Aromanian language - Wikipedia
Jump to content
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Romance language of the Balkans
Not to be confused with
Armenian language
Romanian language
, or
Romani language
Aromanian
Vlach
Macedo-Romanian
limba armãneascã, limba armãnã, armãneashti, armãneashte, armãneashci, armãneashce, limba rrãmãneascã, limba rrãmãnã, rrãmãneshti
Native to
Greece
Albania
North Macedonia
Bulgaria
Romania
Serbia
Region
Balkans
Ethnicity
Aromanians
Native speakers
210,000 (2018)
Language family
Indo-European
Italic
Latino-Faliscan
Latin
Romance
Eastern Romance
Aromanian
Early forms
Old Latin
Vulgar Latin
Proto-Romance
Common Romanian
Dialects
Fãrsherot (incl. Muzachiar)
Moscopolean
Gopeš–Malovište
Pindean (incl. Olympiot)
Grãmostean
Writing system
Latin
Aromanian alphabet
Signed forms
Manually coded Aromanian
Official status
Official language in
Kruševo
North Macedonia
Recognised minority
language in
Albania
North Macedonia
Language codes
ISO 639-2
rup
ISO 639-3
rup
Glottolog
arom1237
ELP
Aromanian
Linguasphere
51-AAD-ba
Distribution and
dialects
of the Aromanian language in the southwestern Balkans
Aromanian is classified as Definitely Endangered by
UNESCO
Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains
IPA
phonetic symbols.
Without proper
rendering support
, you may see
question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of
Unicode
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
Help:IPA
Part of a series on
Aromanians
Etymology
List of Aromanians
Geographical distribution
Albania
Bulgaria
Greece
North Macedonia
Romania
Serbia
diaspora
Major settlements
Moscopole
Muzachia
Metsovo
Pindus
Kruševo
Gramos
Grabova
Farsala
Culture
Cuisine
Cultural organizations
Folk dance
Literature
Music
Traditional clothing
Language
and identity
Alphabet
Anthem
Flag
National day
Nationalism
Religion
Eastern Orthodoxy
Aromanian Orthodox Church
History
Romanization
Great Vlachia
Aromanian question
Ullah millet
Samarina Republic
Principality of the Pindus
Recommendation 1333 (1997)
Related groups
Romanians
Moldovans
Megleno-Romanians
Istro-Romanians
Eastern Romance languages
Vulgar Latin language
Substratum
Thraco-Roman culture
Romanian
including
Moldovan
Alphabet
Romanian Cyrillic
Moldovan Cyrillic
Grammar
Nouns
Verbs
Numbers
Phonology
Lexis
Regulating bodies
Romanian Academy
Academy of Sciences of Moldova
Aromanian
Alphabet
Megleno-Romanian
Istro-Romanian
Alphabet
Grammar
An Aromanian speaking in the Gramostean dialect, recorded in
Bucharest
Romania
The
Aromanian language
(Aromanian:
limba armãneascã
limba armãnã
armãneashti
armãneashte
armãneashci
armãneashce
or
limba rrãmãneascã
limba rrãmãnã
rrãmãneshti
), also known as
Vlach
or
Macedo-Romanian
, is an
Eastern Romance language
, similar to
Megleno-Romanian
Istro-Romanian
and
Romanian
spoken in
Southeastern Europe
. Its speakers are called
Aromanians
or
Vlachs
(a broader term and an
exonym
in widespread use to define Romance communities in the Balkans).
Aromanian shares many features with modern
Romanian
, including similar morphology and syntax, as well as a large common vocabulary inherited from
Latin
. They are considered to have developed from
Common Romanian
, a common stage of all the
Eastern Romance
varieties.
An important source of dissimilarity between Romanian and Aromanian is the
adstratum
languages (external influences); whereas Romanian
has been influenced
to a greater extent by the
Slavic languages
, Aromanian has been more influenced by
Greek
, with which it has been in close contact throughout its history.
Geographic distribution
Aromanian is native to
Albania
Bulgaria
Greece
North Macedonia
Romania
and
Serbia
. In 2018, it was estimated that Aromanian had 210,000 native speakers, of which 50,000 were in Albania, 50,000 in Greece, 50,000 in Romania, 32,000 in Serbia, 18,200 in North Macedonia, and 9,800 in Bulgaria.
Aromanian-speakers also exist in the diaspora, with at least 53 speakers recorded to be living in Australia at the time of the
2021 Australian census
Official status
Aromanian has a degree of official recognition in North Macedonia, where it is taught as a subject in some primary schools. In North Macedonia, Aromanian-speakers also have the right to use the language in court proceedings. Since 2006, Aromanian has had the status of a second official municipal language in the city of
Kruševo
the only place where Aromanian has any kind of official status apart from general state recognition.
Apart from North Macedonia, the Aromanians are also recognized in Albania as a national minority.
10
History
See also:
Common Romanian
This section
needs additional citations for
verification
Please help
improve this article
by
adding citations to reliable sources
in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
March 2023
Learn how and when to remove this message
Dictionary of four Balkan languages (
Greek
, Aromanian,
Bulgarian
and
Albanian
), by
Daniel Moscopolites
Aromanian,
Daco-Romanian
(Romanian),
Istro-Romanian language
, and
Megleno-Romanian language
are descendants of a proto-language called
Common Romanian
, itself descending from the
Proto-Romance language
. No later than the 10th century Common Romanian split into southern and northern dialects, and Aromanian and Romanian have developed differently from these two distinct dialects of the proto language over the course of the next one thousand years.
11
Greek influences are much stronger in Aromanian than in other Eastern Romance languages, especially because Aromanian has used Greek words to coin new words (
neologisms
), especially within Greece, while Romanian has based most of its neologisms on
French
. However, there has also been an increasing tendency for Aromanian-speakers outside of Greece to borrow terms from Romanian, due to the shared alphabet and contact with Romanian over the Internet, where Romanian-language material is much more available than it is in Aromanian.
With the arrival of the
Turks
in the
Balkans
, Aromanian also received some
Turkish
words. Still, the lexical composition remains mainly Romance.
