Biomedical Materials - IOPscience

Biomedical Materials - IOPscience
Biomedical Materials
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Biomedical Materials
publishes original research findings and critical reviews that contribute to our knowledge about the composition, properties, and performance of materials for all applications relevant to human healthcare.
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The following article is
Open access
Recent advances in horizontal alveolar bone regeneration
Tiancheng Li
et al
2023
Biomed. Mater.
18
052004
View article
, Recent advances in horizontal alveolar bone regeneration
PDF
, Recent advances in horizontal alveolar bone regeneration
Alveolar bone loss is widespread in all age groups and remains a severe hazard to periodontal health. Horizontal alveolar bone loss is the pattern of bone loss more commonly seen in periodontitis. Until now, limited regenerative procedures have been applied to treating horizontal alveolar bone loss in periodontal clinics, making it the least predictable periodontal defect type. This article reviews the literature on recent advances in horizontal alveolar bone regeneration. The biomaterials and clinical and preclinical approaches tested for the regeneration of the horizontal type of alveolar bone are first discussed. Furthermore, current obstacles for horizontal alveolar bone regeneration and future directions in regenerative therapy are presented to provide new ideas for developing an effective multidisciplinary strategy to address the challenge of horizontal alveolar bone loss.
The following article is
Open access
Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: achievements to date and future directions
Adithya Garimella
et al
2025
Biomed. Mater.
20
012001
View article
, Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: achievements to date and future directions
PDF
, Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: achievements to date and future directions
Advancement in medicine and technology has resulted into prevention of countless deaths and increased life span. However, it is important to note that, the modern lifestyle has altered the food habits, witnessed increased life-style stresses and road accidents leading to several health complications and one of the primary victims is the bone health. More often than ever, healthcare professionals encounter cases of massive bone fracture, bone loss and generation of critical sized bone defects. Surgical interventions, through the use of bone grafting techniques are necessary in such cases. Natural bone grafts (allografts, autografts and xenografts) however, have major drawbacks in terms of delayed rehabilitation, lack of appropriate donors, infection and morbidity that shifted the focus of several investigators to the direction of synthetic bone grafts. By employing biomaterials that are based on bone tissue engineering (BTE), synthetic bone grafts provide a more biologically acceptable approach to establishing the phases of bone healing. In BTE, various materials are utilized to support and enhance bone regeneration. Biodegradable polymers like poly-(lactic acid), poly-(glycolic acid), and poly-(
-caprolactone) are commonly used for their customizable mechanical properties and ability to degrade over time, allowing for natural bone growth. PEG is employed in hydrogels to promote cell adhesion and growth. Ceramics, such as hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate (
-TCP) mimic natural bone mineral and support bone cell attachment, with
-TCP gradually resorbing as new bone forms. Composite materials, including polymer-ceramic and polymer-glasses, combine the benefits of both polymers and ceramics/glasses to offer enhanced mechanical and biological properties. Natural biomaterials like collagen, gelatin, and chitosan provide a natural matrix for cell attachment and tissue formation, with chitosan also offering antimicrobial properties. Hybrid materials such as decellularized bone matrix retain natural bone structure and biological factors, while functionalized scaffolds incorporate growth factors or bioactive molecules to further stimulate bone healing and integration. The current review article provides the critical insights on several biomaterials that could yield to revolutionary improvements in orthopedic medical fields. The introduction section of this article focuses on the statistical information on the requirements of various bone scaffolds globally and its impact on economy. In the later section, anatomy of the human bone, defects and diseases pertaining to human bone, and limitations of natural bone scaffolds and synthetic bone scaffolds were detailed. Biopolymers, bioceramics, and biometals-based biomaterials were discussed in further depth in the sections that followed. The article then concludes with a summary addressing the current trends and the future prospects of potential bone transplants.
The following article is
Open access
The antimicrobial efficacy of copper, cobalt, zinc and silver nanoparticles: alone and in combination
Farah N S Raja
et al
2023
Biomed. Mater.
18
045003
View article
, The antimicrobial efficacy of copper, cobalt, zinc and silver nanoparticles: alone and in combination
PDF
, The antimicrobial efficacy of copper, cobalt, zinc and silver nanoparticles: alone and in combination
With the advent of nanotechnology, there has been an extensive interest in the antimicrobial potential of metals. The rapid and widespread development of antimicrobial-resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria has prompted recent research into developing novel or alternative antimicrobial agents. In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of metallic copper, cobalt, silver and zinc nanoparticles was assessed against
Escherichia coli
(NCTC 10538),
S. aureus
(ATCC 6538) along with three clinical isolates of
Staphylococcus epidermidis
(A37, A57 and A91) and three clinical isolates of
E. coli
(Strains 1, 2 and 3) recovered from bone marrow transplant patients and patients with cystitis respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity assays, including agar diffusion and broth macro-dilution to determine minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) and time-kill/synergy assays, were used to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the agents. The panel of test microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant strains, demonstrated a broad range of sensitivity to the metals investigated. MICs of the type culture strains were in the range of 0.625–5.0 mg ml
−1
. While copper and cobalt exhibited no difference in sensitivity between Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, silver and zinc showed strain specificity. A significant decrease (
< 0.001) in the bacterial density of
E. coli
and
S. aureus
was demonstrated by silver, copper and zinc in as little as two hours. Furthermore, combining metal nanoparticles reduced the time required to achieve a complete kill.
The following article is
Open access
The chicken eggshell membrane: a versatile, sustainable, biological material for translational biomedical applications
Rosemond A Mensah
et al
2023
Biomed. Mater.
18
042001
View article
, The chicken eggshell membrane: a versatile, sustainable, biological material for translational biomedical applications
PDF
, The chicken eggshell membrane: a versatile, sustainable, biological material for translational biomedical applications
Naturally derived materials are often preferred over synthetic materials for biomedical applications due to their innate biological characteristics, relative availability, sustainability, and agreement with conscientious end-users. The chicken eggshell membrane (ESM) is an abundant resource with a defined structural profile, chemical composition, and validated morphological and mechanical characteristics. These unique properties have not only allowed the ESM to be exploited within the food industry but has also led to it be considered for other novel translational applications such as tissue regeneration and replacement, wound healing and drug delivery. However, challenges still exist in order to enhance the native ESM (nESM): the need to improve its mechanical properties, the ability to combine/join fragments of ESM together, and the addition or incorporation of drugs/growth factors to advance its therapeutic capacity. This review article provides a succinct background to the nESM, its extraction, isolation, and consequent physical, mechanical and biological characterisation including possible approaches to enhancement. Moreover, it also highlights current applications of the ESM in regenerative medicine and hints at future novel applications in which this novel biomaterial could be exploited to beneficial use.
The following article is
Open access
3D environment with BMP-2-releasing nanocarriers enhances osteogenic commitment of human tendon stem cells
Erwin Pavel Lamparelli
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025026
View article
, 3D environment with BMP-2-releasing nanocarriers enhances osteogenic commitment of human tendon stem cells
PDF
, 3D environment with BMP-2-releasing nanocarriers enhances osteogenic commitment of human tendon stem cells
This study presents a three-dimensional bioprinted scaffold engineered to promote the osteogenic differentiation of human tendon stem/progenitor cells (hTSPCs), isolated from tendon explants. The construct integrates human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (hBMP-2)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocarriers (PLGA-NCs; mean size 140 ± 40 nm) within a gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel. Bioprinting under optimized conditions preserved high cell viability (85%), ensuring a reliable platform for subsequent biological evaluation. Dynamic perfusion culture over 21 days supported continuous nutrient delivery and efficient removal of metabolic byproducts, as corroborated by compartmental modeling. This environment significantly enhanced hTSPCs proliferation and osteogenic commitment, evidenced by a 20-fold increase in osteopontin expression (
< 0.05), an 8-fold upregulation of osteocalcin (
< 0.05), and extensive calcium and protein deposition, confirmed by Alizarin Red S staining and Western blot analysis. In contrast, static monolayer cultures exposed to soluble hBMP-2 (20 ng ml
−1
) exhibited reduced osteogenic activity, highlighting the superiority of the bioprinted dynamic system. The platform was specifically designed to provide a short, localized hBMP-2 pulse from PLGA-NCs, effectively priming early differentiation while minimizing overall growth factor exposure. These findings demonstrate the potential of combining biofabrication and NC-based delivery for spatiotemporally controlled growth factor presentation, paving the way for advanced
in vitro
models that more closely recapitulate complex tissue regeneration.
The following article is
Open access
Human vascularised synovium-on-a-chip: a mechanically stimulated, microfluidic model to investigate synovial inflammation and monocyte recruitment
Clare L Thompson
et al
2023
Biomed. Mater.
18
065013
View article
, Human vascularised synovium-on-a-chip: a mechanically stimulated, microfluidic model to investigate synovial inflammation and monocyte recruitment
PDF
, Human vascularised synovium-on-a-chip: a mechanically stimulated, microfluidic model to investigate synovial inflammation and monocyte recruitment
Healthy synovium is critical for joint homeostasis. Synovial inflammation (synovitis) is implicated in the onset, progression and symptomatic presentation of arthritic joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Thus, the synovium is a promising target for the development of novel, disease-modifying therapeutics. However, target exploration is hampered by a lack of good pre-clinical models that accurately replicate human physiology and that are developed in a way that allows for widespread uptake. The current study presents a multi-channel, microfluidic, organ-on-a-chip (OOAC) model, comprising a 3D configuration of the human synovium and its associated vasculature, with biomechanical and inflammatory stimulation, built upon a commercially available OOAC platform. Healthy human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (hFLS) were co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with appropriate matrix proteins, separated by a flexible, porous membrane. The model was developed within the Emulate organ-chip platform enabling the application of physiological biomechanical stimulation in the form of fluid shear and cyclic tensile strain. The hFLS exhibited characteristic morphology, cytoskeletal architecture and matrix protein deposition. Synovial inflammation was initiated through the addition of interleukin−1
(IL−1
) into the synovium channel resulting in the increased secretion of inflammatory and catabolic mediators, interleukin-6 (IL−6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE
), matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP−1), as well as the synovial fluid constituent protein, hyaluronan. Enhanced expression of the inflammatory marker, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), was observed in HUVECs in the vascular channel, accompanied by increased attachment of circulating monocytes. This vascularised human synovium-on-a-chip model recapitulates a number of the functional characteristics of both healthy and inflamed human synovium. Thus, this model offers the first human synovium organ-chip suitable for widespread adoption to understand synovial joint disease mechanisms, permit the identification of novel therapeutic targets and support pre-clinical testing of therapies.
