitting Requirements
Finfish Aquaculture
Seaweed Aquaculture
Shellfish Aquaculture
Marine Aquaculture Regulations and Policies
Marine aquaculture producers in the United States must meet federal, state, and local regulations and policies. Learn how these responsibly expand aquaculture.
More Information
Aquaculture Overview
Opportunities for More Efficient Permitting of Commercial Shellfish Aquaculture
Science and Technology
We are working to address the technical and scientific barriers of marine aquaculture and to provide science information for management in a number of ways. We do this through in-house research at NOAA, grants and cooperative agreements with Sea Grant and other stakeholders, and by coordinating research with other federal agencies.
International Collaboration
Aquaculture Research at NOAA Fisheries
Several NOAA Fisheries Science Centers explore a wide spectrum of aquaculture issues. These include the culture of specific species, life-cycle analysis, alternative feeds, ocean acidification, and habitat benefits and impacts.
For example, the Northeast Fisheries Science Center
Milford Laboratory
, established in 1931, is located on the shore of Long Island Sound. The facility comprises two laboratory/office buildings and support buildings housing raceway and circular tanks. A 49-foot vessel, the R/V
Victor Loosanoff
, is also docked at the Laboratory for nearshore research. Present research emphasizes aquaculture and habitat-related work. The aquaculture program includes studies of the culture of fish and shellfish to develop methods suitable for commercial use as well as for stock enhancement and restoration. Nearshore habitats are being studied to determine what characteristics make a habitat suitable for a particular species.
Additionally, the Northwest Fisheries Science Center
Environmental and Fisheries Science Division
conducts research to improve methods for fisheries restoration and production in conservation hatcheries and in aquaculture. Research focuses on the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish, shellfish safety (harmful algal blooms and pathogens), and native Olympia oyster restoration. Lab research also includes alternative marine fish feeds, larval fish physiology and nutrition.
At the NOAA Beaufort Laboratory, scientists from NOAA Fisheries and National Ocean Service conduct a variety of research including harmful algal blooms, seafloor mapping, and aquaculture.
Explore Aquaculture Research
NOAA has marine aquaculture research capabilities at in-house laboratories within NOAA Fisheries and the National Ocean Service. We also have research and extension capabilities through state Sea Grant programs. This story map covers the in-house projects funded by the NOAA Fisheries Office of Aquaculture. The research explores a wide spectrum of relevant aquaculture issues. These include the culture of specific species, life-cycle analysis, alternative feeds, ocean acidification, and potential habitat benefits and impacts. This Story Map serves as a tool to highlight NOAA's aquaculture research and as well as to connect researchers with topics of common interest. It is updated periodically as new projects are planned and implemented.
Story Map: NOAA Aquaculture Research
Funding Research and Technology
Since 1998, NOAA has funded aquaculture projects through the Sea Grant Marine Aquaculture grant program, a competitive grants program coordinated by the National Sea Grant College Program. Several other grant opportunities are administered or funded through NOAA Fisheries. Together these grants have funded projects that have responded to key scientific, engineering, environmental, and economic questions. These include studies of candidate species, health and nutrition, best management practices, ecosystems monitoring and management, engineered production systems, and legal and operational frameworks.
Aquaculture Funding Opportunities Directory
NOAA Fisheries Aquaculture Funding Opportunities and Grants
Sea Grant Aquaculture Grants
Marine Aquaculture Science and Research Initiatives
NOAA Fisheries conducts and supports cutting-edge science to help overcome barriers to the sustainable growth of U.S. aquaculture.
More Information
Offshore Mariculture Escapes Genetics Assessment Model
NOAA-USDA Alternative Feeds Initiative
National Aquatic Animal Health Plan
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Symposium
Regional Activities
Aquaculture is present along our coasts and in our oceans across the nation. Activities and products vary by region so we have regional coordinators supporting these activities and increasing awareness of region-specific issues.
Alaska
The Alaska mariculture industry produces shellfish and aquatic plants along Alaska’s coastline. As of 2016, mariculture activity in Alaska consists of approximately 75 operations, including 65 authorized farms, seven nurseries, and three hatcheries. Most operations are located along the coastline in either Southeast or Southcentral Alaska.
Aquaculture in Alaska
New England/Mid-Atlantic
The New England/Mid-Atlantic region has a commercial marine aquaculture industry supported by a research and technology sector. Landings from marine aquaculture (predominantly Atlantic Salmon and oysters, but also clams, mussels, and other species) totaled approximately $219 million in this region in 2013. This makes aquaculture the third most valuable fishery in the region in terms of economic revenue, behind scallops and American lobster.
Farmed items in New England and the Mid-Atlantic include finfish, shellfish, and sea vegetables grown as food for human consumption. Hatchery-raised species are also used habitat (e.g., oyster) and endangered species (e.g., Atlantic salmon) restoration.