Compared to other Balkan languages, the earliest documents and manuscripts of Aromanian appear late. This is due to the historical predominance of the Greek language in the region and the successive destruction of Aromanian books and documents throughout history. The oldest known written text in the language is an inscription from 1731 by
Nektarios Terpos
at the
Ardenica Monastery
, now in Albania. It is followed by the inscription of the so-called
Simota Vase
, dated to the first half of the 18th century. In the
Monastery of the Holy Apostles
near
Kleino
(Aromanian:
Clinova
), now Greece, there is an inscription in Aromanian dated from around 1780. The
St. Athanasius Church
in Moscopole, now Albania, also includes an old Aromanian writing. Other early Aromanian manuscripts are the
Aromanian Missal
potentially from the beginning of the 18th century, the works of
Theodore Kavalliotis
(1770),
Constantin Ucuta
(1797),
Daniel Moscopolites
(1802),
Gheorghe Constantin Roja
(1808/1809) and
Mihail G. Boiagi
(1813) and the
Codex Dimonie
possibly from the early 19th century.
12
Some scholars mention other old, little-studied written instances of Aromanian. German Byzantinist
Peter Schreiner
dated a small glossary of Aromanian from Epirus in a manuscript of the
Chronicle of Ioannina
to the 16th or 17th century based on its writing.
13
There are also claims about an Aromanian inscription from 1426 in the
St. Zacharia Church
in the former village of
Linotopi
bg
el
mk
sq
in Greece, but according to
Hristu Cândroveanu
, it was destroyed during restoration works by order of Greek priests because it was not in Greek.
14
Dialects
Main article:
Aromanian dialects
Aromanian is not a homogenous linguistic entity. Its main varieties include the Pindus type, the Gramoste type, the Farsherot type, Olympus type, and the Moscopole type.
15
It has also several regional variants, named after places that were home to significant populations of Aromanians (Vlachs); nowadays located in Albania, North Macedonia and Greece. Examples are the
Moscopole
variant; the Muzachiar variant from Muzachia in central Albania; the variant of Bitola;
Pelister
Malovište
Aromanian
Mulovishti
Gopeš
Aromanian
Gopish
, Upper Beala;
Gorna Belica
Aromanian
Beala di Suprã
near Struga,
Kruševo
Aromanian
Crushuva
, and the variant east of the
Vardar
river in North Macedonia.
16
Standardization efforts
The Aromanian language is not
standardized
. However, there have been some efforts to do so. Notable examples include those of
Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu
17
Tiberius Cunia
bg
ro
roa-rup
18
and Iancu Ballamaci.
19
Phonology
Aromanian exhibits several differences from standard Romanian in its phonology, some of which are probably due to influence from Greek or Albanian. It has spirants that do not exist in Romanian, such as
/θ,
ð,
x,
ɣ/
and which are a Greek influence. Other differences are the sound
/ts/
, which corresponds to Romanian
/tʃ/
, and the sounds:
/ʎ/
and
/ɲ/
, which exist only in local variants in Romanian. Aromanian is usually written with a version of the
Latin script
with an orthography that resembles both that of
Albanian
(in the use of digraphs such as
dh
sh
, and
th
) and
Italian
(in its use of
and
), along with the letter
, used for the sounds represented in Romanian by
and
â/î
. It can also be written with a modified Romanian alphabet that includes two additional letters,
and
, and rarely with a version of the
Greek script
20
Compared to Daco-Romanian, the Aromanian varieties have preserved from
Proto-Romanian
the word-final glide
[w]
alongside
[j]
(in the Pindean and Gramostean types), while the Farsharot and Grabovean types have neither diphthongs nor the phoneme
/ɨ/
21
Consonants
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Post-
alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
central
sibilant
Stop
voiceless
voiced
Affricate
voiceless
t͡s
t͡ʃ
voiced
d͡z
d͡ʒ
Fricative
voiceless
voiced
Nasal
Trill
Approximant
lateral
median
Central approximant consonants only occur as a result of a word-initial or intervocalic
and
when preceding another vowel.
can have allophones as
when preceding front vowels.
are in free variation among different dialects.
22
23
Vowels
This section
does not
cite
any
sources
Please help
improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed
January 2026
Learn how and when to remove this message
Front
Central
Back
Close
Mid
Open
Two vowel sounds /
/ are both represented by one grapheme;
Orthography
The
Aromanian alphabet
consists of 27 letters and 9
digraphs
24
25
26
Letter
Name
26
Pronunciation (
IPA
Notes
, a
, ã
, b
bã
, c
cã
tʃ
/k/
when followed by "a", "o", "u" or a consonant (
/x/
in some dialects);
/tʃ/
when followed by "e" or "i"
, d
dã
Dh
, dh
dhã
Used only for notation in particular accents where this phoneme is present, otherwise "d" is used
Dz
, dz
dzã
dz
, e
, f
fã
, g
gã
dʒ
/ɡ/
before "a", "o", "u" or a consonant (
/ɣ/
in some dialects);
/dʒ/
before "e" and "i"
, h
hã
, i
, j
jã
, k
ca
before "e" or "i" only
, l
lã
Lj
, lj
lj
Found in
Macedonian Latin alphabet
, m
mã
, n
nã
Nj
, nj
nj
Found in
Macedonian Latin alphabet
, o
, p
pã
, q
kiu
Used only in foreign words – "c" is normally used instead
, r
rã
Rr
, rr
rrã
Used only for notation in particular accents where this phoneme is present, otherwise "r" is used
, s
sã
Sh
, sh
shã
, t
tã
Th
, th
thã
Used only for notation in particular accents where this phoneme is present, otherwise "t" is used
Ts
, ts
tsã
ts
, u
, v
vã
, w
dublã vã
Used only in foreign words
, x
csã/gzã
/ks/
/ɡz/
Same pronunciation as found in
, y
i greacã
/j/
before "e" and "i",
/ɣ/
elsewhere; of Greek influence – cf. Greek άγιος
/ˈa.ʝos/
"holy" – γ
/ɡ/
is pronounced
/ʝ/
in this case.
, z
zã
In addition, the digraph "gh" (
before "e" and "i") is used as well.
Grammar
Mihail G. Boiagi
's 1813 Aromanian grammar book, "Romanic or Macedono-Vlach Grammar". Written in German and Greek, it includes Aromanian texts and introduced the first writing system for Aromanian in the Latin alphabet.
The grammar and morphology are very similar to those of other Romance languages:
It has two grammatical numbers: singular and plural (no
dual
).
It is a
null-subject language
Verbs have many
conjugations
, including:
present tense
, a
preterite
, an
imperfect
, a
pluperfect
and a
future tense
in the indicative mood, for statements of fact.
An imperative mood, for direct commands.
Three
non-finite forms
: infinitive, gerund, and past participle.
