Bibliothèque nationale de France - Wikipedia

Bibliothèque nationale de France - Wikipedia
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2°22′33″E
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48.83361°N 2.37583°E
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
National library of France in Paris
"Bibliothèque nationale" redirects here. For other libraries known as Bibliothèque nationale, see
List of national and state libraries
"BnF" redirects here. For the compound abbreviated as "BnF", see
Benzyl fluoride
National Library of France
Bibliothèque nationale de France
Location
Paris
, France
Established
1461
; 565 years ago
1461
Collection
Items collected
Books
journals
newspapers
magazines
sound and music recordings
patents
databases
maps
stamps
prints
drawings
and
manuscripts
Size
42M items
including 16M books, 410,000 journals, 950,000 maps, 2M music sheets. 48B web archives equivalent to 1,800 terabytes
Access and use
Access requirements
Open to anyone with a need to use the collections and services
Other information
Budget
€254
million
Director
Gilles Pécout
Employees
2,300
Website
bnf.fr
(in French)
(Automated Accessibility Score = 7.6 decimal)
The
Bibliothèque nationale de France
French:
[biblijɔtɛk
nɑsjɔnal
də
fʁɑ̃s]
BnF
) is the
national library
of
France
, located in
Paris
on two main sites,
Richelieu
and
François-Mitterrand
. It is the national repository of all that is published in France. Some of its extensive collections, including books and manuscripts but also precious objects and artworks, are on display at the
BnF Museum
(formerly known as the
Cabinet des Médailles
) on the Richelieu site.
The National Library of France is a public establishment under the supervision of the
Ministry of Culture
. Its mission is to constitute collections, especially the copies of works published in France that must, by law, be deposited there, conserve them, and make them available to the public. It produces a reference catalogue, cooperates with other national and international establishments, as well as participates in research programs.
History
edit
The National Library of France traces its origin to the royal library founded at the
Louvre Palace
by
Charles V
in 1368. Charles had received a collection of manuscripts from his predecessor,
John II
, and transferred them to the Louvre from the
Palais de la Cité
. The first librarian of record was Claude Mallet, the king's valet de chambre, who made a sort of catalogue,
Inventoire des Livres du Roy nostre Seigneur estans au Chastel du Louvre
. Jean Blanchet made another list in 1380 and Jean de Bégue one in 1411 and another in 1424. Charles V was a patron of learning and encouraged the making and collection of books. It is known that he employed
Nicholas Oresme
Raoul de Presles
, and others to transcribe ancient texts. At the death of
Charles VI
, this first collection was unilaterally bought by the English regent of France, the
Duke of Bedford
, who transferred it to England in 1424. It was apparently dispersed at his death in 1435.
Charles VII
did little to repair the loss of these books, but the invention of printing resulted in the starting of another collection in the Louvre inherited by
Louis XI
in 1461.
Charles VIII
seized a part of the collection of the kings of
Aragon
Louis XII
, who had inherited the library at
Blois
, incorporated the latter into the
Bibliothèque du Roi
and further enriched it with the
Gruthuyse
collection and with plunder from
Milan
Francis I
transferred the collection in 1534 to
Fontainebleau
and merged it with his private library. During his reign, fine bindings became the craze and many of the books added by him and
Henry II
are masterpieces of the binder's art.
Under librarianship of
Jacques Amyot
, the collection was transferred to Paris and then relocated on several occasions, a process during which many treasures were lost.
citation needed
Henry IV
had it moved to the
Collège de Clermont
in 1595, a year after the expulsion of the Jesuits from their establishment. In 1604, the Jesuits were allowed to return and the collection was moved to the
Cordeliers Convent
, then, in 1622, to the nearby
Confrérie de Saint-Côme et de Saint-Damien
fr
on the
rue de la Harpe
. The appointment of
Jacques Auguste de Thou
as librarian initiated a period of development that made it the largest and richest collection of books in the world. He was succeeded by his son who was replaced, when executed for treason, by
Jérôme Bignon
, the first of a line of librarians of the same name. Under de Thou, the library was enriched by the collections of Queen
Catherine de Medici
. The library grew rapidly during the reigns of
Louis XIII
and
Louis XIV
, due in great part to the interest of Minister
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
, himself a dedicated collector of books.
