Chile - Wikipedia

Chile - Wikipedia
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Coordinates
34°S
71°W
 / 
34°S 71°W
 /
-34; -71
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Country in South America
This article is about the country. For other uses, see
Chile (disambiguation)
Not to be confused with
Chiel
Republic of Chile
República de Chile
Flag
Coat of arms
Motto:
Por la razón o la fuerza
("By reason or by force")
Anthem:
Himno Nacional de Chile
("National Anthem of Chile")
Chilean territory in dark green;
claimed but uncontrolled territory
in light green
Capital
and largest city
Santiago
33°26′S
70°40′W
 / 
33.433°S 70.667°W
 /
-33.433; -70.667
National language
Spanish
Other spoken languages
Aymara
Kawésqar
Mapudungun
Quechua
Rapa Nui
Religion
(2024)
70%
Christianity
54%
Catholicism
16%
Protestantism
26%
no religion
4%
other
Demonym
Chilean
Government
Unitary
presidential republic
President
José Antonio Kast
President of the Senate
Paulina Núñez
President of the Chamber of Deputies
Jorge Alessandri
President of Supreme Court
Gloria Ana Chevesich
Legislature
National Congress
Upper house
Senate
Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
Independence
from
Spain
Government Junta
18 September 1810
Declared
12 February 1818
• Recognized
25 April 1844
Current constitution
11 March 1981
Area
• Total
756,101.96
km
(291,932.60 sq mi)
37th
• Water (%)
2.1 (as of 2015)
Population
• 2023 estimate
19,629,588
63rd
• Density
24/km
(62.2/sq mi) (
198th
GDP
PPP
2026 estimate
• Total
$752.358 billion
43rd
• Per capita
$37,336
64th
GDP
(nominal)
2026 estimate
• Total
$407.850 billion
43rd
• Per capita
$20,240
64th
Gini
(2024)
43.0
medium inequality
HDI
(2023)
0.878
very high
45th
Currency
Chilean peso
CLP
Time zone
UTC
−3, −4, −6
CLST, CLT, EAST
• Summer (
DST
UTC
−3, −5
CLST, EASST
Magallanes and the Chilean Antarctica, and Aysén Region observes UTC−3 year-round.
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy
Calling code
+56
ISO 3166 code
CL
Internet TLD
.cl
Legislature
is based in
Valparaíso
Includes Easter Island and
Isla Salas y Gómez
; does not include 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of territory claimed in Antarctica.
Chile
officially the
Republic of Chile
is a country in western
South America
. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to
Antarctica
, extending along a narrow strip of land between the
Andes Mountains
and the
Pacific Ocean
. According to the 2024 census, Chile had an enumerated population of 18.5 million. The country covers a territorial area of 756,102 square kilometers (291,933 sq mi),
10
sharing borders with
Peru
to the north,
Bolivia
to the northeast,
Argentina
to the east, and the
Drake Passage
to the south. It also administers several Pacific islands, including
Juan Fernández
Isla Salas y Gómez
Desventuradas
, and
Easter Island
, and claims about 1,250,000 square kilometers (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica as the
Chilean Antarctic Territory
nb 2
The capital and largest city is
Santiago
, and the official and national language is
Spanish
Spain conquered and colonized
the region in the mid-16th century, replacing
Inca rule
; however, they
failed to conquer
the autonomous tribal
Mapuche people
who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile emerged as a relatively stable authoritarian republic in the 1830s after its 1818
declaration of independence
from
Spain
. During the 19th century, Chile experienced significant economic and territorial growth,
putting an end to Mapuche resistance
in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the
War of the Pacific
(1879–83) by defeating Peru and Bolivia.
In the 20th century, until the 1970s, Chile underwent a process of
democratization
11
12
and experienced rapid population growth and
urbanization
13
while relying increasingly on exports from
copper mining
to support
its economy
14
15
During the 1960s and 1970s, the country was marked by severe left-right
political polarization
and turmoil, which culminated in the
11 September 1973 coup d'état
that overthrew
Salvador Allende
's democratically elected
left-wing government
, with support from the
United States
. This was followed by a
16-and-a-half-year right-wing military dictatorship
led by
Augusto Pinochet
, during which the
1980 Constitution
was enacted,
16
along with numerous political and economic reforms,
17
and which was marked by widespread
human rights
violations, including more than
3,000 deaths and disappearances
18
The regime ended in 1990, following a
referendum in 1988
, and was succeeded by a
center-left coalition
, which ruled until 2010.