Distinct active and passive voices, as well as an
impersonal passive voice
The Aromanian language has some exceptions from the Romance languages, some of which are shared with
Romanian
: the definite article is a
clitic
particle appended at the end of the word, both the definite and
indefinite articles
can be
inflected
, and nouns are classified in three
genders
, with neuter in addition to masculine and feminine. Unlike other Romance languages, Aromanian lacks an infinitive form for verbs, the synthetic infinitive inherited from Latin became a noun like in Romanian (for example
cântare
cantare
).
27
Verbs
Aromanian grammar has features that distinguish it from Romanian, an important one being the complete disappearance of
verb infinitives
, a feature of the
Balkan sprachbund
. As such, the tenses and moods that, in Romanian, use the infinitive (like the
future simple tense
and the
conditional mood
) are formed in other ways in Aromanian. For the same reason, verb entries in dictionaries are given in their indicative mood, present tense, first-person-singular form.
Aromanian verbs are classified in four conjugations. The table below gives some examples and indicates the conjugation of the corresponding verbs in Romanian.
28
Conjugation
Aromanian
(ind. pres. 1st sg.)
Romanian
(ind. pres. 1st sg.)
Romanian
(infinitive)
cãntu
dau
lucredzu
cânt
dau
lucrez
a cânta I
a da I
a lucra I
sing
give
work
II
ved
shed
rrãmãn
văd
șed
rămân
a vedea II
a ședea II
a rămâne III
(or
a rămânea II
see
sit
stay
III
duc
cunoscu
ardu
duc
cunosc
ard
a duce III
a cunoaște III
a arde III
carry, lead
know
burn
IV
mor
fug
ndultsescu
mor
fug
îndulcesc
a muri IV
a fugi IV
a îndulci IV
die
run away, flee
sweeten
Future tense
This section
does not
cite
any
sources
Please help
improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed
January 2026
Learn how and when to remove this message
The future tense is formed using an auxiliary invariable particle "u" or "va" and the
subjunctive mood
. In Romanian, declension of the future particle plus an infinitive is used.
Aromanian
fãrshãrot/ grãmushtean
Romanian
(archaic)
Romanian
(colloquial)
Romanian
(modern)
u s'cãntu
va s'cãntu
va să cânt
o să cânt
voi cânta
I will sing
u s'cãnts
va s'cãnts
va să cânți
o să cânți
vei cânta
you (
sg.
) will sing
u s'cãntã
va s'cãntã
va să cânte
o să cânte
va cânta
(s)he will sing
u s'cãntãm
va s'cãntãm
va să cântăm
o să cântăm
vom cânta
we will sing
u s'cãntatsi
va s'cãntats
va să cântați
o să cântați
veți cânta
you (
pl.
) will sing
u s'cãntã
va s'cãntã
va să cânte
o să cânte
vor cânta
they will sing
Pluperfect
Whereas in standard Romanian the
pluperfect
(past perfect) is formed synthetically (as in literary
Portuguese
), Aromanian uses a periphrastic construction with the auxiliary verb
am
(have) as the imperfect (
aviam
) and the past participle, as in
Spanish
and
French
, except that French replaces
avoir
(have) with
être
(be) for some intransitive verbs. Aromanian shares this feature with
Meglenian
as well as other languages in the
Balkan language area
Only the auxiliary verb inflects according to number and person (
aviam
aviai
avia
aviamu
aviatu
avia
), whereas the past participle does not change.
29
Aromanian
fãrshãrot/ grãmushtean
Meglenian
Romanian
avia mãcatã
avea mãcatã
vea mancat
mâncase
(he/she) had eaten
avia durnjitã
avea durnjitã
vea durmit
dormise
(he/she) had slept
Gerund
This section
does not
cite
any
sources
Please help
improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed
January 2026
Learn how and when to remove this message
The Aromanian
gerund
is applied to some verbs, but not all. These verbs are:
1st conjugation:
acatsã (acãtsãnd)
portu
lucreadzã/lucreashce
adiljã/adiljeashce
2nd conjugation:
armãnã
cade
poate
tatse
veade
3rd conjugation:
arupã
dipune
dutse
dzãse
fatsi/featse
tradzi/tradze
scrie
4th conjugation:
apire
doarme
hivrie
aure
pate
avde
Literature
Main article:
Aromanian literature
This section
does not
cite
any
sources
Please help
improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed
January 2026
Learn how and when to remove this message
Aromanian-language literature exists, with multiple authors, generations and works. An example is the poet
Constantin Belimace
, author of the Aromanian anthem
Dimãndarea pãrinteascã
("The Will of the Forefathers").
Current situation
Media
The
Macedonian Radio Television
(MRT) produces radio and television broadcasts in Aromanian.
Radio Romania International
has Aromanian service producing radio shows in Aromanian.
30
RTSH
Gjirokastra broadcasts a program in Aromanian every Saturday.
Films produced in the Aromanian language include
Toma Enache
's
I'm Not Famous but I'm Aromanian
(2013), the first in Aromanian.
31
Situation in Greece
Romanian schools for Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians in the Ottoman Empire (1886)
Use of the Aromanian language in the
Florina Prefecture
, Greece
Even before the incorporation of various Aromanian-speaking territories into the Greek state (1832, 1912), the language was subordinated to
Greek
, traditionally the language of education and religion in Constantinople and other prosperous urban cities. The historical studies cited below (mostly
Capidan
) show that especially after the fall of Moscopole (1788) the process of Hellenisation via education and religion gained a strong impetus mostly among people doing business in the cities.
The
Romanian
state began opening schools for the Romanian-influenced Vlachs in the 1860s, but this initiative was regarded with suspicion by the Greeks, who thought that Romania was trying to assimilate them. 19th-century travellers in the Balkans such as
W. M. Leake
and
Henry Fanshawe Tozer
noted that Vlachs in the Pindus and Macedonia were bilingual, reserving the Latin dialect for inside the home.
32
By 1948, the new Soviet-imposed
communist regime of Romania
had closed all Romanian-run schools outside Romania and, since the closure, there has been no formal education in Aromanian and speakers have been encouraged to learn and use the Greek language. This has been a process encouraged by the community itself and is not an explicit State policy. The decline and isolation of the Romanian-oriented groups was not helped by the fact that they openly collaborated with the Axis powers of Italy and Germany during the
occupation of Greece in WWII
. In contrast, the vast majority of Vlachs fought in the Greek resistance, including leaders like
Alexandros Svolos
and
Andreas Tzimas
, and a number of Vlach villages were destroyed by the Germans.