The following article is
Open access
Biomechanical design principles of intestine-on-chip models: past, present and future directions
Rafsan Ahmed Rashik
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
022006
View article
, Biomechanical design principles of intestine-on-chip models: past, present and future directions
PDF
, Biomechanical design principles of intestine-on-chip models: past, present and future directions
Human intestine is a complex organ that performs critical roles in nutrient absorption, immune regulation, and host–microbiome interactions. Traditional two-dimensional and three-dimensional
in vitro
models, while useful for some applications, fall short in replicating the dynamic and multifaceted environment of the small intestine. In recent years, intestine-on-chip (IoC) technologies have emerged as promising platforms that integrate microfluidics, biomechanical cues, and tissue engineering to better simulate intestinal structure and function. This review provides a comprehensive overview of IoC devices, covering their underlying principles, historical development, design elements, and key functional capabilities, with special emphasis on the incorporation of mechanical strain and peristalsis-like motion. We also discuss the limitations of current models, including application of constant uniaxial strain, scale constraints, material challenges, biological complexity, and lack of standardization as well as prospective directions for advancing this field. By addressing these gaps, next-generation IoC systems can pave the way for more predictive disease models, advanced drug testing platforms, and personalized medicine applications.
The following article is
Open access
Optimization of swim bladder decellularization with sodium dodecyl sulfate, triton X-100, and aminosulfabetaine-16 for use as a biomaterial
JiaJun Pan
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025017
View article
, Optimization of swim bladder decellularization with sodium dodecyl sulfate, triton X-100, and aminosulfabetaine-16 for use as a biomaterial
PDF
, Optimization of swim bladder decellularization with sodium dodecyl sulfate, triton X-100, and aminosulfabetaine-16 for use as a biomaterial
Swim bladders are biomaterials with numerous potential applications, but effective decellularization is essential to maximize retention of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and minimize immunogenicity. However, systematic optimization of detergent-based decellularization protocols for swim bladder remains limited, particularly with respect to balancing efficient nuclear removal with preservation of ECM, mechanics, and anti-calcification properties. We performed a systematic evaluation of the efficacy of three detergents—sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100 (TX-100), and aminosulfobetaine-16 (ASB-16)—for decellularizing
Hypophthalmichthys nobilis
swim bladders to develop an optimized decellularization protocol. Swim bladders were decellularized using varying concentrations of each detergent for varying lengths of time. Nuclear removal was first assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and DNA quantification, and cytotoxicity, hemocompatibility, mechanical properties, ECM preservation, microstructure, anti-calcification potential, and immunogenicity were subsequently evaluated. Selective detergent combinations were then performed based on their effects on the swim bladder tissues to optimize the decellularization protocol. SDS achieved the best nuclear removal, but compromised ECM integrity and mechanical properties, with some calcification observed. TX-100 demonstrated limited decellularization efficacy and negatively impacted the ECM. ASB-16 effectively removed nuclei while preserving ECM and mechanical properties, exhibiting good biocompatibility and anti-calcification properties. Cytotoxicity testing showed cell viability above 70% for all groups, and hemolysis rates were below 2%. Based on these findings, a combined decellularization protocol was developed, incubating swim bladders in 0.2% SDS for 2 h, followed by 0.5% ASB-16 for 12 h. This demonstrated a high decellularization efficiency, good biocompatibility and hemocompatibility, preservation of ECM and mechanical properties, and minimization of immunogenicity and calcification. This protocol can yield a biomaterial with numerous
in vivo
uses, including potential cardiovascular applications, and provides a practical framework for rational optimization of swim bladder decellularization.
The following article is
Open access
Microneedling (MN) combined with albumin gel and liquid platelet-rich fibrin mixtures (Alb-PRF) promotes periodontal soft tissue regeneration in SD rats
Ping Song
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025029
View article
, Microneedling (MN) combined with albumin gel and liquid platelet-rich fibrin mixtures (Alb-PRF) promotes periodontal soft tissue regeneration in SD rats
PDF
, Microneedling (MN) combined with albumin gel and liquid platelet-rich fibrin mixtures (Alb-PRF) promotes periodontal soft tissue regeneration in SD rats
We evaluated the efficiency, as a nonsurgical method, of a combination of microneedling (MN) and a blood-derived biomaterial albumin-platelet-rich fibrin (Alb-PRF) in a rat gingival recession (GR) model for periodontal soft tissue augmentation. Rat blood was used to prepare an Alb-PRF mixture, which was used in combination with MN for periodontal soft tissue regeneration therapy. Twenty-two SD rats, 9–10 weeks of age, were randomly selected; eight were used for blood collection and preparation of Alb-PRF mixtures for use as injectable drugs; three, tested for their ability to release growth factors, and observed by scanning electron microscopy, were used to prepare Alb-PRF mixtures; two were used for the preparation of GR models and observed using stereomicroscopy and micro-CT. The remaining nine rats were randomized into two groups. Group I was (MN treatment group and blank control group) and group II was (MN + Alb-PRF treatment group, Alb-PRF treatment group). All the groups were subjected to GR model establishment. Next, the rats, except the blank control group, were administered the corresponding treatment twice at an interval of 2 weeks. Two weeks after the final dose, each rat was euthanized and the maxillary first molar and periodontal tissue from the surgical region were retrieved. The retrieved samples were evaluated using
in-vivo
microscopy, histopathological assessments, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The MN + Alb-PRF group exhibited effective periodontal soft tissue regeneration, with significant improvements in parameters such as gingival height, gingival thickness, and clinical crown height, along with an increase in the percentage of collagen fiber area. Administration of MN + Alb-PRF injections to promote periodontal soft tissue regeneration is highly promising strategy for Alb-PRF treatment. The MN group showed most favorable outcomes compared with that of the blank group. Using MN alone and MN in combination with Alb-PRF is effective for promoting periodontal soft tissue regeneration.
The following article is
Open access
Novel 3D-printed polycaprolactone/gelatin based biopatches loaded with natural antibacterial agents for hernia treatment
Ebru Uysal
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025006
View article
, Novel 3D-printed polycaprolactone/gelatin based biopatches loaded with natural antibacterial agents for hernia treatment
PDF
, Novel 3D-printed polycaprolactone/gelatin based biopatches loaded with natural antibacterial agents for hernia treatment
Incisional hernia is a common postoperative complication, particularly following abdominal surgeries, and is frequently associated with recurrence and impaired healing due to postoperative infections. In this study, a dual-layered hernia repair biopatch was developed by integrating a 3D-printed polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/Ge) scaffold, providing mechanical support, with an electrospun nanofibrous layer composed of PCL/Ge/
-carrageenan (
-C) to promote wound healing. To impart antimicrobial functionality, the scaffolds were functionalized with either
Agrimonia eupatoria
(AE) extract or the clinically used antibiotic rifampicin (RIF). Commercial polypropylene (PP) meshes were employed as control groups in both
in vitro
and
in vivo
evaluations. Mechanical testing demonstrated that the developed biopatches exhibited tensile strengths within a clinically relevant range, with values of 5.13 MPa and 2.49 MPa for the 3D-printed RIF-loaded and AE-loaded electrospun-coated scaffolds, respectively. Both AE- and RIF-loaded groups showed pronounced antibacterial activity against
S. aureus
, a predominant pathogen associated with surgical site infections. Sustained and controlled release profiles were observed over 160 h, with cumulative release values of approximately 30%–35%.
In vivo
evaluation using a rat incisional hernia model revealed that AE exhibits strong potential as an alternative to conventional antibiotics, attributable to its phenolic-rich composition and associated anti-inflammatory and tissue-remodeling properties. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the proposed dual-layer biopatch, which integrates mechanical reinforcement with sustained antimicrobial activity, represents a promising and effective strategy for infection-resistant incisional hernia repair.
The following article is
Open access
Wet‐stable PLGA–PCL electrospun membranes as synthetic scaffolds for corneal applications
Danilo Villanueva Navarrete
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025033
View article
, Wet‐stable PLGA–PCL electrospun membranes as synthetic scaffolds for corneal applications
PDF
, Wet‐stable PLGA–PCL electrospun membranes as synthetic scaffolds for corneal applications
Corneal impairment is the fourth leading cause of blindness worldwide. Current therapies often use biodegradable amniotic membranes (AMs) to assist in transferring limbal stem cells or explants to the cornea. Surgeons have extensive experience with these, but they are human biological tissue and must be sourced and used under tissue bank conditions to reduce the risk of disease transmission. Thus, accessibility and safety remain concerns in their use. Accordingly, the development of synthetic scaffolds to support limbal tissue outgrowth is an attractive, reproducible and accessible alternative. This group has made good progress towards this membrane design using a Polylactide-co-Glycolide (PLGA) electrospun membrane but has identified problems with handling and integrity of the membrane once wet. Our aim, therefore, is to improve the integrity and pliability of these cell delivery membranes in wet environments without compromising their ability to act as cell carriers for corneal regeneration. Electrospun scaffolds with different mechanical properties were manufactured by blending different concentrations of PLGA and Polycaprolactone (PCL). All the manufactured membranes supported cell outgrowth when tested with porcine and human limbal explants. Scaffolds were characterised under dry and wet conditions using scanning electron microscopy and uniaxial tensile testing. Blends with a relatively high proportion of PCL (30%) were able to maintain their mechanical properties under both dry and wet conditions and were flexible in handling. This study demonstrates that PLGA-PCL electrospun membranes with 30% PCL content retain good mechanical properties in a wet environment, making them easy to handle while retaining the ability to support limbal tissue attachment and cell outgrowth. This makes them a viable synthetic alternative to the AM.