Chile is a
high-income economy
and is one of the most economically and socially stable nations in South America.
19
Chile also performs well in the region in terms of
sustainability of the state
and democratic development.
20
Chile is a founding member of the
United Nations
, the
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States
(CELAC), and the
Pacific Alliance
, and joined the
OECD
in 2010.
Etymology
There are various theories about the origin of the word
Chile
. According to 17th-century Spanish chronicler
Diego de Rosales
21
the
Incas
called the valley of the
Aconcagua
Chili
by corruption of the name of a
Picunche
tribal chief
cacique
) called
Tili
, who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest in the 15th century.
22
23
Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the
Casma Valley
in Peru, where there was a town and valley named
Chili
23
Other theories say Chile may derive its name from a
Native American
word meaning either 'ends of the earth' or 'sea gulls';
24
from the Mapuche word
chilli
, which may mean 'where the land ends'"
25
or from the
Quechua
chiri
26
'cold',
27
or
tchili
, meaning either 'snow'
27
28
or "the deepest point of the Earth".
29
Another origin attributed to
chilli
is the onomatopoeic
cheele-cheele
—the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a bird locally known as
trile
25
30
The Spanish
conquistadors
heard about this name from the Incas, and the few survivors of
Diego de Almagro
's first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535–36 called themselves the "men of Chilli".
25
Ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name
Chile
, after naming the
Mapocho
valley as such.
23
The older spelling "Chili" was in use in English until the early 20th century before switching to "Chile".
31
History
Main article:
History of Chile
Early history
See also:
Prehispanic history of Chile
and
Origin of the Mapuche
The
Chinchorro mummies
, the oldest of which are from around 5050 BCE
Stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the
Monte Verde
valley area as long as 18,500 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, migrating
Indigenous peoples
settled in fertile valleys and coastal areas of what is present-day Chile. Settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde,
Cueva del Milodón
and the
Pali-Aike Crater
's
lava tube
32
The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the
Mapuche
(or Araucanians as they were known by the Spaniards) successfully resisted many attempts by the
Inca Empire
to subjugate them, despite their lack of state organization.
33
They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army. The result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the
Battle of the Maule
was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the
Maule river
34
Mapuche
The Mapuche are the largest Indigenous group in South America, with a population of nearly two million, primarily residing in the Central Valley of Chile, with a smaller population in Argentina. They were referred to by Spanish colonizers as Araucanians and historically they were considered one of the three main groups, the Picunche, the Mapuche, and the Huiliche, which today all identify as Mapuche. Before European contact, Mapuche society consisted mainly of scattered farming villages which were primarily led by a chief whose authority was limited to his own village. The Mapuche are notable for their long and determined resistance to foreign domination resisting both the Incan empire and Spanish colonial forces. During the 16th century, the Mapuche reorganized made alliances, and formed a resistance against the Spanish and later Chilean expansion. They maintained a level of autonomy until the late 19th century when Chile subdued their territory. Despite colonization and loss, the Mapuche have retained many aspects of their culture, identity, and tradition to this day.
35
Spanish colonization
Main articles:
Conquest of Chile
and
Colonial Chile
Spain's
Kingdom of Chile
in 1775 according to Chilean historiography. The next year the
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
was created and the territories of the cities of
Mendoza
and
San Juan
got transferred to the new entity.
36
37
38
39
In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the globe,
Ferdinand Magellan
discovered the southern passage now named after him (the
Strait of Magellan
) thus becoming the first European to set foot on what is now Chile. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of
Spanish conquistadors
, who came from
Peru
in 1535 seeking gold. The Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through
slash-and-burn
agriculture and hunting.
34
The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by
Pedro de Valdivia
, one of
Francisco Pizarro
's lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the
Spanish Empire
34
Conquest took place gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks. A massive
Mapuche
insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of
slavery
by the Spanish crown in 1683 was done in recognition that enslaving the Mapuche intensified resistance rather than cowing them into submission. Despite royal prohibitions, relations remained strained from continual colonialist interference.