The issue of Aromanian-language education is a sensitive one, partly because of opposition within the Greek Vlachs community to actions leading to the introduction of the language into the education system, viewing it as an artificial distinction between them and other Greeks.
citation needed
For example, the former education minister,
George Papandreou
, received a negative response from Greek-Aromanian mayors and associations to his proposal for a trial Aromanian language education programme. The
Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs
expressed strong opposition to the
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
's
Recommendation 1333 (1997)
that the tuition of Aromanian be supported so as to avoid its extinction.
33
This recommendation was issued after pressure from the
Union for Aromanian Language and Culture
in
Germany
34
On a visit to
Metsovo
Epirus
in 1998, Greek President
Konstantinos Stephanopoulos
called on Vlachs to speak and teach their language, but its decline continues.
citation needed
A recent example of the sensitivity of the issue was the 2001 conviction (later overturned in the Appeals Court) to 15 months in jail of
Sotiris Bletsas
35
36
a Greek Aromanian who was found guilty of "dissemination of false information" after he distributed informative material on minority languages in Europe (which included information on minority languages of Greece), produced by the
European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages
and financed by the
European Commission
. His conviction met with broad condemnation in Greece, where at least one editorial compared the situation to the suppression of Kurdish and other minority languages in Turkey and noted the irony that some prosecutors in fact came from non-Hellenophone families that had once spoken Aromanian or Turkish.
37
Bletsas was eventually acquitted.
38
Language samples
This section
does not
cite
any
sources
Please help
improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed
January 2026
Learn how and when to remove this message
Fãrshãrot 1
Tatã a nostu tsi eshti tu tser,
si ayisiascã numa a Ta,
s’yinã amirãria a Ta,
si facã vrearea a Ta,
cum tu tser, ashã sh'pisti loc.
Pãnia a nostã, atsa di cathi dzuã, dãnu sh’azã,
sh‘ yiartãni amartiili a nosti,
ashe cum li yiãrtãm sh’noi a amãrtor a noci,
sh’nu ni du la pirazmo,
ma viagljãni di atsel rãu.
Cã a Ta esti amirãria sh'puteria,
a Tatãlui shi Hiljãlui shi a Ayiului Spirit,
tora, totãna sh’tu eta a etilor.
Amin.
Fãrshãrot 2
Tati a nost tsi esht tu tser,
s’ayiãsiaste numa a Ta,
s’zine amirãria a Ta,
si fache vrera a Ta,
cum tu tser, ashe sh'pisti loc.
Penia a noste, atsa di cathi dzue, denu sh’aze,
sh‘ yiartãni amartiãli a nosti,
ashe cum li yiãrtem sh’noi a amãrtor a noci,
sh’nu ni du la pirazmo,
ma viagãni di atsel reu.
Che a Ta esti amirãria sh'putera,
al Tati shi al Hiyiu shi al Ayiu Duh,
tora, totãna sh’tu eta a etãlu.
Amin.
Grãmushtean
Tatã a nostu, tsi eshtsã tu tseru,
s'ayiseascã numa a Ta,
s'yinã amirãriljea a Ta,
si facã vrearea a Ta,
cumu tu tseru, ashi sh'pisti locu.
Pãnea a nostã atsea di cathi dzuã dãnãu sh'adzã
sh'yiartãnã amãrtiile a noasti
ashi cum ilj yirtãmu sh'noi a amãrtoshloru a noshtsã.
Sh'nu nã du tu pirazmo,
Sh'aveagljinã di atsel arãulu.
Cã a Ta easti Amirãriljia sh'putearea
a Tatãlui shi Hiljãlui sh a Ayiului Duhu,
tora, totna sh tu eta a etilor.
Amen.
The
Lord's Prayer
source
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Macedonian Aromanian publicist, translator and writer
Dina Cuvata
bg
mk
translated Article 1 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
as follows:
Tuti iatsãli umineshtsã s'fac liberi shi egali la nãmuzea shi ndrepturli. Eali suntu hãrziti cu fichiri shi sinidisi shi lipseashti un cu alantu sh si poartã tu duhlu a frãtsãljiljei.
Comparison with Romanian
This section
does not
cite
any
sources
Please help
improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed
January 2026
Learn how and when to remove this message
The following text is given for comparison in Aromanian and in
Romanian
, with an English translation. The spelling of Aromanian is that decided at the Bitola Symposium of August 1997. The word choice in the Romanian version was such that it matches the Aromanian text, although in modern Romanian other words might have been more appropriate. The English translation is only provided as a guide to the meaning, with an attempt to keep the word order as close to the original as possible.
Aromanian
Romanian
Vocala easti unã son dit zburãrea a omlui, faptu cu tritsearea sonorã, libirã sh'fãrã cheadicã, a vimtului prit canalu sonor (adrat di coardili vocali shi ntreaga gurã) icã un semnu grafic cari aspuni un ahtari son.
Vocala este un sunet din vorbirea omului, făcut cu trecerea sonoră, liberă și fără piedică, a aerului prin canalul sonor (compus din coardele vocale și întreaga gură) sau un semn grafic care reprezintă un atare sunet.
The vowel is a sound in human speech, made by the sonorous, free and unhindered passing of the air through the sound channel (composed of the vocal cords and the whole mouth) or a graphic symbol corresponding to that sound.
Ashi bunãoarã, avem shasili vocali tsi s'fac cu vimtul tsi treatsi prit gurã, iu limba poati si s'aflã tu un loc icã altu shi budzãli pot si sta dishcljisi unã soe icã altã.
Așa, avem șase vocale ce se fac cu aerul ce trece prin gură, unde limba poate să se afle într-un loc sau altul și buzele pot să stea deschise într-un soi sau altul.
This way, we have six vowels that are produced by the air passing through the mouth, where the tongue can be in one place or another and the lips can be opened in one way or another.
Vocalili pot s'hibã pronuntsati singuri icã deadun cu semivocali i consoani.
Vocalele pot să fie pronunțate singure sau împreună cu semivocale sau consoane.
The vowels can be pronounced alone or together with semivowels or consonants.
Common words and phrases
This section
does not
cite
any
sources
Please help
improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed
January 2026
Learn how and when to remove this message
Aromanian
Aromanian (person)
(m.)
Armãn
rrãmãn
, (f.)
armãnã
rrãmãnã
Aromanian (language)
Limba armãneascã
limba rrãmãneascã
armãneashti
armãneashte
armãneashci
armãneashce
rrãmãneshti
Good day!
