All Roads, the nonprofit that operates Boulder’s main homeless shelter, will begin limiting stays to 10 days for people without demonstrated ties to Boulder County, unless they have lived in the county for at least six months, became homeless locally or can show another connection, such as a family member or job.
The policy, which takes effect May 4 and will be paused during the winter months, is intended to concentrate services on those with local connections and reduce the number of homeless people in Boulder, according to All Roads.
All Roads provides emergency shelter in Boulder County, with 160 beds in the summer and 180 in the winter. People enter the county’s homelessness services system through coordinated entry, a screening process that connects them to shelter, housing and support.
The shelter regularly reaches capacity. Last year, All Roads turned people away more than half the time, according to recent data, logging roughly 2,400 turnaways in 2025.
On average, about 100 people enter coordinated entry in Boulder County each month, and roughly 60% report being in the county for less than a month, according to city and county data. That suggests dozens of people each month could be affected by the new rule.
The change comes as Boulder continues to grapple with a homeless population that has remained relatively steady for more than a decade, even as spending and services have grown.
The city spent more than $12 million last year, and All Roads increased exits from homelessness from about 40 annually before 2017 to roughly 160 in recent years, as its budget grew from $2 million to $10 million.
Still, the Metro Denver Homeless Initiative counted nearly 700 homeless people in Boulder County during its January 2025 Point-in-Time survey, a figure widely considered an undercount.
Mike Block, the organization’s CEO, said the new residency policy is driven by three factors: limited resources, reflected in high turnaway rates; a desire to test whether Boulder’s services may be drawing people from elsewhere; and whether the current system does enough to encourage people to move on rather than remain.
In 2025, Boulder County found that 43% of people experiencing homelessness reported a last permanent residence outside Colorado, a higher share than recent statewide surveys. Shelter officials say they are unsure why.
With limited beds, funding and staff, Block said the shelter must make choices about who it serves most intensively. Focusing on people with ties to Boulder, he argued, could produce more visible reductions in homelessness and improve fundraising.
He compared the shelter’s resources to a limited food supply.
“If you have food in the cupboard to feed 10 people, it doesn’t matter how long the line for food is, you’re going to be able to feed 10 people,” he said. “My job is to try and put as much food in the cupboard as I can.”
“We’ve heard for a long time that: ‘You guys are doing great and I trust you as an organization, but what I see on the streets isn’t getting better. So why is it worth us investing in this?’” he said. “If the community sees results, maybe they’ll give us more food in the cupboard.”
The residency requirements were influenced by a city-commissioned report by Clutch Consulting Group, which recommended prioritizing housing resources for people with ties to Boulder and offering only short-term assistance — like motel rooms, rent deposits or bus tickets — to those arriving from elsewhere, a strategy known as “diversion.”
The report also recommended against placing people who arrive in Boulder on subsidized housing waitlists and was released shortly after the city increased enforcement of its camping ban.
That report also pushed the shelter to shorten the average length of stay, said Bob Yates, a former Boulder City Councilmember and vice president of All Roads’ board.
“We’re trying to reduce the number of days of stay, because obviously if people get into more permanent situations, either in Boulder County or someplace else, then we’ll clear those beds more quickly, and we’re less likely to have turnaways,” Yates said.
Criticism of residency requirements
In the past, critics of residency requirements have said such policies may raise legal concerns over discrimination and are unlikely to reduce homelessness.
In 2021, the ACLU of Colorado warned about a Boulder County policy requiring six months of residency to access shelter services.
“The U.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly struck down durational residency requirements for vital government assistance as unconstitutional discrimination against newer residents,” wrote ACLU attorney Anna Kurtz in a 2021 letter to city staff.
“Boulder simply cannot constitutionally address homelessness by trying to keep unhoused people out of town,” she added.
Block said the letter addressed county and city policies, not those of a nonprofit, and that All Roads does not expect similar legal issues.
Bill Sweeney, who works part-time at Bridge House and has long worked with unhoused populations, also criticized residency requirements as “native purism,” saying they impose a barrier that doesn’t apply to others moving to Boulder.
He argued the policy is driven by financial pressure, as providers face budget constraints, including federal cuts.
“What they’re telling us is they want to see people go away,” he said. “There will be no alternatives. It means more people will die.”
Sweeney said a similar residency requirement in 2020 and 2021 did not reduce homelessness, and this one is likely to leave more people unsheltered in Boulder rather than cause them to leave.
Block said those comparisons are complicated. At the time, people without residency could often go to a second shelter, Path to Home, which he said did not strictly enforce limits on length of stay.
How the policy will work
The residency requirement includes several exceptions.
It will not apply during the winter months, beginning around Nov. 1, or to people already staying in the shelter, who will be grandfathered in.
People entering the system after May 4 will be assessed based on how long they report living in Boulder County and where they were last housed.
People with other ties, such as family in the area or local employment, will also be exempt.
Initially, All Roads will not require documentation to verify residency, though Block said that could change if the system proves “too corruptible.”
The policy is being rolled out as a pilot. The shelter plans to track whether it reduces homelessness in Boulder and how it affects length of stay.