Multifunctional eutectogel for co-delivery of baicalein and metformin to promote diabetic wound healing
Naijun Dong
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025034
View article
, Multifunctional eutectogel for co-delivery of baicalein and metformin to promote diabetic wound healing
PDF
, Multifunctional eutectogel for co-delivery of baicalein and metformin to promote diabetic wound healing
Natural products have made significant contributions to human therapeutics. However, approximately 90% of these compounds face severe limitations in clinical application due to challenges such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability and instability. Although combining natural products with synthetic drugs has demonstrated synergistic advantages in treating various diseases, their therapeutic potential for diabetic wound healing remains largely unexplored. A key obstacle lies in the significant differences in solubility between these two drugs, which severely hinders the development of combination formulations. This study developed a dual-drug-loaded gel system (Bai-Met/DES-Gel) based on a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and carbomer 940. The solubility of baicalein was enhanced to 26.72 mg ml
−1
, enabling its stable co-dissolution with the synthetic metformin. The drug delivery system exhibited sustained-release properties, good biocompatibility, significant antibacterial activity against
E. coli
and
S. aureus
, and excellent DPPH radical scavenging capacity. In the diabetic rat wound model, Bai-Met/DES-Gel effectively accelerated wound healing by inhibiting inflammatory responses, promoting granulation tissue formation, facilitating collagen alignment, stimulating angiogenesis, and enhancing cell proliferation. This study advanced the potential application of DES on co-delivery of natural and synthetic drugs, while providing a novel solution for the treatment of diabetic wounds.
The following article is
Open access
An optically accessible two-chamber perfusion bioreactor for label-free metabolic imaging of three-dimensional tissue models under dynamic flow conditions
Juan N Bejarano Rios
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025032
View article
, An optically accessible two-chamber perfusion bioreactor for label-free metabolic imaging of three-dimensional tissue models under dynamic flow conditions
PDF
, An optically accessible two-chamber perfusion bioreactor for label-free metabolic imaging of three-dimensional tissue models under dynamic flow conditions
Bioreactors play an important role in tissue engineering as they tackle challenges that arise when developing three-dimensional (3D) tissue models. Bioreactor design is a complex task due to the combination of technology-specific and tissue-specific requirements, with general requirements like biocompatibility and sterility. Here we present a novel design for a two-chamber perfusion bioreactor that provides optical accessibility on both the apical and basal surfaces of 3D tissue models based on small intestine submucosa (SIS) scaffolds, while also enabling tissue culture under dynamic flow conditions. The flow of cell culture medium inside of the bioreactor was simulated in order to obtain uniform mechanical stimulation by means of shear stress on the apical surface of the tissue model (surface uniformity index >0.9). The shear stress magnitude lies in physiologically relevant ranges (average shear stress ∼1.4 mPa). As a proof-of-concept experiment a 3D tissue model consisting of spheroids from FaDu cells growing on the surface of the acellular scaffold SISser was cultured under dynamic flow conditions during six days and characterized using different optical imaging techniques. Attachment and growth of the spheroids over the scaffold was monitored using brightfield microscopy, after six days the area covered by the spheroids increased 3.45 times. Additionally, label-free metabolic imaging was performed by using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) as reporter. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of the coenzymes revealed differences in both the fluorescence intensity and lifetime of the spheroids and the scaffold. The bioreactor should serve as a tool for future research by providing an environment that supports tissue growth, while enabling the integration of non-invasive, non-destructive functional imaging techniques.
The following article is
Open access
Synthesis of citric acid-coated nanomaterials releasing oxygen and antioxidant vitamin E and investigation of their effects on healthy and cancer cells under hypoxic and normoxic conditions
Yasemin Büşra Atmaca and Nermin Seda Kehr 2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025031
View article
, Synthesis of citric acid-coated nanomaterials releasing oxygen and antioxidant vitamin E and investigation of their effects on healthy and cancer cells under hypoxic and normoxic conditions
PDF
, Synthesis of citric acid-coated nanomaterials releasing oxygen and antioxidant vitamin E and investigation of their effects on healthy and cancer cells under hypoxic and normoxic conditions
Hypoxia and inflammation are in a reciprocal interaction. Oxygen deficiency not only results in prolonged inflammation but also contributes to its continuation by sustaining immune responses. Although various nanocarriers have been designed for oxygen transport or antioxidant drug delivery, this study uniquely combines both functions in a single nanomaterial platform. Here, we report the synthesis of an oxygen-carrying nanomaterial (CPE) functionalized with antioxidant citric acid and loaded with vitamin E. CPE particles exhibit an initial burst release within the first 24 h, followed by a pH-dependent sustained release phase. In an acidic environment (pH 6.0), cumulative release reaches a maximum of ∼69% by the end of day 7. Additionally, CPE particles exhibit a continuous O
release profile over 7 d, reaching a peak of ∼11.8% at 96 h and maintaining an O₂ level close to physiological oxygen levels (>6%) in a hypoxic environment by the end of day 7.
In vitro
experiments are consistent with each other in terms of cell viability, ROS, and NO production. In general, CPE increases the viability of healthy cells by 25% while decreasing ROS, NO and lipid peroxidation, and increases ROS, NO and lipid peroxidation in cancer cells while decreasing cell viability by 11% in hypoxic environments. The observed results are interpreted as follows: cancer cells typically exhibit high basal ROS levels and limited antioxidant buffering capacity. Therefore, an increase in oxygen availability, combined with citric acid and vitamin E, can cause acute oxidative imbalance. Under these conditions, moderate ROS accumulation can increase oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, ultimately inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. In contrast, healthy cells possess more efficient antioxidant defense systems. The presence of oxygen, citric acid, and vitamin E together can support normal oxygen-dependent metabolism while protecting cell membranes from lipid peroxidation, thanks to citric acid’s metal chelation properties and vitamin E’s antioxidant activity.
A combinative approach for the selective cellularization of human capillary-sized microchannels
Daniele Pedroni
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
021001
View article
, A combinative approach for the selective cellularization of human capillary-sized microchannels
PDF
, A combinative approach for the selective cellularization of human capillary-sized microchannels
The controlled cellularization of enclosed microchannels with true capillary dimensions remains a major technical limitation in
in vitro
vascular models. While endothelial cell seeding is routinely achieved in microchannels with dimensions above several tens of micrometers, reliable and spatially selective endothelialization of capillary-sized geometries remains challenging. Here, we report a combined microfabrication and surface-patterning strategy that overcomes this barrier, enabling selective endothelial cell seeding in open microchannels as small as 20 μm. The method introduces micrometric chemical selectivity in the microfabricated environment, allowing for precise control over cell-adhesive regions while preserving channel integrity and accessibility. The approach integrates soft lithography, thin metal film deposition, and gas-phase surface modification to define 15 μm-wide adhesive paths precisely aligned with SU-8 microchannels. This alignment enables selective inner-surface functionalization without the need for post-bonding treatments or complex flow-based patterning steps. SEM and AFM analyses confirm a clear physicochemical contrast between patterned and non-patterned regions throughout the fabrication process. After seeding, phase-contrast and fluorescence imaging demonstrate exclusive endothelial adhesion within the targeted microchannels. By enabling robust, reproducible, and selective cellularization at capillary dimensions, this approach allows to overcome a key technical barrier in microvascular fabrication and provides a fabrication strategy compatible with future capillary-scale
in vitro
models.
Research progress on ROS-responsive hydrogels for the treatment of osteoporosis: a review
Yuhan Zhao
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
022007
View article
, Research progress on ROS-responsive hydrogels for the treatment of osteoporosis: a review
PDF
, Research progress on ROS-responsive hydrogels for the treatment of osteoporosis: a review
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in both physiological and pathological processes, with increased levels being implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. ROS-responsive hydrogels, characterized by their hydrophilicity, softness, and superior biocompatibility, have emerged as promising smart materials for targeted therapeutic applications with minimized side effects. Osteoporosis, characterized by decreased bone mass and structural deterioration, is closely associated with oxidative stress and can be classified into two types: primary osteoporosis and secondary osteoporosis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principal methods for crosslinking ROS-responsive hydrogels, encompassing physical, chemical, and biological crosslinking approaches, and summarized their delivery strategies as well as modifications designed to enhance targeting selectivity. Additionally, one of their significant biological applications, namely wound healing was discussed. Finally, the therapeutic applications of ROS-responsive hydrogels in both primary and secondary osteoporosis were systematically reviewed. For primary osteoporosis, the discussion was structured according to the pathological timeline of disease progression. And the secondary osteoporosis part was addressed through representative examples—diabetes-related osteoporosis, periodontitis-related osteoporosis, and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis—with a focus on their distinct pathogenic mechanisms. By providing a comprehensive overview, this review aims to deepen the understanding of ROS-responsive hydrogels in osteoporosis therapy, while encouraging further research into intelligent and stimuli-responsive biomaterials.