Bunã dzua!
What's your name?
Cum ti chiamã?
(informal)
How old are you?
Di cãtsi anji esht?
How are you?
Cumu hits?
(formal)
Cumu eshti?
Cumu eshci?
(informal)
What are you doing?
Tsi fats?
Tsi adari?
(popular)
Goodbye!
S'nã videmu cu ghine!
Ghini s'ni videmu!
Ghini s'ni vãdem!
Bye!
S'nã avdzãmu ghiniatsa!
Sã s'avdzãm buniatsa!
Please.
Vã plãcãrsescu.
(formal)
Ti plãcãrsescu.
(informal)
Sorry.
S'mi hãrãdzesht.
Thank you.
Haristo.
Yes.
Ye
E.
No.
Nu.
I don't understand.
Nu adukiescu
Nu akicãsescu
I don't know.
Nu shtiu
Nu shciu.
Where's the bathroom?
Yu esti tualetu?
Yu easti toaletlu?
Yu easte tualetu?
Do you speak English?
Zburats / Grits – anglikiashti? / anglicheashce?
I am a student.
Mini est / estu un student
Mine escu un student.
I am a good person.
Mini est / estu un om bun
You are beautiful.
Eshti mushat(ã)
Eshci mushat(ã)
Hi mushat(ã)
Esht mushat(e).
See also
Language portal
Aromanian alphabet
Common Romanian
Substrate in Romanian
Balkan sprachbund
Origin of the Romanians
Thraco-Roman
Daco-Roman
Eastern Romance languages
Romance languages
Legacy of the Roman Empire
Latin-Greek connection
Notes
The internal classification of the Eastern Romance languages presented in Petrucci (1999) proposes a bipartite split into Northern and Southern branches, with the Northern branch splitting into Istro-Romanian and Daco-Romanian.
By contrast, the classification presented within
Glottolog
v4.8 proposes a bipartite split between Aromanian and Northern Romanian, the latter of which is further split into Istro-Romanian and Eastern Romanian, from which Daco-Romanian and Megleno-Romanian are hypothesized to have split from.
References
Citations
Aromanian
at
Ethnologue
(25th ed., 2022)
Isac, Daniela (2024).
Definiteness in Balkan Romance
. Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
ISBN
9780198865704
The term 'Balkan Romance' is used to designate a group of languages including Romanian, Aromanian, Istro-Romanian and Megleno-Romanian.
Even though the exact historical links between these languages are still unclear (...), it is commonly accepted that they have a common ancestor and hence form a coherent family.
Alternative names for Balkan Romance are Daco-Romance and Eastern Romance.
Dindelegan, Gabriela Pană
; Maiden, Martin, eds. (2013).
The Grammar of Romanian
Oxford University Press
ISBN
9780199644926
"Romanian Language"
britannica.com
Archived
from the original on 2008-07-26
. Retrieved
2018-05-17
Petrucci 1999
, p. 4.
Hammarström, Harald
; Forkel, Robert;
Haspelmath, Martin
; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10).
"Glottolog 4.8 – Eastern Romance"
Glottolog
Leipzig
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
doi
10.5281/zenodo.7398962
. Retrieved
2023-11-20
Ntasiou, Evegenia (2017).
Communities in Control:Learning tools and strategies for multilingualendangered language communities
. Foundation for Endangered Languages. p. 71.
ISBN
978-0-9560210-9-0
"SBS Australian Census Explorer"
SBS News
. Retrieved
2023-04-14
Aromanians
Archived
March 1, 2007, at the
Wayback Machine
Stan, Liviu G. (19 October 2017).
"Moment istoric: Aromânii, recunoscuți prin lege ca minoritate națională în Albania"
InfoPrut
(in Romanian).
Vrabie, Emil (2000).
An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary
. Romance Monographs. pp.
78–
79.
ISBN
1-889441-06-6
Kahl, Thede
; Prifti, Elton (2016).
"Geschichte der Kodifizierung des Aromunischen"
. In Dahmen, Wolfgang; Holtus, Günter; Kramer, Johannes; Metzeltin, Michael;
Schweickard, Wolfgang
; Winkelmann, Otto (eds.).
Romanische Kleinsprachen heute: Romanistisches Kolloquium XXVII
. Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik (in German). Vol. 546. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. pp.
33–
64.
ISBN
9783823378815
Schreiner, Peter
(1992). "Το αρχαιότερο χειρόγραφο του Χρονικού των Ιωαννίνων". In Chrysos, Evangelos K. (ed.).
Πρακτικά Διεθνούς Συμποσίου για το Δεσποτάτου της Ηπείρου (Άρτα, 27–31 Μαΐου 1990)
(in Greek). O Skoufas Musicological Association of Arta. p. 49.
"Legăturile cu țara"
Cotidianul
(in Romanian). 21 April 2011.
Vrabie 2000
, p. 22.
Nevaci, Manuela (2013-11-01).
"Recent research in Aromanian from the Republic of Macedonia"
Dialectologia et Geolinguistica
21
(1):
21–
35.
ISSN
1867-0903
Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda
, capitolul „Dialectul aromân”, Iorgu Iordan (coord.),
Crestomație romanică
, vol. III, partea I, București, Editura Academiei, 1968; online:
Dialectul aromân
Avdhela Project – Library of Aromanian Culture
Cunia, Tiberius
Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã
, Constanța, Editura Cartea Aromână, 2010.
Ballamaci, Iancu,
Metoda aromână/vlahă
, București, Editura Predania, Avdhela Project – Library of Aromanian Culture, 2010, ISBN 978-606-8195-07-0.
Vrabie 2000
, pp. 27–29.
Dragomirescu, Alina (27 October 2020).
"Balkan-Romance"
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
doi
10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.727
ISBN
978-0-19-938465-5
Béis, Stamatis (2000).
Le parler aroumain de Metsovo: Déscription d'une langue en voie de disparition
The Aromanian language of Metsovo: Description of an endangered language
] (Doctoral thesis) (in French). Université Paris 5 René Descartes.
Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda (1997).
Dicționar aromân (Macedo-vlah)
Aromanian Dictionary (Macedo-Vlach)
]. Bucharest: Editura Enciclopedică. pp.
xxviii–
xxxvii.
Aromanian alphabet at Omniglot
Cunia, Tiberius.
