Catalan language - Wikipedia

Catalan language - Wikipedia
Jump to content
Checked
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the
latest accepted revision
reviewed
on
13 April 2026
Romance language
"Catala" and "Català" redirect here. For the ship, see
SS
Catala
. For the football club, see
Català FC
. For the surnames, see
Català (surname)
and
Catalá
Catalan
Valencian
català
valencià
Pronunciation
[kətəˈla]
) /
[kataˈla]
NW
[valensiˈa]
Native to
Spain
Andorra
France
Italy
Region
Southern Europe
Speakers
L1
: 4.1 million (2022)
L2
: 5.1 million
Total: 9.2 million
Language family
Indo-European
Italic
Latino-Faliscan
Latin
Romance
Italo-Western
Western Romance
Gallo-Romance
Occitano-Romance
Catalan
Early forms
Old Latin
Vulgar Latin
Proto-Romance
Old Occitan
Old Catalan
Writing system
Latin
Catalan alphabet
Catalan Braille
Official status
Official language in
1 state, 3 communities and 1 city
Andorra
the Spanish communities of:
Balearic Islands
Catalonia
Valencian Community
(as
Valencian
the Italian city of:
Alghero
Sardinia
Recognised minority
language in
3 sub-regions or areas
the French sub-region of:
Northern Catalonia
Roussillon
), part of
Occitania
the Spanish sub-regions of:
La Franja
, part of the community of
Aragon
Carche
, part of the
Region of Murcia
(as
Valencian
Regulated by
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
(IEC)
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
(AVL)
Language codes
ISO 639-1
ca
ISO 639-2
cat
ISO 639-3
cat
Glottolog
stan1289
Linguasphere
51-AAA-e
Catalan/Valencian is the native language and has official status
Catalan/Valencian is the native language but with no official status
Catalan/Valencian is not historically spoken but has official status
Standard Catalan is classified as Potentially Vulnerable by the UNESCO
Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
This article contains
IPA
phonetic symbols.
Without proper
rendering support
, you may see
question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of
Unicode
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
Help:IPA
Catalan
català
) is a
Western Romance language
and is the indigenous and official language of three
autonomous communities
in eastern
Spain
Catalonia
, the
Balearic Islands
, and the
Valencian Community
, where it is called
Valencian
valencià
). Catalan is also the sole official language of
Andorra
has semi-official status in the
Italian
municipality of
Alghero
and is spoken in the
Pyrénées-Orientales
department of
France
and in two further areas in eastern Spain: the
eastern strip
of
Aragon
and the
Carche
area in the
Region of Murcia
. The Catalan-speaking regions are often called the
Catalan Countries
Països Catalans
).
The language evolved from
Vulgar Latin
in the Middle Ages around the eastern
Pyrenees
. It became the language of the
Principality of Catalonia
and the kingdoms of
Valencia
and
Mallorca
, being present throughout the Mediterranean as the main language of the
Crown of Aragon
It was replaced by
Spanish
as a language of government and literature in the 1700s, but 19th century Spain saw a
Catalan literary revival
culminating in the early 1900s. During the
Francoist dictatorship
(1936–1975), the usage of Catalan was subject to repressive measures, before it entered a relatively successful process of re-normalization between the 1980s and the 2000s. However, during the 2010s, it experienced signs of decline in social use,
diglossia
and the re-growth of discrimination cases.
Etymology and pronunciation
edit
Main article:
Catalonia § Etymology and pronunciation
The word
Catalan
is derived from the territorial name of
Catalonia
, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that
Catalunya
Latin
Gathia Launia
) derives from the name
Gothia
or
Gauthia
('Land of the
Goths
'), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the
March of Gothia
, whence
Gothland
Gothlandia
Gothalania
Catalonia
theoretically derived.
10
In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as
Catelaner
, followed in the 15th century as
Catellain
(from
Middle French
). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. The word
Catalan
can be pronounced in English as
KAT
-ə-lən, -⁠lan
or
KAT
-ə-
LAN
11
12
The
endonym
is pronounced
[kətəˈla]
in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and
[kataˈla]
in the Western dialects. In the
Valencian Community
and
Carche
, the term
valencià
[valensiˈa]
is frequently used instead. Thus, the name "Valencian", although often employed for referring to the varieties specific to the Valencian Community and Carche, is also used by Valencians as a name for the language as a whole,
13
synonymous with "Catalan".
14
13
Both uses of the term have their respective entries in the dictionaries by the
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
(AVL)
note 1
and the
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
(IEC).
note 2
(See also
status of Valencian
below).
History
edit
Main article:
History of Catalan
Middle Ages
edit
Further information:
Old Catalan
and
Phonological history of Catalan
Left: Fragment of the
Greuges de Guitard Isarn
c.
1080
–1095), one of the earliest texts written almost completely in Catalan,
15
16
predating the famous
Homilies d'Organyà
by a century. Right:
Homilies d'Organyà
(early 12th century)
By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from
Vulgar Latin
on both sides of the eastern end of the
Pyrenees
, as well as the territories of the Roman province of
Hispania Tarraconensis
to the south.
From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the
Muslims
, bringing their language with them.
This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the
County of Barcelona
from the
Carolingian Empire
in 988.
In the 11th century, documents written in
macaronic Latin
begin to show Catalan elements,
16
with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080.
16
Old Catalan shared many features with
Gallo-Romance
, diverging from
Old Occitan
between the 11th and 14th centuries.
17
During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded southward to the
Ebro river
and in the 13th century they conquered the lands that would become the Kingdoms of
Valencia
and the
Majorca
The city of
Alghero
in
Sardinia
was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached
Murcia
, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.
18
Diachronic map of the Crown of Aragon. King
James the Conqueror
(1208–1276) dictated his autobiographical chronicles entirely in Catalan. Some of this territory nowadays makes up the
Catalan Countries
In the
Low Middle Ages
, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness.
Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath
Ramon Llull
(1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in
Ausiàs March
(1397–1459).
By the 15th century, the city of
Valencia
had become the sociocultural center of the
Crown of Aragon
, and Catalan was present all over the
Mediterranean
world.
During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language.
Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th.
18
During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".
Martorell
's novel of chivalry
Tirant lo Blanc
(1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in
Metge
's work.
The first book produced with movable type in the
Iberian Peninsula
was printed in Catalan.
19
Early modern era
edit
See also:
Nation state
and
Anti-Catalan sentiment
Spain
edit
With the union of the crowns of
Castille
and
Aragon
in 1479, the Spanish kings ruled over different kingdoms, each with its own cultural, linguistic and political particularities, and they had to swear by the
laws
of each territory before the respective
parliaments
. But after the
War of the Spanish Succession
, Spain became an
absolute monarchy
under
Philip V
, which led to the assimilation of the
Crown of Aragon
by the
Crown of Castile
through the
Nueva Planta decrees
, as a first step in the creation of the Spanish
nation-state
; as in other contemporary European states, this meant the imposition of the political and cultural characteristics of the dominant groups.
20
21
Since the political unification of 1714, Spanish assimilation policies towards national minorities have been a constant.
22
23
24
25
26
neutrality
is
disputed
The process of assimilation began with secret instructions to the corregidores of the Catalan territory: they "will take the utmost care to introduce the Castilian language, for which purpose he will give the most temperate and disguised measures so that the effect is achieved, without the care being noticed".
27
From there, actions in the service of assimilation, discreet or aggressive, were continued, and reached to the last detail, such as, in 1799, the Royal Certificate forbidding anyone to "represent, sing and dance pieces that were not in Spanish".
27
The use of
Spanish
gradually became more prestigious
18
and marked the start of the decline of Catalan.
Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature came under the influence of Spanish, and the nobles, part of the urban and literary classes became
bilingual
18
France
edit
See also:
Language policy in France
Vergonha
, and
Patuet
With the
Treaty of the Pyrenees
(1659),
Spain
ceded the
northern part of the Principality of Catalonia
to
France
, and soon thereafter the
local Catalan varieties
came under the influence of
French
, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region.
28
Shortly after the
French Revolution
(1789), the
French First Republic
prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the regional languages of France, such as Catalan,
Alsatian
Breton
Occitan
Flemish
, and
Basque
France: 19th to 20th century
edit
Left: Official decree prohibiting the Catalan language in France. Right: "Speak French, be clean", school wall in
Ayguatébia-Talau
Northern Catalonia
), 2010
After the French colony of
Algeria
was established in 1830, many Catalan-speaking settlers moved there. People from the Spanish
province of Alicante
settled around
Oran
, while those from
French Catalonia
and
Menorca
migrated to
Algiers
By 1911, there were around 100,000 speakers of
Patuet
29
as their speech was called.
30
After the Algerian declaration of independence in 1962, almost all the
Pied-Noir
Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia
31
or Alicante.
32
The French government only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the then
General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales
officially recognized Catalan as one of the départment's languages
33
and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.
Spain: 18th to 20th century
edit
See also:
Nueva Planta decrees
and
Language politics in Spain under Franco
Political map of Spain (1850), divided into four parts: The
Fully constitutional Spain
(brown), most of the former
Crown of Castile
Assimilated Spain
(green), the former
Crown of Aragon
, including the
Catalan-speaking lands
Foral Spain
(blue), the Basque-speaking territories; and
Colonial Spain
(yellow)
In 1807, the Statistics Office of the French Ministry of the Interior asked the
prefects
for an official survey on the limits of the
French language
. The survey found that in
Roussillon
, almost only Catalan was spoken, and since Napoleon wanted to incorporate Catalonia into France, as happened in 1812, the
consul
in
Barcelona
was also asked. He declared that Catalan "is taught in schools, it is printed and spoken, not only among the lower class, but also among people of first quality, also in social gatherings, as in visits and congresses", indicating that it was spoken everywhere "with the exception of the royal courts". He also indicated that Catalan was spoken "in the Kingdom of Valencia, in the islands of Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Sardinia, Corsica and much of Sicily, in the Vall d "Aran and Cerdaña".
34
The defeat of the pro-Habsburg coalition in the
War of the Spanish Succession
(1714) initiated a series of
laws
which, among other centralizing measures, imposed the use of
Spanish
in legal documentation all over Spain. Because of this, use of the Catalan language declined into the 18th century.
However, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (
Renaixença
), which has continued up to the present day.
This period starts with
Aribau
's
Ode to the Homeland
(1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of
Verdaguer
(poetry),
Oller
(realist novel), and
Guimerà
(drama).
35
In the 19th century, the region of
Carche
, in the
province of Murcia
was repopulated with Valencian speakers.
36
Catalan spelling was standardized in 1913 and the language became official during the
Second Spanish Republic
(1931–1939). The Second Spanish Republic saw a brief period of tolerance, with most restrictions against Catalan lifted.
The
Generalitat
(the autonomous government of Catalonia, established during the Republic in 1931) made a normal use of Catalan in its administration and put efforts to promote it at the social level, including in schools and the
University of Barcelona
The Catalan language and culture were still vibrant during the
Spanish Civil War
(1936–1939), but were crushed at an unprecedented level throughout the subsequent decades due to
Francoist dictatorship
(1939–1975), which abolished the official status of Catalan and imposed the use of Spanish in schools and in public administration in all of
Spain
, while banning the use of Catalan in them.
37
Between 1939 and 1943 newspapers and book printing in Catalan almost disappeared.
38
Francisco Franco's desire for a homogeneous Spanish population resonated with some Catalans in favor of his regime, primarily members of the upper class, who began to reject the use of Catalan. Despite all of these hardships, Catalan continued to be used privately within households, and it was able to survive Franco's dictatorship. At the end of
World War II
, however, some of the harsh measures began to be lifted and, while Spanish language remained the sole promoted one, limited number of Catalan literature began to be tolerated. Several prominent Catalan authors resisted the suppression through literature.
39
Private initiative contests were created to reward works in Catalan, among them
Joan Martorell
prize (1947),
Víctor Català
prize (1953)
Carles Riba
award (1950), or the
Honor Award of Catalan Letters
(1969).
40
The first Catalan-language TV show was broadcast in 1964.
41
At the same time, oppression of the Catalan language and identity was carried out in schools, through governmental bodies, and in religious centers.
42
In addition to the loss of prestige for Catalan and its prohibition in schools, migration during the 1950s into
Catalonia
from other parts of Spain also contributed to the diminished use of the language. These migrants were often unaware of the existence of Catalan, and thus felt no need to learn or use it.
Catalonia
was the economic powerhouse of Spain, so these migrations continued to occur from all corners of the country. Employment opportunities were reduced for those who were not
bilingual
43
Daily newspapers remained exclusively in Spanish until after Franco's death, when the first one in Catalan since the end of the Civil War,
Avui
, began to be published in 1976.
44
Present day
edit
Since the
Spanish transition to democracy
(1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige.
45
In
Catalonia
, there is an unparalleled large
bilingual
European
non-state
linguistic community.
45
The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools,
but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations—if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or more recently arrived immigrant students.
46
There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.
More recently, several Spanish political forces have tried to increase the use of Spanish in the Catalan educational system.
47
As a result, in May 2022 the Spanish Supreme Court urged the Catalan regional government to enforce a measure by which 25% of all lessons must be taught in Spanish.
48
According to the
Statistical Institute of Catalonia
, in 2013 the Catalan language is the second most commonly used in Catalonia, after
Spanish
, as a native or self-defining language: 7% of the population self-identifies with both Catalan and Spanish equally, 36.4% with Catalan and 47.5% only Spanish.
49
In 2003 the same studies concluded no language preference for self-identification within the population above 15 years old: 5% self-identified with both languages, 44.3% with Catalan and 47.5% with Spanish.
50
To promote use of Catalan, the
Generalitat de Catalunya
(Catalonia's official Autonomous government) spends part of its annual budget on the promotion of the use of Catalan in Catalonia and in other territories, with entities such as
Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística
ca
es
(Consortium for Linguistic Normalization).
51
52
In
Andorra
, Catalan has always been the sole official language.
