World Constitutional Convention - Wikipedia
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World Constitutional Convention - Wikipedia
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(Redirected from
Second World Constituent Assembly
)
1968 meeting of world delegates
This article is about World Constituent Assemblies of 1968 and 1977 and related events. For Constituent assembly, see
Constituent assembly
.
World Constitutional Convention
Date
August 27 – September 12, 1968
(
1968-08-27
–
1968-09-12
)
Venue
Theater Hall of Congress Kursaal,
Interlaken
, Switzerland
City Hall of
Wolfach
, Germany
Also known as
World Constituent Assembly (WCA)
First World Constituent Assembly
Type
Constituent assembly
Cause
Peoples' World Convention
World Constitutional Convention call
Motive
world peace
,
World constitution
, democratic
federal
world government
Participants
200
Outcome
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
Website
www
.ef-gov
.org
/en
/
The
World Constitutional Convention (WCC)
, also known as the World Constituent Assembly (WCA) or the First World Constituent Assembly, took place in
Interlaken
, Switzerland and
Wolfach
, Germany, 1968.
[
1
]
The convention aimed to foster global cooperation and
world peace
through the development of a
world constitution
and establishment of a democratic
federal
world government
.
[
2
]
[
3
]
[
4
]
The initiative to convene the convention was led by
World Constitution Coordinating Committee
, who sought support from notable individuals around the world. The "Call to all nations," an appeal signed by prominent figures, urged countries to send delegates to
Geneva
for the historic World Constitutional Convention.
[
5
]
Several
Nobel laureates
were among the notable signatories of the call.
[
6
]
[
7
]
Other notable figures such as
Edward Condon
,
Edris Rice-Wray Carson
, and
Martin Luther King Jr.
endorsed it as well.
Hundreds of participants from various countries attended the convention in 1968, where a proposed constitution was drafted.
[
2
]
[
8
]
[
9
]
The
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
, subsequently renamed the World Constitution and Parliament Association, later organized a Second World Constituent Assembly in
Innsbruck
, Austria, in 1977.
[
10
]
During the 1977 assembly, the delegates adopted the "
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
".
[
11
]
[
12
]
After its adoption, the WCPA issued a call for ratification, urging nations and peoples of Earth to endorse the constitution and copies of the prepared constitution were sent to various entities, including the
United Nations
,
[
13
]
national governments
, and universities, seeking their support and cooperation in the ratification process.
[
14
]
The constitution had not been ratified by any country as of 2024.
[
15
]
Background
[
edit
]
Albert Einstein and Peoples' World Convention (PWC)
[
edit
]
Einstein
, 1947 (aged 68)
"Peoples' World Convention" redirects here. For Peoples World Parliament, see
Peoples World Parliament
.
Albert Einstein
grew increasingly convinced that the world was veering off course. He arrived at the conclusion that the gravity of the situation demanded more profound actions and the establishment of a "
world government
" was the only logical solution.
[
16
]
[
17
]
In his "Open Letter to the General Assembly of the United Nations" of October 1947, Einstein emphasized the urgent need for international cooperation and the establishment of a world government.
[
18
]
In the year 1948, Einstein invited
United World Federalists, Inc.
(UWF) president
Cord Meyer
to a meeting of
ECAS
[
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]
[
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]
and joined UWF as a member of the advisory board.
[
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]
[
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]
Einstein and ECAS assisted UWF in fundraising
[
22
]
and provided supporting material.
[
23
]
[
24
]
Einstein described
United World Federalists
as: "the group nearest to our aspirations".
[
25
]
Einstein and other prominent figures such as
Gerhard Domagk
,
Robert Hutchins
,
Kerstin Hesselgren
,
John Steinbeck
,
William Beveridge
,
Hu Shih
,
Albert Camus
,
Toyohiko Kagawa
,
Yehudi Menuhin
,
Jacques Maritain
,
John Boyd Orr
,
Thomas Mann
,
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
,
Roberto Rossellini
and
Hans Thirring
sponsored the Peoples' World Convention (PWC) also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950–51
[
26
]
[
27
]
and later continued in the form of world constituent assemblies in 1968, 1977, 1978–79, and 1991.
[
11
]
[
28
]
500 people from 45 countries attended the Peoples' World Convention (PWC) at Palais Electoral,
Geneva
, Switzerland from December 30, 1950, to January 5, 1951.
[
29
]
World Constitution Coordinating Committee
[
edit
]
Main articles:
Thane Read
and
World Constitution Coordinating Committee
Portrait of
Thane Read
in 1962
In 1958,
Thane Read
, an independent U.S. economist, decided to consider a means to foster
global cooperation
and
peace
through the establishment of a democratic
federal
world government
.
[
30
]
[
non-primary source needed
]
He initiated the "Call to all nations," an appeal signed by individuals from around the world, urging countries to send delegates to
Geneva
for a World Constitutional Convention. The primary objective of this convention was to draft a constitution that would pave the way for a representative parliament representing all of humanity.
[
31
]
[
32
]
Joining Read in his mission were Janet Frenzel, Lloyd D. Oxley, Evelyn Martin, and Morikatsu Inagaki, who collectively established an office in
Phoenix
, Arizona, US, as the World Constitution Coordinating Committee, to garner support for the proposed World Constitutional Convention.
[
33
]
The committee engaged in extensive communication efforts with governments, religious institutions, educational societies, political parties, labor unions, and various organizations capable of effecting change, seeking their collaboration in advocating for the convention. The appeal received overwhelming support from prominent individuals across diverse fields and countries. Nobel laureates, including
Albert Szent-Györgyi
,
Linus Pauling
, and
Bertrand Russell
, endorsed the Call, alongside eminent leaders like
Martin Luther King Jr.
,
President of Pakistan
Muhammad Ayub Khan
, and
President of Costa Rica
Francisco J. Orlich
and many more.
[
6
]
[
34
]
[
7
]
This widespread support set the stage for the World Constitutional Convention and the Peoples World Parliament, held in
Interlaken
, Switzerland, and
Wolfach
, Germany, in 1968.
[
1
]
Attended by over 200 participants from 27 countries, these sessions marked the beginning of drafting a world constitution for a global federal government, ultimately leading to the development of the
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
.