On the Standardisation of the Aromanian System of Writing
Archived
February 21, 2008, at the
Wayback Machine
"Bana Armâneascâ"
. Archived from
the original
on 2022-03-28
. Retrieved
2021-04-06
Vrabie 2000
, p. 55.
Iancu Ianachieschi-Vlahu
Gramatica armãneascã simplã shi practicã
, Crushuva 1993, 1997; Μιχάλη Μπογιάτζη
Βλαχική ήτοι μάκεδοβλαχική γραμματική
Βιέννη, and Κατσάνης Ν., Κ. Ντίνας, 1990, Γραμματική της κοινής Κουτσοβλαχικής.
Iancu Ianachieschi-Vlahu
Gramatica simplã shi practicã
, Crushuva 1993, 1997.
"Radio Romania International"
"Primul film realizat în limba aromână este povestea romantică a lui Toni Caramuşat"
Observator
(in Romanian)
. Retrieved
2021-03-09
Weigand, in his 1888
Die Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Leute
remarks: "By inclination, the Livadhiotes are zealous advocates of Greek ideas and would much prefer to be unified with Greece" (p.15).
"ΠΟΠΣΒ – Διοικητικό Συμβούλιο"
[POPSV – Board of Directors].
vlahos.xan.duth.gr
(in Greek). 18 March 2004. Archived from
the original
on 12 August 2014.
Baicu, Cornel (29 August 2003).
"Rumänien ist für uns eine zweite Heimat"
(in German).
Deutsche Welle
"It's Not Greek Enough to Them"
vlachophiles.net
. 13 July 2001. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04
. Retrieved
2007-01-17
"15-month prison sentence handed down to Mr Sotiris Bletsas for distributing information material financed by the Commission"
European Parliament
. 8 January 2002
. Retrieved
2020-11-12
"Διασπορά αληθινών ειδήσεων"
[Dissemination of real news].
iospress.gr
(in Greek). February 10, 2001.
Archived
from the original on 3 March 2016
. Retrieved
9 February
2016
Haggman, Johan (18 December 2001).
"Minority Language Activist, Bletsas Found Not Guilty in Historic Court Decision"
European Free Alliance – Rainbow
. Archived from
the original
on 30 November 2007.
Bibliography
Bara, Mariana.
Le lexique latin hérité en aroumain dans une perspective romane
. Munich: Lincom Europa, 2004, 231 p.;
ISBN
3-89586-980-5
Bara, Mariana.
Limba armănească: Vocabular şi stil
. Bucharest: Editura Cartea Universitară, 2007,
ISBN
978-973-731-551-9
Berciu-Drăghicescu, Adina; Petre, Maria.
Şcoli şi Biserici româneşti din Peninsula Balcanică: Documente (1864–1948)
. Bucharest: Editura Universităţii, 2004.
Capidan, Theodor.
Aromânii, dialectul Aromân
Academia Română
, Studii şi Cercetări, XX 1932.
Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda.
Dicționar aromân (Macedo-vlah)
. Bucarest: Editura Enciclopedică, 1997.
Friedman, Victor A. “The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization”, in
Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies
, eds. Juhani Nuoluoto, Martti Leiwo, &
Jussi Halla-aho
Slavica Helsingiensa
21
. University of Helsinki, 2001.
online
Gołąb, Zbigniew.
The Arumanian Dialect of Kruševo, SR Macedonia
. Skopje: MANU, 1984.
Kahl, Thede.
"Aromanians in Greece: Minority or Vlach-speaking Greeks?"
Society Farsharotu
. Archived from
the original
on 2007-08-08.
Kahl, Thede. “Sprache und Intention der ersten aromunischen Textdokumente, 1731–1809”, in
Festschrift für Gerhard Birkfellner zum 65. Geburtstag: Studia Philologica Slavica I/I
, ed. Bernhard Symanzik. Münstersche Texte zur Slavistik, 2006, p. 245–266.
Marangozis, John.
An Introduction to Vlach Grammar
. Munich: Lincom Europa, 2010.
Markoviḱ, Marjan.
Aromanskiot i makedonskiot govor od ohridsko-struškiot region: vo balkanski kontekst
[Aromanian and Macedonian dialects of the Ohrid-Struga region: in Balkan context]. Skopje: Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, 2007.
Pascu, Giorge.
Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain
, 2 vols. Iaşi: Cultura Naţionalâ, 1918.
Rosetti, Alexandru.
Istoria limbii române
, 2 vols. Bucharest, 1965–1969.
"The Little Prince" by
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
in Aromanian. Njiclu amirārush. Translated by Maria Bara and Thede Kahl,
ISBN
978-3-937467-37-5
Vrabie, Emil.
An English-Aromanian (Macedo-Romanian) Dictionary
. University, Miss.; Stratford, CT: Romance monographs, 2000.
Weigand, Gustav.
Die Sprache der Olympo-Wallachen, nebst einer Einleitung über Land und Leute
. Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1888.
Petrucci, Peter R. (1999).
Slavic Features in the History of Rumanian
. München: LINCOM Europa.
ISBN
38-9586-599-0
Further reading
Friedman, Victor (2023). "The importance of Aromanian for the study of Balkan language contact in the context of Balkan-Caucasian parallels". In Aminian Jazi, Ioana; Kahl, Thede (eds.).
Ethno-Cultural Diversity in the Balkans and the Caucasus
. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp.
345–
360.
doi
10.2307/jj.3508401.16
JSTOR
jj.3508401.16
External links
Aromanian edition
of
Wikipedia
, the free encyclopedia
Look up
Aromanian
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Dictionary in Aromanian Language"
Aromanian Language website
Στα Βλάχικα – In Vlach: A website about the Vlach language in Greece
Aromanian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
(from Wiktionary's
Swadesh list appendix
Aromanian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Asterios Koukoudis: Studies on the Vlachs
Greek Helsinki Human Rights Organization: Aromanians (Vlachs) in Greece
Conjugation of verbs in Aromanian and Istro-Romanian
Archived
2008-12-19 at the
Wayback Machine
Romanian and the Balkans, with some references to Aromanian
Greek Vlach website
Consiliul A Tinirlor Armanj – CTARM, webpage about Youth Aromanians and their projects
Armans Association from Serbia
Armans Cultural Association from Romania
Η βλαχική γλώσσα στο γλώσσες και αλφάβητα του κόσμου
EVANGHELU PI DUPI LUKA (The Gospel according to Luke in Aromanian).