The site in the Rue de la Harpe becoming inadequate, the library was again moved, in 1666, to two adjacent houses in Rue Vivienne. After Colbert, Louis XIV's minister
Louvois
also took interest in the library and employed
Jean Mabillon
Melchisédech Thévenot
, and others to procure books from every source. In 1688, a catalogue in eight volumes was compiled.
Louvois considered the erection of an opulent building to host it on what would become the
Place Vendôme
, a project that was however left unexecuted following the minister's death in 1691.
Galerie Mazarin, Richelieu site
The library opened to the public in 1692, under the administration of Abbott
Camille le Tellier de Louvois
, the minister's son. The Abbé Louvois was succeeded by
Jean-Paul Bignon
, who in 1721 seized the opportunity of the collapse of
John Law
's
Mississippi Company
. The company had been relocated by Law into the former palace of
Cardinal Mazarin
around
Hôtel Tubeuf
, and its failure freed significant space in which the Library would expand (even though the Hotel Tubeuf itself would remain occupied by
French East India Company
and later by France's financial bureaucracy until the 1820s). Bignon also instituted a complete reform of the library's system. Catalogues were made which appeared from 1739 to 1753 in 11 volumes. The collections increased steadily by purchase and gift to the outbreak of the
French Revolution
, at which time it was in grave danger of partial or total destruction, but owing to the activities of
Antoine-Augustin Renouard
and
Joseph Van Praet
it suffered no injury.
After the
Seven Years' War
(1756–1763), the French government sent historian
Louis-Georges de Bréquigny
to England, where he copied about 70,000 medieval documents relating to French regions once ruled by England; these were later bound into 109 volumes now held in the National Library of France.
The library's collections swelled to over 300,000 volumes during the radical phase of the
French Revolution
when the private libraries of aristocrats and clergy were seized. After the establishment of the
French First Republic
in September 1792, "the Assembly declared the
Bibliothèque du Roi
to be national property and the institution was renamed the
Bibliothèque Nationale
. After four centuries of control by the Crown, this great library now became the property of the French people."
Salle ovale before restoration, Richelieu site
A new administrative organization was established.
Napoleon
took great interest in the library and among other things issued an order that all books in provincial libraries not possessed by the
Bibliothèque Nationale
should be forwarded to it, subject to replacement by exchanges of equal value from the duplicate collections, making it possible, as Napoleon said, to find a copy of any book in France in the National Library. Napoleon furthermore increased the collections by spoil from his conquests. A considerable number of these books were restored after his downfall. During the period from 1800 to 1836, the library was virtually under the control of
Joseph Van Praet
. At his death it contained more than 650,000 printed books and some 80,000 manuscripts.
Following a series of regime changes in France, it became the
Imperial National Library
and in 1868 was moved to newly constructed buildings on the
Rue de Richelieu
designed by
Henri Labrouste
. Upon Labrouste's death in 1875 the library was further expanded, including the grand staircase and the Oval Room, by academic architect
Jean-Louis Pascal
. In 1896, the library was still the largest repository of books in the world, although it has since been surpassed by other libraries for that title.
By 1920, the library's collection had grown to 4,050,000 volumes and 11,000 manuscripts.