[
11
]
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
[
edit
]
Main article:
World Constitution and Parliament Association
As the call for a World Constitutional Convention gained momentum, an U.S. Committee for a World Constitutional Convention was formed in 1958
[
35
]
[
36
]
later renamed as
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
(WCWCC) in 1959 with
Philip Isely
as Secretary. With established headquarters in Denver, Colorado in 1961, World Committee also issued calls to support the World Constitution Coordinating Committee (WCCC) and later played a significant roles in development of the world constitution.
[
37
]
In 1966, World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention (WCWCC) was again renamed as
World Constitution and Parliament Association
(WCPA).
[
38
]
Consultative Council to the World Constitutional Convention
[
edit
]
A consultative council for the World Constitutional Convention was also established in 1967, whose task was to engage in research and provide advice on specific topics connected with the drafting and ratification of the World Constitution.
[
39
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Max Habicht was the organizing chairman of the consultative council.
[
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]
Later, in late 1972, Consultative Council to the World Constitutional Convention (CCWCC) was succeeded by World Federal Authority Committee (WFAC).
[
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]
[
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]
Early debates
[
edit
]
First Preparatory Congress
[
edit
]
Denver Sheraton Hotel (then Denver Hilton Hotel) of
Denver
, Colorado, venue of the First Preparatory Congress
In 1963, the first Preparatory Congress took place at the Denver Hilton Hotel in
Denver
, Colorado, US, from September 3 to 8.
[
42
]
[
43
]
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
(WCWCC) was the organizer of the congress with Victor W. Haflich, then Member of the
State Legislature
,
Kansas
, President;
Dr. Neal Bishop
, Vice President; Professor Agnes B.Hatfield, Secretary; T. E. Robertson Jr., Treasurer and
Philip Isely
as executive director of committee.
[
44
]
There were 126 participants from 15 countries.
[
45
]
World Parliament Association
(WPA) delegation,
Josué de Castro
,
Mary Tibaldi Chiesa
and Janet Hartog from Europe also attended.
[
42
]
Meeting was chaired by
Josue de Castro
, who was the
Ambassador of Brazil
in Geneva, Switzerland at the time, he was elected as President of World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention (WCWCC) along with
Philip Isely
as Secretary General.
[
45
]
During this congress, a call was issued to define the basic terms for the upcoming Convention and to invite people and governments from all nations to send delegates. This initial gathering laid the groundwork for the formal proceedings of the convention and generated widespread interest in the prospect of creating a democratic federal World Government. Till that time World Constitutional Convention call had signatories numbering 1000 from 55 countries.
[
45
]
Second Preparatory Congress
[
edit
]
In 1965, the second Preparatory Congress or Milan Congress was convened with the co-operation of
Mary Tibaldi Chiesa
in Milan, Italy.
[
46
]
During this congress, specific terms and guidelines were established to commence the World Constitutional Convention and Peoples World Parliament. The delegates present at Milan debated whether delegates from national governments alone or delegates representing the peoples of the world should have the upper hand at the World Constituent Convention or Assembly. A decision to hold Peoples World Parliaments concurrently with preparatory congresses of delegates from national governments was made.
[
47
]
Third Preparatory Congress
[
edit
]
In 1966, the third Preparatory Congress or Geneva Congress was held in
Geneva
, Switzerland. This congress played a crucial role in setting the stage for the World Constitutional Convention to be held in the subsequent year. Delegates at the Geneva congress finalized the terms and conditions for commencing the Convention and Parliament at
Interlaken
and
Wolfach
in 1968.
[
48
]
World Constitutional Convention and Peoples World Parliament
[
edit
]
Venues of the Main Sessions of the World Constitutional Convention and the Peoples World Parliament
Theater Hall of Congress Kursaal,
Interlaken
, Switzerland
City Hall of
Wolfach
, Germany
"Peoples World Parliament" redirects here. For legislative institution, see
Parliament
.
Three Preparatory Congresses collectively served as foundational steps in garnering support, defining objectives, and formulating a comprehensive plan for the World Constitutional Convention. In 1968, 200 delegates
[
49
]
representing 27 countries from five continents met for the World Constitutional Convention and Peoples World Parliament at the Theatre Hall of the Congress Kursaal in
Interlaken
, Switzerland, on August 27, 1968, to draft a constitution for a
federal
world government
.
[
50
]
The event commenced on August 27, and on September 2, 1968, sessions moved to
Wolfach
, Germany, where it concluded on September 12, 1968.
[
1
]
[
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]
The largest delegations to the Convention and Peoples Parliament comprised representatives from the United States of America,
[
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]
France, India, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and West Germany. Additionally, participants from Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Canada,
Ceylon
(Sri Lanka), Colombia, Finland, Ghana, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Senegal, and Thailand were in attendance.
[
8
]
Delegates from
Czechoslovakia
and Eastern Europe were unable to partake in the event as soviet Troops suddenly invaded Czechoslovakia.
[
8
]
Among the delegates, notable figures such as
Abbe Piere
, Althya Youngman,
Ahmed Jaffer
,
Elisabeth Mann Borgese
, Gonzalo Fernós López,
[
53
]
Henri Huber, Kurt Bortner,
Martin Niemoller
, Max Habicht,
[
54
]
Onkar Nath
, Oskar Jedzini,
Philip Isely
,
R.K. Nehru
, Theo Pontzen and Chief W. J. Falaiye, to name a few, were present.
[
50
]
[
1
]
Drafting Commission for the Constitution for the Federation of Earth
[
edit
]
In Wolfach, Germany, a commission was established to draft a democratic federal world constitution, under the chairmanship of
Philip Isely
. Isely's commission prepared the "Declaration of Wolfach".
[
55
]
Emergency Council of World Trustees
[
edit
]
The World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention (WCWCC), renamed World Constitution and Parliament Association (WCPA), organized an Emergency Council of World Trustees (ECWT) during 1969 and 1971.
[
56
]
Philip Isely
, secretary of ECWT, in consultation with
Thane Read
and Lloyd Oxley draw a 'Proposal for Immediate Action' which was adopted in 1971. From December 28, 1971, to January 2, 1972, the Emergency Council convened in
Santa Barbara
, California, US.