Since the promulgation of the
1993 constitution
, several policies favoring Catalan have been enforced, such as Catalan medium education.
On the other hand, there are several
language shift
processes currently taking place. In the
Northern Catalonia
area of France, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004).
Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary.
The cultural association
La Bressola
promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.
In
Alicante province
, Catalan is being replaced by Spanish and in
Alghero
by
Italian
45
There is also well ingrained
diglossia
in the
Valencian Community
Ibiza
, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the
Balearic islands
During the 20th century many Catalans emigrated or went into exile to
Venezuela
Mexico
Cuba
Argentina
, and other South American countries. They formed a large number of Catalan colonies that today continue to maintain the Catalan language.
53
They also founded many Catalan casals (associations).
54
Classification and relationship with other Romance languages
edit
Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria, not on socio-functional ones. FP: Franco-Provençal, IR: Istro-Romanian.
One classification of Catalan is given by
Pèire Bèc
Romance languages
Italo-Western languages
Western Romance languages
Gallo-Iberian languages
Gallo-Romance languages
Occitano-Romance languages
Catalan language
However, the ascription of Catalan to the
Occitano-Romance
branch of
Gallo-Romance languages
is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as
Ramón Menéndez Pidal
Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term
Occitan language
(see also
differences between Occitan and Catalan
and
Gallo-Romance languages
). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.
Relationship with other Romance languages
edit
Some include Catalan in Occitan, as the
linguistic distance
between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the
Gascon dialect
) is similar to the distance among different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century
55
and still today remains its closest relative.
56
Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring
Romance languages
(Occitan, French,
Italian
Sardinian
as well as Spanish and Portuguese among others).
36
However, despite being spoken mostly on the
Iberian Peninsula
, Catalan has marked differences with the
Iberian Romance
group (
Spanish
and
Portuguese
) in terms of
pronunciation
, grammar, and especially vocabulary; it shows instead its closest affinity with languages native to France and northern Italy, particularly
Occitan
57
58
59
and to a lesser extent
Gallo-Romance
Franco-Provençal
French
Gallo-Italian
).
60
61
62
63
57
58
59
According to
Ethnologue
, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese and Spanish; 76% with
Ladin
and
Romansh
; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.
Lexical comparison of 24 words among Romance languages:
17 cognates with Gallo-Romance, 5
isoglosses
with Iberian Romance, 3 isoglosses with Occitan, and 1 unique word.
61
62
Gloss
Catalan
Occitan
Campidanese
Sardinian
Italian
French
Spanish
Portuguese
Romanian
cousin
cosí
cosin
fradili
cugino
cousin
primo
primo
coirmão
văr
brother
germà
fraire
fradi
fratello
frère
hermano
irmão
frate
nephew
nebot
nebot
nebodi
nipote
neveu
sobrino
sobrinho
nepot
summer
estiu
estiu
istadi
estate
été
verano
estío
64
verão
estio
64
vară
evening
vespre
ser
vèspre
seru
sera
soir
tarde
noche
65
tarde
serão
65
seară
morning
matí
matin
mangianu
mattina
matin
mañana
manhã
matina
dimineață
frying pan
paella
padena
paella
padella
poêle
sartén
frigideira
fritadeira
tigaie
bed
llit
lièch
(or
lèit
letu
letto
lit
cama
lecho
cama
leito
pat
bird
ocell
au
aucèl
pilloni
uccello
oiseau
ave
pájaro
ave
pássaro
pasăre
dog
gos
ca
gos
canh
cani
cane
chien
perro
can
cão
cachorro
câine
plum
pruna
pruna
pruna
prugna
prune
ciruela
ameixa
prună
butter
mantega
bodre
burru
(or
butiru
burro
beurre
mantequilla
(or
manteca
manteiga
unt
piece
tros
tròç
petaç
arrogu
pezzo
morceau
pièce
pedazo
trozo
66
pedaço
bocado
bucată
gray
gris
gris
canu
grigio
gris
gris
pardo
67
cinzento
gris
gri
68
sur
cenușiu
hot
calent
caud
callenti
caldo
chaud
caliente
quente
cald
too much
massa
tròp
tropu
troppo
trop
de
mas
iado
de
mais
, de
mas
iado
prea
to want
voler
vòler
bolli(ri)
volere
vouloir
querer
querer
a vrea
to take
prendre
prendre
(or
prene
pigai
prendere
prendre
tomar
prender
apanhar
levar
a lua
to pray
pregar
resar
orar
pregar
pregai
pregare
prier
orar
rezar
orar
rezar
pregar
a se ruga
to ask
demanar
preguntar
demandar
dimandai
preguntai
domandare
demander
pedir
preguntar
pedir
perguntar
a cere
a întreba
to search
cercar
buscar
cercar
circai
cercare
chercher
buscar
procurar
buscar
a căuta
to arrive
arribar
arribar
arribai
arrivare
arriver
llegar
arribar
chegar
a ajunge
to speak
parlar
parlar
chistionnai
fueddai
parlare
parler
hablar
parlar
falar
parlar
a vorbi
to eat
menjar
manjar
pappai
mangiare
manger
comer
manyar
in
lunfardo
papear
in slang)
comer
manjar
papar
in slang)
a mânca
During much of its history, and especially during the
Francoist dictatorship
(1939–1975), the Catalan language was ridiculed as a mere dialect of Spanish.
58
59
This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity.
58
59
Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in features closer to Occitan (and
French
).
58
59
There is evidence that, at least from the 2nd century AD, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman
Tarraconensis
was different from the rest of Roman Hispania.
57
Differentiation arose generally because Spanish,
Asturian
, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish
hervir
, Asturian and Portuguese
ferver
vs. Catalan
bullir
, Occitan
bolir
"to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Spanish
novillo
, Asturian
nuviellu
vs. Catalan
torell
, Occitan
taurèl
"bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.
69
57
Catalan and Spanish cognates with different meanings
63
Latin
Catalan
Spanish
accostare
acostar
"to bring closer"
acostar
"to put to bed"
levare
llevar
"to remove;
wake up"
llevar
"to take"
trahere
traure
"to remove"
traer
"to bring"
circare
cercar
"to search"
cercar
"to fence"
collocare
colgar
"to bury"
colgar
"to hang"
mulier
muller
"wife"
mujer
"woman or wife"
Like all Romance languages, Catalan has a handful of native words which are unique to it, or rare elsewhere. These include:
verbs:
cōnfīgere
'to fasten; transfix' >
confegir
'to compose, write up',
congemināre
conjuminar
'to combine, conjugate',
de-ex-somnitare
deixondar/-ir
'to wake; awaken',
dēnsāre
'to thicken; crowd together' >
desar
'to save, keep',
īgnōrāre
enyorar
'to miss, yearn, pine for',
indāgāre
'to investigate, track' > Old Catalan
enagar
'to incite, induce',
odiāre
> Old Catalan
ujar
'to exhaust, fatigue',
pācificāre
apaivagar
'to appease, mollify',
repudiāre
rebutjar
'to reject, refuse';
nouns:
brīsa
brisa
'pomace',
buda
boga
'reedmace',
catarrhu
cadarn
'catarrh',
congesta
congesta
'snowdrift',
dēlīrium
deler
'ardor, passion',
fretu
freu
'brake',
lābem
(a)llau
'avalanche',
ōra
vora
'edge, border',
pistrīce
'sawfish' >
pestriu
pestiu
'thresher shark, smooth hound; ray',
prūna
'live coal' >
espurna
'spark',
tardātiōnem
tardaó
tardor
'autumn'.
70
clarification needed
The
Gothic
superstrate produced different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan
fang
"mud" and
rostir
"to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish
lodo
and
asar
, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan
filosa
"spinning wheel" and
templa
"temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish
rueca
and
sien
, of Germanic origin.
57
The same happens with
Arabic
loanwords. Thus, Catalan
alfàbia
"large earthenware jar" and
rajola
"tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish
tinaja
and
teja
, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan
oli
"oil" and
oliva
"olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish
aceite
and
aceituna
57
However, the Arabic element is generally much more prevalent in Spanish.
57
Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Iberian Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as
enyorar
"to miss somebody",
apaivagar
"to calm somebody down", and
rebutjar
"reject".
57
Geographic distribution
edit
Catalan-speaking territories
edit
Main article:
Catalan Countries
Traditionally Catalan-speaking territories in dark gray; non-Catalan-speaking territories belonging to traditionally Catalan-speaking regions in light gray
Northern Catalonia
Catalonia
Alghero
La
Franja
Valencian
Community
Carche
Sardinia
(Italy)
Aragon
(Spain)
Murcia
(Spain)
France
Andorra
Balearic Islands
Traditionally Catalan-speaking territories are sometimes called the
Catalan Countries
Catalan
Països Catalans
), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.
Territories where Catalan is spoken
36
State
Territory
Catalan name
Notes
Andorra
Andorra
sovereign state
where Catalan is the
national
and the sole
official language
. The Andorrans speak a Western Catalan variety.
France
Northern Catalonia
Catalunya Nord
Roughly corresponding to the
département
of
Pyrénées-Orientales
, with the exception of the traditionally
Occitan
-speaking
comarca
of
Fenouillèdes
36
Spain
Catalonia
Catalunya
In the
Val d'Aran
(northwest corner of Catalonia), in addition to
Occitan
, which is the local language, Catalan, Spanish and French are also spoken.
36
Valencian Community
a.k.a.
Valencian Country)
Comunitat Valenciana
País Valencià
Excepting some regions in the west and south which have been Aragonese/Spanish-speaking since at least the 18th century.
36
The Western Catalan variety spoken there is known as "
Valencian
".
La Franja
La Franja
A part of the
Autonomous Community of Aragon
, specifically a strip bordering Western Catalonia. It comprises the
comarques
of
Ribagorça
Llitera
Baix Cinca
, and
Matarranya
Balearic Islands
Illes Balears
Comprising the islands of
Mallorca
Menorca
Ibiza
and
Formentera
Carche
El Carxe
A small area of the
Autonomous Community of Murcia
, settled in the 19th century.
36
Italy
Alghero
L'Alguer
A city in the
Province of Sassari
, on the island of
Sardinia
, where the
Algherese dialect
is spoken.
Number of speakers
edit
The number of people known to be fluent in Catalan varies depending on the sources used. A 2004 study did not count the total number of speakers, but estimated a total of 9–9.5 million by matching the percentage of speakers to the population of each area where Catalan is spoken.
71
The web site of the
Generalitat de Catalunya
estimated that as of 2004 there were 9,118,882 speakers of Catalan.
72
These figures only reflect potential speakers; today it is the native language of only 35.6% of the Catalan population.
73
According to
Ethnologue
, Catalan had 4.1 million
native speakers
and 5.1 million
second-language speakers
in 2021.
Geographical distribution of Catalan language by official status
According to a 2011 study the total number of Catalan speakers was over 9.8 million, with 5.9 million residing in Catalonia. More than half of them spoke Catalan as a second language, with native speakers being about 4.4 million of those (more than 2.8 in Catalonia).
74
Very few Catalan
monoglots
exist; virtually all of the Catalan speakers in Spain are
bilingual
speakers of Catalan and Spanish, with 99.7% of Catalan speakers in Catalonia able to speak Spanish and 99.9% able to understand it.
75
In
Roussillon
, only a minority of French Catalans speak Catalan nowadays, with French being the majority language for the inhabitants after a continued process of
language shift
. According to a 2019 survey by the Catalan government, 31.5% of the inhabitants of Catalonia predominantly spoke Catalan at home whereas 52.7% spoke Spanish, 2.8% both Catalan and Spanish and 10.8% other languages.
76
Spanish
was the most spoken language in Barcelona (according to the linguistic census held by the Government of Catalonia in 2013) and it is understood almost universally. According to 2013 census, Catalan was also very commonly spoken in the city of 1,501,262: it was understood by 95% of the population, while 72.3% over the age of two could speak it (1,137,816), 79% could read it (1,246.555), and 53% could write it (835,080).
77
The share of Barcelona residents who could speak it (72.3%)
78
was lower than that of the overall Catalan population, of whom 81.2% over the age of 15 spoke the language. Knowledge of Catalan has increased significantly in recent decades thanks to a
language immersion
educational system. An important social characteristic of the Catalan language is that all the areas where it is spoken are bilingual in practice: together with French in Roussillon, with Italian in Alghero, with Spanish and French in Andorra, and with Spanish in the rest of the territories.
Territory
State
Understand
79
Can speak
79
Catalonia
Spain
6,502,880
5,698,400
Valencian Community
Spain
3,448,780
2,407,951
Balearic Islands
Spain
852,780
706,065
Roussillon
France
203,121
125,621
Andorra
Andorra
75,407
61,975
La Franja
Aragon
Spain
47,250
45,000
Alghero
Sardinia
Italy
20,000
17,625
Carche
Murcia
Spain
~600
600
80
Total
Catalan-speaking territories
11,150,218
9,062,637
Rest of World
No data
350,000
Total
11,150,218
9,412,637
1.
The number of people who understand Catalan includes those who can speak it.
2.
Figures relate to all self-declared capable speakers, not just native speakers.
Level of knowledge
edit
Area
Speak
Understand
Read
Write
Catalonia
81
81.2
94.4
85.5
65.3
Valencian Community
57.5
78.1
54.9
32.5
Balearic Islands
74.6
93.1
79.6
46.9
Roussillon
37.1
65.3
31.4
10.6
Andorra
78.9
96.0
89.7
61.1
Franja Oriental of Aragón
88.8
98.5
72.9
30.3
Alghero
67.6
89.9
50.9
28.4
(% of the population 15 years old and older).
Social use
edit
Area
At home
Outside home
Catalonia
45
51
Valencian Community
37
32
Balearic Islands
44
41
Roussillon
Andorra
38
51
Franja Oriental of Aragón
70
61
Alghero
(% of the population 15 years old and older).
82
Native language
edit
To calculate the absolute number the figures have been proportioned to the whole population regardless of the age, rounded to the nearest 500.