40
verification needed
Cut off to the north by desert, to the south by the Mapuche, to the east by the Andes Mountains, and to the west by the ocean, Chile became one of the most centralized, homogeneous territories in Spanish America. Serving as a sort of frontier
garrison
, the colony found itself with the mission of forestalling encroachment by both the Mapuche and Spain's European enemies, especially the
and the
Dutch
Buccaneers
and
pirates
menaced the colony in addition to the Mapuche, as was shown by
Sir Francis Drake
's 1578 raid on Valparaíso, the colony's principal port. Chile hosted one of the largest standing armies in the Americas, making it one of the most militarized of the Spanish possessions, as well as a
drain on the treasury of the Viceroyalty of Peru
25
Pedro Lira
's 1888 painting of the founding of
Santiago
by
Pedro de Valdivia
at
Huelén Hill
The first general census was conducted by the government of
Agustín de Jáuregui
between 1777 and 1778; it indicated that the population consisted of 259,646 inhabitants: 73.5% of
European descent
, 7.9%
mestizos
, 8.6%
indigenous peoples
and 9.8% blacks. Francisco Hurtado, Governor of the province of
Chiloé
, conducted a census in 1784 and found the population consisted of 26,703 inhabitants, 64.4% of whom were whites and 33.5% of whom were natives. The Diocese of
Concepción
conducted a census in areas south of the
Maule river
in 1812, but did not include the indigenous population or the inhabitants of the province of Chiloé. The population was estimated at 210,567, 86.1% of whom were
Spanish
or of European descent, 10% of whom were indigenous and 3.7% of whom were mestizos, blacks and
mulattos
41
A 2021 study by
Baten
and Llorca-Jaña shows that regions with a relatively high share of North European migrants developed faster in terms of
numeracy
, even if the overall number of migrants was small. This effect might be related to
externalities
: the surrounding population adopted a similar behavior as the small non-European immigrant group, and new schools were created. Ironically, there might have been positive
spillover effects
from the educational investment made by migrants, at the same time numeracy might have been reduced by the greater inequality in these regions. However, the positive effects of immigration were apparently stronger.
42
Independence and nation building
See also:
Chilean War of Independence
War of the Pacific
, and
Argentine–Chilean naval arms race
Generals
José de San Martín
(left) and
Bernardo O'Higgins
(right) during the
crossing of the Andes
In 1808,
Napoleon
's enthronement of his brother
Joseph
as the
Spanish King
precipitated the drive by Chile for
independence from Spain
. A national
junta
in the name of
Ferdinand
– heir to the deposed king – was formed on 18 September 1810. The
Government Junta of Chile
proclaimed an autonomous government for Chile within the Spanish monarchy (in memory of this day, Chile celebrates its
National Day
on 18 September each year).
After these events, a movement for total independence, under the command of
José Miguel Carrera
(one of the most renowned patriots) and his two brothers Juan José and
Luis Carrera
, soon gained a wider following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the
Reconquista
led to a prolonged struggle, including infighting from
Bernardo O'Higgins
, who challenged Carrera's leadership.
Intermittent warfare continued until 1817. With Carrera in prison in Argentina, O'Higgins and anti-Carrera cohort
José de San Martín
, hero of the
Argentine War of Independence
, led
an army
that
crossed the Andes
into Chile and defeated the royalists. On 12 February 1818,
Chile was proclaimed an independent republic
. The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th-century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the
Roman Catholic Church
. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained powerful.
34
Bernardo O'Higgins once planned to expand Chile by liberating the
Philippines
from Spain and incorporating the islands. In this regard he tasked the Scottish naval officer, Lord Thomas Cochrane, in a letter dated 12 November 1821, expressing his plan to conquer
Guayaquil
, the
Galapagos Islands
, and the
Philippines
. There were preparations, but the plan did not push through because O'Higgins was exiled.
43
The
Battle of Iquique
on 21 May 1879. The victory of Chile in the
War of the Pacific
allowed its expansion into new territories.