The following article is
Open access
Biomechanical design principles of intestine-on-chip models: past, present and future directions
Rafsan Ahmed Rashik
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
022006
View article
, Biomechanical design principles of intestine-on-chip models: past, present and future directions
PDF
, Biomechanical design principles of intestine-on-chip models: past, present and future directions
Human intestine is a complex organ that performs critical roles in nutrient absorption, immune regulation, and host–microbiome interactions. Traditional two-dimensional and three-dimensional
in vitro
models, while useful for some applications, fall short in replicating the dynamic and multifaceted environment of the small intestine. In recent years, intestine-on-chip (IoC) technologies have emerged as promising platforms that integrate microfluidics, biomechanical cues, and tissue engineering to better simulate intestinal structure and function. This review provides a comprehensive overview of IoC devices, covering their underlying principles, historical development, design elements, and key functional capabilities, with special emphasis on the incorporation of mechanical strain and peristalsis-like motion. We also discuss the limitations of current models, including application of constant uniaxial strain, scale constraints, material challenges, biological complexity, and lack of standardization as well as prospective directions for advancing this field. By addressing these gaps, next-generation IoC systems can pave the way for more predictive disease models, advanced drug testing platforms, and personalized medicine applications.
Biomaterial-based joint lubricants for osteoarthritis: emerging multifunctional designs and therapeutic strategies
JiaHeng Wu
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
022005
View article
, Biomaterial-based joint lubricants for osteoarthritis: emerging multifunctional designs and therapeutic strategies
PDF
, Biomaterial-based joint lubricants for osteoarthritis: emerging multifunctional designs and therapeutic strategies
Osteoarthritis is a prevalent degenerative joint disease in which impaired lubrication can accelerate disease progression, making restoration of joint lubrication an important therapeutic avenue. This review summarizes emerging biomaterial-based joint lubricants and multifunctional designs that integrate lubrication with biological regulation and tissue regeneration. We highlight advances in hydrogels, microspheres, nanoparticles, and emulsions, focusing on material architectures, lubrication mechanisms, tribological performance, and biological functions including anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, drug delivery, and cartilage regeneration. We further discuss structure–function coupling that links interfacial lubrication to cellular responses and tissue repair, and outline key considerations for performance optimization and clinical translation. Finally, we propose an integrated lubrication-therapy-regeneration paradigm to guide the development of intelligent, responsive, and long-acting joint lubricants toward clinical application.
Advances in design and application of molecularly imprinted polymers for selective brain protein recognition in neurology
Bani Preet Kaur
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
022004
View article
, Advances in design and application of molecularly imprinted polymers for selective brain protein recognition in neurology
PDF
, Advances in design and application of molecularly imprinted polymers for selective brain protein recognition in neurology
Neurological diseases affect billions of people worldwide, including an array of infections, strokes, cancers, and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, which have seen rising mortality rates in recent decades. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical protective layer composed of tightly sealed endothelial cells that restrict the entry of most molecules into the brain. Typically, only small, lipophilic molecules can cross the BBB, while larger or hydrophilic drugs face significant delivery challenges. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic materials designed to recognize specific molecules, creating ‘molecular memory’ for selective binding and release. MIPs offer benefits such as high stability, biocompatibility, sustained drug release, and cost-effectiveness, making them promising candidates for drug delivery and biosensing applications. This review explores the potential of MIPs for targeting receptors on the BBB to improve selective drug delivery to the brain, highlighting design strategies and receptor targets critical for internalization.
The following article is
Open access
Zinc-based materials for the treatment of infectious bone defects: recent advances and perspectives
Yubo Zhang
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
022003
View article
, Zinc-based materials for the treatment of infectious bone defects: recent advances and perspectives
PDF
, Zinc-based materials for the treatment of infectious bone defects: recent advances and perspectives
Infectious bone defects are simultaneously challenged by persistent infection, biofilm-mediated tolerance and impaired bone regeneration, so the conventional debridement–antibiotics–staged reconstruction strategy often fails to achieve infection control and defect repair in one course. Owing to their degradability, broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and the potential to modulate osteogenesis and immunity, zinc-based materials have been regarded as promising candidates for integrated therapy. Based on a systematic search and screening of recent literature, this review summarises four technical routes—pure zinc and zinc alloys, zinc-containing composite materials, zinc-based coatings and zinc-based delivery systems—and elucidates the antibacterial/anti-biofilm mechanisms of zinc together with its roles in osteogenesis, angiogenesis and immune regulation. On this basis, we propose several engineering design points for clinical translation, including suppression of burst release, regulation of micro-galvanic effects and second-phase distribution, coordinated optimisation of surface structure and surface chemistry, and standardised characterisation. We also discuss strategies for integrating zinc with current clinical materials (such as antibiotic-loaded bone cement and 3D-printed patient-specific scaffolds), as well as bottlenecks in large-scale manufacturing, long-term safety and the clinical evidence chain. In summary, zinc-based materials are expected to achieve a synergistic effect of infection control–promotion of bone repair–immune homeostasis, thereby providing a feasible materials-based solution and translational roadmap for infectious bone defects.
Application of hybrid exosomes-mediated targeted delivery system for sinomenine hydrochloride in rheumatoid arthritis therapy
Feng et al
View accepted manuscript
, Application of hybrid exosomes-mediated targeted delivery system for sinomenine hydrochloride in rheumatoid arthritis therapy
PDF
, Application of hybrid exosomes-mediated targeted delivery system for sinomenine hydrochloride in rheumatoid arthritis therapy
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and joint destruction, whose pathogenesis is closely associated with dysregulated macrophage polarization. Recent evidence highlights the inherent anti-inflammatory properties of exosomes derived from M2-macrophages (M2-Exo), positioning them as promising bioinspired vehicles for targeted delivery to inflammatory sites. Here, we present an innovative hybrid exosome system (SH@M2-Exo-Lip) for targeted RA therapy. This system was constructed via the fusion of sinomenine hydrochloride (SH)-loaded liposomes with M2-Exo, specifically designed to improve the drug loading capacity of exosomes and enhance the targeting efficacy of drug delivery systems. The results demonstrated that leveraging the innate targeting capability of M2-Exo, the SH@M2-Exo-Lip system achieved selective accumulation within inflamed joints in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, enabling precise SH release at pathological sites, and significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and ameliorated arthritic symptoms. Furthermore, SH@M2-Exo-Lip efficiently scavenged the excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulated the critical cGAS-STING innate immune pathway, thereby synergistically promoting the polarization of M1 macrophages towards the M2 phenotype, effectively ameliorating the joint microenvironment. Consequently, our study presents an innovative engineered hybrid exosome platform that offers a novel therapeutic strategy for RA treatment.
Extracellular matrix-targeted biomaterials and nanocarriers for pelvic-floor repair/regeneration in stress urinary incontinence: local modulation of the MMP/TIMP axis and NF-κB/MAPK-linked remodeling programs
Lin et al
View accepted manuscript
, Extracellular matrix-targeted biomaterials and nanocarriers for pelvic-floor repair/regeneration in stress urinary incontinence: local modulation of the MMP/TIMP axis and NF-κB/MAPK-linked remodeling programs
PDF
, Extracellular matrix-targeted biomaterials and nanocarriers for pelvic-floor repair/regeneration in stress urinary incontinence: local modulation of the MMP/TIMP axis and NF-κB/MAPK-linked remodeling programs
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is associated with pelvic-floor extracellular-matrix (ECM) remodeling, including an imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) that can weaken periurethral load-bearing connective tissue. This Review frames SUI as a clinically relevant ECM-failure niche and synthesizes ECM-targeted biomaterials and nanocarriers designed to rebalance the MMP/TIMP axis while enabling pragmatic pharmacodynamic readouts for early translation. We organise recent preclinical and early translational work across three modality classes: (i) protease-responsive injectable hydrogels that provide temporary mechanical support while tuning degradation and local protease inhibition; (ii) matrices functionalized with extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying microRNAs and proteins that influence matrix turnover; and (iii) lipid nanoparticles delivering small interfering RNA to transiently suppress upstream drivers of ECM catabolism, including NF-κB/MAPK signalling. For each class, we map controllable design variables to expected on-target effects and highlight concrete failure modes that often limit reproducibility and translation, such as potency and batch variability, placement sensitivity, viscoelastic fatigue, immune activation, and penetration–retention trade-offs. We conclude with an assessment package linking tissue mechanics to molecular remodeling by combining transperineal shear-wave elastography (SWE) with urinary EV microRNA panels to support context-of-use definition and cross-platform comparison under defined conditions.
In vitro cytocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and hemocompatibility of MAO-Zn/PLA composite films for potential guided bone regeneration treatments
Cai et al
View accepted manuscript
, In vitro cytocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and hemocompatibility of MAO-Zn/PLA composite films for potential guided bone regeneration treatments
PDF
, In vitro cytocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and hemocompatibility of MAO-Zn/PLA composite films for potential guided bone regeneration treatments
To evaluate the application potential of micro-arc oxidized Zn foil (MAO-Zn)/Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite films in guiding oral bone regeneration (GBR) from the perspective of material composition, their cytocompatibility, antibacterial properties, and hemocompatibility were investigated. The cytocompatibility was evaluated using human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and MC3T3-E1 cells by the CCK-8 method. For PLA films, the viabilities of the above two types of cells were 87.6% and 84.5%, respectively, and their morphology was normal. However, PLA has no antibacterial ability. In contrast, the inhibition rates of Zn foil and MAO-Zn foil against Staphylococcus aureus reached 48.56% and 48.19%, respectively, and their inhibition rates against Porphyromonas gingivalis reached 76.6% and 80.99%, respectively, after co-culturing with the bacterial suspension for 24 h. The cell viabilities of these two groups were only 10.38% and 9.13% for HGF and 67.31% and 8.90% for MC3T3-E1 cells, respectively, after they were cultured with the original extract for 5 days. The abnormal morphology also implied their toxicity. Under the protection of PLA for the composite film, direct contact between Zn foil or MAO-Zn foil and surrounding cells was avoided, and long-term sustained release of Zn2+ was also achieved. The bacterial inhibition rates of the composite film were 81.09% and 89.85%, respectively. Meanwhile, the morphology of the above two types of cells was normal after they were cocultured on the surface of the composite film for 24 h. Moreover, the expression levels of osteogenesis-related genes (COLL-α, OCN, ALP, and RUNX2) increased. The hemolysis rate of the composite film was less than 2%. The cell viability in the 1:9 diluted extract was 91.54% and 87.46%, while that in the original extract was only 8.75% and 3.36%, respectively. It is still necessary to further reduce its toxicity by subsequently adjusting its composition and structure. This study provides an experimental basis and theoretical reference for further enhancing the application potential of this kind of composite film in the field of GBR membranes.