[
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]
[
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]
The Emergency Council issued several decrees:
[
56
]
First Decree for the Protection of Life: outlawing of
nuclear
and
biochemical weapons
and other
weapons of mass destruction
.
[
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]
[
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]
Second Decree: assist in convening a peoples world parliament
Third Decree: to prepare a draft of a
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
Fourth Decree: to appoint and activate planetary legislative commissions on several major problems for the purpose of preparing global legislative measures to have ready for submission to the parliament when it convenes.
The Council terminated deliberations on January 2, 1972, with covering other possible actions covering environmental problems, pressing social and economical issues.
[
61
]
At Santa Barbara, a multitude of dedicated delegates from more than 25 countries gathered, and among them were prominent individuals from India, such as
R. K. Nehru
, former
Secretary-General
of the
Ministry of External Affairs
of
India
;
Godey Murahari
, who later became the Speaker of the
Rajya Sabha
; D. H. Spencer, a renowned
constitutional lawyer
; and Dr. T. P. Amerasinghe, a
Barrister-at-Law
from Sri Lanka. Other notable delegates included Reinhart Ruge from Mexico, Dr. Lucile Green from California, US, Mrs. Helen Tucker from Canada,
Thane Read
from Arizona, US,
Archie Casely-Hayford
from Ghana, Hon. Syed Mohamed Husain later Judge of the
Supreme Court of Bangladesh
, Dr. Charles Mercieca from Malta and the US, and Jorgen Laursen Vig from Denmark.
[
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]
Together, a total of 229 representatives from 54 countries joined forces to sign "The First Decree for the Protection of Life".
[
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]
[
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Constitution draft
[
edit
]
First draft
[
edit
]
As in 1968, the World Constitutional Convention and Peoples World Parliament held sessions in Interlaken and Wolfach initiating the task of formulating a constitution. The drafting commission, consisting of D. M. Spencer, an esteemed Constitutional Lawyer and Professor from
Sydenham College, Bombay
, Hon. Syed Mohammed Husain, an Advocate who later became a Judge of the
Supreme Court of Bangladesh
, Dr. T. P. Amerasinghe, a
Barrister-at-Law
and Advocate of the
Supreme Court of Sri Lanka
, and
Philip Isely
, the Secretary General of WCPA, joined forces to work on the constitution during January and February 1972. Their efforts were based on Philip Isely's 19-page outline of the draft.
[
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]
In November 1974, the initial draft titled "A Constitution for the Federation of Earth" was ultimately finished, published and circulated globally by WCPA for assessment, along with the Call to the second session in 1977.
[
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[
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Second draft
[
edit
]
During 1974 and 1975, the WCPA received feedback and comments on the first draft. In 1976, the drafting commission reconvened and finalized a second draft, which was then circulated world-wide for by the WCPA.
[
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]
Second World Constituent Assembly
[
edit
]
Second World Constituent Assembly
Kongresshaus
,
Innsbruck
, Austria, venue of the Second World Constituent Assembly
Date
June 16–29, 1977
(
1977-06-16
–
1977-06-29
)
Venue
Kongresshaus
,
Innsbruck
Participants
138
Outcome
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
,
Provisional World Government
The second session of the World Constituent Assembly took place in
Innsbruck
, Austria,
[
68
]
from June 16 to June 29, 1977, at
Kongresshaus
.
[
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]
The assembly was a significant milestone in the pursuit of global governance, as it convened to deliberate and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.
[
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Attended by 138 delegates from 25 countries across six continents, the event marked an unprecedented gathering of international representatives.
[
10
]
[
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]
During the assembly, the drafting commission presented the proposed 'Constitution for the Federation of Earth', which was then examined clause by clause. The participating delegates engaged in extensive debates, offering amendments and contributing to the refinement of the document. Notable figures leading the discussions included the Indian delegation leader, A. B. Patel, former member of the Kenyan legislature, Dr. S. Kaiser from Netherlands, Dr. Carmel Kussman, New York, Mrs. Mia Lord, London, U.K., Dr. Helen Tucker, Canada,
Dr. Hanna Newcombe
, Canada, Kenneth Komo, Botswana, Foster Parmalee, U.S.A.,
Margaret Isely
, U.S.A., Dr. Ahmed Subandjo, Indonesia and many more.
[
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]
Adoption and signing
[
edit
]
The Assembly unanimously adopted the draft constitution on 27 June 1977, signifying a momentous step forward for humanity's quest for a global governance framework.
[
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]
[
72
]
Dr. A. B. Patel described the occasion "as the day of a new age" and called for all those present to come up to the stage and affix their signatures to the Constitution.
[
72
]
Call for ratification
[
edit
]
Following the assembly's success, a call for ratification was issued, urging
nations
and peoples of Earth to endorse the constitution. The WCPA proactively sent copies of the constitution to the
United Nations
,
[
13
]
Members of the General Assembly
, and
national governments
, requesting their support and cooperation in the ratification process.
[
14
]
[
73
]
The call requested:
(a) people of Earth to ratify the Constitution by direct referendum and by an initiative petition followed by election of delegates to the 'House of Peoples';
(b) the national governments and legislatures of the world to ratify the Constitution and elect delegates to the 'House of Nations'; and
(c) the universities, Colleges, Churches, Scientific Academies and Institutes to ratify the Constitution and nominate delegates with a world view as candidates for election to the 'House of Councillors'.
[
67
]
Further developments
[
edit
]
Since the Second World Constituent Assembly of 1977, the 'Constitution for the Federation of Earth' has undergone further amendments through two additional sessions of the World Constituent Assemblies in 1978-79 and 1991.
[
74
]
[
11
]
[
28
]
Furthermore, a Provisional World Government
[
13
]
with a
Provisional World Parliament
has been established, holding fifteen sessions of the parliament since 1982, with the last one taking place in 2021.
[
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]
[
74
]
As of 2023, the developed constitution has been personally ratified by many individuals worldwide,
[
76
]
but has not received ratification from any country.
[
15
]
See also
[
edit
]
World Constitution Coordinating Committee
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
Provisional World Parliament
World government
List of constituent assemblies
Constituent assembly
Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists
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[
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a
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c
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"World Constitution and Parliament Association | UIA Yearbook Profile | Union of International Associations"
.