Chile slowly started to expand its influence and to establish its borders. By the Tantauco Treaty, the archipelago of
Chiloé
was incorporated in 1826. The economy began to boom due to the discovery of silver ore in Chañarcillo, and the growing trade of the port of Valparaíso, which led to conflict with Peru over maritime supremacy in the Pacific. At the same time, attempts were made to strengthen sovereignty in southern Chile intensifying
penetration into Araucanía
and
colonizing Llanquihue with German immigrants
in 1848. Through the founding of
Fort Bulnes
by the
Schooner Ancud
under the command of
John Williams Wilson
, the
Magallanes Region
started to be controlled by country in 1843
, while the
Antofagasta Region
, at the time in
dispute with Bolivia
, began to fill with people.
After the
Chilean Civil War of 1829–1830
in which the conservatives won, under the
Joaquín Prieto
Administration, the
Chilean Constitution of 1833
was written and put into effect with high influence from the triple minister
Diego Portales
. Two other civil wars happened in Chile in the 1850s, one in
1851
and the other one in
1859
Territorial losses of the Republic of Chile de jure (by law) according to Chilean historiography
44
Toward the end of the 19th century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by the
Occupation of Araucanía
. The
Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina
confirmed Chilean sovereignty over the
Strait of Magellan
but also made the country renounce its claims in the rest of East Patagonia after a
dispute that started in 1842
45
As a result of the
War of the Pacific
with Peru and Bolivia (1879–83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable
nitrate
deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. Chile had joined the stand as one of the high-income countries in South America by 1870.
46
On 9 September 1888, Chile took possession of
Easter Island
by the signing of a mutual will agreement with the local king, thanks to the efforts of the Bishop of Tahiti, Monsignor José María Verdier since the island was constantly attacked by slave merchants. The naval officer
Policarpo Toro
represented the Chilean Government and
Atamu Tekena
was the head of the Council of Rapanui. The Rapa Nui elders ceded sovereignty, without renouncing their titles as chiefs, the ownership of their lands, the validity of their culture and traditions on equal terms. The Rapa Nui sold nothing and were integrated in equal conditions into Chile.
47
The
1891 Chilean Civil War
brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a
parliamentary
style democracy. However, the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House of Edwards which had strong ties to foreign investors. Soon after, the country engaged in a
vastly expensive naval arms race
with
Argentina
amid escalating geopolitical competition and the
Puna de Atacama dispute
The
War of the Pacific
(1879–1883) against Peru and Bolivia resulted in Chile annexing resource-rich territory from both countries and further consolidating its status as a regional power. It subsequently emerged as a leading naval power in the Americas, even sending a ship to protest United States involvement in the
Panama crisis of 1885
. Chile potentially threatened U.S. hegemony in the Western Hemisphere, with the two countries almost going to war during the
Baltimore crisis
in 1891.
48
20th century
See also:
Parliamentary Era in Chile
1960 Valdivia earthquake
, and
South American dreadnought race
Chile's
Almirante Latorre
dreadnought
in 1921
The early 20th century saw Chile fully consolidate its territory and resolve long-running diplomatic and territorial disputes. Its current borders with Argentina were finalized
through British arbitration
in 1902 and a bilateral settlement of the
Puna de Atacama dispute
the following year. In 1904, Chile and Bolivia signed a
Treaty of Peace and Friendship
which clarified the border between both countries.
The Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling
oligarchy
. By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president,
Arturo Alessandri
, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. In the 1920s,
Marxist
groups with strong popular support arose.
34
A military coup led by General
Luis Altamirano
in 1924 set off a period of political instability that lasted until 1932. Of the ten governments that held power in that period, the longest lasting was that of General
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
, who briefly ruled as
de facto
dictator in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931. These authoritarian governments were comparatively less harsh and corrupt than counterparts elsewhere in Latin America.
49
50
By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period of
Radical Party
dominance (1932–52), the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez del Campo to office for another six years.
Jorge Alessandri
succeeded Ibáñez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term.
The
1964 presidential election
of
Christian Democrat
Eduardo Frei Montalva
by an
absolute majority
initiated a period of major reform. Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty", the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and
agrarian reform
, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals.