The following article is
Open access
Development and initial characterization of Ang-2 decorated exosome-liposome hybrid nanocarriers for BBB targeting capability: An evaluation of LRP-1 receptor mediated endocytosis
Chakravarty et al
View accepted manuscript
, Development and initial characterization of Ang-2 decorated exosome-liposome hybrid nanocarriers for BBB targeting capability: An evaluation of LRP-1 receptor mediated endocytosis
PDF
, Development and initial characterization of Ang-2 decorated exosome-liposome hybrid nanocarriers for BBB targeting capability: An evaluation of LRP-1 receptor mediated endocytosis
Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases, including Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and brain tumors, are among the most challenging conditions to treat and are associated with high mortality rates. A significant obstacle in conventional treatment methods for CNS diseases is that many drugs struggle to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which diminishes their effectiveness. The primary aim of the current study was to develop and characterize a hybrid nanocarrier composed of exosomes and liposomes to facilitate targeted drug delivery across the BBB for future CNS disease therapies. To achieve targeted uptake, we conjugated the exosome-liposome hybrid to the Angiopep-2 peptide (ANG-2), which has a specific affinity for the LRP-1 receptor, found on endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Our results indicate that exosome-liposome hybrid nanoparticles exhibit significantly greater stability than exosomes alone. Moreover, the LRP-1 ligand-decorated exo-lipo hybrids effectively targeted U87 cells (a model cell line that expresses LRP-1) more efficiently than HEK293 (a cell line with low LRP-1 expression). Additionally, our findings demonstrated that these nanocarriers successfully evaded lysosomal degradation in U87 cells. We also assessed the barrier-crossing efficiency of the nanocarriers in vivo using zebrafish embryos.
Synergistically enhanced aspirin loading and pH-triggered controlled release via a ZIF-L/ZIF-8 hierarchical coating on titanium
Zhang et al
View accepted manuscript
, Synergistically enhanced aspirin loading and pH-triggered controlled release via a ZIF-L/ZIF-8 hierarchical coating on titanium
PDF
, Synergistically enhanced aspirin loading and pH-triggered controlled release via a ZIF-L/ZIF-8 hierarchical coating on titanium
To address the challenge of preventing peri-implantitis, the present study developed a pH-responsive drug delivery coating on titanium (Ti) implants for controlled aspirin release. A hierarchical metal-organic framework (MOF) coating was constructed on alkali- and heat-treated titanium (AHT) by sequentially synthesizing ZIF-L and ZIF-8 (denoted AHTL8). Material characterization confirmed the successful fabrication of a hierarchical micro-nano structure, which significantly enhanced surface hydrophilicity. The AHTL8 system exhibited a remarkably high aspirin-loading capacity (0.227 mg) and intelligent release kinetics, with sustained delivery (77.36% over 72 h) at physiological pH (7.4) and rapid, extensive release (97.39% over 72 h) under acidic conditions pH (6.5). Furthermore, the coating demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility, and the aspirin-loaded AHTL8 significantly promoted the proliferation of mouse osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. These findings indicate that the ZIF-L/ZIF-8 composite coating serves as a highly efficient pH-triggered platform with high drug-loading and responsive release capacity, and its excellent cytocompatibility and MC3T3-E1 proliferation-promoting effect provide a preliminary basis for its potential application in promoting osseointegration.
More Accepted manuscripts
The following article is
Open access
Wet‐stable PLGA–PCL electrospun membranes as synthetic scaffolds for corneal applications
Danilo Villanueva Navarrete
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025033
View article
, Wet‐stable PLGA–PCL electrospun membranes as synthetic scaffolds for corneal applications
PDF
, Wet‐stable PLGA–PCL electrospun membranes as synthetic scaffolds for corneal applications
Corneal impairment is the fourth leading cause of blindness worldwide. Current therapies often use biodegradable amniotic membranes (AMs) to assist in transferring limbal stem cells or explants to the cornea. Surgeons have extensive experience with these, but they are human biological tissue and must be sourced and used under tissue bank conditions to reduce the risk of disease transmission. Thus, accessibility and safety remain concerns in their use. Accordingly, the development of synthetic scaffolds to support limbal tissue outgrowth is an attractive, reproducible and accessible alternative. This group has made good progress towards this membrane design using a Polylactide-co-Glycolide (PLGA) electrospun membrane but has identified problems with handling and integrity of the membrane once wet. Our aim, therefore, is to improve the integrity and pliability of these cell delivery membranes in wet environments without compromising their ability to act as cell carriers for corneal regeneration. Electrospun scaffolds with different mechanical properties were manufactured by blending different concentrations of PLGA and Polycaprolactone (PCL). All the manufactured membranes supported cell outgrowth when tested with porcine and human limbal explants. Scaffolds were characterised under dry and wet conditions using scanning electron microscopy and uniaxial tensile testing. Blends with a relatively high proportion of PCL (30%) were able to maintain their mechanical properties under both dry and wet conditions and were flexible in handling. This study demonstrates that PLGA-PCL electrospun membranes with 30% PCL content retain good mechanical properties in a wet environment, making them easy to handle while retaining the ability to support limbal tissue attachment and cell outgrowth. This makes them a viable synthetic alternative to the AM.
The following article is
Open access
An optically accessible two-chamber perfusion bioreactor for label-free metabolic imaging of three-dimensional tissue models under dynamic flow conditions
Juan N Bejarano Rios
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025032
View article
, An optically accessible two-chamber perfusion bioreactor for label-free metabolic imaging of three-dimensional tissue models under dynamic flow conditions
PDF
, An optically accessible two-chamber perfusion bioreactor for label-free metabolic imaging of three-dimensional tissue models under dynamic flow conditions
Bioreactors play an important role in tissue engineering as they tackle challenges that arise when developing three-dimensional (3D) tissue models. Bioreactor design is a complex task due to the combination of technology-specific and tissue-specific requirements, with general requirements like biocompatibility and sterility. Here we present a novel design for a two-chamber perfusion bioreactor that provides optical accessibility on both the apical and basal surfaces of 3D tissue models based on small intestine submucosa (SIS) scaffolds, while also enabling tissue culture under dynamic flow conditions. The flow of cell culture medium inside of the bioreactor was simulated in order to obtain uniform mechanical stimulation by means of shear stress on the apical surface of the tissue model (surface uniformity index >0.9). The shear stress magnitude lies in physiologically relevant ranges (average shear stress ∼1.4 mPa). As a proof-of-concept experiment a 3D tissue model consisting of spheroids from FaDu cells growing on the surface of the acellular scaffold SISser was cultured under dynamic flow conditions during six days and characterized using different optical imaging techniques. Attachment and growth of the spheroids over the scaffold was monitored using brightfield microscopy, after six days the area covered by the spheroids increased 3.45 times. Additionally, label-free metabolic imaging was performed by using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) as reporter. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of the coenzymes revealed differences in both the fluorescence intensity and lifetime of the spheroids and the scaffold. The bioreactor should serve as a tool for future research by providing an environment that supports tissue growth, while enabling the integration of non-invasive, non-destructive functional imaging techniques.
The following article is
Open access
Synthesis of citric acid-coated nanomaterials releasing oxygen and antioxidant vitamin E and investigation of their effects on healthy and cancer cells under hypoxic and normoxic conditions
Yasemin Büşra Atmaca and Nermin Seda Kehr 2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025031
View article
, Synthesis of citric acid-coated nanomaterials releasing oxygen and antioxidant vitamin E and investigation of their effects on healthy and cancer cells under hypoxic and normoxic conditions
PDF
, Synthesis of citric acid-coated nanomaterials releasing oxygen and antioxidant vitamin E and investigation of their effects on healthy and cancer cells under hypoxic and normoxic conditions
Hypoxia and inflammation are in a reciprocal interaction. Oxygen deficiency not only results in prolonged inflammation but also contributes to its continuation by sustaining immune responses. Although various nanocarriers have been designed for oxygen transport or antioxidant drug delivery, this study uniquely combines both functions in a single nanomaterial platform. Here, we report the synthesis of an oxygen-carrying nanomaterial (CPE) functionalized with antioxidant citric acid and loaded with vitamin E. CPE particles exhibit an initial burst release within the first 24 h, followed by a pH-dependent sustained release phase. In an acidic environment (pH 6.0), cumulative release reaches a maximum of ∼69% by the end of day 7. Additionally, CPE particles exhibit a continuous O
release profile over 7 d, reaching a peak of ∼11.8% at 96 h and maintaining an O₂ level close to physiological oxygen levels (>6%) in a hypoxic environment by the end of day 7.
In vitro
experiments are consistent with each other in terms of cell viability, ROS, and NO production. In general, CPE increases the viability of healthy cells by 25% while decreasing ROS, NO and lipid peroxidation, and increases ROS, NO and lipid peroxidation in cancer cells while decreasing cell viability by 11% in hypoxic environments. The observed results are interpreted as follows: cancer cells typically exhibit high basal ROS levels and limited antioxidant buffering capacity. Therefore, an increase in oxygen availability, combined with citric acid and vitamin E, can cause acute oxidative imbalance. Under these conditions, moderate ROS accumulation can increase oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, ultimately inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. In contrast, healthy cells possess more efficient antioxidant defense systems. The presence of oxygen, citric acid, and vitamin E together can support normal oxygen-dependent metabolism while protecting cell membranes from lipid peroxidation, thanks to citric acid’s metal chelation properties and vitamin E’s antioxidant activity.