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. Retrieved
2023-07-31
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.
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. Retrieved
2023-08-04
.
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.
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2023-08-04
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"University of Sussex Library Special Collections: World Parliament Association Archive"
.
www.sussex.ac.uk
. Retrieved
2023-07-29
.
^
"The Aspen Times (weekly) August 23, 1963 — Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection"
.
www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org
. The Aspen Times. 1963-08-23. p. 14
. Retrieved
2023-10-16
.
^
"First Preparatory Congress for the World Constitutional Convention"
.
New York Public Library
. Retrieved
2023-07-30
.
^
a
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Amerasinghe, Terence P. (2009).
Emerging World Law, Volume 1
. Institute for Economic Democracy. p. 50.
ISBN
978-1-933567-16-7
.
^
Associations, Union of International (2013-06-21).
Yearbook of International Organizations 2013–2014 (Volumes 1A-1B): Organization Descriptions and Cross-References
. BRILL. p. 2728.
ISBN
978-90-04-25513-5
.
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Amerasinghe, Terence P. (2009).
Emerging World Law, Volume 1
. Institute for Economic Democracy. p. 51.
ISBN
978-1-933567-16-7
.
^
Peace Research Reviews
. Canadian Peace Research Institute. 1967. pp.
15–
16.
^
The Press-Courier
. The Press-Courier. 1968-09-03. p. 3(5).
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a
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"Bieler Tagblatt 30. August 1968 — e-newspaperarchives.ch"
.
www.e-newspaperarchives.ch
(in German). 1968-08-30
. Retrieved
2023-07-31
.
^
World Union
. World Union. 1978.
^
The Evening News
. The Evening News. 1968-08-06. p. 8.
^
Resources, United States Congress House Committee on (1997).
United States-Puerto Rico Political Status Act: Field Hearing Before the Committee on Resources, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 856 ... Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, April 21, 1997
. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 241.
ISBN
978-0-16-055602-9
.
^
Habicht, Max (1987).
The Abolition of War: Autobiographical Notes of a World Federalist and a Selection of His Collected Papers on Peace and World Federalism
. Club Humaniste.
^
War Resistance
. Vol. 2. War Resisters' International. 1971. p. 13.
^
a
b
Baum, Robert (1979).
Ethical Arguments for Analysis
. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 214.
ISBN
978-0-03-045011-2
.
^
Ramparts
. Noah's Ark, Incorporated. 1971. p. 11.
^
Associations, Union of International (1981).
Yearbook of International Organizations
. Union of International Associations. p. 1599.
ISBN
978-3-598-21860-6
.
^
Shifferd, Kent D. (2014-01-10).
From War to Peace: A Guide to the Next Hundred Years
. McFarland. p. 137.
ISBN
978-0-7864-8523-9
.
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a
b
"Amplifier v. 17, no. 6; (1972, Mar. 3) by Montana Tech Library - Issuu"
.
issuu.com
. 2015-06-15. p. 4
. Retrieved
2024-03-22
.
^
Green Revolution
. School of Living. 1972. p. 12.
^
Amerasinghe, Terence P. (2009).
Emerging World Law, Volume 1
. Institute for Economic Democracy. p. 55.
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978-1-933567-16-7
.
^
Universal, Renaissance (1977).
The Renaissance Universal Journal
. Renaissance Universal. p. 47.
^
Amerasinghe, Terence P. (2009).
Emerging World Law, Volume 1
. Institute for Economic Democracy. p. 56.
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978-1-933567-16-7
.
^
Isely, Philip (1974).
A Constitution for the Federation of Earth: Preliminary Draft
. World Constitution and Parliament Association.
^
Office, Library of Congress Copyright (1976).
Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series: 1975: January–June
. Copyright Office, Library of Congress. p. 1640.
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Amerasinghe, Terence P. (2009).
Emerging World Law, Volume 1
. Institute for Economic Democracy. p. 57.
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978-1-933567-16-7
.
^
Falk, Richard A.; Johansen, Robert C.; Kim, Samuel S.; Kim, Teacher of Korean Foreign Relations and Korean Politics Department of Political Science Associate Director of the Center for Korean Research East Asia Institute Samuel S. (1993-01-01).
The Constitutional Foundations of World Peace
. SUNY Press. p. 155.
ISBN
978-0-7914-1343-2
.
^
Yunker, James A. (2000).
"Rethinking World Government: A New Approach"
.
International Journal on World Peace
.
17
(1):
3–
33.
ISSN
0742-3640
.
JSTOR
20753240
.
^
"Constitution (Amendment) Bill (Amendment of article 51)".
Lok Sabha Debates
(PDF)
. Vol. XIII. New Delhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat. 1978-04-07. pp.
393–
408.
^
Isely, Philip (1977).
A Constitution for the Federation of Earth
. World Constitution and Parliament Association.
^
a
b
PANDIT, M. P. (1981).
WORLD UNION (JANUARY-DECEMBER) 1981
. WORLD UNION INTERNATIONAL, INDIA.
^
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. 1978. p. 56.
^
a
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"The Guardian from London, Greater London, England"
.
Newspapers.com
. 1989-01-11
. Retrieved
2023-07-31
.
^
"Provisional World Parliament | UIA Yearbook Profile | Union of International Associations"
.
uia.org
. Retrieved
2023-07-31
.
^
Amerasinghe, Terence P. (2009).
Emerging World Law, Volume 1
. Institute for Economic Democracy. pp.
229–
243.