34
Salvador Allende
In the 1970 election, Senator
Salvador Allende
of the
Socialist Party of Chile
(then part of the "
Popular Unity
" coalition which included the Communists, Radicals, Social-Democrats, dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement, and the Independent Popular Action),
34
achieved a partial majority in a
plurality
of votes in a three-way contest, followed by candidates Radomiro Tomic for the Christian Democrat Party and Jorge Alessandri for the Conservative Party. Allende was not elected with an absolute majority, receiving fewer than 35% of the votes.
The
Chilean Congress
conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri, and, keeping with tradition, chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. Frei refused to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers' party and could not make common cause with the right wing.
51
52
An
economic depression
that began in 1972 was exacerbated by
capital flight
, plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits in response to Allende's socialist program. Production fell and unemployment rose. Allende adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms, to increase consumer spending and redistribute income downward.
53
Joint public-private
public works
projects helped reduce unemployment.
54
page needed
Much of the banking sector was
nationalized
. Many enterprises within the
copper
, coal, iron,
nitrate
, and steel industries were
expropriated
, nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Industrial output increased sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration's first year.
54
Allende's program included advancement of workers' interests,
54
55
replacing the judicial system with "socialist legality",
56
nationalization of banks and forcing others to bankruptcy,
56
and strengthening "popular militias" known as MIR.
56
Started under former President Frei, the Popular Unity platform also called for nationalization of Chile's major copper mines in the form of a constitutional amendment. The measure was passed unanimously by Congress. As a result,
57
the
Richard Nixon
administration
organized and inserted secret operatives
in Chile, in order to swiftly destabilize Allende's government.
58
In addition, US financial pressure restricted international economic credit to Chile.
59
The economic problems were also exacerbated by Allende's public spending, financed mostly through printing money, and by poor credit ratings given by commercial banks.
60
Simultaneously, opposition media, politicians, business guilds and other organizations helped to accelerate a campaign of domestic political and economical destabilization, some of which was backed by the United States.
59
61
By early 1973, inflation was out of control. On 26 May 1973, Chile's Supreme Court, which was opposed to Allende's government, unanimously denounced Allende's
disruption of the legality of the nation
. Although illegal under the Chilean constitution, the court supported and strengthened Pinochet's soon-to-be seizure of power.
56
62
Pinochet era (1973–1990)
Main articles:
Military government of Chile (1973–1990)
Miracle of Chile
, and
Beagle conflict
Fighter jets
bombing the Presidential Palace of
La Moneda
during the
Chilean coup of 1973
On 11 September 1973, a
military coup
overthrew Allende, who apparently committed suicide as the armed forces bombarded the
presidential palace
63
64
The degree to which
the United States was involved in the coup
remains debated; after Allende was overthrown, U.S. Secretary of State
Henry Kissinger
told
U.S. president
Richard Nixon
that the United States had "helped" the coup indirectly.
65
Historian Sebastián Hurtado contends there is no documentary evidence to support that the U.S. government was actively involved in the coordination and execution the coup; however, upon Allende's election in 1970, Kissinger had stated "I don't see why we need to stand by and watch a country go Communist due to the irresponsibility of its own people",
66
67
while Nixon had expressed that the Allende government should not be consolidated and acted decisively to destabilize his government.
67
68
A military junta, led by General
Augusto Pinochet
, took control of the country. His regime was marked by widespread
human rights violations
. Chile initiated and actively participated in
Operation Condor
, a U.S.-backed campaign to suppress leftists and their sympathizers.
69
In October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by the
Caravan of Death
70
According to the
Rettig Report
and
Valech Commission
, during the Pinochet regime's 15-year rule, at least 2,115 were killed,
71
and at least 27,265
72
were tortured (including 88 children younger than 12 years old);
72
many were detained, tortured, and executed at the national stadium. In 2011, Chile recognized an additional 9,800 victims, bringing the total number killed, tortured or imprisoned for political reasons to 40,018.
73
Among the victims was internationally known poet-singer
Víctor Jara
Augusto Pinochet
A new Constitution was approved by a controversial
plebiscite
on 11 September 1980, and General Pinochet became president of the republic for an eight-year term. After Pinochet obtained rule of the country, several hundred committed Chilean revolutionaries joined the
Sandinista
army in
Nicaragua
, guerrilla forces in
Argentina
or training camps in
Cuba
, Eastern Europe and Northern Africa.