Area
People
Percentage
Year
Source
Catalonia
3,101,500
40.6%
2021
83
Valencian Community
1,271,000
25.4%
2021
83
Balearic Islands
401,500
33.2%
2021
83
Aragon
29,500
2.5%
2021
83
Rest of Spain
80,500
0.3%
2021
83
Andorra
35,000
44.1%
2022
84
Roussillon
60,000
12.7%
2015
85
Alghero
10,500
24.1%
2015
86
TOTAL
4,989,500
Phonology
edit
Main article:
Catalan phonology
Catalan phonology varies by dialect. Notable features include:
87
Marked contrast of the vowel pairs
/ɛ,
e/
and
/ɔ,
o/
, as in other
Western Romance
languages, other than
Spanish
87
Lack of
diphthongization
of
Latin
short
, as in
Galician
and
Portuguese
, but unlike French, Spanish, or Italian.
87
Abundance of diphthongs containing
/w/
, as in Galician and Portuguese.
87
In contrast to other Romance languages, Catalan has many
monosyllabic
words, and these may end in a wide variety of consonants, including some
consonant clusters
87
Additionally, Catalan has
final obstruent devoicing
, which gives rise to an abundance of such couplets as
amic
("male friend") vs.
amiga
("female friend").
87
Central Catalan
pronunciation is considered to be standard for the language.
88
The descriptions below are mostly representative of this variety.
89
For the differences in pronunciation between the different dialects, see the section on
pronunciation of dialects
in this article.
Vowels
edit
Vowels
of Standard Eastern Catalan
90
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of
Vulgar Latin
, with seven stressed phonemes:
/a,
ɛ,
e,
i,
ɔ,
o,
u/
, a common feature in
Western Romance
, with the exception of
Spanish
87
Balearic
also has instances of stressed
/ə/
91
Dialects differ in the different degrees of
vowel reduction
92
and the incidence of the pair
/ɛ,
e/
93
In
Central Catalan
, unstressed vowels reduce to three:
/a,
e,
ɛ/
[ə]
/o,
ɔ,
u/
[u]
/i/
remains distinct.
94
The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section
pronunciation of dialects
in this article).
Examples of vowel reduction processes in Central Catalan
95
The root is stressed in the first word and unstressed in the second
Front vowels
Back vowels
Word
pair
gel
("ice")
gelat
("ice cream")
pedra
("stone")
pedrera
("quarry")
banya
("he bathes")
banyem
banyem
("we bathe")
cosa
("thing")
coseta
("little thing")
tot
("everything")
total
("total")
IPA
transcription
[ˈʒɛl]
[ʒəˈlat]
[ˈpeðɾə]
[pəˈðɾeɾə]
[ˈbaɲə]
[bəˈɲɛm]
[ˈkɔzə]
[kuˈzɛtə]
[ˈtot]
[tuˈtal]
Consonants
edit
Catalan consonants
96
Labial
Alveolar
Dental
Palatal
Velar
Nasal
Plosive
voiceless
voiced
Affricate
voiceless
ts
tʃ
voiced
dz
dʒ
Fricative
voiceless
voiced
Approximant
median
lateral
Tap
Trill
The consonant system of Catalan is rather conservative.
/l/
has a
velarized
allophone in
syllable coda
position in most dialects.
97
However,
/l/
is velarized irrespective of position in Eastern dialects such as Majorcan
98
and standard Eastern Catalan.
/v/
occurs in Balearic,
99
Algherese
standard Valencian
and some areas in southern Catalonia.
100
It has
merged
with
/b/
elsewhere.
101
The velar nasal /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ before /g/ or /k/. However, it has become phonemic in Central dialects that delete the final element of word-final consonant clusters, resulting in minimal pairs such as
fan
[ˈfan] (“they do”) and
fang
[ˈfaŋ] (“mud”, pronounced [ˈfaŋk] in other dialects).
In Valencian, the fricative [ʒ] (and [jʒ]) appears only as a voiced allophone of /ʃ/ (and /jʃ/) before vowels and voiced consonants; e.g. peix al forn [ˈpejʒ al ˈfoɾn] ('oven fish'). The /ʒ/ phoneme in other Catalan dialects is pronounced /dʒ/ in standard Valencian.
Voiced obstruents undergo
final-obstruent devoicing
/b/
[p],
/d/
[t],
/ɡ/
[k]
102
Voiced stops become
lenited
to approximants in syllable onsets, after continuants:
/b/
/d/
/ɡ/
103
Exceptions include
/d/
after
lateral consonants
, and
/b/
after
/f/
. In coda position, these sounds are realized as stops,
104
except in some Valencian dialects where they are lenited.
105
There is some confusion in the literature about the precise phonetic characteristics of
/ʃ/
/ʒ/
/tʃ/
/dʒ/
. Some sources
99
describe them as "postalveolar". Others
106
107
as "back alveolo-palatal", implying that the characters ⟨
tɕ
dʑ
⟩ would be more accurate. However, in all literature only the characters for
palato-alveolar
affricates and fricatives are used, even when the same sources use ⟨
⟩ for other languages such as Polish and Chinese.
108
109
107
The distribution of the two rhotics
/r/
and
/ɾ/
closely parallels
that of Spanish
. Between vowels, the two contrast, but they are otherwise in complementary distribution: in the onset of the first syllable in a word,
appears unless preceded by a consonant. Dialects vary in regards to rhotics in the coda with Western Catalan generally featuring
and Central Catalan dialects featuring a weakly trilled
unless it precedes a vowel-initial word in the same
prosodic unit
, in which case
appears.
110
In careful speech,
/n/
/m/
/l/
may be
geminated
. Geminated
/ʎ/
may also occur.
99
Some analyze intervocalic
[r]
as the result of gemination of a single rhotic phoneme.
111
This is similar to the common analysis of Spanish and
Portuguese
rhotics.
112
Phonological evolution
edit
Main article:
Phonological history of Catalan
Linguistic map of Southwestern Europe
Catalan shares features with neighboring Romance languages (
Occitan
Italian
Sardinian
French
Spanish
).
36
Marked contrast of the vowel pairs
/ɛ/
/e/
and
/ɔ/
/o/
, as in other
Western Romance
languages, except Spanish and Sardinian.
113
Lenition of voiced stops
[b]
[β],
[d]
[ð],
[ɡ]
[ɣ]
as in Galician and Spanish.
113
Lack of
diphthongization
of
Latin
short
, as in
Galician
, Sardinian and Portuguese, and unlike French, Spanish and Italian.
113
Abundance of diphthongs containing
/w/
, as in Galician and Portuguese.
113
Abundance of
/ʎ/
and
/ɲ/
occurring at the end of words, as for instance
moll
("wet") and
any
("year"), unlike Spanish,
114
Portuguese or Italian.
In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many
monosyllabic
words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some
consonant clusters
113
Also, Catalan has
final obstruent devoicing
, thus featuring many couplets like
amic
('male friend') vs.
amiga
('female friend').
113
Sociolinguistics
edit
A speaker of Catalan (Majorcan dialect)
Artur Mas
, former president of Catalonia, discussing individual identity, collective identity and language
Catalan
sociolinguistics
studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan
philology
and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyze the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).
Preferential subjects of study
edit
This section
does not
cite
any
sources
Please help
improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed
January 2026
Learn how and when to remove this message
Dialects
of Catalan
Variations of Catalan by class, gender, profession, age and level of studies
Process of
linguistic normalization
Relations between Catalan and
Spanish
or
French
Perception on the language of Catalan speakers and non-speakers
Presence of Catalan in several fields: tagging, public function, media, professional sectors
Dialects
edit
Main article:
Catalan dialects
Overview
edit
Main dialects of Catalan
115
116
117
The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages;
63
both in terms of
vocabulary
semantics
syntax
morphology
, and
phonology
118
Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high,
36
119
88
estimates ranging from 90% to 95%.
The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic
Algherese dialect
63
Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern and Western.
88
118
The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed
and
; which have merged to
/ə/
in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as
/a/
and
/e/
in Western dialects.
63
88
There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal morphology, and vocabulary.
36
Western Catalan comprises the two dialects of
North-Western Catalan
and
Valencian
; the Eastern block comprises four dialects:
Central Catalan
Balearic
Roussillonese
, and
Algherese
88
Each dialect can be further subdivided in several subdialects. The terms "Catalan" and "
Valencian
" (respectively used in
Catalonia
and the
Valencian Community
) refer to two varieties of the same language.
120
There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the
Institute of Catalan Studies
in Catalonia and the
Valencian Academy of the Language
in the Valencian Community.
Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the largest number of speakers.
88
It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the
Barcelona province
, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.
88
Catalan has an inflectional grammar. Nouns have two
genders
(masculine, feminine), and two
numbers
(singular, plural). Pronouns additionally can have a neuter gender, and some are also inflected for
case
and
politeness
, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for
person
number
tense
aspect
mood
, and
gender
. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.
87
Main dialectal divisions of Catalan
88
121
Block
Western Catalan
Eastern Catalan
Variety
North-Western
Valencian
Central
Balearic
Northern
(Roussillonese)
Alguerese
(Algherese)
Area
Spain
Andorra
Spain
France
Italy
Andorra
, provinces of
Lleida
, western half of
Tarragona
La Franja
Aragon
Valencian Community
Carche
Murcia
Provinces of
Barcelona
, eastern half of
Tarragona
, most of
Girona
Balearic Islands
Roussillon
Northern Catalonia
City of
Alghero
in
Sardinia
Pronunciation
edit
Vowels
edit
Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of
Vulgar Latin
, with seven stressed phonemes:
/a,
ɛ,
e,
i,
ɔ,
o,
u/
, a common feature in
Western Romance
, except
Spanish
87
Balearic
has also instances of stressed
/ə/
91
Dialects differ in the different degrees of
vowel reduction
92
and the incidence of the pair
/ɛ
e/
93
In
Eastern Catalan
(except Majorcan), unstressed vowels reduce to three:
/a,
e,
ɛ/
[ə]
/o,
ɔ,
u/
[u]
/i/
remains distinct.
94
There are a few instances of unreduced
[e]
[o]
in some words.
94
Algherese
has lowered
[ə]
to
[a]
In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four:
/a,
e,
ɛ/
follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however
/o,
ɔ/
reduce to
[o]
, with
/u/
remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.
122
In
Western Catalan
, unstressed vowels reduce to five:
/e,
ɛ/
[e]
/o,
ɔ/
[o]
/a,
u,
i/
remain distinct.
123
124
This reduction pattern, inherited from
Proto-Romance
, is also found in
Italian
and
Portuguese
123
Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.
123
125
Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed
/e/
and
/ɛ/
93
Usually, words with
/ɛ/
in Central Catalan correspond to
/ə/
in Balearic and
/e/
in Western Catalan.
93
Words with
/e/
in Balearic almost always have
/e/
in Central and Western Catalan as well.
vague
93
As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of
/ɛ/
93
Different incidence of stressed
/e/
/ə/
/ɛ/
93
Word
Western
Eastern
North-Western
Valencian
Majorcan
Central
Northern
set
("thirst")
/ˈset/
/ˈsət/
/ˈsɛt/
/ˈset/
ven
("he sells")
/ˈven/
/ˈvən/
/ˈbɛn/
/ˈven/
General differences in the pronunciation of unstressed vowels in different dialects
88
126
Word
Western
Eastern
North-Western
Valencian
Majorcan
Central
Northern
mare
("mother")
/ˈmaɾe/
/ˈmaɾə/
cançó
("song")
/kanˈso/
/kənˈso/
/kənˈsu/
posar
("to put")
/poˈza(ɾ)/
/puˈza(ɾ)/
ferro
("iron")
/ˈfɛro/
/ˈfɛru/
Detailed examples of vowel reduction processes in different dialects
95
Word pairs:
the first with stressed root,
the second with unstressed root
Western
Eastern
Majorcan
Central
Northern
Front
vowels
gel
("ice")
gelat
("ice cream")
[ˈdʒɛl]
[dʒeˈlat]
[ˈʒɛl]
[ʒəˈlat]
[ˈʒel]
[ʒəˈlat]
pera
("pear")
perera
("pear tree")
[ˈpeɾa]
[peˈɾeɾa]
[ˈpəɾə]
[pəˈɾeɾə]
[ˈpɛɾə]
[pəˈɾeɾə]
[ˈpeɾə]
[pəˈɾeɾə]
pedra
("stone")
pedrera
("quarry")
[ˈpeðɾa]
[peˈðɾeɾa]
[ˈpeðɾə]
[pəˈðɾeɾə]
banya
("he bathes")
banyem
banyam
("we bathe")
[ˈbaɲa]
[baˈɲem]
[ˈbaɲə]
[bəˈɲam]
[ˈbaɲə]
[bəˈɲɛm]
[ˈbaɲə]
[bəˈɲem]
Back
vowels
cosa
("thing")
coseta
("little thing")
[ˈkɔza]
[koˈzeta]
[ˈkɔzə]
[koˈzətə]
[ˈkɔzə]
[kuˈzɛtə]
[ˈkozə]
[kuˈzetə]
tot
("everything")
total
("total")
[ˈtot]
[toˈtal]
[ˈtot]
[tuˈtal]
[ˈtut]
[tuˈtal]
Consonants
edit
This section
does not
cite
any
sources
Please help
improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed
January 2026
Learn how and when to remove this message
Catalan dialects are characterized by
final-obstruent devoicing
lenition
and
voicing assimilation
. Additionally, many dialects contrast two
rhotics
/r,
ɾ/
) and two
laterals
/l,
ʎ/
).
Most Catalan dialects are also renowned by the usage of
dark l
(i.e.
velarization
of
/l/
), which is especially noticeable in syllable
final
position, in comparison to neighbouring languages, such as Spanish, Italian and French (that lack this pronunciation).
There is dialectal variation in regard to:
The pronunciation and distribution of
sibilants
(with different results according to
voicing
and
affrication
vs.
deaffrication
).