The following article is
Open access
Development and initial characterization of Ang-2 decorated exosome-liposome hybrid nanocarriers for BBB targeting capability: An evaluation of LRP-1 receptor mediated endocytosis
Suridh Chakravarty
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
View article
, Development and initial characterization of Ang-2 decorated exosome-liposome hybrid nanocarriers for BBB targeting capability: An evaluation of LRP-1 receptor mediated endocytosis
PDF
, Development and initial characterization of Ang-2 decorated exosome-liposome hybrid nanocarriers for BBB targeting capability: An evaluation of LRP-1 receptor mediated endocytosis
Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases, including Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and brain tumors, are among the most challenging conditions to treat and are associated with high mortality rates. A significant obstacle in conventional treatment methods for CNS diseases is that many drugs struggle to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which diminishes their effectiveness. The primary aim of the current study was to develop and characterize a hybrid nanocarrier composed of exosomes and liposomes to facilitate targeted drug delivery across the BBB for future CNS disease therapies. To achieve targeted uptake, we conjugated the exosome-liposome hybrid to the Angiopep-2 peptide (ANG-2), which has a specific affinity for the LRP-1 receptor, found on endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier. Our results indicate that exosome-liposome hybrid nanoparticles exhibit significantly greater stability than exosomes alone. Moreover, the LRP-1 ligand-decorated exo-lipo hybrids effectively targeted U87 cells (a model cell line that expresses LRP-1) more efficiently than HEK293 (a cell line with low LRP-1 expression). Additionally, our findings demonstrated that these nanocarriers successfully evaded lysosomal degradation in U87 cells. We also assessed the barrier-crossing efficiency of the nanocarriers in vivo using zebrafish embryos.
The following article is
Open access
3D bioprinted melanoma constructs reveal delivery-dependent efficacy of phytochemical-gold nanoparticle formulations
Muge Kasim Kirac
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
View article
, 3D bioprinted melanoma constructs reveal delivery-dependent efficacy of phytochemical-gold nanoparticle formulations
PDF
, 3D bioprinted melanoma constructs reveal delivery-dependent efficacy of phytochemical-gold nanoparticle formulations
This study investigates the efficacy of phytochemical nanoformulations-specifically curcumin and thymoquinone delivered via gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)-against melanoma A375 cells in both 2D and 3D bioprinted gelatin-alginate scaffolds. Phytochemicals such as curcumin, thymoquinone, EGCG, and betulin exhibit multi-target anticancer effects, but their clinical translation is limited by poor solubility, rapid metabolism, and low tumor penetration. We compared free phytochemicals, AuNP co-administration, and AuNP-phytochemical conjugates, assessing their effects on viability, ROS generation, and mitochondrial membrane potential over time. In 2D cultures, all agents exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity, with curcumin and thymoquinone proving to be the most potent. However, in 3D scaffolds mimicking tumor microenvironments, only AuNP-phytochemical conjugates sustained mitochondrial and redox stress, overcoming adaptation barriers and providing durable suppression of melanoma viability.Free and co-administered agents displayed metabolic rebound and limited efficacy due to diffusion constraints and ECM-driven resistance. Our findings demonstrate that nanoformulation, especially via conjugation, is crucial for maintaining prolonged pharmacological pressure in 3D tumor-like contexts, highlighting the importance of delivery strategy and microenvironment in preclinical development of phytochemical-based melanoma therapies.
The following article is
Open access
Microneedling (MN) combined with albumin gel and liquid platelet-rich fibrin mixtures (Alb-PRF) promotes periodontal soft tissue regeneration in SD rats
Ping Song
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025029
View article
, Microneedling (MN) combined with albumin gel and liquid platelet-rich fibrin mixtures (Alb-PRF) promotes periodontal soft tissue regeneration in SD rats
PDF
, Microneedling (MN) combined with albumin gel and liquid platelet-rich fibrin mixtures (Alb-PRF) promotes periodontal soft tissue regeneration in SD rats
We evaluated the efficiency, as a nonsurgical method, of a combination of microneedling (MN) and a blood-derived biomaterial albumin-platelet-rich fibrin (Alb-PRF) in a rat gingival recession (GR) model for periodontal soft tissue augmentation. Rat blood was used to prepare an Alb-PRF mixture, which was used in combination with MN for periodontal soft tissue regeneration therapy. Twenty-two SD rats, 9–10 weeks of age, were randomly selected; eight were used for blood collection and preparation of Alb-PRF mixtures for use as injectable drugs; three, tested for their ability to release growth factors, and observed by scanning electron microscopy, were used to prepare Alb-PRF mixtures; two were used for the preparation of GR models and observed using stereomicroscopy and micro-CT. The remaining nine rats were randomized into two groups. Group I was (MN treatment group and blank control group) and group II was (MN + Alb-PRF treatment group, Alb-PRF treatment group). All the groups were subjected to GR model establishment. Next, the rats, except the blank control group, were administered the corresponding treatment twice at an interval of 2 weeks. Two weeks after the final dose, each rat was euthanized and the maxillary first molar and periodontal tissue from the surgical region were retrieved. The retrieved samples were evaluated using
in-vivo
microscopy, histopathological assessments, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The MN + Alb-PRF group exhibited effective periodontal soft tissue regeneration, with significant improvements in parameters such as gingival height, gingival thickness, and clinical crown height, along with an increase in the percentage of collagen fiber area. Administration of MN + Alb-PRF injections to promote periodontal soft tissue regeneration is highly promising strategy for Alb-PRF treatment. The MN group showed most favorable outcomes compared with that of the blank group. Using MN alone and MN in combination with Alb-PRF is effective for promoting periodontal soft tissue regeneration.
The following article is
Open access
3D environment with BMP-2-releasing nanocarriers enhances osteogenic commitment of human tendon stem cells
Erwin Pavel Lamparelli
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025026
View article
, 3D environment with BMP-2-releasing nanocarriers enhances osteogenic commitment of human tendon stem cells
PDF
, 3D environment with BMP-2-releasing nanocarriers enhances osteogenic commitment of human tendon stem cells
This study presents a three-dimensional bioprinted scaffold engineered to promote the osteogenic differentiation of human tendon stem/progenitor cells (hTSPCs), isolated from tendon explants. The construct integrates human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (hBMP-2)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocarriers (PLGA-NCs; mean size 140 ± 40 nm) within a gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel. Bioprinting under optimized conditions preserved high cell viability (85%), ensuring a reliable platform for subsequent biological evaluation. Dynamic perfusion culture over 21 days supported continuous nutrient delivery and efficient removal of metabolic byproducts, as corroborated by compartmental modeling. This environment significantly enhanced hTSPCs proliferation and osteogenic commitment, evidenced by a 20-fold increase in osteopontin expression (
< 0.05), an 8-fold upregulation of osteocalcin (
< 0.05), and extensive calcium and protein deposition, confirmed by Alizarin Red S staining and Western blot analysis. In contrast, static monolayer cultures exposed to soluble hBMP-2 (20 ng ml
−1
) exhibited reduced osteogenic activity, highlighting the superiority of the bioprinted dynamic system. The platform was specifically designed to provide a short, localized hBMP-2 pulse from PLGA-NCs, effectively priming early differentiation while minimizing overall growth factor exposure. These findings demonstrate the potential of combining biofabrication and NC-based delivery for spatiotemporally controlled growth factor presentation, paving the way for advanced
in vitro
models that more closely recapitulate complex tissue regeneration.
The following article is
Open access
Biomechanical design principles of intestine-on-chip models: past, present and future directions
Rafsan Ahmed Rashik
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
022006
View article
, Biomechanical design principles of intestine-on-chip models: past, present and future directions
PDF
, Biomechanical design principles of intestine-on-chip models: past, present and future directions
Human intestine is a complex organ that performs critical roles in nutrient absorption, immune regulation, and host–microbiome interactions. Traditional two-dimensional and three-dimensional
in vitro
models, while useful for some applications, fall short in replicating the dynamic and multifaceted environment of the small intestine. In recent years, intestine-on-chip (IoC) technologies have emerged as promising platforms that integrate microfluidics, biomechanical cues, and tissue engineering to better simulate intestinal structure and function. This review provides a comprehensive overview of IoC devices, covering their underlying principles, historical development, design elements, and key functional capabilities, with special emphasis on the incorporation of mechanical strain and peristalsis-like motion. We also discuss the limitations of current models, including application of constant uniaxial strain, scale constraints, material challenges, biological complexity, and lack of standardization as well as prospective directions for advancing this field. By addressing these gaps, next-generation IoC systems can pave the way for more predictive disease models, advanced drug testing platforms, and personalized medicine applications.