74
In the late 1980s, largely as a result of events such as the 1982 economic collapse
75
and mass
civil resistance
in 1983–1988, the government gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly,
speech
, and association, to include trade union and political activity.
76
The government launched market-oriented reforms with
Hernán Büchi
as Minister of Finance. Chile moved toward a
free market economy
that saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the
copper
industry and other important mineral resources were not opened to competition. In a
plebiscite
on 5 October 1988, Pinochet was denied a second eight-year term as president (56% against 44%). Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a
bicameral
congress on 14 December 1989. Christian Democrat
Patricio Aylwin
, the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the
Concertación
, received an absolute majority of votes (55%).
77
President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.
21st century
See also:
2010 Chile earthquake
and
2019–20 Chilean protests
The first five presidents of Chile since its
Transition to democracy
(1990–2022), celebrating the
Bicentennial of Chile
In December 1993, Christian Democrat
Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
, the son of previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertación coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%).
78
Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist
Ricardo Lagos
, who won the presidency in an unprecedented
runoff election
against
Joaquín Lavín
of the rightist
Alliance for Chile
79
In January 2006, Chileans elected their first female president,
Michelle Bachelet Jeria
, of the Socialist Party, defeating
Sebastián Piñera
, of the
National Renewal
party, extending the
Concertación
governance for another four years.
80
81
In January 2010, Chileans
elected
Sebastián Piñera
as the first rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President
Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
of the
Concertación
, for a four-year term succeeding Bachelet. Due to term limits,
Sebastián Piñera
did not stand for re-election in 2013, and his term expired in March 2014 resulting in
Michelle Bachelet
returning to office.
82
Sebastián Piñera succeeded Bachelet again in 2018 as the
President of Chile
after winning the December 2017 presidential
election
83
84
On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8
earthquake
, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time. More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing
tsunami
) and over a million people lost their homes. The earthquake was also followed by multiple aftershocks.
85
Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15–30 billion, around 10% to 15% of Chile's real gross domestic product.
86
Chile achieved global recognition for the successful
rescue of 33 trapped miners
in 2010. On 5 August 2010, the access tunnel collapsed at the San José copper and gold mine in the
Atacama Desert
near
Copiapó
in northern Chile, trapping 33 men 700 meters (2,300 ft) below ground. A rescue effort organized by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later. All 33 men were brought to the surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the world.
87
View of the
2019–2022 Chilean protests
towards
Plaza Baquedano
Santiago
From
2019 to 2022
, Chile endured a series of nationwide protests in response to a rise in the
Santiago Metro
's subway fare, the increased
cost of living
privatization
, and
inequality
88
On 15 November, most of the political parties represented in the National Congress signed an agreement to call a
national referendum
in April 2020 regarding the creation of a new Constitution, later postponed to October due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
89
On 25 October 2020, Chileans voted 78.28 percent in favor of a new constitution, while 21.72 percent rejected the change; voter turnout was 51 percent. An
election
for the members of the
Constitutional Convention
was held in Chile between 15 and 16 May 2021;
90
the results saw a complete rearrangement of the political system established since the end of
Pinochet's dictatorship
in 1990, with various independent and leftist candidates performing strongly relative to conventional center-right and center-left parties.
On 19 December 2021, a leftist candidate, the 35-year-old former student protest leader
Gabriel Boric
, won Chile's presidential
election
to become the country's youngest leader.
91
On 11 March 2022, Boric was sworn in as president to succeed outgoing President Sebastian Piñera.
92
The majority of Boric's Cabinet—14 out of 24—were women, which was the first in the Western Hemisphere.
93
On 4 September 2022, voters rejected the new constitution proposal in the
constitutional referendum
, which was put forward by the left-leaning
Constitutional Convention
94
On 17 December 2023, voters rejected a second new constitution proposal in a new
constitutional referendum
, written by the conservative-led
Constitutional Council
95
96
97
On 14 December 2025, conservative candidate
José Antonio Kast
won Chile's presidential
election
decisively with more than 58% of the vote. This result was widely described as marking a shift to the right in Chilean politics. In Kast's first speech as the president elect he stated "Chile will once again be free from crime, free from anguish, free from fear".