While, arguably there are seven to eight sibilants in Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian, dialects like Central Valencian and Ribagorçan only have three or four.
The usage of the voiced labiodental fricative phoneme
The pronunciation or not of
yod
) in the digraph
⟨ix⟩
The
elision
and pronunciation of final
rhotics
(either
or
).
The
delateralization
of the palatal lateral approximant (
).
The alternation of
lenition
vs.
fortition
(such as
/b/
in
po
le
'village, people' →
[β]
vs.
[b]
vs.
[bː]
vs.
[p]
vs.
[pː]
).
Morphology
edit
Western Catalan: In verbs, the ending for 1st-person present indicative is
-e
in verbs of the 1st conjugation and -∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugations in most of the Valencian Community, or
-o
in all verb conjugations in the Northern Valencian Community and Western Catalonia.
E.g.
parle
tem
sent
(Valencian);
parlo
temo
sento
(North-Western Catalan).
Eastern Catalan: In verbs, the ending for 1st-person present indicative is
-o
-i
, or -∅ in all conjugations.
E.g.
parlo
(Central),
parl
(Balearic), and
parli
(Northern), all meaning ('I speak').
1st-person singular present indicative forms
Conjugation
Eastern Catalan
Western Catalan
Gloss
Central
Northern
Balearic
Valencian
North-Western
1st
parlo
parli
parl
parle
parlo
'I speak'
2nd
temo
temi
tem
tem
temo
'I fear'
3rd
pure
sento
senti
sent
sent
sento
'I feel', 'I hear'
inchoative
poleixo
poleixi
poleix
or
polesc
polisc
or
polesc
pol(e)ixo
'I polish'
Western Catalan: In verbs, the inchoative endings are
-isc
-esc
-ix
-ixen
-isca
-esca
Eastern Catalan: In verbs, the inchoative endings are
-eixo
-eix
-eixen
-eixi
Western Catalan: In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of
/n/
of medieval plurals in
proparoxytone
words.
E.g.
hòmens
'men',
jóvens
'youth'.
Eastern Catalan: In nouns and adjectives, loss of
/n/
of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g.
homes
'men',
joves
'youth' (Ibicencan, however, follows the model of Western Catalan in this case
127
).
Vocabulary
edit
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices.
57
Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually
Central Catalan
acts as an innovative element.
57
Selection of different words between Western and Eastern Catalan
Gloss
"mirror"
"boy"
"broom"
"navel"
"to exit"
Eastern Catalan
mirall
noi
escombra
llombrígol
sortir
Western Catalan
espill
xiquet
granera
melic
eixir
Standards
edit
Main articles:
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
and
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
Casa de Convalescència, Headquarters of the
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
(IEC)
Written varieties
Catalan (IEC)
Valencian (AVL)
gloss
anglès
anglés
conèixer
conéixer
to know
treure
traure
take out
néixer
nàixer
to be born
càntir
cànter
pitcher
rodó
redó
round
meva
meua
my, mine
ametlla
ametla
almond
estrella
estrela
star
cop
colp
hit
llagosta
llangosta
lobster
homes
hòmens
men
servei
servici
service
Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers,
45
is mostly based on Eastern Catalan,
88
128
which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of the Valencian Community and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.
128
The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic
⟨e⟩
accentuation, for instance:
francès, anglès
(IEC) –
francés, anglés
(AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent
⟨è⟩
, while pronouncing it as
/e/
rather than
/ɛ/
, in some words such as:
què
('what'), or
València
. Other divergences include the use of
⟨tl⟩
(AVL) in some words instead of
⟨tll⟩
like in
ametla
ametlla
('almond'),
espatla
espatlla
('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (
este
'this',
eixe
'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (
aquest, aqueix
) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, such as subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in
-ix-
at the same level as
-eix-
or the priority use of
-e
morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (
-ar
verbs):
jo compre
instead of
jo compro
('I buy').
In the Balearic Islands, IEC's standard is used but adapted for the Balearic dialect by the
University of the Balearic Islands
's philological section. In this way, for instance, IEC says it is correct writing
cantam
as much as
cantem
('we sing'), but the university says that the priority form in the Balearic Islands must be
cantam
in all fields. Another feature of the Balearic standard is the non-ending in the 1st person singular present indicative:
jo compr
('I buy'),
jo tem
('I fear'),
jo dorm
('I sleep').
In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the
Algherese
dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article
lo
instead of
el
, special possessive pronouns and determinants
la mia
('mine'),
lo sou/la sua
('his/her'),
lo tou/la tua
('yours'), and so on, the use of
-v-
/v/
in the imperfect tense in all conjugations:
cantava
creixiva
llegiva
; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Algherese:
manco
instead of
menys
('less'),
calqui u
instead of
algú
('someone'),
qual/quala
instead of
quin/quina
('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of
weak pronouns
. In 1999, Catalan (
Algherese dialect
) was among the twelve minority languages officially recognized as Italy's "
historical linguistic minorities
" by the Italian State under Law No. 482/1999.
129
In 2011,
130
the
Aragonese
government passed a decree approving the statutes of a new language regulator of Catalan in
La Franja
(the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon) as originally provided for by Law 10/2009.
131
The new entity, designated as
Institut Aragonès del Català
, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in
La Franja
Status of Valencian
edit
Catalan
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
AVL: Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià
Main articles:
Valencian
Valencian language controversy
Blaverism
, and
Anti-Catalanism
Subdialects of Valencian
Valencian is classified as a
Western
dialect, along with the
North-Western
varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of
Lleida
and the western half of
Tarragona
).
88
121
Central Catalan has 90% to 95% inherent intelligibility for speakers of Valencian.
Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the
Valencian Academy of Language
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.
13
[T]he historical patrimonial language of the
Valencian people
, from a philological standpoint, is the same shared by the autonomous communities of
Catalonia
and
Balearic islands
, and
Principality of Andorra
. Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancient
Crown of Aragon
[...] The different varieties of these territories constitute a language, that is, a "linguistic system" [...] From this group of varieties, Valencian has the same hierarchy and dignity as any other dialectal modality of that linguistic system [...]
— Ruling of the Valencian Language Academy of 9 February 2005, extract of point 1.
13
132
The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (
Normes de Castelló
). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (
Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana
, RACV), which uses an independent standard for Valencian.
Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004
133
showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly.
45
134
Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (
Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana
, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.
135
This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the
European Constitution
in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the
EU
with translations of the text into
Basque
Galician
, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.
136
Vocabulary
edit
Word choices
edit
Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices.
57
Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually
Central Catalan
acts as an innovative element.
57
Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use.
57
However, from the 19th century onwards, there has been a tendency towards favoring words of Northern dialects to the detriment of others.
57
Latin and Greek loanwords
edit
Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of loanwords from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in
Ramon Llull
's work.
57
In the 14th and 15th centuries Catalan had a far greater number of Greco-Latin loanwords than other Romance languages, as is attested for example in
Roís de Corella
's writings.
57
The incorporation of learned, or "bookish" words from its own ancestor language,
Latin
, into Catalan is arguably another form of lexical borrowing through the influence of
written language
and the liturgical language of the Church. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the early modern period, most literate Catalan speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing—and eventually speech—in Catalan.
Word formation
edit
The process of
morphological derivation
in Catalan follows the same principles as the other
Romance languages
137
where
inflection
is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example
elèctri
[əˈlɛktri
("electrical") vs.
electri
itat
[ələktri
iˈtat]
Prefixes
are usually appended to verbs, as in
pre
veure
("foresee").
137
There is greater regularity in the process of
word-compounding
, where one can find compounded words formed much like those in English.
137
Common types of word compounds in Catalan
137
Type
Example
Gloss
two nouns, the second assimilated to the first
paper moneda
"banknote paper"
noun delimited by an adjective
estat major
"military staff"
noun delimited by another noun and a preposition
màquina d'escriure
"typewriter"
verb radical with a nominal object
para
caigudes
"parachute"
noun delimited by an adjective, with adjectival value
pit-roig
"robin" (bird)
Writing system
edit
Main article:
Catalan orthography
The word
noveŀla
("novel") in a dictionary. The geminated L (
ŀl
) is a distinctive character used in Catalan.
Billboard in
Barcelona
(detail), showing the word
iŀlusió
("illusion")
Main forms
Modified forms
ĿL
ŀl
Catalan uses the
Latin script
, with some added symbols and digraphs.
138
The
Catalan orthography
is systematic and largely phonologically based.
138
Standardization of Catalan was among the topics discussed during the First International Congress of the Catalan Language, held in Barcelona October 1906. Subsequently, the Philological Section of the
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
(IEC, founded in 1911) published the
Normes ortogràfiques
in 1913 under the direction of
Antoni Maria Alcover
and
Pompeu Fabra
. In 1932, Valencian writers and intellectuals gathered in
Castelló de la Plana
to make a formal adoption of the so-called
Normes de Castelló
, a set of guidelines following Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms.
139
Pronunciation of Catalan special characters and digraphs
140
Pronunciation
Usage
Examples
140
/s/
before
and
; or final position
feliç
("happy")
gu
/ɡ/
(phonetically
[ɡ
ɣ]
before
and
guerra
("war")
/ɡw/
elsewhere
guant
("glove")
ig
/t͡ʃ/
in final position
raig
("ray")
ix
/ʃ/
[jʃ]
in most Western dialects)
medially and finally
caixa
("box")
ll
/ʎ/
in any position
lloc
("place")
ŀl
/lː/
(normatively, but usually
/l/
between vowels
noveŀla
("novel")
ny
/ɲ/
in any position
Catalunya
("Catalonia")
qu
/k/
before
and
qui
("who")
/kw/
before other vowels
quatre
("four")
rr
/r/
between vowels
intervocalic
is pronounced
/ɾ/
carrer
("street")
mira
("he or she looks")
sc
/s/
between vowels, before
and
ascens
("rise")
ss
between vowels
intervocalic
is pronounced
/z/
grossa
("big,
feminine
")
casa
("house")
tg
/d͡ʒ/
before
and
fetge
("liver")
tj
elsewhere
mitjó
("sock")
ts
/t͡s/
in any position
potser
("maybe")
tx
/t͡ʃ/
in any position
despatx
("office")
tz
/d͡z/
mainly word medially
dotze
("twelve")
Learned letter combinations (found in loanwords and/or pre-reform terminology)
Pronunciation
Usage
Examples
ch
/k/
in final position
Llach
("Llach")
kh
/x/
in any position
sikh
("sikh")
ph
/f/
in any position
pholis
("pholis")
th
/θ/
in any position
/t/
in native words
theta
("theta")
tothom
("everybody")
Letters and digraphs with contextually conditioned pronunciations
140
Notes
Examples
140
/s/
before
and
corresponds to
in other contexts
feliç
("happy,
masculine singular
") vs.
felices
("happy,
feminine plural
")
caço
("I hunt") vs.
caces
("you hunt")
/ʒ/
before
and
corresponds to
in other positions
envejar
("to envy") vs.
envegen
("they envy")
final
before
and final
ig
before other vowels are pronounced
[tʃ]
corresponds to
or
tj
tg
in other positions
desig
("wish") vs.
desitjar
("to wish") vs.
desitgem
("we wish"), exception:
càstig
("punishment"), pronounced with
/k/
boig
("mad,
masculine
") vs.
boja
("mad,
feminine
") vs.
boges
("mad,
feminine plural
")
gu
/ɡ/
before
and
corresponds to
in other positions
botiga
("shop") vs.
botigues
("shops")
gü
/ɡw/
before
and
corresponds to
gu
in other positions
llengua
("language") vs.
llengües
("languages")
qu
/k/
before
and
corresponds to
in other positions
vaca
("cow") vs.
vaques
("cows")
qü
/kw/
before
and
corresponds to
qu
in other positions
obliqua
("oblique,
feminine
") vs.
obliqües
("oblique,
feminine plural
")
/ʃ/
(also
[tʃ]
dialectally) initially and in onsets after a consonant;
[ʃ]
after
/ks/
between vowels and syllable final (except after
in most cases)
/ɡz/
between vowels and syllable final before voiced consonants
xinxa
("bedbug"),
guix
("chalk")
taxi
("taxi"),
fixar
("to fix"),
extra
("extra")
exacte
("exact"),
exdirector
("ex-director")
Grammar
edit
Main article:
Catalan grammar
The grammar of Catalan is similar to other
Romance languages
. Features include:
141
Use of
definite
and
indefinite articles
141
Nouns
adjectives
pronouns
, and
articles
are
inflected
for
gender
(masculine and feminine), and
number
(singular and plural). There is no
case
inflexion, except in pronouns.
141
Verbs
are highly inflected for
person
number
tense
aspect
, and
mood
(including a
subjunctive
).
141
There are no
modal auxiliaries
141
Word order is freer than in English.
141
Gender and number inflection
edit
Gender and number inflection of the word
gat
("cat")
Regular noun with definite article:
el gat
("the cat")
masculine
feminine
singular
el gat
la gat
plural
els gat
les gat
es
Adjective with 4 forms:
verd
("green")
masculine
feminine
singular
verd
verd
plural
verd
verd
es
Adjective with 3 forms:
feliç
("happy")
masculine
feminine
singular
feliç
plural
feliç
os
felic
es
Adjective with 2 forms:
indiferent
("indifferent")
masculine
feminine
singular
indiferent
plural
indiferent
In
gender inflection
, the most notable feature is (compared to
Portuguese
Spanish
or
Italian
), the loss of the typical
masculine
suffix
-o
. Thus, the alternance of
-o
-a
, has been replaced by
-a
87
There are only a few exceptions, such as
minso
minsa
("scarce").