ISBN
978-1-933567-16-7
.
v
t
e
World Constitutional Convention
call
signatories
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
World Constitution Coordinating Committee
Thane Read
Philip Isely
Margaret Isely
Georgia Lloyd
Countries
Costa Rica
Pakistan
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Tanzania
Heads of government
Presidents
Edgar Faure
Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich
José Figueres Ferrer
Julius Nyerere
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Muhammad Ayub Khan
Otilio Ulate Blanco
Vice-presidents
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga
Prime Ministers
Clement Attlee
Milton Margai
Tetsu Katayama
Governors
Culbert Olson
Hiroo Ōhara
Mayors
E.C. Quaye
Setsuo Yamada
Shinzo Hamai
Politicians
International
Cornelis Berkhouwer
National
Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer
Akira Kazami
B. Satya Narayan Reddy
Chiyo Sakakibara
Diwan Chaman Lall
Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza
Gerhard Jahn
Hisato Ichimada
Henry Usborne
Ichirō Kiyose
Inder Kumar Gujral
Irène de Lipkowski
John Foster
Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Kenzō Matsumura
Komla Agbeli Gbedemah
Lewis Silkin
N. G. Ranga
Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli
Patrick Wolrige-Gordon
William Beveridge
Religious leaders
Abbé Pierre
Dana McLean Greeley
George MacLeod
John Collins
Martin Niemöller
Michael Scott
Nobel laureates
Physics
Alfred Kastler
C. F. Powell
Hideki Yukawa
Max Born
Chemistry
Frederick Sanger
(twice)
Otto Hahn
Physiology or Medicine
Albert Szent-Györgyi
Dickinson W. Richards
Hermann Joseph Muller
Macfarlane Burnet
Literature
Bertrand Russell
Salvatore Quasimodo
Peace
John Boyd Orr
Joseph Rotblat
Multiple
Linus Pauling
(Chemistry & Peace)
Scientists
Charles C. Price
Edward Condon
Edris Rice-Wray Carson
Harlow Shapley
Jean Orcel
Pitirim Sorokin
Priyadaranjan Ray
René Dumont
Wilder Penfield
Human rights activists
Martin Luther King Jr.
Humanitarians
André and Magda Trocmé
(Righteous Among the Nations)
Brock Chisholm
Veterans
Hugh B. Hester
Varied fields
Arthur Ernest Bishop
(inventor)
David Alfaro Siqueiros
(Social realist)
E. M. L. Odjidja
(teacher)
Edward J. Sparling
(educator)
Erich Kahler
(scholar)
Gregorio Bermann
(humanist)
Gerard Piel
(science editor)
Henri Laugier
(scholar)
Hugh J. Schonfield
(scholar & pacifist)
Kaoru Ōta
(union leader)
Kay Boyle
(writer)
Lloyd Morain
(humanist)
Mark Van Doren
(writer & scholar)
Maurício Campos de Medeiros
(teacher)
Oscar Niemeyer
(architect)
Ōuchi Hyōei
(economist)
Rameshwari Nehru
(social worker)
Satish Gujral
(artist)
Shigeri Yamataka
(feminist)
Sophia Wadia
(theosophist)
Stanley Slotkin
(businessman)
Stuart Hall
(cultural theorist)
Tamaki Uemura
(
YWCA
executive)
Tano Jōdai
(teacher & pacifist)
Toyohiko Kagawa
(pacifist)
Related
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
Provisional World Parliament
Other
World constitution
World government
World federalism
Source:
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
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World Constitutional Convention
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from
Second World Constituent Assembly
)
1968 meeting of world delegates
This article is about World Constituent Assemblies of 1968 and 1977 and related events. For Constituent assembly, see
Constituent assembly
.
World Constitutional Convention
Date
August 27 – September 12, 1968
(
1968-08-27
–
1968-09-12
)
Venue
Theater Hall of Congress Kursaal,
Interlaken
, Switzerland
City Hall of
Wolfach
, Germany
Also known as
World Constituent Assembly (WCA)
First World Constituent Assembly
Type
Constituent assembly
Cause
Peoples' World Convention
World Constitutional Convention call
Motive
world peace
,
World constitution
, democratic
federal
world government
Participants
200
Outcome
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
Website
www
.ef-gov
.org
/en
/
The
World Constitutional Convention (WCC)
, also known as the World Constituent Assembly (WCA) or the First World Constituent Assembly, took place in
Interlaken
, Switzerland and
Wolfach
, Germany, 1968.
[
1
]
The convention aimed to foster global cooperation and
world peace
through the development of a
world constitution
and establishment of a democratic
federal
world government
.
[
2
]
[
3
]
[
4
]
The initiative to convene the convention was led by
World Constitution Coordinating Committee
, who sought support from notable individuals around the world. The "Call to all nations," an appeal signed by prominent figures, urged countries to send delegates to
Geneva
for the historic World Constitutional Convention.
[
5
]
Several
Nobel laureates
were among the notable signatories of the call.
[
6
]
[
7
]
Other notable figures such as
Edward Condon
,
Edris Rice-Wray Carson
, and
Martin Luther King Jr.
endorsed it as well.
Hundreds of participants from various countries attended the convention in 1968, where a proposed constitution was drafted.
[
2
]
[
8
]
[
9
]
The
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
, subsequently renamed the World Constitution and Parliament Association, later organized a Second World Constituent Assembly in
Innsbruck
, Austria, in 1977.
[
10
]
During the 1977 assembly, the delegates adopted the "
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
".
[
11
]
[
12
]
After its adoption, the WCPA issued a call for ratification, urging nations and peoples of Earth to endorse the constitution and copies of the prepared constitution were sent to various entities, including the
United Nations
,
[
13
]
national governments
, and universities, seeking their support and cooperation in the ratification process.
[
14
]
The constitution had not been ratified by any country as of 2024.
[
15
]
Background
[
edit
]
Albert Einstein and Peoples' World Convention (PWC)
[
edit
]
Einstein
, 1947 (aged 68)
"Peoples' World Convention" redirects here. For Peoples World Parliament, see
Peoples World Parliament
.
Albert Einstein
grew increasingly convinced that the world was veering off course. He arrived at the conclusion that the gravity of the situation demanded more profound actions and the establishment of a "
world government
" was the only logical solution.
[
16
]
[
17
]
In his "Open Letter to the General Assembly of the United Nations" of October 1947, Einstein emphasized the urgent need for international cooperation and the establishment of a world government.
[
18
]
In the year 1948, Einstein invited
United World Federalists, Inc.
(UWF) president
Cord Meyer
to a meeting of
ECAS
[
19
]
[
20
]
and joined UWF as a member of the advisory board.
[
21
]
[
22
]
Einstein and ECAS assisted UWF in fundraising
[
22
]
and provided supporting material.
[
23
]
[
24
]
Einstein described
United World Federalists
as: "the group nearest to our aspirations".