Aromanians
Names
Aromanians
Vlachs
Koutsovlachs
Macedo-Romanians
Macedonians
Tsintsars
History
Origin of the Aromanians
Vlach uprising of 1066
Great Vlachia
Ottoman era
Macedonian Struggle
Romanian churches in the Balkans
St. Sotir Church, Korçë
Romanian schools in the Balkans
Romanian High School of Bitola
Armatoles
Chetas
Ullah millet
World War I
Samarina Republic
World War II
Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania
Roman Legion (1941–1943)
Principality of the Pindus
Recommendation 1333 (1997)
Identity
Genetic studies on Aromanians
Aromanian nationalism
Aromanian studies
Aromanian question
Grecomans
Flag of the Aromanians
Aromanian National Day
Dimãndarea pãrinteascã
Political parties
Democratic Union of the Vlachs of Macedonia
Party of the Vlachs of Albania
Party of the Vlachs of Macedonia
Culture
Aromanian cuisine
Aromanian folk dance
Aromanian language
alphabet
dialects
Bible translations into Aromanian
Influence on Slavic languages
Linguistic parallels with Albanian
Aromanian-language names
Aromanian literature
Aromanian Missal
Codex Dimonie
Aromanian mass media
I'm Not Famous but I'm Aromanian
Newspapers
Românul de la Pind
Radio stations
Radio Romania International
Aromanian music
Aromanian Orthodox Church
Aromanian traditional clothing
Avdhela Project
Subgroups of the Aromanians
Organizations
Lunjina Serbian–Aromanian Association
Macedo-Romanian Cultural Society
Panhellenic Federation of Cultural Associations of Vlachs
Society Farsharotu
Trâ Armânami Association of French Aromanians
Union for Aromanian Language and Culture
Population
Geographical
distribution
Albania
Bulgaria
Greece
North Macedonia
Romania
Serbia
diaspora
Settlements
Avdella
Bitola
Constanța
Gramos
Kruševo
Malovište
Metsovo
Moscopole
Peshtera
Samarina
People
Nicolae Constantin Batzaria
Constantin Belimace
Mihail G. Boiagi
Toma Caragiu
Nikolaus Dumba
Matilda Caragiu Marioțeanu
Alcibiades Diamandi
Pitu Guli
Gheorghe Hagi
Simona Halep
Manaki brothers
Nicolaos Matussis
Gheorghe Constantin Roja
Georgios Sinas
Simon Sinas
Nuși Tulliu
Constantin Ucuta
Related groups
Romanians
Moldovans
Megleno-Romanians
Istro-Romanians
Dialects of the
Eastern Romance languages
Classical Latin
Vulgar Latin
Common Romanian
→ Eastern Romance languages
Romanian
dialects
Northern variants
Moldavian
Moldavian
Bukovinian
Transylvanian
Transylvanian
Crișana
, divided into several subdialects
Maramureș
Banat
Banat
Boyash
Southern variants
Muntenian
Muntenian
Oltenian
Oltenian
†Dician
Dician
(original Dobrujan dialect)
Romanian-based
argots/speech forms
Gumuțeasca
Totoiana
Aromanian
dialects
Northern
Farsherot
Grabovean/Moscopolean
Muzachiar
Gopeš–Malovište
Gorna Belica–Dolna Belica
Southern
Pindean
Olympian
Gramostean
Megleno-Romanian
dialects
Northern
Northern
Southern
Southern
Istro-Romanian
dialects
In Istria
Northern
Northern
Southern
Southern (variants between villages)
†In Krk
†Krko-Romanian
†Krko-Romanian
= Not strictly dialects; † = extinct
Languages of Albania
Official language
Albanian
Tosk
Gheg
Minority languages
Aromanian
Bulgarian
Greek
Himariote
Macedonian
Romani
Serbo-Croatian
Sign languages
Albanian Sign Language
Languages of Bulgaria
Official language
Bulgarian
Minority languages
Romani
Russian
Serbian
Turkish
Tatar
Working language
Russian
Sign languages
Bulgarian Sign Language
Languages of Greece
Official language
Greek
Greek varieties
Cretan
Cappadocian
Pontic
Maniot
Romano-Greek
Tsakonian
Yevanic
Sign languages
Greek Sign Language
Other languages
Aromanian
Arvanitika
Macedonian Slavic
Megleno-Romanian
Pomak Bulgarian
Romani
Balkan Romani
Vlax Romani
Turkish
Languages of North Macedonia
Official language
Macedonian
Albanian
Minority languages
Aromanian
Bosnian
Megleno-Romanian
Romani
Serbian
Turkish
Sign languages
Macedonian Sign Language
Languages of Romania
Official language
Romanian
Regional or minority
languages
Albanian
Armenian
Bulgarian
Croatian
Czech
German
Greek
Hungarian
Italian
Macedonian
Polish
Romani
Russian
Rusyn
Serbian
Slovak
Tatar
Turkish
Ukrainian
Yiddish
Sign languages
Romanian Sign Language
Languages of Serbia
Official language
Serbian
Minority languages
Hungarian
Bosnian
Romani
Albanian
Slovak
Romanian
Croatian
Rusyn
Macedonian
Bulgarian
Montenegrin
Czech
Bunjevac
Sign languages
Yugoslav Sign Language
Romanian language
Subdialects
Wallachia
Oltenia
Dobruja
Moldavia
Bukovina
Banat
Transylvania
Crișana
Maramureș
Argots and speech forms
Gumuțeasca
Totoiana
Dialects/related languages
Daco-Romanian
(Romanian itself)
Aromanian
Megleno-Romanian
Istro-Romanian
Linguistics
Grammar
nouns
verbs
numbers
Former:
D̦
Lexis and vocabulary
longest Romanian word
traditional month names
profanities
Phonology
Periods of
historic evolution
Classical Latin
Vulgar Latin
Common Romanian
Old Romanian
Re-latinization
Modern Romanian
Written form
Modern alphabet
Romanian transitional alphabet
Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet
Romanian Cyrillic alphabet
Romanian Braille
Institutions and movements
Transylvanian School
Junimea
Romanian Academy
Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române
Dicționarul Limbii Române
Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc
Academy of Sciences of Moldova
Language contact
Substrata
Balkan sprachbund
Linguistic parallels with Albanian
Slavic superstratum and adstratum
Influence on Slavic languages
Speech communities
Romanians
origin
diaspora
Moldovans