87
Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:
87
Affrication:
bo
ig
bo
("insane") vs.
lle
ig
lle
tj
("ugly")
Loss of
pla
pla
("flat") vs.
sego
sego
("second")
Final obstruent devoicing
senti
senti
("felt") vs.
di
di
("said")
Catalan has few
suppletive
couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has
noi
noia
("boy"/"girl") and
gall
gallina
("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has
garçon
fille
and
coq
poule
87
There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favor of marked ones, something prevalent in
Occitan
and French. Thus, one can find
bullent
bullenta
("boiling") in contrast with traditional
bullent
bullent
87
As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix
-s
, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely.
87
The most important one is the addition of
-o-
before certain consonant groups, a
phonetic
phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms:
el pols
els polsos
("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs.
la pols
les pols
("the dust"/"the dusts").
142
Determiners
edit
Definite article in Standard Catalan
(elided forms in brackets)
143
masculine
feminine
singular
el
l'
la
l'
plural
els
les
Contractions of the definite article
preposition
de
per
article
el
al
a l'
del
de l'
pel
per l'
els
als
dels
pels
Indefinite article
masculine
feminine
singular
un
una
plural
uns
unes
The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages.
137
Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than
Spanish
, such as
dels
("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as
Italian
(which has
sul
col
nel
, etc.).
137
Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (
mon
, etc.) in favor of constructions of article + stressed forms (
el meu
, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.
137
Personal pronouns
edit
Catalan stressed pronouns
144
singular
plural
1st person
jo
mi
nosaltres
2nd person
informal
tu
vosaltres
formal
vostè
vostès
respectful
vós
145
3rd person
masculine
ell
ells
feminine
ella
elles
The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, especially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).
137
Features include the gender-neutral
ho
and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).
137
Catalan pronouns exhibit
T–V distinction
, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.
This flexibility allows Catalan to use
extraposition
extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have
m'hi recomanaren
("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say
ils m'ont recommandé à lui
, and Spanish
me recomendaron a él
137
This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence
topic
, without having to use so often the
passive voice
(as in French or English), or identifying the
direct object
with a
preposition
(as in Spanish).
137
Verbs
edit
Simple forms of a regular verb of the first conjugation:
portar
("to bring")
146
Non-finite
Form
Infinitive
portar
Gerund
portant
Past participle
portat
portat
portada
portats
portades
Indicative
jo
tu
ell / ella
vostè
nosaltres
vosaltres
vós
ells / elles
vostès
Present
porto
portes
porta
portem
porteu
porten
Imperfect
portava
portaves
portava
portàvem
portàveu
portaven
Preterite (archaic)
portí
portares
portà
portàrem
portàreu
portaren
Future
portaré
portaràs
portarà
portarem
portareu
portaran
Conditional
portaria
portaries
portaria
portaríem
portaríeu
portarien
Subjunctive
jo
tu
ell / ella
vostè
nosaltres
vosaltres
vós
ells / elles
vostès
Present
porti
portis
porti
portem
porteu
portin
Imperfect
portés
portéssis
portés
portéssim
portéssiu
portessin
Imperative
jo
tu
ell / ella
vostè
nosaltres
vosaltres
vós
ells / elles
vostès
porta
porti
portem
porteu
portin
Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal.
Suffixation
is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role.
137
Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.
137
The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of
anar
("to go") + infinitive.
137
Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes
-a-
-e-
-i-
, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical.
137
Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of
servir
, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.
137
Syntax
edit
Main article:
Catalan syntax
The grammar of Catalan follows the general pattern of Western Romance languages. The primary
word order
is
subject–verb–object
147
However, word order is very flexible. Commonly, verb-subject constructions are used to achieve a semantic effect. The sentence "The train has arrived" could be translated as
Ha arribat el tren
or
El tren ha arribat
. Both sentences mean "the train has arrived", but the former puts a focus on the train, while the latter puts a focus on the arrival. This subtle distinction is described as "what you might say while waiting in the station" versus "what you might say on the train".
148
Catalan names
edit
Main article:
Catalan names
In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname.
149
The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction
("and").
149
150
Sample text
edit
Selected text from
Manuel de Pedrolo
's 1970 novel
Un amor fora ciutat
("A love affair outside the city").
151
Tenia
təˈniə
I was having
prop de
ˈprɔp də
close to
divuit
diˈβujt
eighteen
anys
ˈaɲʃ
years,
quan
ˈkwam
when
vaig
ˈbatʃ
I go [past auxiliary]
conèixer
kuˈnɛʃə
know (=I met)
en
ən
the
Raül,
rəˈul
Raül,
at
l'estació
ləstəˈsjo
the station
de
ðə
of (=in)
Manresa.
mənˈrɛzə
Manresa.
El
əl
The
meu
ˈmew
my
pare
paɾə
father
havia
əˈβiə
had
mort,
mɔrt
died,
inesperadament
inəspəˌɾaðəˈmen
unexpectedly
and
encara
ənˈkaɾə
still
jove,
ˈʒoβə
young,
un
um
parell
pəˈɾɛʎ
couple
d'anys
ˈdaɲʃ
of years
abans,
əˈβans
before,
and
d'aquells
ðəˈkɛʎ
of those
temps
ˈtems
times
conservo
kunˈserβu
I keep
un
un
record
rəˈkɔrt
memory
de
də
of
punyent
puˈɲen
acute
solitud.
suliˈtut
loneliness
Les
ləz
The
meves
ˈmeβəz
my
relacions
rələˈsjonz
relations
amb
əm
with
la
lə
the
mare
ˈmaɾə
mother
no
no
not
havien
əˈviən
had
pas
ˈpaz
at all
millorat,
miʎuˈɾat
improved,
tot
ˈtot
all
el
əl
the
contrari,
kunˈtɾaɾi
contrary,
potser
putˈse
perhaps
fins i tot
ˈfinz i ˈtot
even
empitjoraven
əmpidʒuˈɾaβən
they were worsening
a mesura que
ə məˈzuɾə kə
at step that (=in proportion as)
em
əm
myself
feia
ˈfɛjə
I was making
gran.
ˈɣɾan
big (=I was growing up).
No
no
Not
existia,
əɡzisˈtiə
it was existing,
no
no
not
existí
əɡzisˈti
it existed
mai
ˈmaj
never
entre
ˈentɾə
between
nosaltres,
nuˈzaltɾəs
us,
una
ˈunə
comunitat
kumuniˈtat
community
d'interessos,
dintəˈɾɛsus
of interests,
d'afeccions.
dəfəkˈsjons
of affections.
Cal
ˈkal
It is necessary
creure
ˈkɾɛwɾə
to believe
que
kə
that
cercava...
sərˈkaβə
I was seeking...
una
ˈunə
persona
pəɾˈsonə
person
en
əŋ
in
qui
ˈki
whom
centrar
səntˈɾaɾ
to center
la
lə
the
meva
ˈmeβə
my
vida
ˈβiðə
life
afectiva.
əfəkˈtiβə
affective.
Tenia {prop de} divuit anys quan vaig conèixer en Raül, a l'estació de Manresa. El meu pare havia mort, inesperadament i encara jove, un parell d'anys abans, i d'aquells temps conservo un record de punyent solitud. Les meves relacions amb la mare no havien pas millorat, tot el contrari, potser {fins i tot} empitjoraven {a mesura que} em feia gran. No existia, no existí mai entre nosaltres, una comunitat d'interessos, d'afeccions. Cal creure que cercava... una persona en qui centrar la meva vida afectiva.
təˈniə {ˈprɔp də} diˈβujt ˈaɲʃ ˈkwam ˈbatʃ kuˈnɛʃə ən rəˈul ə ləstəˈsjo ðə mənˈrɛzə əl ˈmew paɾə əˈβiə mɔrt inəspəˌɾaðəˈmen i ənˈkaɾə ˈʒoβə um pəˈɾɛʎ ˈdaɲʃ əˈβans i ðəˈkɛʎ ˈtems kunˈserβu un rəˈkɔrt də puˈɲen suliˈtut ləz ˈmeβəz rələˈsjonz əm lə ˈmaɾə no əˈviən ˈpaz miʎuˈɾat ˈtot əl kunˈtɾaɾi putˈse {ˈfinz i ˈtot} əmpidʒuˈɾaβən {ə məˈzuɾə kə} əm ˈfɛjə ˈɣɾan no əɡzisˈtiə no əɡzisˈti ˈmaj ˈentɾə nuˈzaltɾəs ˈunə kumuniˈtat dintəˈɾɛsus dəfəkˈsjons ˈkal ˈkɾɛwɾə kə sərˈkaβə ˈunə pəɾˈsonə əŋ ˈki səntˈɾaɾ lə ˈmeβə ˈβiðə əfəkˈtiβə
{I was having} {close to} eighteen years, when {I go [past auxiliary]} {know (=I met)} the Raül, at {the station} {of (=in)} Manresa. The my father had died, unexpectedly and still young, a couple {of years} before, and {of those} times {I keep} a memory of acute loneliness The my relations with the mother not had {at all} improved, all the contrary, perhaps even {they were worsening} {at step that (=in proportion as)} myself {I was making} {big (=I was growing up).} Not {it was existing}, not {it existed} never between us, a community {of interests}, {of affections}. {It is necessary} {to believe} that {I was seeking...} a person in whom {to center} the my life affective.
'I was about eighteen years old when I met Raül, at
Manresa
railway station. My father had died, unexpectedly and still young, a couple of years before; and from that time I still harbor memories of great loneliness. My relationship with my mother had not improved; quite the contrary, and arguably it was getting even worse as I grew up. There did not exist, at no point had there ever existed between us shared interests or affection. I guess I was seeking... a person in whom I could center my emotional life.'
See also
edit
Spain portal
Andorra portal
Italy portal
France portal
Language portal
Organizations
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
(Catalan Studies Institute)
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
(Valencian Academy of the Language)
Òmnium Cultural
Plataforma per la Llengua
Scholars
Marina Abràmova
Germà Colón
Dominique de Courcelles
Martí de Riquer
Arthur Terry
Lawrence Venuti
Other
Languages of Catalonia
Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers
Languages of France
Languages of Italy
Languages of Spain
Normes de Castelló
Pompeu Fabra
Notes
edit
The
Valencian Normative Dictionary
of the Valencian Academy of the Language states that Valencian is a "Romance language spoken in the Valencian Community, as well as in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, the French department of the
Pyrénées-Orientales
, the Principality of Andorra, the eastern flank of Aragon and the Sardinian town of Alghero (unique in Italy), where it receives the name of 'Catalan
".
The
Catalan Language Dictionary
of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans states in the sixth definition of "Valencian" that, in the Valencian Community, it is equivalent to Catalan language.
Catalan is also classified as an
Iberian Romance
language.
Although in business and daily life other languages are common, and due to immigration Catalan mother-tongue speakers are only 35.7% of the population. See
Languages of Andorra
References
edit
Catalan
at
Ethnologue
(25th ed., 2022)
"World Atlas of Languages: Standard Catalan"
en.wal.unesco.org
Archived
from the original on 4 December 2023
. Retrieved
4 December
2023
Wheeler 2010
, p. 191.
Minder, Raphael (21 November 2016).
"Italy's Last Bastion of Catalan Language Struggles to Keep It Alive"
The New York Times
. Archived from
the original
on 1 January 2022
. Retrieved
21 January
2017
"els Països Catalans"
enciclopèdia.cat
(in Catalan).
Archived
from the original on 15 August 2023
. Retrieved
15 August
2023
Costa Carreras & Yates 2009
, pp. 6–7.
Wheeler 2010
, pp. 190–191.
Cebrián, Joan (15 July 2022).
"El català, el quart motiu de discriminació a Barcelona"
. Ara.cat
. Retrieved
29 May
2024
García Venero 2006
Burke 1900
, p. 154.
"Definition of Catalan"
. 16 August 2023.
Archived
from the original on 10 May 2021
. Retrieved
29 September
2020
"Catalan"
Dictionary.com
Archived
from the original on 28 August 2022
. Retrieved
28 August
2022
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (9 February 2005).
"Acord de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), adoptat en la reunió plenària del 9 de febrer del 2005, pel qual s'aprova el dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià"
(PDF)
(in Valencian). p. 52. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 23 September 2015
. Retrieved
16 February
2013
Lledó 2011
, pp. 334–337.
Veny 1997
, pp. 9–18.
Moran 2004
, pp. 37–38.
Riquer 1964
Wheeler 2010
, p. 190.
Trobes en llaors de la Verge Maria
("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary") 1474.
Sales Vives, Pere (22 September 2020).
L'Espanyolització de Mallorca: 1808–1932
(in Catalan). El Gall editor. p. 422.
ISBN
9788416416707
Antoni Simon,
Els orígens històrics de l'anticatalanisme
Archived
5 June 2022 at the
Wayback Machine
, páginas 45-46, L'Espill, nº 24, Universitat de València
Mayans Balcells, Pere (2019).
Cròniques Negres del Català A L'Escola
(in Catalan) (del 1979 ed.). Edicions del 1979. p. 230.
ISBN
978-84-947201-4-7
Lluís, García Sevilla (2021).
Recopilació d'accions genocides contra la nació catalana
(in Catalan). Base. p. 300.
ISBN
9788418434983
Bea Seguí, Ignaci (2013).
En cristiano! Policia i Guàrdia Civil contra la llengua catalana
(in Catalan). Cossetània. p. 216.
ISBN
9788490341339
"Enllaç al Manifest Galeusca on en l'article 3 es denuncia l'asimetria entre el castellà i les altres llengües de l'Estat Espanyol, inclosa el català"
. Archived from
the original
on 19 July 2008
. Retrieved
2 August
2008
Radatz, Hans-Ingo (8 October 2020).
"Spain in the 19th century: Spanish Nation Building and Catalonia's attempt at becoming an Iberian Prussia"
ResearchGate
de la Cierva, Ricardo (1981).
Historia general de España: Llegada y apogeo de los Borbones
(in Catalan). Planeta. p. 78.
ISBN
8485753003
L'interdiction de la langue catalane en Roussillon par Louis XIV
(PDF)
. "CRDP, Académie de Montpellier. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 14 December 2010.
Àngela-Rosa Menages, Joan-Lluís Monjo.