The following article is
Open access
Fuzzy-logic–driven predictions of multi-tissue ingrowth for rapid screening of mechanically instructive tissue-engineering scaffolds
Sam E Winston
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025022
View article
, Fuzzy-logic–driven predictions of multi-tissue ingrowth for rapid screening of mechanically instructive tissue-engineering scaffolds
PDF
, Fuzzy-logic–driven predictions of multi-tissue ingrowth for rapid screening of mechanically instructive tissue-engineering scaffolds
High retear rates in surgical intervention of interfacial/transitional tissues (bone-tendon, bone-ligament) drive a need to design tissue engineering scaffolds that can successfully mimic healthy tissue mechanics. Current testing mechanisms of scaffolds depend on bioreactor systems or animal models of damaged tissue. While valuable, these methods present bottlenecks in time and cost to determine potential scaffold design efficacy. Computational models of tissue healing on a scaffold are a promising alternative but have been limited to predicting bone growth on scaffolds. Herein, we present the development of a fuzzy logic controller to predict bone and tendon ingrowth on melt electrowritten, graded scaffolds using two controllers; one controller simulating growth through the examination of how scaffold strains instruct primary cell behavior (osteoblasts and tenocytes) and another simulating how scaffold strains induce mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation. We found that gradient scaffolds produced mechanically exclusive stimuli early in the healing scenario such that it generated regions that mechanically instructed both bone and tendon growth. These scaffolds also produced mechanical gradients ranging from 20 MPa to 400 kPa, generating a two order of magnitude gradient of mechanical properties that, when implanted, could reduce the stress concentrations observed in a repaired bone-tendon interface. Interestingly, we found that our scaffolds were not graded enough to induce substantial regions of MSC differentiation into tendon, with bone primarily dominating the differentiation response. Creating a need to further investigate the induction of larger gradients on this scaffold, or higher strain levels to induce regions of distinct tenocyte and osteoblast differentiation on these graded scaffold designs. To our knowledge this is the first attempt at using fuzzy logic to predict tissue healing of multiple tissue types on a scaffold substrate.
The following article is
Open access
Thermal oxidation of Ti6Al4V: a pathway to enhanced anti-corrosion, anti-wear, and bioactive properties
S Kedia
et al
2026
Biomed. Mater.
21
025020
View article
, Thermal oxidation of Ti6Al4V: a pathway to enhanced anti-corrosion, anti-wear, and bioactive properties
PDF
, Thermal oxidation of Ti6Al4V: a pathway to enhanced anti-corrosion, anti-wear, and bioactive properties
Titanium and its alloy Ti6Al4V have gained attention as advanced biomaterials in healthcare due to the presence of a native amorphous titanium oxide layer on their surface. This inherent amorphous layer with a thickness restricted to 3–7 nm imparts improved biocompatibility and corrosion resistance to the material. However, this limited thickness constrains its functional performance. This work is aimed at improving the functionality of Ti6Al4V by creating an oxide layer of suitable thickness on its surface through controlled heat treatment. Samples were oxidized at three different temperatures—400 °C, 600 °C, and 800 °C—for 1 h, and alterations in morphology, oxygen content, crystallization of the oxide layer, surface energy, surface roughness, and micro-hardness of the samples were investigated. Electrochemical analysis revealed a systematic lowering in the corrosion rate with increasing temperature. Notably, the corrosion rate of the sample heated at 800 °C was 0.52 mil y
−1
, which is one-fourth times lower than that of the pristine sample (2.04 mil y
−1
). Tribology analysis showed a significant enhancement in wear resistance. The wear rate of pristine Ti6Al4V (7.56 × 10
−3
mm
Nm
−1
) reduced by two orders for the sample heat treated at 800 °C (9.59 × 10
−5
mm
Nm
−1
) when tested against a stainless steel counterpart. Furthermore, samples subjected to higher thermal oxidation exhibited superior bioactivity, as evidenced by increased apatite growth and a calcium to phosphorus ratio closer to the optimum value reported in the literature. The improved performance of the thermally oxidized sample is attributed to an increase in the rutile phase of crystalline titanium oxide on the Ti6Al4V surface post heat treatment.
More Open Access articles
Biocompatibility of nanomaterials and their immunological properties
Themis R Kyriakides
et al
2021
Biomed. Mater.
16
042005
View article
, Biocompatibility of nanomaterials and their immunological properties
PDF
, Biocompatibility of nanomaterials and their immunological properties
Nanomaterials (NMs) have revolutionized multiple aspects of medicine by enabling novel sensing, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches. Advancements in processing and fabrication have also allowed significant expansion in the applications of the major classes of NMs based on polymer, metal/metal oxide, carbon, liposome, or multi-scale macro-nano bulk materials. Concomitantly, concerns regarding the nanotoxicity and overall biocompatibility of NMs have been raised. These involve putative negative effects on both patients and those subjected to occupational exposure during manufacturing. In this review, we describe the current state of testing of NMs including those that are in clinical use, in clinical trials, or under development. We also discuss the cellular and molecular interactions that dictate their toxicity and biocompatibility. Specifically, we focus on the reciprocal interactions between NMs and host proteins, lipids, and sugars and how these induce responses in immune and other cell types leading to topical and/or systemic effects.
Mechanical properties of whole-body soft human tissues: a review
Gurpreet Singh and Arnab Chanda 2021
Biomed. Mater.
16
062004
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, Mechanical properties of whole-body soft human tissues: a review
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, Mechanical properties of whole-body soft human tissues: a review
The mechanical properties of soft tissues play a key role in studying human injuries and their mitigation strategies. While such properties are indispensable for computational modelling of biological systems, they serve as important references in loading and failure experiments, and also for the development of tissue simulants. To date, experimental studies have measured the mechanical properties of peripheral tissues (e.g. skin)
in-vivo
and limited internal tissues
ex-vivo
in cadavers (e.g. brain and the heart). The lack of knowledge on a majority of human tissues inhibit their study for applications ranging from surgical planning, ballistic testing, implantable medical device development, and the assessment of traumatic injuries. The purpose of this work is to overcome such challenges through an extensive review of the literature reporting the mechanical properties of whole-body soft tissues from head to toe. Specifically, the available linear mechanical properties of all human tissues were compiled. Non-linear biomechanical models were also introduced, and the soft human tissues characterized using such models were summarized. The literature gaps identified from this work will help future biomechanical studies on soft human tissue characterization and the development of accurate medical models for the study and mitigation of injuries.
Stimuli-triggered multilayer films in response to temperature and ionic strength changes for controlled favipiravir drug release
Li Xu
et al
2024
Biomed. Mater.
19
035004
View article
, Stimuli-triggered multilayer films in response to temperature and ionic strength changes for controlled favipiravir drug release
PDF
, Stimuli-triggered multilayer films in response to temperature and ionic strength changes for controlled favipiravir drug release
The block copolymer micelles and natural biopolymers were utilized to form layer-by-layer (LbL) films via electrostatic interaction, which were able to effectively load and controllably release favipiravir, a potential drug for the treatment of coronavirus epidemic. The LbL films demonstrated reversible swelling/shrinking behavior along with the manipulation of temperature, which could also maintain the integrity in the structure and the morphology. Due to dehydration of environmentally responsive building blocks, the drug release rate from the films was decelerated by elevating environmental temperature and ionic strength. In addition, the pulsed release of favipiravir was observed from the multilayer films under the trigger of temperature, which ensured the precise control in the content of the therapeutic reagents at a desired time point. The nanoparticle-based LbL films could be used for on-demand
in vitro
release of chemotherapeutic reagents.
Effects of Irgacure 2959 and lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate on cell viability, physical properties, and microstructure in 3D bioprinting of vascular-like constructs
Heqi Xu
et al
2020
Biomed. Mater.
15
055021
View article
, Effects of Irgacure 2959 and lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate on cell viability, physical properties, and microstructure in 3D bioprinting of vascular-like constructs
PDF
, Effects of Irgacure 2959 and lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate on cell viability, physical properties, and microstructure in 3D bioprinting of vascular-like constructs
Photocrosslinkable polymers such as gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) have various 3D bioprinting applications. These polymers crosslink upon exposure to UV irradiation with the existence of an appropriate photoinitiator. Two photoinitiators, Irgacure 2959 and lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) are commonly used. This study systematically investigates the effects of photoinitiator types on the cell viability, physical properties, and microstructure in 3D bioprinting of GelMA-based cellular constructs. The main conclusions are: (1) during the 3D bioprinting, the cell viability generally decreases as the photoinitiator concentration and printing time increase using both Irgacure 2959 and LAP. At the low photoinitiator concentrations (such as 0.3% and 0.5% (w/v)), the overall cell viability is good within the printing time of 60 min using both Irgacure 2959 and LAP. However, at the high photoinitiator concentrations (such as 0.7% and 0.9% (w/v)), the overall cell viability using LAP is much higher than that using Irgacure 2959 within the printing time of 60 min; (2) after the 3D bioprinting, the photoinitiator types, either Irgacure 2959 or LAP, have negligible effects on the post-printing cell viability after crosslinking; (3) after the 3D bioprinting, GelMA samples cured with Irgacure 2959 have slightly larger pore size, faster degradation rate, and greater swelling ratio compared to those cured with LAP; (4) 3D GelMA-based vascular-like constructs have been fabricated using dynamic optical projection stereolithography, and the measured dimensions have been compared with the designed dimensions showing good shape fidelity.
The following article is
Open access
Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan isolated from house cricket
E B Ibitoye
et al
2018
Biomed. Mater.
13
025009
View article
, Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan isolated from house cricket
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, Extraction and physicochemical characterization of chitin and chitosan isolated from house cricket
Chitin ranks next to cellulose as the most important bio-polysaccharide which can primarily be extracted from crustacean shells. However, the emergence of new areas of the application of chitin and its derivatives are on the increase and there is growing demand for new chitin sources. In this study, therefore, an attempt was made to extract chitin from the house cricket (
Brachytrupes portentosus
) by a chemical method. The physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan extracted from crickets were compared with commercial chitin and chitosan extracted from shrimps, in terms of proximate analysis in particular, of their ash and moisture content. Also, infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis were conducted. The chitin and chitosan yield of the house cricket ranges over 4.3%–7.1% and 2.4%–5.8% respectively. Chitin and chitosan from crickets compares favourably with those extracted from shrimps, and were found to exhibit some similarities. The result shows that cricket and shrimp chitin and chitosan have the same degree of acetylation and degree of deacetylation of 108.1% and 80.5% respectively, following Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The characteristic XRD strong/sharp peaks of 9.4 and 19.4° for
-chitin are common for both cricket and shrimp chitin. The percentage ash content of chitin and chitosan extracted from
portentosus
is 1%, which is lower than that obtained from shrimp products. Therefore, cricket chitin and chitosan can be said to be of better quality and of purer form than commercially produced chitin and chitosan from shrimp. Based on the quality of the product, chitin and chitosan isolated from
B. portentosus
can replace commercial chitin and chitosan in terms of utilization and applications. Therefore,
B. portentosus
is a promising alternative source of chitin and chitosan.