Aquaculture in New England and the Mid-Atlantic
Northwest
In the Pacific Northwest, we work closely with regional tribes, the states of Washington, Oregon, and California, the aquaculture industry, and non-governmental organizations. This work focuses on fish, shellfish, and algae species. Washington State is our nation's leading producer of farmed shellfish. The region primarily grows oysters, mussels, clam, as well as Atlantic and Pacific salmon species.
We also work with partners to responsibly restore populations of native Olympia oysters, pinto abalone, and Pacific salmon. Aquaculture-related research at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center focuses on the effects of ocean acidification on shellfish, shellfish safety (harmful algal blooms and pathogens), and native Olympia oyster restoration.
Aquaculture in the Northwest
Pacific Islands
The Pacific Islands region primarily grows finfish, such as kampachi (
Seriola rivoliana
), shrimp, and marine algae for commercial purposes.
Aquaculture in the Pacific Islands
Southeast
In the southeast, marine aquaculture focuses on stock enhancement, food production, research, and restoration efforts. Species cultured in the region include oysters, clams, red drum, spotted sea trout, flounder, snook, pompano, black sea bass, and algae. Aquaculture occurs on land in recirculating systems or ponds as well as in coastal areas or state waters. We have also provided funding for projects related to culture of red snapper, blackfin tuna, cobia, and baitfish species as well as for research into alternative diets for marine finfish.
Aquaculture in the Southeast
Southwest
California primarily grows Pacific oysters, Kumamoto oysters, and manila clams for commercial purposes. They also farm Mediterranean mussels, Atlantic oysters, red abalone, rock scallops, and seaweed. Research in the Southwest focuses on abalone recovery at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center and Olympia oyster restoration by various sectors of academia, primarily in the San Francisco Bay area.
Aquaculture in the Southwest
Marine Aquaculture Products and Issues by U.S. Region
Aquaculture products and issues vary by region. Find information on regional policies, research, and funding opportunities.
More Information
Contact Regional Aquaculture Coordinators
Outreach
Sustainably farmed seafood is a smart choice for healthy people, a healthy economy, and a healthy planet. Most of the public still has limited understanding of aquaculture and may encounter information that can be out of date, inaccurate, or incomplete. Science communications sources that share accurate information can increase aquaculture and sustainable seafood literacy.
Image
A Maine mussel farmer's shellfish operation helps grow economic and ecosystem benefits.
Fact Sheets
Regional Fact Sheets
Each region of the United States features different ecosystems, a variety of water temperatures, and many different species. Just like their wild counterparts, aquaculture species need the right conditions to grow. Explore the regional aquaculture fact sheets to learn about the species, grow-out methods used, and the economic importance of aquaculture by region.
Alaska
California
New England and Mid-Atlantic
Northwest
Pacific Islands
Southeast
Deep-Dive Fact Sheets
Seafood farming, if done responsibly—as it is in the US—is increasingly recognized as one of the most environmentally sustainable ways to produce food and protein. Farmed seafood requires far less feed than most terrestrial animals, and thirty years of lessons learned have been put into practice in U.S. aquaculture farm management and regulatory requirements. Learn more about the many facets of science-based, sustainable aquaculture in the U.S.:
Antibiotic Use in Finfish
Aquaculture and Environmental Interactions
Aquaculture Provides Beneficial Ecosystem Services
Climate Resilience and Aquaculture
Disaster Assistance for Fisheries
Marine Aquaculture in the U.S.
Potential Risks of Aquaculture Escapes
Regulation of Marine Aquaculture
Sustainable Aquaculture Feeds and Fish Nutrition
Frequently Asked Questions
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
Feeds for Aquaculture
Marine Aquaculture and the Environment
Understanding Marine Aquaculture
Understanding Shellfish Aquaculture
Aquaculture Videos
Marine aquaculture refers to the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of aquatic plants and animals. Faced with limited fresh water and land resources, seafood farmers are cultivating the ocean. These videos explore the challenges and benefits of marine aquaculture:
Alaska Kelp Farming: A New Sustainable Seafood Opportunity
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
The Future of Ocean Farming
Innovative Aquaculture Tools for a Growing Industry
Milford Lab's GoPro Aquaculture Project
No Shell Left Behind
(2020 Emmy winner)
Ocean to Table: Stories of Food, Farming, and Conservation
Eat More Seafood
Choosing to eat more seafood is good for your health and the environment. Use these guides to master easy and flavorful seafood recipes:
FishWatch Recipes
Oregon Sea Grant Recipes
Seafood Nutrition Partnership Recipes
9 Seafood Recipes That Will Take Your Taste Buds on Vacation
Try something new: learn how to cook Kelp Noodles Fra Diavolo.