"El patuet valencià, un reflex lingüístic de la societat algeriana colonial (1830–1962)"
(PDF)
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 21 September 2013.
Plataforma per la llengua.
"The Catalan Language"
(PDF)
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 7 March 2022.
Marfany, Marta; Simó, Marta Marfany (2002).
Els menorquins d'Algèria
(in Catalan). L'Abadia de Montserrat.
ISBN
978-84-8415-366-5
Archived
from the original on 15 April 2023
. Retrieved
14 December
2022
Marfany 2002
Charte en faveur du Catalan
. Archived from
the original
on 22 December 2012
. Retrieved
18 June
2010
La catalanitat a la Catalunya Nord
. Archived from
the original
on 9 March 2011
. Retrieved
13 March
2011
Merle, René (5 January 2010).
Visions de "l'idiome natal" à travers l'enquête impériale sur les patois 1807–1812
(in French). Perpinyà: Editorial Trabucaire. p. 223.
ISBN
978-2849741078
Costa Carreras & Yates 2009
, pp. 10–11.
Wheeler 2005
, p. 1.
Burgen, Stephen (22 November 2012).
"Catalan: a language that has survived against the odds"
The Guardian
Archived
from the original on 24 February 2017
. Retrieved
18 January
2017
Manent, Albert; Crexell, Joan (1988).
Bibliografia catalana dels anys més difícils (1939–1943)
. Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat, S.A. p. 14.
ISBN
8472029379
Archived
from the original on 31 January 2024
. Retrieved
9 December
2023
CORNELLÀ-DETRELL, JORDI (2011).
Literature as a Response to Cultural and Political Repression in Franco's Catalonia
. Boydell & Brewer.
ISBN
978-1-85566-201-8
JSTOR
10.7722/j.cttn346z
"Una polèmica literària sota el franquisme"
Palavracomum
(in Catalan). 20 July 2015.
Archived
from the original on 17 August 2022
. Retrieved
25 May
2022
"Primera emisión de un programa en catalán"
RTVE
(in European Spanish). 30 July 2018.
Archived
from the original on 25 May 2022
. Retrieved
25 May
2022
Casademont, Enric Pujol (2020).
"Culture, language and politics. The Catalan cultural resistance during the Franco regime (1939–1977)"
(PDF)
Catalan Historical Review
13
69–
84.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 9 October 2022.
Rendon, Sílvio (2007).
"The Catalan premium: language and employment in Catalonia"
Journal of Population Economics
20
(3):
669–
686.
doi
10.1007/s00148-005-0048-5
hdl
10016/291
ISSN
0933-1433
JSTOR
20730773
S2CID
29009762
Archived
from the original on 4 December 2021
. Retrieved
4 December
2021
Katrin Voltmer (2006).
Mass Media and Political Communication in New Democracies
. Psychology Press. p. 19.
ISBN
978-0-415-33779-3
Archived
from the original on 5 February 2023
. Retrieved
18 September
2023
Wheeler 2003
, p. 207.
Armora, Esther (9 September 2013).
"Cataluña ordena incumplir las sentencias sobre el castellano en las escuelas"
[Catalonia orders violate the judgments on the Castilian in schools].
ABC
(in Spanish).
Archived
from the original on 11 September 2013
. Retrieved
10 September
2013
Wong, Alia (3 November 2017).
"Is Catalonia Using Schools as a Political Weapon?"
The Atlantic
. Archived from
the original
on 3 November 2017
. Retrieved
11 September
2018
"You are here: ANSAmed. Catalonia: Supreme Court, 25% of lessons must be in Spanish"
. 21 January 2022. Archived from
the original
on 22 January 2022
. Retrieved
21 January
2022
"Idescat. Annual indicators. Language uses. First language, language of identification and habitual language. Results"
Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya
Archived
from the original on 20 December 2016
. Retrieved
27 September
2016
"Idescat. Demographics and quality of life. Language uses. First language, language of identification and habitual language. 2003. Results"
Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya
Archived
from the original on 2 February 2017
. Retrieved
21 January
2017
"2010 Language Policy Report"
Generalitat de Catalunya
. Archived from
the original
on 15 April 2014.
CPNL, Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística-.
"Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística"
Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística – CPNL
Archived
from the original on 28 August 2022
. Retrieved
28 August
2022
Philip D. Rasico.
"La llengua dels mallorquins de San Pedro (Argentina)"
(PDF)
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 16 November 2020.
"COMUNITATS CATALANES A L'EXTERIOR – index"
catalansalmon.com
Archived
from the original on 3 November 2022
. Retrieved
3 November
2022
Friend, Julius W. (2012).
Stateless Nations: Western European Regional Nationalisms and the Old Nations
. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 80.
ISBN
978-0-230-36179-9
. Retrieved
5 March
2016
Smith, Nathaniel B.; Bergin, Thomas Goddard (1984).
An Old Provençal Primer
. New York: Garland. p. 9.
ISBN
0-8240-9030-6
Enciclopèdia Catalana
, p. 632.
Feldhausen 2010
, p. 4.
Schlösser 2005
, p. 60f.
Ross, Marc Howard (2007).
Cultural Contestation in Ethnic Conflict
. Cambridge University Press. p. 139.
ISBN
978-1-139-46307-2
Jud 1925
Colón 1993
, pp. 33–35.
Moll 2006
, p. 47.
Portuguese and Spanish have
estiagem
and
estiaje
, respectively, for drought, dry season or low water levels.
Portuguese and Spanish have
véspera
and
víspera
, respectively, for eve, or the day before.
Spanish also has
trozo
, and it is actually a borrowing from Catalan
tros
. Colón 1993, p 39. Portuguese has
troço
, but aside from also being a loanword, it has a very different meaning: "thing", "gadget", "tool", "paraphernalia".
Modern Spanish also has
gris
, but it is a modern borrowing from Occitan. The original word was
pardo
, which stands for "reddish, yellow-orange, medium-dark and of moderate to weak saturation. It also can mean ochre, pale ochre, dark ohre, brownish, tan, greyish, grey, desaturated, dirty, dark, or opaque."
Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2001).
Diccionario Akal del color
(in Spanish). Akal.
ISBN
978-84-460-1083-8
A 20th century introduction from French.
Colón 1993
, p. 55.
Bruguera 2008
, p. 3046.
"Sociolinguistic situation in Catalan-speaking areas. Tables. Official data about the sociolinguistic situation in Catalan-speaking areas: Catalonia (2003), Andorra (2004), the Balearic Islands (2004), Aragonese Border (2004), Northern Catalonia (2004), Alghero (2004) and Valencian Community (2004)"
Generalitat of Catalonia
. 7 August 2008.
Archived
from the original on 14 March 2012
. Retrieved
13 March
2012
Catalan, language of Europe
(PDF)
Generalitat of Catalonia
, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 22 December 2012
, retrieved
13 March
2012
Población según lengua habitual. Datos comparados 2003–2008. Cataluña. Año 2008
Archived
2 November 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
, Encuesta de Usos Lingüísticos de la población (2003 y 2008), Instituto de Estadística de Cataluña
Informe sobre la situació de la llengua catalana
Report on the situation of the Catalan language
(PDF)
(in Catalan), Xarxa CRUSCAT, 2011, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 23 January 2013
Ibáñez Ferreté, Òscar-Adrià (November 2020).
"Can you understand me, doctor?" Dealing with linguistic rights in public health systems in Catalan-speaking areas of Spain
(PDF)
. Seminarium om social- och hälsovård för språkliga minoriteter [Seminar on social and health service for linguistic minorities].
Vaasa
, Finland:
Åbo Akademi University
Geli, Carles (8 July 2019).
"El uso del catalán crece: lo entiende el 94,4% y lo habla el 81,2%"
El País
(in Spanish).
ISSN
1134-6582
Archived
from the original on 8 July 2019
. Retrieved
8 July
2019
Departament d'Estadística. Ajuntament de Barcelona (2011).
"Coneixement del català: Evolució de les característiques de la població de Barcelona (Knowledge of Catalan in Barcelona)"
Ajuntament de Barcelona
(in Catalan). Archived from
the original
on 31 December 2015
. Retrieved
13 November
2015
"Coneixement del català: Evolució de les característiques de la població de Barcelona (Knowledge of Catalan in Barcelona)"
Ajuntament de Barcelona
(in Catalan). 2011. Archived from
the original
on 31 December 2015
. Retrieved
13 November
2015
Sources:
Catalonia: Statistic data of 2001 census, from
Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya
[1]
Archived
6 March 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
Land of Valencia: Statistical data from 2001 census, from
Institut Valencià d'Estadística, Generalitat Valenciana
"Població"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 6 September 2005
. Retrieved
23 June
2005
Land of Valencia: Statistical data from 2001 census, from
Institut Valencià d'Estadística, Generalitat Valenciana
[2]
Archived
16 February 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
Balearic Islands: Statistical data from 2001 census, from
Institut Balear d'Estadística, Govern de les Illes Balears
[3]
Archived
1 January 2006 at the
Wayback Machine
Northern Catalonia:
Media Pluriel
Survey commissioned by Prefecture of
Languedoc-Roussillon Region
done in October 1997 and published in January 1998
"Information_catalan"
. Archived from
the original
on 14 April 2005
. Retrieved
23 June
2005
Andorra: Sociolinguistic data from Andorran Government, 1999.
Aragon: Sociolinguistic data from Euromosaic
[4]
Archived
27 November 2005 at the
Wayback Machine
Alguer: Sociolinguistic data from Euromosaic
[5]
Archived
12 November 2005 at the
Wayback Machine
Rest of World: Estimate for 1999 by the
Federació d'Entitats Catalanes
outside the Catalan Countries.
Martínez, D. (26 November 2011).
"Una isla valenciana en Murcia"
[A Valencian island in Murcia].
ABC
(in Spanish).
Archived
from the original on 21 June 2017
. Retrieved
13 July
2017
"Enquesta d'usos lingüístics de la població. 2018"
[Survey of the linguistic usage of the population. 2018].
IDESCAT/Generalitat de Catalunya
(in Catalan). 2019.
Archived
from the original on 8 July 2019
. Retrieved
8 July
2019
"El català no avança en la incorporació de nous parlants"
[Catalan is not progressing in the incorporation of new speakers].
Telenotícies
(in Catalan). 23 October 2007. Archived from
the original
on 24 November 2007.
"INEbase / Demografía y población /Cifras de población y Censos demográficos /Encuesta de Características Esenciales de la Población y las Viviendas / Microdatos"
INE
(in Spanish)
. Retrieved
12 March
2025
"L'estudi de coneixements i usos lingüístics indica que el català és la llengua de referència de la població en coneixement i ús"
. 10 November 2022. Archived from the original on 10 November 2022
. Retrieved
14 March
2025
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
"Enquesta d'usos lingüístics a la Catalunya del Nord"
(PDF)
. 2015.
"Els usos lingüístics a l'Alguer"
(PDF)
gencat.cat
(in Catalan). 2015
. Retrieved
14 March
2025
Enciclopèdia Catalana
, p. 630.
Feldhausen 2010
, p. 5.
Wheeler 2005 takes the same approach
Carbonell & Llisterri 1999
, p. 62.
Wheeler 2005
, pp. 37, 53–54.
Wheeler 2005
, p. 37.
Wheeler 2005
, p. 38.
Wheeler 2005
, p. 54.
Wheeler 2005
, pp. 53–55.
Carbonell & Llisterri 1999
, pp. 61–65.
Recasens & Espinosa 2005
, p. 20.
Recasens & Espinosa 2005
, p. 3.
Carbonell & Llisterri 1992
, p. 53.
Veny 2007
, p. 51.
Wheeler 2005
, p. 13.
Lloret 2004
, p. 278.
Wheeler 2005
, p. 10.
Hualde, José (1992).
Catalan
. Routledge. p. 368.
ISBN
978-0-415-05498-0
Recasens & Espinosa 2005
, p. 1.
Recasens, Fontdevila & Pallarès 1995
, p. 288.
Recasens & Espinosa 2007
, p. 145.
Recasens 1993
. Here Recasens labels these Catalan sounds as "laminoalveolars palatalitzades".
Recasens & Pallarès 2001
. Here the authors label these Catalan sounds as "laminal postalveolar".
Padgett 2009
, p. 432.
Wheeler 1979
See
Bonet, Eulàlia; Mascaró, Joan (1997). "On the Representation of Contrasting Rhotics". In Martínez-Gil, Fernando; Morales-Front, Alfonso (eds.).
Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages
. Georgetown University Press.
ISBN
978-0-87840-647-0
for more information.
Ferrater Soler 1977
, p. 630.
Hall 2001
, p. 19.
Feldhausen 2010
, p. 6.
Wheeler 2005
, p. 2.
Costa Carreras & Yates 2009
, p. 4.
Enciclopèdia Catalana
, pp. 634–635.
Costa Carreras & Yates 2009
, p. 5.
Dictamen de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià
Resolution of the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua concerning the principles and criteria for protecting the name and identity of Valencian
(PDF)
(in Valencian),
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
, 2005, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 23 September 2015
Wheeler 2005
, pp. 2–3.
Wheeler 2005
, pp. 53–54.
Wheeler 2005
, p. 53.
Carbonell & Llisterri 1999
, pp. 54–55.
Recasens 1996
, pp. 75–76, 128–129.
Melchor & Branchadell 2002
, p. 71.
Moll, Francesc de B. (1968).
Gramática catalana; referida especialment a les Illes Balears
. Palma de Mallorca: Editorial Moll.
ISBN
84-273-0044-1
OCLC
2108762
Wheeler 2003
, p. 170.
Law No. 482 of 15 December 1999. "Rules on the protection of historical linguistic minorities". Article 2. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297. 20 December 1999
Decreto 89/2011, de 5 de abril, del Gobierno de Aragón, por el que se aprueban los
Estatutos de la Academia Aragonesa del Catalán.
BOA núm. 77, de 18 de abril de 2011
Archived
12 April 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
Ley 10/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragón
BOE núm. 30, de 4 de febrero de 2010.