In 2024, the library removed four 19th-century books from its public access, namely two volumes of
The Ballads of Ireland
published in 1855, a bilingual anthology of Romanian poetry dating from 1856, and book of the
Royal Horticultural Society
published between 1862 and 1863, after tests indicated that their covers and bindings were coloured using green pigments containing
arsenic
Richelieu site
edit
The Richelieu site occupies a full city block in Paris, surrounded by
rue de Richelieu
(west),
rue des Petits-Champs
(south),
rue Vivienne
fr
(east), and
rue Colbert
fr
(north). There are two entrances, respectively on 58, rue de Richelieu and 5, rue Vivienne. This site was the main location of the library for 275 years, from 1721 to 1996. It now hosts the
BnF Museum
as well as facilities of the BnF, the library of the
Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art
(in the
Saller Labrouste
since 2016), and the library of the
École Nationale des Chartes
. It was comprehensively renovated in the 2010s and early 2020s on a design by architects
Bruno Gaudin
fr
and Virginie Brégal.
Façade on rue de Richelieu
Main courtyard (
Cour d'honneur
Courtyard of former
Hôtel Tubeuf
, on rue des Petits-Champs
Garden bordering rue Vivienne
Salle Labrouste
Salle Ovale
BnF Museum,
salle des Colonnes
François-Mitterrand site
edit
View of the
Bibliothèque nationale de France
, François-Mitterrand site
On 14 July 1988,
President
François Mitterrand
announced "the construction and the expansion of one of the largest and most modern libraries in the world, intended to cover all fields of knowledge, and designed to be accessible to all, using the most modern data transfer technologies, which could be consulted from a distance, and which would collaborate with other European libraries". Due to initial trade union opposition, a
wireless network
was fully installed only in August 2016.
In July 1989, the services of the architectural firm of
Dominique Perrault
were retained. The design was recognized with the
European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture
in 1996. The construction was carried out by
Bouygues
10
Construction of the library ran into huge cost overruns and technical difficulties related to its high-rise design, so much so that it was referred to as the "TGB" or "
Très Grande Bibliothèque
" (
lit.
Very Large Library
, a sarcastic allusion to the successful
TGV
high-speed rail system).
11
After the move of the major collections from the
Rue de Richelieu
, the National Library of France was inaugurated on 15 December 1996.
12
As of 2016
[update]
, the BnF contains roughly 14 million books at its four Parisian sites (Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand, Richelieu,
Arsenal
, and
Opéra
) as well as printed documents, manuscripts, prints, photographs, maps and plans, scores, coins, medals, sound documents, video and multimedia documents, and scenery elements.
13
The library retains the use of the Rue de Richelieu complex for some of its collections.
Plan of the Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand
___
Located near the
Metro station
Bibliothèque François Mitterrand
Manuscript collection
edit
The Manuscripts department houses the largest collection of medieval and modern manuscripts worldwide.
The collection includes medieval
chansons de geste
and
chivalric romances
, eastern literature, eastern and western religions, ancient history, scientific history, and literary manuscripts by Pascal, Diderot, Apollinaire, Proust, Colette, Sartre, etc.
The collection is organised:
according to language (
Ancient Greek
Latin
French
and other
European languages
Arabic
Coptic
Ethiopian
Hebrew
Persian
Turkish
, Near- and Middle-Eastern languages,
Chinese
Japanese
Tibetan
Sanskrit
Tamil
Indian languages
Vietnamese
, etc.)
The library holds about 5,000 Ancient Greek manuscripts, which are divided into three
fonds
Ancien fonds grec
fonds Coislin
, and
Fonds du Supplément grec
14
according to content: learned and bibliophilic, collections of learned materials, Library Archives, genealogical collections, French provinces, Masonic collection, etc.
Digital library
edit
"Gallica" redirects here. For other uses, see
Gallica (disambiguation)
Gallica
15
is the
digital library
for online users of the
Bibliothèque nationale de France
and its partners. It was established in October 1997. Today it has more than six million digitized materials of various types: books, magazines, newspapers, photographs, cartoons, drawings, prints, posters, maps, manuscripts, antique coins, scores, theater costumes and sets, audio and video materials. All library materials are freely available.
citation needed
On 10 February 2010, a digitized copy of
Scenes of Bohemian Life
by
Henri Murger
(1913) became Gallica's millionth document. In February 2019, the five millionth document was a copy of the manuscript "Record of an Unsuccessful Trip to the West Indies" stored in the
Bibliothèque Inguimbertine
and on 30 March 2023 the ten millionth document was added.