Timok Vlachs
Others
Moldovan language
Romanian Language Day
Romanian language in Serbia
Romanian-language schools in Transnistria
Category
Romance languages
classification
Major branches
Eastern
Italo-Western
Italo-Dalmatian
Western
Southern
Eastern
Aromanian
Istro-Romanian
Megleno-Romanian
Daco-Romanian
dialects
Banat
Bukovinian
Crișana
Maramureș
Moldavian
Oltenian
Transylvanian
Wallachian
Italo-
Dalmatian
Central
Central Italian
Central Marchigiano
Ancona
Fabriano
Macerata
Central−Northern Latian
Romanesco
Sabino
Corsican
Gallurese
Italian
Italo-Australian
Maltese Italian
Regional Italian
Swiss Italian
Sassarese
Tuscan
Florentine
Southern
Extreme Southern Italian
Central−Southern Calabrian
Salentino
Manduriano
Sicilian
Pantesco
Neapolitan–Calabrese
Neapolitan
Barese
Benevento
Castelmezzano
Cilentan
Irpinian
Arianese
Molisan
Southern Latian
Tarantino
Vastese
Northern Calabrian
Others
Dalmatian Romance
Dalmatian
Istriot
Judeo-Italian
Western
Gallo-Italic
Emilian–Romagnol
Emilian
Bolognese
Ferrarese
Judeo-Mantuan
Parmigiano
Gallo-Picene
Romagnol
Forlivese
Old Romagnol
Sammarinese
Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
Gallo-Italic of Sicily
Ligurian
Brigasc
Genoese
Intemelio
Monégasque
Royasc
Tabarchino
Judeo-Italian
Lombard
Eastern
Bergamasque
Cremish
Old Lombard
Western
Brianzöö
Canzés
Bustocco–Legnanese
Legnanese
Comasco–Lecchese
Comasco
Laghée
Lecchese
Vallassinese
Milanese
Ossolano
Southwestern
Cremunés
Novarese
Pavese
Ticinese
Varesino
Piedmontese
Judeo-Piedmontese
Gallo-
Romance
Langues
d'oïl
Angevin
Berrichon
Bourbonnais
Burgundian
Champenois
Frainc-Comtou
Gallo
French
Jersey Legal
Meridional
North American dialects
Canadian
Acadian
Chiac
St. Marys Bay French
Brayon
Newfoundland
Quebec
Joual
Magoua
Franco-Ontarian
Métis
Muskrat
New England
Frenchville
Louisiana
Missouri
Creoles
Lorrain
Welche
Moselle Romance
Norman
Anglo-Norman
Auregnais
Guernésiais
Jèrriais
Sercquiais
Law French
Augeron
Cauchois
Cotentinais
Orléanais
Picard
Poitevin–Saintongeais
Poitevin
Saintongeais
Walloon
Wisconsin Walloon
Fraco-Provençal/Arpitan
Faetar–Cigliàje
Mâconês
Savoyard
Valdôtain
Vâlsoanin
Old Gallo-Romance
Ibero-
Romance
West
Iberian
Asturo–Portuguese
Asturleonese
Asturian
Eastern
Western
Cantabrian
Extremaduran
Leonese
Bercian
Paḷḷuezu
Palra
Riberan
Riunorese
Mirandese
Old Leonese
Galician–
Portuguese
Fala
Galician
Eonavian
Portuguese
dialects
African
Angolan
Asian
Brazilian
Amazofonia
Caipira
Florianopolitan
Gaúcho
Mineiro
Northeastern
Paulistano
European
Alentejan
Oliventine
Estremenho
Minderico
Northern
Uruguayan
Creoles
Portugis
Papiamento
Judeo-Portuguese
Castilian
Judeo-Spanish
Haketia
Tetuani
Spanish
dialects
Equatoguinean
Latin American
Argentinian
Bolivian
Chilean
Chilote
Colombian
Ecuadorian
Mexican
Paraguayan
Peruvian
Peruvian Ribereño
Rioplatense
Uruguayan
Venezuelan
Peninsular
Andalusian
Llanito
Castilian
Castrapo
Castúo
Murcian
Philippine
Saharan
Creoles
Old Spanish
Pyrenean–Mozarabic
Mozarabian
Navarro-Aragonese
Aragonese
Central
Eastern
Ribagorçan
Benasquese
Judeo-Aragonese
Southern
Somontanés
Navalese
Western
Aisinian
Ansó
Aragüés
Hecho
Community of Villages Aragonese
Ebro Valley Aragonese
Navarrese
Old Riojan
Valencian Aragonese
Others
Barranquenho
(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
Caló
(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
Occitano-
Romance
Catalan
dialects
Eastern
Algherese
Balearic
Menorcan
Central
Northern
Judeo-Catalan
Patuet
Western
Ribagorçan
Valencian
Occitan
Auvergnat
Gascon
Aranese
Béarnese
Aas whistled
Landese
Judeo-Gascon
Judeo-Provençal
Languedocien
Limousin
Provençal
Niçard
Vivaro-Alpine
Gardiol
Mentonasc
Old Occitan
Old Catalan
Rhaeto-
Romance
Friulian
Fornes
Ladin
Cadorino
Nones
Romansh
Jauer
Putèr
Surmiran
Sursilvan
Tuatschin
Sutsilvan
Vallader
Others
Franco-Italian
Mediterranean Lingua Franca
(Western Romance-based pidgin)
Venetian
(unknown further classification)
Chipilo
Fiuman
Judeo-Venetian
Paduan
Talian
Triestine
Others
British Latin
Pannonian Latin
Southern Romance
African Romance
Sardinian
Campidanese
Logudorese
Dialects of Latin
Reconstructed
Proto-Romance
Proto-Eastern Romance
Italics
indicate
extinct languages
Bold
indicates
languages with more than 5 million speakers
Languages between parentheses are
varieties
of the language on their left.
Authority control databases
International
GND
National
Czech Republic
Other
Yale LUX
Retrieved from "
Categories
Aromanian language
Languages of Albania
Languages of Bulgaria
Languages of Greece
Languages of North Macedonia
Languages of Romania
Languages of Serbia
Endangered Romance languages
Definitely endangered languages
Hidden categories:
Language articles citing Ethnologue 25
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 Greek-language sources (el)
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
CS1: unfit URL
Articles with short description
Short description is different from Wikidata
Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users
Articles containing Aromanian-language text
Language articles with Linguasphere code
Languages with ISO 639-2 code
Articles needing additional references from March 2023
All articles needing additional references
Pages calling interlanguage link with many languages
Pages with plain IPA
Articles needing additional references from January 2026
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015
Aromanian language
Add topic
US