Archived
12 April 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
Original full text of Dictamen 1:
D'acord amb les aportacions més solvents de la romanística acumulades des del segle XIX fins a l'actualitat (estudis de gramàtica històrica, de dialectologia, de sintaxi, de lexicografia…), la llengua pròpia i històrica dels valencians, des del punt de vista de la filologia, és també la que compartixen les comunitats autònomes de Catalunya i de les Illes Balears i el Principat d'Andorra. Així mateix és la llengua històrica i pròpia d'altres territoris de l'antiga Corona d'Aragó (la franja oriental aragonesa, la ciutat sarda de l'Alguer i el departament francés dels Pirineus Orientals). Els diferents parlars de tots estos territoris constituïxen una llengua, és a dir, un mateix «sistema lingüístic», segons la terminologia del primer estructuralisme (annex 1) represa en el Dictamen del Consell Valencià de Cultura, que figura com a preàmbul de la Llei de Creació de l'AVL. Dins d'eixe conjunt de parlars, el valencià té la mateixa jerarquia i dignitat que qualsevol altra modalitat territorial del sistema lingüístic, i presenta unes característiques pròpies que l'AVL preservarà i potenciarà d'acord amb la tradició lexicogràfica i literària pròpia, la realitat lingüística valenciana i la normativització consolidada a partir de les Normes de Castelló.
"Casi el 65% de los valencianos opina que su lengua es distinta al catalán, según una encuesta del CIS"
[Almost 65% of Valencians believe that their language is different from Catalan, according to a CIS survey].
La Vanguardia
(in Spanish). Europa Press. 9 December 2004.
Archived
from the original on 27 July 2020
. Retrieved
8 March
2020
Joan i Marí, Bernat (26 November 2020).
"Llengua catalana: unitat i fragmentació"
Diari de Girona
(in Catalan)
. Retrieved
11 July
2025
La majoria dels valencianoparlants consideren que el valencià i el català són la mateixa llengua. No així, per cert, els no valencianoparlants (incloent-hi els «coents», és a dir els valencians que parlen només espanyol.
[Most speakers of Valencian Catalan consider Valencian and Catalan to be the same language. Not so, it's true, when it comes to non-speakers of Valencian (including what are called «coents», that is, Valencians who only speak Spanish.]
"Llistat dels Acadèmics de número"
[List of RACV academics].
Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana
(in Valencian). Archived from
the original
on 14 December 2016.
Isabel i Vilar, Ferran (30 October 2004).
"Traducció única de la Constitució europea"
[Unique translation of the European Constitution].
I-Zefir
(in Valencian).
Archived
from the original on 9 June 2011
. Retrieved
29 April
2009
Enciclopèdia Catalana
, p. 631.
Wheeler 2005
, p. 6.
Carreras, Joan Costa, ed. (2009).
The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected writings
. Translated by Yates, Alan. John Benjamins Publishing.
ISBN
978-9027289247
Wheeler 2005
, p. 7.
Swan 2001
, pp. 97–98.
Enciclopèdia Catalana
, pp. 630–631.
Fabra 1926
, pp. 29–30.
Fabra 1926
, p. 42.
Archaic in most dialects.
Fabra 1926
, pp. 70–71.
"Catalan"
World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) Online
Archived
from the original on 12 December 2019
. Retrieved
14 March
2020
Wheeler, Yates & Dols 1999
Wheeler 2005
, p. 8.
article 19.1 of Law 1/1998 stipulates that "the citizens of Catalonia have the right to use the proper regulation of their Catalan names and surnames and to introduce the conjunction between surnames"
Swan 2001
, p. 112.
Works cited
edit
Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià
(in Catalan), Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, 9 February 2005,
archived
from the original on 5 March 2009
, retrieved
21 September
2013
Bonet, Eulàlia; Mascaró, Joan (1997). "On the Representation of Contrasting Rhotics". In Martínez-Gil, Fernando; Morales-Front, Alfonso (eds.).
Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages
. Georgetown University Press.
ISBN
978-0-87840-647-0
Britton, A. Scott (2011).
Catalan Dictionary & Phrasebook
. New York: Hippocrene Books.
ISBN
978-0-7818-1258-0
Bruguera, Jordi (2008). "Historia interna del catalán: léxico, formación de palabras y fraseología". In Ernst, Gerhard (ed.).
Romanische Sprachgeschichte
. Vol. 3. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp.
3045–
3055.
Burke, Ulrik Ralph (1900).
A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic
. Longmans, Green, and Co. p.
154
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992). "Catalan".
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
22
1–
2): 53.
doi
10.1017/S0025100300004618
S2CID
249411809
Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1999). "Catalan".
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
61–
65.
ISBN
0-521-63751-1
Collins English Dictionary
. HarperCollins Publishers. 1991.
ISBN
0-00-433286-5
Colón, Germà (1993).
El lèxic català dins la Romània. Biblioteca Lingüística Catalana
. Valencia: Universitat de València.
ISBN
84-370-1327-5
Costa Carreras, Joan; Yates, Alan (2009).
The Architect of Modern Catalan: Selected Writings/Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948)
. Instutut d'Estudis Catalans & Universitat Pompeu Fabra & Jonh Benjamins B.V. pp.
6–
7.
ISBN
978-90-272-3264-9
Fabra, Pompeu (1926).
Gramàtica Catalana
(in Catalan) (4th ed.). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans.
Archived
from the original on 27 April 2024
. Retrieved
5 November
2020
Feldhausen, Ingo (2010).
Sentential Form and Prosodic Structure of Catalan
. John Benjamins B.V.
ISBN
978-90-272-5551-8
Archived
from the original on 27 April 2024
. Retrieved
5 November
2020
Ferrater; et al. (1973). "Català".
Enciclopèdia Catalana Volum 4
(in Catalan) (1977, corrected ed.). Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana. pp.
628–
639.
ISBN
84-85-194-04-7
Ferrater Soler, Gabriel
; et al. (1977) [1973],
"Català"
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana
Great Catalan Encyclopaedia
] (in Catalan), vol. 4 (corrected ed.), Barcelona, pp.
628–
639,
ISBN
84-85-194-04-7
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
Gallego, Rosa; Sanz, Juan Carlos (2001).
Diccionario Akal del color
(in Spanish). Akal.
ISBN
978-84-460-1083-8
García Venero, Maximiano (7 July 2006).
Historia del nacionalismo catalán: 2a edición
. Ed. Nacional.
Archived
from the original on 25 April 2024
. Retrieved
25 April
2010
Gove, Philip Babcock
, ed. (1993).
Webster's Third New International Dictionary
. Merriam-Webster, Inc.
ISBN
3-8290-5292-8
Grau Mateu, Josep (2015).
"El català, llengua de govern: la política lingüística de la Mancomunitat de Catalunya (1914–1924)"
Revista de Llengua I Dret
. Revista de llengua i dret, 64:
86–
101.
Archived
from the original on 9 June 2019
. Retrieved
9 June
2019
Guinot, Enric (1999).
Els fundadors del Regne de València: replobament, antroponímia i llengua a la València medieval
. Valencia: Tres i Quatre.
ISBN
8475025919
Hall, Jacqueline (2001),
Convivència
in Catalonia: Languages Living Together
, Barcelona: Fundació Jaume Bofill
Hualde, José (1992).
Catalan
. Routledge. p. 368.
ISBN
978-0-415-05498-0
Jud, Jakob (1925).
Problèmes de géographie linguistique romane
(in French). Paris: Revue de Linguistique Romane. pp.
181–
182.
Koryakov, Yuri (2001).
Atlas of Romance languages
. Moscow.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
Lledó, Miquel Àngel (2011).
"26. The Independent Standardization of Valencia: From Official Use to Underground Resistance"
Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity : The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2)
. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
336–
348.
ISBN
978-0-19-539245-6
Archived
from the original on 27 April 2024
. Retrieved
5 November
2020
Lloret, Maria-Rosa (2004). "The Phonological Role of Paradigms: The Case of Insular Catalan". In Auger, Julie; Clements, J. Clancy; Vance, Barbara (eds.).
Contemporary Approaches to Romance Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 33rd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages
. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 278.
Marfany, Marta (2002).
Els menorquins d'Algèria
(in Catalan). Barcelona: Abadia de Montserrat.
ISBN
84-8415-366-5
Melchor, Vicent de; Branchadell, Albert (2002).
El catalán: una lengua de Europa para compartir
(in Spanish). Bellaterra: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. p. 71.
ISBN
84-490-2299-1
Archived
from the original on 27 April 2024
. Retrieved
5 November
2020
Moll, Francesc de B. (2006) [1958].
Gramàtica Històrica Catalana
(in Catalan) (Catalan ed.). Universitat de València. p. 47.
ISBN
978-84-370-6412-3
Moran, Josep (1994).
Treballs de lingüística històrica catalana
(in Catalan). Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Monsterrat. pp.
55–
93.
ISBN
84-7826-568-6
Archived
from the original on 27 April 2024
. Retrieved
5 November
2020
Moran, Josep (2004).
Estudis d'història de la llengua catalana
(in Catalan). Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp.
37–
38.
ISBN
84-8415-672-9
Archived
from the original on 25 April 2024
. Retrieved
5 November
2020
Padgett, Jaye (December 2009).
"Systemic Contrast and Catalan Rhotics"
The Linguistic Review
26
(4): 431–.
doi
10.1515/tlir.2009.016
S2CID
15197551
Archived
from the original on 27 July 2020
. Retrieved
17 March
2020
Recasens, Daniel (1993). "Fonètica i Fonologia".
Enciclopèdia Catalana
Recasens, Daniel; Fontdevila, Jordi; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (1995). "Velarization Degree and Coarticulatory Resistance for /l/ in Catalan and German".
Journal of Phonetics
23
(1): 288.
doi
10.1016/S0095-4470(95)80031-X
Recasens, Daniel (1996).
Fonètica descriptiva del català: assaig de caracterització de la pronúncia del vocalisme i el consonantisme català al segle XX
(2nd ed.). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. pp.
75–
76,
128–
129.
ISBN
9788472833128
Recasens, Daniel; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (2001).
De la fonètica a la fonologia: les consonants i assimilacions consonàntiques del català
. Barcelona: Editorial Ariel.
ISBN
978-84-344-2884-3
Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005). "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects".
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
35
(1): 1, 20.
doi
10.1017/S0025100305001878
S2CID
14140079
Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2007). "An Electropalatographic and Acoustic Study of Affricates and Fricatives in Two Catalan Dialects".
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
37
(2): 145.
doi
10.1017/S0025100306002829
S2CID
14275190
Riquer, Martí de (1964). "Vol.1".
Història de la Literatura Catalana
(in Catalan). Barcelona: Ariel.
Russell-Gebbett, Paul
, ed. (1965).
Mediaeval Catalan Linguistic Texts
. Dolphin Book Co. Ltd., Oxford.
Archived
from the original on 27 April 2024
. Retrieved
5 November
2020
Schlösser, Rainer (2005).
Die romanischen Sprachen
. Munich: C.H. Beck.
Swan, Michael (2001).
Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems, Volume 1
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-77939-5
Thomas, Earl W. (1962). "The Resurgence of Catalan".
Hispania
45
(1):
43–
48.
doi
10.2307/337523
JSTOR
337523
Wheeler, Max W. (1979).
Phonology of Catalan
. Oxford: Blackwell.
ISBN
978-0-631-11621-9
Wheeler, Max; Yates, Alan; Dols, Nicolau (1999).
Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar
. London: Routledge.
Wheeler, Max (2003). "5. Catalan".
The Romance Languages
. London: Routledge. pp.
170–
208.
ISBN
0-415-16417-6
Wheeler, Max (2005).
The Phonology of Catalan
. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.
54
ISBN
978-0-19-925814-7
Wheeler, Max (2006).
Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
Wheeler, Max (2010). "Catalan".
Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
. Oxford: Elsevier. pp.
188–
192.
ISBN
978-0-08-087774-7
Archived
from the original on 24 March 2023
. Retrieved
5 November
2020
Veny, Joan (1997).
"greuges de Guitard isarn, Senyor de Caboet (1080–1095)"
Homenatge a Arthur Terry
. Barcelona: Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. pp.
9–
18.
ISBN
84-7826-894-4
Archived
from the original on 25 April 2024
. Retrieved
5 November
2020
Veny, Joan (2007).
Petit Atles lingüístic del domini català
. Vol. 1 & 2. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 51.
ISBN
978-84-7283-942-7
External links
edit
Institutions
Consorci per a la Normalització Lingüística
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
(IEC)
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
(AVL)
About the Catalan/Valencian language
Gramàtica de la Llengua Catalana
(Catalan grammar), from the
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
Gramàtica Normativa Valenciana
(Valencian grammar).
Archived
1 November 2020 at the
Wayback Machine
, from the
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
Apunts de llengua
, learning program by À Punt
llengua.gencat.cat
, by the Government of Catalonia
verbs.cat
(Catalan verb conjugations with online trainers)
LEXDIALGRAM
(online portal of 19th-century dialectal lexicographical and grammatical works of Catalan hosted by the University of Barcelona)
Monolingual dictionaries
DIEC2
, from the
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
Diccionari Normatiu Valencià
(DNV)
, from the
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana
Archived
18 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive, from Enciclopèdia Catalana
Diccionari Català-Valencià-Balear
d'Alcover i Moll.