Not sure where to start? Check out
Seafood: A Fare for Every Palate
for help choosing a recipe.
Marine Aquaculture Factsheets and Videos
Get answers to frequently asked questions surrounding marine aquaculture and learn how aquaculture supports healthy food supplies, economies, and oceans.
More Information
Aquaculture Library
Aquaculture References and Further Reading
Milford Lab Outreach, Partnerships, and Collaborations
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
An Aquaculture Opportunity Area (AOA) is a defined geographic area that has been evaluated to determine its potential suitability for commercial aquaculture.
NOAA is using a combination of scientific analysis and public engagement to identify areas that are environmentally, socially, and economically appropriate for commercial aquaculture.
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas show high potential for commercial aquaculture. NOAA uses a science and community-based approach to assess potential AOAs.
How NOAA Will Identify Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
NOAA uses a combination of spatial mapping, scientific review, and stakeholder input to identify AOAs.
The AOA identification process begins by selecting a region of interest, then narrowing that region into smaller study areas. These smaller study areas are needed for NOAA’s
National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
to conduct effective aquaculture spatial modeling. NCCOS uses the best available data to account for key environmental, economic, social, and cultural considerations (i.e. fishing and protected areas) in this spatial modeling to identify areas that may support sustainable aquaculture development.
The spatial modeling results are one source of information NOAA uses in identifying AOAs. NOAA combines the spatial modeling results with input from Fishery Management Councils, Marine Fisheries Commissions, states and tribes, the general public, and other sources to develop preliminary alternatives to be considered through a programmatic review under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The NEPA review will consider alternative scenarios for siting aquaculture within the study areas and will present the best available science on the potential effects of siting aquaculture within the areas.
Identification of AOAs happens at the end of this process, after the NEPA review is complete. This results in identification of a defined geographic area that has been evaluated through a combination of scientific analysis and public engagement to determine its potential suitability for commercial aquaculture.
Why is NOAA Identifying Aquaculture Opportunity Areas?
NOAA has directives to preserve ocean sustainability and facilitate domestic aquaculture in the United States through the National Aquaculture Act of 1980, the NOAA Marine Aquaculture Policy, and Executive Order 13921, “Promoting American Seafood Competitiveness and Economic Growth” (May 7, 2020). NOAA has a variety of proven science-based tools and strategies that can support these directives. These help stakeholders thoughtfully consider how and where to sustainably develop offshore aquaculture that will complement wild-capture fisheries, working waterfronts, and our nation’s seafood processing and distribution infrastructure.
Identifying AOAs is an opportunity to use the best available global science-based guidance on sustainable aquaculture and support the “triple bottom line” of environmental, economic, and social sustainability. This approach has been refined and utilized widely within states and by other countries with robust, sustainable aquaculture sectors.
Considering NOAA-trust resources and stakeholder uses of a defined area will help to encourage the sustainable growth of aquaculture. This is done by siting aquaculture farms in ways that minimize impacts to those natural resources and reduce user conflicts while maximizing public input in the AOA identification process.
Aquaculture Opportunity Area Publications to Date
Gulf of Mexico* AOA Atlas
Public Scoping Summary for Gulf of Mexico
Southern California AOA Atlas
Public Scoping Summary for Southern California
More Resources
Webinars
Aquaculture Opportunity Area Update and Next Steps
(5/4/21)
Web Stories
NOAA Fisheries Selects Alaska to Begin Aquaculture Opportunity Area Identification
(
6/1/23)
Considering Culture for Aquaculture: NOAA’s Efforts to Expand Aquaculture Social Science Capacity
(8/15/22)
Aquaculture Opportunity Areas Featured at Aquaculture America 2022
(4/11/22)
Public Provides Important Insights Into Aquaculture Opportunity Areas
(2/12/21)
NOAA Announces Regions for First Two Aquaculture Opportunity Areas Under Executive Order on Seafood
(8/20/20)
*Executive Order 14172, “Restoring Names That Honor American Greatness” (Jan. 20, 2025), directs that the Gulf of Mexico be renamed the Gulf of America. On August 7, 2025, NOAA Fisheries and the National Ocean Service amended regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations to reflect the renaming. The name change did not result in any changes to, and had no effect on the applicability or enforceability of, any existing regulations. This website continues to use “Gulf of Mexico” when quoting statutes or previously published materials.
Marine Aquaculture Opportunity Areas in the United States
NOAA Fisheries uses scientific analysis and public engagement to identify areas that are appropriate for commercial aquaculture.
More Information
Alaska Aquaculture Opportunity Area Website
Alaska AOA Request for Information - Now open for public comment until December…
Southern California Aquaculture Opportunity Area
Gulf of America Aquaculture Opportunity Area Environmental Impact Statement
Frequently Asked Questions: Aquaculture Opportunity Areas