16
As of 2024
[update]
, Gallica had made available online approximately 10 million documents:
citation needed
864,428 books
186,495 manuscripts
5,804,801 newspapers and magazines issues
1,792,736 images
196,486 maps
64,967 music scores
52,004 audio recordings
519,877 objects
5,585 video recordings
Most of Gallica's collections of texts have been converted into text format using
optical character recognition
(OCR-processing), which allows full-text search in the library materials.
citation needed
Each document has a digital identifier, the so-called ARK (
Archival Resource Key
) of the National Library of France and is accompanied by a bibliographic description.
citation needed
List of directors
edit
1369–1792
edit
1369–1411:
Gilles Mallet
fr
fr
1522–1540:
Guillaume Budé
1540–1552:
Pierre Duchâtel
1552–1567:
Pierre de Montdoré
fr
1567–1593:
Jacques Amyot
1593–1617:
Jacques-Auguste de Thou
1617–1642:
François Auguste de Thou
1642–1656:
Jérôme Bignon
1656–1684:
Jérôme II Bignon
fr
1560–1604:
Jean Gosselin
fr
1604–1614:
Isaac Casaubon
1614–1645:
Nicolas Rigault
1645–1651:
Pierre Dupuy
1651–1656:
Jacques Dupuy
fr
1656–1676:
Nicolas Colbert
fr
Pierre de Carcavi
(1663-1683)
1676–1684:
Louis Colbert
fr
Melchisédech Thévenot
(1684-1691)
1684–1718:
Camille Le Tellier de Louvois
Nicolas Clément
fr
(1691-1712)
1719–1741:
Jean-Paul Bignon
1741–1743:
Jérôme Bignon de Blanzy
fr
1743–1772:
Armand-Jérôme Bignon
1770–1784:
Jérôme-Frédéric Bignon
fr
Grégoire Desaunays
fr
(from 1775 to 1793)
1784–1789:
Jean-Charles-Pierre Le Noir
(démission)
1789–1792:
Louis Le Fèvre d'Ormesson de Noyseau
1792–present
edit
1792–1793:
Jean-Louis Carra
and
Sébastien-Roch Nicolas de Chamfort
fr
1793:
Jean-Baptiste Cœuilhe
fr
(interim)
1793–1795:
Jean Baptiste Lefebvre de Villebrune
1795–1796:
André Barthélemy de Courcay
fr
1796–1798:
Jean-Augustin Capperonnier
fr
1798–1799:
Adrien-Jacques Joly
fr
1799–1800:
Aubin-Louis Millin de Grandmaison
1800–1803: Jean-Augustin Capperonnier
1803–1806:
Pascal-François-Joseph Gossellin
fr
1806–1829:
Bon-Joseph Dacier
1830–1831:
Joseph Van Praet
1832: Joseph Van Praet
1832:
Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat
1832–1837:
Jean-Antoine Letronne
1838–1839:
Edmé François Jomard
1839:
Charles Dunoyer
1839–1840: Antoine Jean Letronne
1840–1858:
Joseph Naudet
1858–1874:
Jules-Antoine Taschereau
fr
; the
Paris Commune
appointed
Élie Reclus
(29 April to 24 May 1871)
1874–1905:
Léopold Delisle
1905–1913:
Henry Marcel
1913–1923:
Théophile Homolle
1923–1930:
Pierre-René Roland-Marcel
fr
1930–1940:
Julien Cain
1940–1944:
Bernard Faÿ
1944–1945:
Jean Laran
fr
(interim)
1945–1964:
Julien Cain
1964–1975:
Étienne Dennery
1975–1981:
Georges Le Rider
1981–1984:
Alain Gourdon
fr
1984–1987:
André Miquel
1987–1993:
Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
1989–1994:
Dominique Jamet
1994–1997:
Jean Favier
1997–2002:
Jean-Pierre Angremy
2002–2007:
Jean-Noël Jeanneney
2007–2016:
Bruno Racine
2016–2024:
Laurence Engel
2024–present:
Gilles Pécout
Notable patrons
edit
Raoul Rigault
, leader during the
Paris Commune
in 1871, was known for habitually occupying the library and reading endless copies of the newspaper
Le Père Duchesne
17
In popular culture
edit
Alain Resnais
directed
Toute la mémoire du monde
transl.