[
25
]
Einstein and other prominent figures such as
Gerhard Domagk
,
Robert Hutchins
,
Kerstin Hesselgren
,
John Steinbeck
,
William Beveridge
,
Hu Shih
,
Albert Camus
,
Toyohiko Kagawa
,
Yehudi Menuhin
,
Jacques Maritain
,
John Boyd Orr
,
Thomas Mann
,
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
,
Roberto Rossellini
and
Hans Thirring
sponsored the Peoples' World Convention (PWC) also known as Peoples' World Constituent Assembly (PWCA), which took place in 1950–51
[
26
]
[
27
]
and later continued in the form of world constituent assemblies in 1968, 1977, 1978–79, and 1991.
[
11
]
[
28
]
500 people from 45 countries attended the Peoples' World Convention (PWC) at Palais Electoral,
Geneva
, Switzerland from December 30, 1950, to January 5, 1951.
[
29
]
World Constitution Coordinating Committee
[
edit
]
Main articles:
Thane Read
and
World Constitution Coordinating Committee
Portrait of
Thane Read
in 1962
In 1958,
Thane Read
, an independent U.S. economist, decided to consider a means to foster
global cooperation
and
peace
through the establishment of a democratic
federal
world government
.
[
30
]
[
non-primary source needed
]
He initiated the "Call to all nations," an appeal signed by individuals from around the world, urging countries to send delegates to
Geneva
for a World Constitutional Convention. The primary objective of this convention was to draft a constitution that would pave the way for a representative parliament representing all of humanity.
[
31
]
[
32
]
Joining Read in his mission were Janet Frenzel, Lloyd D. Oxley, Evelyn Martin, and Morikatsu Inagaki, who collectively established an office in
Phoenix
, Arizona, US, as the World Constitution Coordinating Committee, to garner support for the proposed World Constitutional Convention.
[
33
]
The committee engaged in extensive communication efforts with governments, religious institutions, educational societies, political parties, labor unions, and various organizations capable of effecting change, seeking their collaboration in advocating for the convention. The appeal received overwhelming support from prominent individuals across diverse fields and countries. Nobel laureates, including
Albert Szent-Györgyi
,
Linus Pauling
, and
Bertrand Russell
, endorsed the Call, alongside eminent leaders like
Martin Luther King Jr.
,
President of Pakistan
Muhammad Ayub Khan
, and
President of Costa Rica
Francisco J. Orlich
and many more.
[
6
]
[
34
]
[
7
]
This widespread support set the stage for the World Constitutional Convention and the Peoples World Parliament, held in
Interlaken
, Switzerland, and
Wolfach
, Germany, in 1968.
[
1
]
Attended by over 200 participants from 27 countries, these sessions marked the beginning of drafting a world constitution for a global federal government, ultimately leading to the development of the
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
.
[
11
]
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
[
edit
]
Main article:
World Constitution and Parliament Association
As the call for a World Constitutional Convention gained momentum, an U.S. Committee for a World Constitutional Convention was formed in 1958
[
35
]
[
36
]
later renamed as
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
(WCWCC) in 1959 with
Philip Isely
as Secretary. With established headquarters in Denver, Colorado in 1961, World Committee also issued calls to support the World Constitution Coordinating Committee (WCCC) and later played a significant roles in development of the world constitution.
[
37
]
In 1966, World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention (WCWCC) was again renamed as
World Constitution and Parliament Association
(WCPA).
[
38
]
Consultative Council to the World Constitutional Convention
[
edit
]
A consultative council for the World Constitutional Convention was also established in 1967, whose task was to engage in research and provide advice on specific topics connected with the drafting and ratification of the World Constitution.
[
39
]
Max Habicht was the organizing chairman of the consultative council.
[
39
]
Later, in late 1972, Consultative Council to the World Constitutional Convention (CCWCC) was succeeded by World Federal Authority Committee (WFAC).
[
40
]
[
41
]
Early debates
[
edit
]
First Preparatory Congress
[
edit
]
Denver Sheraton Hotel (then Denver Hilton Hotel) of
Denver
, Colorado, venue of the First Preparatory Congress
In 1963, the first Preparatory Congress took place at the Denver Hilton Hotel in
Denver
, Colorado, US, from September 3 to 8.
[
42
]
[
43
]
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
(WCWCC) was the organizer of the congress with Victor W. Haflich, then Member of the
State Legislature
,
Kansas
, President;
Dr. Neal Bishop
, Vice President; Professor Agnes B.Hatfield, Secretary; T. E. Robertson Jr., Treasurer and
Philip Isely
as executive director of committee.
[
44
]
There were 126 participants from 15 countries.
[
45
]
World Parliament Association
(WPA) delegation,
Josué de Castro
,
Mary Tibaldi Chiesa
and Janet Hartog from Europe also attended.
[
42
]
Meeting was chaired by
Josue de Castro
, who was the
Ambassador of Brazil
in Geneva, Switzerland at the time, he was elected as President of World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention (WCWCC) along with
Philip Isely
as Secretary General.
[
45
]
During this congress, a call was issued to define the basic terms for the upcoming Convention and to invite people and governments from all nations to send delegates. This initial gathering laid the groundwork for the formal proceedings of the convention and generated widespread interest in the prospect of creating a democratic federal World Government. Till that time World Constitutional Convention call had signatories numbering 1000 from 55 countries.
[
45
]
Second Preparatory Congress
[
edit
]
In 1965, the second Preparatory Congress or Milan Congress was convened with the co-operation of
Mary Tibaldi Chiesa
in Milan, Italy.
[
46
]
During this congress, specific terms and guidelines were established to commence the World Constitutional Convention and Peoples World Parliament. The delegates present at Milan debated whether delegates from national governments alone or delegates representing the peoples of the world should have the upper hand at the World Constituent Convention or Assembly. A decision to hold Peoples World Parliaments concurrently with preparatory congresses of delegates from national governments was made.
[
47
]
Third Preparatory Congress
[
edit
]
In 1966, the third Preparatory Congress or Geneva Congress was held in
Geneva
, Switzerland. This congress played a crucial role in setting the stage for the World Constitutional Convention to be held in the subsequent year. Delegates at the Geneva congress finalized the terms and conditions for commencing the Convention and Parliament at
Interlaken
and
Wolfach
in 1968.