Archived
26 August 2004 at the
Wayback Machine
, from the
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
Diccionari Invers de la Llengua Catalana
(Dictionary of Catalan words spelled backward)
trobat.com
(online Valencian dictionary)
Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries
Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana Multilingüe
Archived
31 May 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
(Catalan ↔ English, French, German and Spanish), from Enciclopèdia Catalana
Automated translation systems
Traductor
automated, online translations of text and web pages (Catalan ↔ English, French and Spanish), from gencat.cat by the Government of Catalonia
Learning resources
Catalan Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
, from Wiktionary's
Swadesh-list appendix
Catalan-language online encyclopedia
Enciclopèdia Catalana
Catalan language
at Wikipedia's
sister projects
Definitions
from Wiktionary
Media
from Commons
Textbooks
from Wikibooks
Phrasebook
from Wikivoyage
Catalan edition
of Wikipedia
Data
from Wikidata
Articles related to Catalan language
Linguistics
Romance languages
classification
Major branches
Eastern
Italo-Western
Italo-Dalmatian
Western
Southern
Eastern
Aromanian
Istro-Romanian
Megleno-Romanian
Daco-Romanian
dialects
Banat
Bukovinian
Crișana
Maramureș
Moldavian
Oltenian
Transylvanian
Wallachian
Italo-
Dalmatian
Central
Central Italian
Central Marchigiano
Ancona
Fabriano
Macerata
Central−Northern Latian
Romanesco
Sabino
Corsican
Gallurese
Italian
Italo-Australian
Maltese Italian
Regional Italian
Swiss Italian
Sassarese
Tuscan
Florentine
Southern
Extreme Southern Italian
Central−Southern Calabrian
Salentino
Manduriano
Sicilian
Pantesco
Neapolitan–Calabrese
Neapolitan
Barese
Benevento
Castelmezzano
Cilentan
Irpinian
Arianese
Molisan
Southern Latian
Tarantino
Vastese
Northern Calabrian
Others
Dalmatian Romance
Dalmatian
Istriot
Judeo-Italian
Western
Gallo-Italic
Emilian–Romagnol
Emilian
Bolognese
Ferrarese
Judeo-Mantuan
Parmigiano
Gallo-Picene
Romagnol
Forlivese
Old Romagnol
Sammarinese
Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
Gallo-Italic of Sicily
Ligurian
Brigasc
Genoese
Intemelio
Monégasque
Royasc
Tabarchino
Judeo-Italian
Lombard
Eastern
Bergamasque
Cremish
Old Lombard
Western
Brianzöö
Canzés
Bustocco–Legnanese
Legnanese
Comasco–Lecchese
Comasco
Laghée
Lecchese
Vallassinese
Milanese
Ossolano
Southwestern
Cremunés
Novarese
Pavese
Ticinese
Varesino
Piedmontese
Judeo-Piedmontese
Gallo-
Romance
Langues
d'oïl
Angevin
Berrichon
Bourbonnais
Burgundian
Champenois
Frainc-Comtou
Gallo
French
Jersey Legal
Meridional
North American dialects
Canadian
Acadian
Chiac
St. Marys Bay French
Brayon
Newfoundland
Quebec
Joual
Magoua
Franco-Ontarian
Métis
Muskrat
New England
Frenchville
Louisiana
Missouri
Creoles
Lorrain
Welche
Moselle Romance
Norman
Anglo-Norman
Auregnais
Guernésiais
Jèrriais
Sercquiais
Law French
Augeron
Cauchois
Cotentinais
Orléanais
Picard
Poitevin–Saintongeais
Poitevin
Saintongeais
Walloon
Wisconsin Walloon
Fraco-Provençal/Arpitan
Faetar–Cigliàje
Mâconês
Savoyard
Valdôtain
Vâlsoanin
Old Gallo-Romance
Ibero-
Romance
West
Iberian
Asturo–Portuguese
Asturleonese
Asturian
Eastern
Western
Cantabrian
Extremaduran
Leonese
Bercian
Paḷḷuezu
Palra
Riberan
Riunorese
Mirandese
Old Leonese
Galician–
Portuguese
Fala
Galician
Eonavian
Portuguese
dialects
African
Angolan
Asian
Brazilian
Amazofonia
Caipira
Florianopolitan
Gaúcho
Mineiro
Northeastern
Paulistano
European
Alentejan
Oliventine
Estremenho
Minderico
Northern
Uruguayan
Creoles
Portugis
Papiamento
Judeo-Portuguese
Castilian
Judeo-Spanish
Haketia
Tetuani
Spanish
dialects
Equatoguinean
Latin American
Argentinian
Bolivian
Chilean
Chilote
Colombian
Ecuadorian
Mexican
Paraguayan
Peruvian
Peruvian Ribereño
Rioplatense
Uruguayan
Venezuelan
Peninsular
Andalusian
Llanito
Castilian
Castrapo
Castúo
Murcian
Philippine
Saharan
Creoles
Old Spanish
Pyrenean–Mozarabic
Mozarabian
Navarro-Aragonese
Aragonese
Central
Eastern
Ribagorçan
Benasquese
Judeo-Aragonese
Southern
Somontanés
Navalese
Western
Aisinian
Ansó
Aragüés
Hecho
Community of Villages Aragonese
Ebro Valley Aragonese
Navarrese
Old Riojan
Valencian Aragonese
Others
Barranquenho
(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
Caló
(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
Occitano-
Romance
Catalan
dialects
Eastern
Algherese
Balearic
Menorcan
Central
Northern
Judeo-Catalan
Patuet
Western
Ribagorçan
Valencian
Occitan
Auvergnat
Gascon
Aranese
Béarnese
Aas whistled
Landese
Judeo-Gascon
Judeo-Provençal
Languedocien
Limousin
Provençal
Niçard
Vivaro-Alpine
Gardiol
Mentonasc
Old Occitan
Old Catalan
Rhaeto-
Romance
Friulian
Fornes
Ladin
Cadorino
Nones
Romansh
Jauer
Putèr
Surmiran
Sursilvan
Tuatschin
Sutsilvan
Vallader
Others
Franco-Italian
Mediterranean Lingua Franca
(Western Romance-based pidgin)
Venetian
(unknown further classification)
Chipilo
Fiuman
Judeo-Venetian
Paduan
Talian
Triestine
Others
British Latin
Pannonian Latin
Southern Romance
African Romance
Sardinian
Campidanese
Logudorese
Dialects of Latin
Reconstructed
Proto-Romance
Proto-Eastern Romance
Italics
indicate
extinct languages
Bold
indicates
languages with more than 5 million speakers
Languages between parentheses are
varieties
of the language on their left.
Occitano-Romance languages and dialects
Arverno-Mediterranean
Auvergnat
Gardiol
Limousin
Provençal
(including
Niçard
Vivaro-Alpine
(including
Mentonasc
and Waldensian)
Central Occitan
Languedocien
(excepting
Southern Languedocien
Aquitano-Pyrenean
Catalan
dialects
Eastern Catalan
Algherese
Balearic
Central
Northern
Western Catalan
North-Western
Valencian
Gascon
including
Aranese
and
Béarnese
Aas whistled language
Southern Languedocien
Other varieties
Old Provençal
Judaeo-Provençal
Judeo-Gascon
Judaeo-Catalan
Catalan Caló
Catalan
Valencian
History
Literature
Geo-political distribution (
Països Catalans
Grammar
Pronunciation
Phonetic history
IPA guide
Spelling-to-sound charts
Orthography
Alphabet
Braille
Morpho-
syntax
Nouns
Personal pronouns
Verbs
Conjugation
Varieties
Central Catalan
Northern Catalan
(Roussillonese)
North-Western
Ribagorçan
Valencian
Northern
Central
Southern
Insular
Alguerese
Balearic
Ibizan
Majorcan
Minorcan
Catalan Caló
Judaeo-Catalan
Patuet
Organizations
Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
(AVL)
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
(IEC)
Institut
and
Fundació Ramon Llull
(IRL & FRL)
Geopolitical use
Languages of Spain
Official / national
Spanish
a.k.a. Castilian
Regional / minority
languages
Co-official
Basque
Catalan
Valencian
Galician
Occitan
Aranese
Recognised
Aragonese
Asturian
Leonese
Unrecognised
languages
Gomeran whistled language
Estremeñu
Fala
Cantabrian
Darija
Caló
Eonavian
Erromintxela
Roquetas Pidgin Spanish
Tarifit
Immigrant languages
Arabic
Bulgarian
Italian
French
German
Portuguese
Romanian
Russian
Ukrainian
Wu
, etc.
Standard forms
Spanish
Asturian
Basque
Catalan / Valencian
Galician
Sign languages
Spanish Sign Language
Catalan Sign Language
Valencian Sign Language
See also
Andalusian language movement
Languages of France
Official language
French
Meridional
Saint-Barthélemy
Regional languages
Alemannic German
Alsatian
Basque
Navarro-Lapurdian
Souletin
Berrichon
Breton
Trégorrois
Burgundian
Catalan
Northern Catalan
Champenois
Corsican
Frainc-Comtou
Franco-Provençal
Mâconês
Savoyard
Gallo
Ligurian
Brigasc
Intemelio
Royasc
Lorrain
Lorraine Franconian
Luxembourgish
Norman
Cauchois
Cotentinais
Occitan
Auvergnat
Gascon
Languedocien
Limousin
Marchois
Provençal
Niçard
Vivaro-Alpine
Mentonasc
Picard
Poitevin–Saintongeais
Poitevin
Saintongeais
Walloon
West Flemish
French Flemish
Overseas languages
Ajië
Antillean Creole
Drehu
Guianese Creole
Futunan
Kibushi
Nengone
Paicî
Réunion Creole
Shimaore
Tahitian
Wallisian
Xaracuu
Minority languages
Algerian Jewish Sign Language
Caló
Erromintxela
French Sign Language
Manuš Romani
Portuguese
Wenzhounese
Armenian
Yenish
Yiddish
See also
Guillemet
See also:
Language policy in France
Languages of Italy
Historical linguistic minorities
Albanian
Catalan
Croatian
French
Franco-Provençal
Friulian
German
Greek
Ladin
Occitan
Romani
Sardinian
Slovene
Italo-Romance
Italian
Regional Italian
Venetian
Venetian
Fiuman
Triestine
Tuscan
Florentine
Central Italian
Central-Northern Latian
Marchigiano
Marinese
Romanesco
Sabino
Intermediate Southern (Neapolitan)
Beneventano
Barese
Castelmezzanese
Cilentan
Cosentino
Irpinian
Arianese
Molisan
Southern Latian
Tarantino
Vastese
Extreme Southern
Central-Southern Calabrian
Salentino
Manduriano
Sicilian
Pantesco
Other Italo-Dalmatian
languages
Corsican
Gallurese
Sassarese
Sardinian
Sardinian
Campidanese
Logudorese
Occitano-Romance
Catalan
Algherese
Occitan
Vivaro-Alpine
Mentonasc
Niçard
Gardiol
Gallo-Romance
French
Aostan
Franco-Provençal
Faetar
Cellese
Valdôtain
Vâlsoanin
Gallo-Italic
Ligurian
Brigasc
Genoese
Intemelio
Monégasque
Royasc
Tabarchino
Lombard
Western Lombard
Brianzöö dialects
Canzés
Bustocco and Legnanese
Legnanese
Comasco-Lecchese dialects
Comasco
Laghée
Vallassinese
Lecchese
Milanese
Ticinese
Ossolano
Varesino
Southwestern Lombard
Pavese
Novarese
Cremunés
Spasell
Eastern Lombard
Bergamasque
Cremish
Emilian–Romagnol
Emilian
Bolognese
Parmigiano
Gallo-Picene
Romagnol
Forlivese
Other Gallo-Italic
languages
Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
Gallo-Italic of Sicily
Judeo-Italian
Judaeo-Piedmontese
Piedmontese
Rhaeto-Romance
Rhaeto-Romance
Friulian
Ladin
Cadorino
Fornes
Nones
Italy portal
Albanian
Arbëresh language
Arbëresh
Vaccarizzo Albanian
South Slavic
Slovenian
Brda
Gail Valley
Inner Carniolan
Istrian
Karst
Natisone Valley
Resian
Torre Valley
Serbo-Croatian
Croatian
Montenegrin
Slavomolisano
Triestine Serbian
Greek
Italiot Greek
Calabrian Greek
Griko
German
Bavarian
Cimbrian
Mòcheno
Southern Bavarian
South Tyrolean
Other German dialects
Austrian German
Walser
Yiddish
Others
Hebrew
Italian Hebrew
Italian Sign Language
Romani
Sinte Romani
Wenzhounese
Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist, but the major consensus among linguists is that in the dialectal landscape of northern Italy, Veneto dialects are clearly distinguished from Gallo-Italic dialects.
Languages of Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Vatican City
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies and
other entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
Other entities
European Union
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Authority control databases
International
GND
National
United States
France
BnF data
Czech Republic
Spain
Latvia
Israel
Other
Yale LUX
Retrieved from "
Categories
Catalan language
Subject–verb–object languages
Stress-timed languages
Occitano-Romance languages
Languages of Catalonia
Languages of Andorra
Languages of France
Languages of Sardinia
Endangered Romance languages
Vulnerable languages
Endangered languages of Europe
Hidden categories:
Pages using the Phonos extension
Articles containing French-language text
Language articles citing Ethnologue 25
CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)
CS1 Valencian-language sources (ca-valencia)
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es)
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Articles containing Portuguese-language text
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Articles containing Catalan-language text
CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown
Articles with short description
Short description is different from Wikidata
Wikipedia pending changes protected pages
Use dmy dates from November 2024
Articles containing Valencian-language text
Pages with Catalan IPA
Pages including recorded pronunciations
Pages with Valencian IPA
Language articles with Linguasphere code
Languages with ISO 639-2 code
Languages with ISO 639-1 code
Articles containing Latin-language text
Articles containing Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text
All articles with minor POV problems
Articles with minor POV problems from October 2023
Articles containing Occitan (post 1500)-language text
Articles containing Logudorese-language text
Articles containing Italian-language text
Articles containing Romanian-language text
Articles containing Asturian-language text
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2023
Pages with plain IPA
Articles needing additional references from January 2026
All articles needing additional references
All Wikipedia articles needing clarification
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014
Wikisource templates with missing id
Pages with interlinear glosses using more than three unnamed parameters
CS1 maint: location missing publisher
CS1: long volume value
Webarchive template other archives
Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch
Catalan language
Add topic