All the Memory in the World
), a 1956 short film about the library and its collections.
See also
edit
Enfer
, a department within the BnF
Legal deposit
Books in France
BnF, Mélanges de Colbert 60
Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal
Bibliothèque-Musée de l'Opéra National de Paris
National electronic library
Dossiers Secrets d'Henri Lobineau
Project Blinkenlights
Pierre-Fanlac Media Library
List of libraries in France
Notes
edit
lit.
National Library of France
References
edit
Jack A. Clarke. "French Libraries in Transition, 1789–95."
The Library Quarterly
, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Oct., 1967)
"La BnF en chiffres"
. Archived from
the original
on 2023-09-11.
Priebe, Paul M. (1982). "From Bibliothèque du Roi to Bibliothèque Nationale: The Creation of a State Library, 1789–1793".
The Journal of Library History
17
(4):
389–
408.
JSTOR
25541320
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
public domain
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
"National Library of France"
Encyclopedia Americana
Lombard-Jourdan, Anne (July–December 1981).
"A Propos de Raoul de Presles Documents Sur l'Homme"
Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes
139
(2):
191–
207.
doi
10.3406/bec.1981.450230
JSTOR
42958451
Konstantinos Staikos (2012).
History of the Library in Western Civilization: From Petrarch to Michelangelo
. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press.
ISBN
978-1-58456-182-8
"Louis-Georges-Oudard-Feudrix de Bréquigny"
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
2026-02-08
Dunton, Larkin (1896).
The World and Its People
. Silver, Burdett. p.
38
"French national library quarantines 'poisonous' books"
France 24
. 25 April 2024.
"Bouygues website: Bibliothèque nationale de France"
. Archived from
the original
on November 27, 2006.
Fitchett, Joseph (30 March 1995).
"New Paris Library: Visionary or Outdated?"
The New York Times
. Retrieved
10 April
2013
Ramsay, Raylene L. (2003).
French women in politics: writing power, paternal legitimization, and maternal legacies
. Berghahn Books. p. 17.
ISBN
978-1-57181-082-3
. Retrieved
21 May
2011
"Welcome to the BnF"
BnF (Bibliothèque nationale de France)
. Archived from
the original
on 25 January 2016
. Retrieved
17 January
2016
See the Tome III-1 link:
. The Tome III-2 is not listed on the site. The Tome III-3 link:
Website link is
"10 millions de documents et 25 ans d'existence, Le Blog Gallica, 30 March 2023"
. Retrieved
2024-07-07
Horne, Alistair (1965).
The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870-1
. St. Martin's Press, New York. pp.
29–
30.
Further reading
edit
Bibliothèque nationale (France),
Département de la Phonothèque nationale et de l'Audiovisuel
. The National [Sound] Record[ings] and Audiovisual Department of the National Library [of France]. [Paris]: Bibliothèque nationale, [1986]. 9 p.
David H. Stam, ed. (2001).
International Dictionary of Library Histories
. Fitzroy Dearborn.
ISBN
1-57958-244-3
Riding, Alan.
"France Detects a Cultural Threat in Google,"
The New York Times.
April 11, 2005.
External links
edit
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Bibliothèque nationale de France ID (P268)
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48°50′01″N
2°22′33″E
 / 
48.83361°N 2.37583°E
 /
48.83361; 2.37583
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