[
48
]
World Constitutional Convention and Peoples World Parliament
[
edit
]
Venues of the Main Sessions of the World Constitutional Convention and the Peoples World Parliament
Theater Hall of Congress Kursaal,
Interlaken
, Switzerland
City Hall of
Wolfach
, Germany
"Peoples World Parliament" redirects here. For legislative institution, see
Parliament
.
Three Preparatory Congresses collectively served as foundational steps in garnering support, defining objectives, and formulating a comprehensive plan for the World Constitutional Convention. In 1968, 200 delegates
[
49
]
representing 27 countries from five continents met for the World Constitutional Convention and Peoples World Parliament at the Theatre Hall of the Congress Kursaal in
Interlaken
, Switzerland, on August 27, 1968, to draft a constitution for a
federal
world government
.
[
50
]
The event commenced on August 27, and on September 2, 1968, sessions moved to
Wolfach
, Germany, where it concluded on September 12, 1968.
[
1
]
[
51
]
The largest delegations to the Convention and Peoples Parliament comprised representatives from the United States of America,
[
52
]
France, India, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and West Germany. Additionally, participants from Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Canada,
Ceylon
(Sri Lanka), Colombia, Finland, Ghana, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Senegal, and Thailand were in attendance.
[
8
]
Delegates from
Czechoslovakia
and Eastern Europe were unable to partake in the event as soviet Troops suddenly invaded Czechoslovakia.
[
8
]
Among the delegates, notable figures such as
Abbe Piere
, Althya Youngman,
Ahmed Jaffer
,
Elisabeth Mann Borgese
, Gonzalo Fernós López,
[
53
]
Henri Huber, Kurt Bortner,
Martin Niemoller
, Max Habicht,
[
54
]
Onkar Nath
, Oskar Jedzini,
Philip Isely
,
R.K. Nehru
, Theo Pontzen and Chief W. J. Falaiye, to name a few, were present.
[
50
]
[
1
]
Drafting Commission for the Constitution for the Federation of Earth
[
edit
]
In Wolfach, Germany, a commission was established to draft a democratic federal world constitution, under the chairmanship of
Philip Isely
. Isely's commission prepared the "Declaration of Wolfach".
[
55
]
Emergency Council of World Trustees
[
edit
]
The World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention (WCWCC), renamed World Constitution and Parliament Association (WCPA), organized an Emergency Council of World Trustees (ECWT) during 1969 and 1971.
[
56
]
Philip Isely
, secretary of ECWT, in consultation with
Thane Read
and Lloyd Oxley draw a 'Proposal for Immediate Action' which was adopted in 1971. From December 28, 1971, to January 2, 1972, the Emergency Council convened in
Santa Barbara
, California, US.
[
57
]
[
58
]
The Emergency Council issued several decrees:
[
56
]
First Decree for the Protection of Life: outlawing of
nuclear
and
biochemical weapons
and other
weapons of mass destruction
.
[
59
]
[
60
]
Second Decree: assist in convening a peoples world parliament
Third Decree: to prepare a draft of a
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
Fourth Decree: to appoint and activate planetary legislative commissions on several major problems for the purpose of preparing global legislative measures to have ready for submission to the parliament when it convenes.
The Council terminated deliberations on January 2, 1972, with covering other possible actions covering environmental problems, pressing social and economical issues.
[
61
]
At Santa Barbara, a multitude of dedicated delegates from more than 25 countries gathered, and among them were prominent individuals from India, such as
R. K. Nehru
, former
Secretary-General
of the
Ministry of External Affairs
of
India
;
Godey Murahari
, who later became the Speaker of the
Rajya Sabha
; D. H. Spencer, a renowned
constitutional lawyer
; and Dr. T. P. Amerasinghe, a
Barrister-at-Law
from Sri Lanka. Other notable delegates included Reinhart Ruge from Mexico, Dr. Lucile Green from California, US, Mrs. Helen Tucker from Canada,
Thane Read
from Arizona, US,
Archie Casely-Hayford
from Ghana, Hon. Syed Mohamed Husain later Judge of the
Supreme Court of Bangladesh
, Dr. Charles Mercieca from Malta and the US, and Jorgen Laursen Vig from Denmark.
[
62
]
Together, a total of 229 representatives from 54 countries joined forces to sign "The First Decree for the Protection of Life".
[
63
]
[
60
]
Constitution draft
[
edit
]
First draft
[
edit
]
As in 1968, the World Constitutional Convention and Peoples World Parliament held sessions in Interlaken and Wolfach initiating the task of formulating a constitution. The drafting commission, consisting of D. M. Spencer, an esteemed Constitutional Lawyer and Professor from
Sydenham College, Bombay
, Hon. Syed Mohammed Husain, an Advocate who later became a Judge of the
Supreme Court of Bangladesh
, Dr. T. P. Amerasinghe, a
Barrister-at-Law
and Advocate of the
Supreme Court of Sri Lanka
, and
Philip Isely
, the Secretary General of WCPA, joined forces to work on the constitution during January and February 1972. Their efforts were based on Philip Isely's 19-page outline of the draft.
[
64
]
In November 1974, the initial draft titled "A Constitution for the Federation of Earth" was ultimately finished, published and circulated globally by WCPA for assessment, along with the Call to the second session in 1977.
[
65
]
[
66
]
Second draft
[
edit
]
During 1974 and 1975, the WCPA received feedback and comments on the first draft. In 1976, the drafting commission reconvened and finalized a second draft, which was then circulated world-wide for by the WCPA.
[
67
]
Second World Constituent Assembly
[
edit
]
Second World Constituent Assembly
Kongresshaus
,
Innsbruck
, Austria, venue of the Second World Constituent Assembly
Date
June 16–29, 1977
(
1977-06-16
–
1977-06-29
)
Venue
Kongresshaus
,
Innsbruck
Participants
138
Outcome
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
,
Provisional World Government
The second session of the World Constituent Assembly took place in
Innsbruck
, Austria,
[
68
]
from June 16 to June 29, 1977, at
Kongresshaus
.
[
69
]
The assembly was a significant milestone in the pursuit of global governance, as it convened to deliberate and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.