The following article is
Open access
Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: achievements to date and future directions
Adithya Garimella
et al
2025
Biomed. Mater.
20
012001
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, Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: achievements to date and future directions
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, Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: achievements to date and future directions
Advancement in medicine and technology has resulted into prevention of countless deaths and increased life span. However, it is important to note that, the modern lifestyle has altered the food habits, witnessed increased life-style stresses and road accidents leading to several health complications and one of the primary victims is the bone health. More often than ever, healthcare professionals encounter cases of massive bone fracture, bone loss and generation of critical sized bone defects. Surgical interventions, through the use of bone grafting techniques are necessary in such cases. Natural bone grafts (allografts, autografts and xenografts) however, have major drawbacks in terms of delayed rehabilitation, lack of appropriate donors, infection and morbidity that shifted the focus of several investigators to the direction of synthetic bone grafts. By employing biomaterials that are based on bone tissue engineering (BTE), synthetic bone grafts provide a more biologically acceptable approach to establishing the phases of bone healing. In BTE, various materials are utilized to support and enhance bone regeneration. Biodegradable polymers like poly-(lactic acid), poly-(glycolic acid), and poly-(
-caprolactone) are commonly used for their customizable mechanical properties and ability to degrade over time, allowing for natural bone growth. PEG is employed in hydrogels to promote cell adhesion and growth. Ceramics, such as hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate (
-TCP) mimic natural bone mineral and support bone cell attachment, with
-TCP gradually resorbing as new bone forms. Composite materials, including polymer-ceramic and polymer-glasses, combine the benefits of both polymers and ceramics/glasses to offer enhanced mechanical and biological properties. Natural biomaterials like collagen, gelatin, and chitosan provide a natural matrix for cell attachment and tissue formation, with chitosan also offering antimicrobial properties. Hybrid materials such as decellularized bone matrix retain natural bone structure and biological factors, while functionalized scaffolds incorporate growth factors or bioactive molecules to further stimulate bone healing and integration. The current review article provides the critical insights on several biomaterials that could yield to revolutionary improvements in orthopedic medical fields. The introduction section of this article focuses on the statistical information on the requirements of various bone scaffolds globally and its impact on economy. In the later section, anatomy of the human bone, defects and diseases pertaining to human bone, and limitations of natural bone scaffolds and synthetic bone scaffolds were detailed. Biopolymers, bioceramics, and biometals-based biomaterials were discussed in further depth in the sections that followed. The article then concludes with a summary addressing the current trends and the future prospects of potential bone transplants.
The following article is
Open access
The antimicrobial efficacy of copper, cobalt, zinc and silver nanoparticles: alone and in combination
Farah N S Raja
et al
2023
Biomed. Mater.
18
045003
View article
, The antimicrobial efficacy of copper, cobalt, zinc and silver nanoparticles: alone and in combination
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, The antimicrobial efficacy of copper, cobalt, zinc and silver nanoparticles: alone and in combination
With the advent of nanotechnology, there has been an extensive interest in the antimicrobial potential of metals. The rapid and widespread development of antimicrobial-resistant and multidrug-resistant bacteria has prompted recent research into developing novel or alternative antimicrobial agents. In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of metallic copper, cobalt, silver and zinc nanoparticles was assessed against
Escherichia coli
(NCTC 10538),
S. aureus
(ATCC 6538) along with three clinical isolates of
Staphylococcus epidermidis
(A37, A57 and A91) and three clinical isolates of
E. coli
(Strains 1, 2 and 3) recovered from bone marrow transplant patients and patients with cystitis respectively. Antimicrobial sensitivity assays, including agar diffusion and broth macro-dilution to determine minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) and time-kill/synergy assays, were used to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the agents. The panel of test microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant strains, demonstrated a broad range of sensitivity to the metals investigated. MICs of the type culture strains were in the range of 0.625–5.0 mg ml
−1
. While copper and cobalt exhibited no difference in sensitivity between Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, silver and zinc showed strain specificity. A significant decrease (
< 0.001) in the bacterial density of
E. coli
and
S. aureus
was demonstrated by silver, copper and zinc in as little as two hours. Furthermore, combining metal nanoparticles reduced the time required to achieve a complete kill.
The following article is
Open access
3D printing of Ti
-MXene-incorporated composite scaffolds for accelerated bone regeneration
Xue Mi
et al
2022
Biomed. Mater.
17
035002
View article
, 3D printing of Ti3C2-MXene-incorporated composite scaffolds for accelerated bone regeneration
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, 3D printing of Ti3C2-MXene-incorporated composite scaffolds for accelerated bone regeneration
Grafting of bone-substitute biomaterials plays a vital role in the reconstruction of bone defects. However, the design of bioscaffolds with osteoinductive agents and biomimetic structures for regeneration of critical-sized bone defects is difficult. Ti
MXene—belonging to a new class of 2D nanomaterials—exhibits excellent biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties, and promotes osteogenesis. However, its application in preparing 3D-printed tissue-engineered bone scaffolds for repairing bone defects has not been explored. In this work, Ti
MXene was incorporated into composite scaffolds composed of hydroxyapatite and sodium alginate via extrusion-based 3D printing to evaluate its potential in bone regeneration. MXene composite scaffolds were fabricated and characterized by SEM, XPS, mechanical properties and porosity. The biocompatibility and osteoinductivity of MXene composite scaffolds were evaluated by cell adhesion, cell counting kit-8 test, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, alkaline phosphatase activity and alizarin red S tests of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). A rat calvarial defect model was performed to explore the osteogenic activity of the MXene composite scaffolds
in vivo
. The results showed the obtained scaffold had a uniform structure, macropore morphology, and high mechanical strength.
In vitro
experimental results revealed that the scaffold exhibited excellent biocompatibility with BMSCs, promoted cell proliferation, upregulated osteogenic gene expression, enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, and promoted mineralized-nodule formation. The experimental results confirmed that the scaffold effectively promoted bone regeneration in a model of critical-sized calvarial- bone-defect
in vivo
and promoted bone healing to a significantly greater degree than scaffolds without added Ti
MXene did. Conclusively, the Ti
MXene composite 3D-printed scaffolds are promising for clinical bone defect treatment, and the results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the development of practical applications for tissue-engineered bone scaffolds.
Foreign body response to synthetic polymer biomaterials and the role of adaptive immunity
Themis R Kyriakides
et al
2022
Biomed. Mater.
17
022007
View article
, Foreign body response to synthetic polymer biomaterials and the role of adaptive immunity
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, Foreign body response to synthetic polymer biomaterials and the role of adaptive immunity
Implanted biomaterials elicit a series of distinct immune and repair-like responses that are collectively known as the foreign body reaction (FBR). These include processes involving innate immune inflammatory cells and wound repair cells that contribute to the encapsulation of biomaterials with a dense collagenous and largely avascular capsule. Numerous studies have shown that the early phase is dominated by macrophages that fuse to form foreign body giant cells that are considered a hallmark of the FBR. With the advent of more precise cell characterization techniques, specific macrophage subsets have been identified and linked to more or less favorable outcomes. Moreover, studies comparing synthetic- and natural-based polymer biomaterials have allowed the identification of macrophage subtypes that distinguish between fibrotic and regenerative responses. More recently, cells associated with adaptive immunity have been shown to participate in the FBR to synthetic polymers. This suggests the existence of cross-talk between innate and adaptive immune cells that depends on the nature of the implants. However, the exact participation of adaptive immune cells, such as T and B cells, remains unclear. In fact, contradictory studies suggest either the independence or dependence of the FBR on these cells. Here, we review the evidence for the involvement of adaptive immunity in the FBR to synthetic polymers with a focus on cellular and molecular components. In addition, we examine the possibility that such biomaterials induce specific antibody responses resulting in the engagement of adaptive immune cells.
Collagen crosslinking: effect on structure, mechanics and fibrosis progression
Wenyu Kong
et al
2021
Biomed. Mater.
16
062005
View article
, Collagen crosslinking: effect on structure, mechanics and fibrosis progression
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, Collagen crosslinking: effect on structure, mechanics and fibrosis progression
Biophysical properties of extracellular matrix (ECM), such as matrix stiffness, viscoelasticity and matrix fibrous structure, are emerging as important factors that regulate progression of fibrosis and other chronic diseases. The biophysical properties of the ECM can be rapidly and profoundly regulated by crosslinking reactions in enzymatic or non-enzymatic manners, which further alter the cellular responses and drive disease progression. In-depth understandings of crosslinking reactions will be helpful to reveal the underlying mechanisms of fibrosis progression and put forward new therapeutic targets, whereas related reviews are still devoid. Here, we focus on the main crosslinking mechanisms that commonly exist in a plethora of chronic diseases (e.g. fibrosis, cancer, osteoarthritis) and summarize current understandings including the biochemical reaction, the effect on ECM properties, the influence on cellular behaviors, and related studies in disease model establishment. Potential pharmaceutical interventions targeting the crosslinking process and relevant clinical studies are also introduced. Limitations of pharmaceutical development may be due to the lack of systemic investigations related to the influence on crosslinking mechanism from micro to macro level, which are discussed in the last section. We also propose the unclarified questions regarding crosslinking mechanisms and potential challenges in crosslinking-targeted therapeutics development.
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2006-present
Biomedical Materials
doi: 10.1088/issn.1748-605X
Online ISSN: 1748-605X
Print ISSN: 1748-6041