[
70
]
Attended by 138 delegates from 25 countries across six continents, the event marked an unprecedented gathering of international representatives.
[
10
]
[
67
]
During the assembly, the drafting commission presented the proposed 'Constitution for the Federation of Earth', which was then examined clause by clause. The participating delegates engaged in extensive debates, offering amendments and contributing to the refinement of the document. Notable figures leading the discussions included the Indian delegation leader, A. B. Patel, former member of the Kenyan legislature, Dr. S. Kaiser from Netherlands, Dr. Carmel Kussman, New York, Mrs. Mia Lord, London, U.K., Dr. Helen Tucker, Canada,
Dr. Hanna Newcombe
, Canada, Kenneth Komo, Botswana, Foster Parmalee, U.S.A.,
Margaret Isely
, U.S.A., Dr. Ahmed Subandjo, Indonesia and many more.
[
67
]
Adoption and signing
[
edit
]
The Assembly unanimously adopted the draft constitution on 27 June 1977, signifying a momentous step forward for humanity's quest for a global governance framework.
[
71
]
[
72
]
Dr. A. B. Patel described the occasion "as the day of a new age" and called for all those present to come up to the stage and affix their signatures to the Constitution.
[
72
]
Call for ratification
[
edit
]
Following the assembly's success, a call for ratification was issued, urging
nations
and peoples of Earth to endorse the constitution. The WCPA proactively sent copies of the constitution to the
United Nations
,
[
13
]
Members of the General Assembly
, and
national governments
, requesting their support and cooperation in the ratification process.
[
14
]
[
73
]
The call requested:
(a) people of Earth to ratify the Constitution by direct referendum and by an initiative petition followed by election of delegates to the 'House of Peoples';
(b) the national governments and legislatures of the world to ratify the Constitution and elect delegates to the 'House of Nations'; and
(c) the universities, Colleges, Churches, Scientific Academies and Institutes to ratify the Constitution and nominate delegates with a world view as candidates for election to the 'House of Councillors'.
[
67
]
Further developments
[
edit
]
Since the Second World Constituent Assembly of 1977, the 'Constitution for the Federation of Earth' has undergone further amendments through two additional sessions of the World Constituent Assemblies in 1978-79 and 1991.
[
74
]
[
11
]
[
28
]
Furthermore, a Provisional World Government
[
13
]
with a
Provisional World Parliament
has been established, holding fifteen sessions of the parliament since 1982, with the last one taking place in 2021.
[
75
]
[
74
]
As of 2023, the developed constitution has been personally ratified by many individuals worldwide,
[
76
]
but has not received ratification from any country.
[
15
]
See also
[
edit
]
World Constitution Coordinating Committee
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
Provisional World Parliament
World government
List of constituent assemblies
Constituent assembly
Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists
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.
v
t
e
World Constitutional Convention
call
signatories
Constitution for the Federation of Earth
World Constitution Coordinating Committee
Thane Read
Philip Isely
Margaret Isely
Georgia Lloyd
Countries
Costa Rica
Pakistan
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Tanzania
Heads of government
Presidents
Edgar Faure
Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich
José Figueres Ferrer
Julius Nyerere
Léopold Sédar Senghor
Muhammad Ayub Khan
Otilio Ulate Blanco
Vice-presidents
Jaramogi Oginga Odinga
Prime Ministers
Clement Attlee
Milton Margai
Tetsu Katayama
Governors
Culbert Olson
Hiroo Ōhara
Mayors
E.C. Quaye
Setsuo Yamada
Shinzo Hamai
Politicians
International
Cornelis Berkhouwer
National
Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer
Akira Kazami
B. Satya Narayan Reddy
Chiyo Sakakibara
Diwan Chaman Lall
Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza
Gerhard Jahn
Hisato Ichimada
Henry Usborne
Ichirō Kiyose
Inder Kumar Gujral
Irène de Lipkowski
John Foster
Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
Kenzō Matsumura
Komla Agbeli Gbedemah
Lewis Silkin
N. G. Ranga
Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli
Patrick Wolrige-Gordon
William Beveridge
Religious leaders
Abbé Pierre
Dana McLean Greeley
George MacLeod
John Collins
Martin Niemöller
Michael Scott
Nobel laureates
Physics
Alfred Kastler
C. F. Powell
Hideki Yukawa
Max Born
Chemistry
Frederick Sanger
(twice)
Otto Hahn
Physiology or Medicine
Albert Szent-Györgyi
Dickinson W. Richards
Hermann Joseph Muller
Macfarlane Burnet
Literature
Bertrand Russell
Salvatore Quasimodo
Peace
John Boyd Orr
Joseph Rotblat
Multiple
Linus Pauling
(Chemistry & Peace)
Scientists
Charles C. Price
Edward Condon
Edris Rice-Wray Carson
Harlow Shapley
Jean Orcel
Pitirim Sorokin
Priyadaranjan Ray
René Dumont
Wilder Penfield
Human rights activists
Martin Luther King Jr.
Humanitarians
André and Magda Trocmé
(Righteous Among the Nations)
Brock Chisholm
Veterans
Hugh B. Hester
Varied fields
Arthur Ernest Bishop
(inventor)
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(Social realist)
E. M. L. Odjidja
(teacher)
Edward J. Sparling
(educator)
Erich Kahler
(scholar)
Gregorio Bermann
(humanist)
Gerard Piel
(science editor)
Henri Laugier
(scholar)
Hugh J. Schonfield
(scholar & pacifist)
Kaoru Ōta
(union leader)
Kay Boyle
(writer)
Lloyd Morain
(humanist)
Mark Van Doren
(writer & scholar)
Maurício Campos de Medeiros
(teacher)
Oscar Niemeyer
(architect)
Ōuchi Hyōei
(economist)
Rameshwari Nehru
(social worker)
Satish Gujral
(artist)
Shigeri Yamataka
(feminist)
Sophia Wadia
(theosophist)
Stanley Slotkin
(businessman)
Stuart Hall
(cultural theorist)
Tamaki Uemura
(
YWCA
executive)
Tano Jōdai
(teacher & pacifist)
Toyohiko Kagawa
(pacifist)
Related
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
Provisional World Parliament
Other
World constitution
World government
World federalism
Source:
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
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