98
99
On 11 March 2026, José Antonio Kast was sworn in as Chile’s president, meaning the most significant rightward shift in Chile since the return of democracy in 1990.
100
Geography
Main article:
Geography of Chile
See also:
Natural regions of Chile
and
Environmental issues in Chile
Norte Grande
Norte
Chico
Central
Zone
Southern
Zone
Austral Zone
Natural regions of Chile
A long and narrow coastal
Southern Cone
country on the west side of the
Andes Mountains
, Chile stretches over 4,300 km (2,670 mi) north to south, but only 350 km (217 mi) at its widest point east to west
101
and 64 km (40 mi) at its narrowest point east to west, with an average width of 175 km (109 mi). This encompasses a large variety of climates and landscapes. It contains 756,950 square kilometers (292,260 sq mi) of land area. It is situated within the
Pacific Ring of Fire
. Excluding its Pacific islands and Antarctic claim, Chile lies between latitudes
17°
and
56°S
, and longitudes
66°
and
75°W
Chile is among the longest north–south countries in the world. If one considers only mainland territory, Chile is unique within this group in its narrowness from east to west, with the other long north–south countries (including Brazil, Russia, Canada, and the United States, among others) all being wider from east to west by a factor of more than 10. Chile also claims 1,250,000 km
(480,000 sq mi) of
Antarctica
as part of its territory (
Chilean Antarctic Territory
). However, this latter claim is suspended under the terms of the
Antarctic Treaty
, of which Chile is a signatory.
102
It is the world's southernmost country that is geographically on the mainland.
103
Chile controls
Easter Island
and
Sala y Gómez
Island, the easternmost islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and the
Juan Fernández Islands
, more than 600 km (370 mi) from the mainland. Also controlled but only temporarily inhabited (by some local fishermen) are the small islands of
San Ambrosio and San Felix
. These islands are notable because they extend Chile's claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the Pacific Ocean.
104
The northern
Atacama Desert
contains great mineral wealth, primarily
copper
and
nitrates
. The relatively small Central Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area is also the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it integrated the northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border.
Early in 2026, news was released that Chile was preparing to create a national park at its southernmost tip in an environmental effort to protect endangered wildlife and unique ecosystems. Proposed as the Cape Froward National Park, the national park is located on the Brunswick Peninsula at the southern tip of the continent. It is proposed that the park would span roughly 150,000 hectares, including environment such as
forests
peatlands
glaciers
and also the coastline facing the
Strait of Magellan
105
. This came after
Rewilding Chile
, donated about 127,000 hectares of land to the Chilean government in November of 2025 with the condition that a national park would be created within two years.
Topography
Topographic map of Chile
Chile is located along a highly
seismic
and
volcanic
zone, part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, due to the subduction of the
Nazca
and Antarctic plates in the
South American Plate
. In the late
Paleozoic
, 251 million years ago, Chile belonged to the continental block called
Gondwana
. It was just a depression that accumulated marine sediments began to rise at the end of the Mesozoic, 66 million years ago, due to the collision between the Nazca Plate and South American Plate, resulting in the Andes. The territory would be shaped over millions of years by the folding of the rocks, forming the current relief.
The Chilean relief consists of the central depression, which crosses the country longitudinally, flanked by two mountain ranges that make up about 80% of the territory: the Andes Mountains to the east-natural border with
Bolivia
and
Argentina
in the
region of Atacama
and the
Coastal Range
west-minor height from the Andes. Chile's highest peak is the
Nevado Ojos del Salado
, at 6891.3 m, which is also the highest volcano in the world. The highest point of the Coastal Range is Vicuña Mackenna, at 3114 meters, located in the Sierra Vicuña Mackenna, the south of
Antofagasta
. Among the coastal mountains and the Pacific is a series of coastal plains, of variable length, which allow the settlement of coastal towns and big ports. Some areas of the plains territories encompass territory east of the Andes, and the Patagonian steppes and Magellan, or are high plateaus surrounded by high mountain ranges, such as the Altiplano or Puna de Atacama.
The
Far North
is the area between the northern boundary of the country and the
parallel
26° S, covering the first three regions. It is characterized by the presence of the
Atacama Desert
, the most arid in the world. The desert is fragmented by streams that originate in the area known as the
pampas Tamarugal
. The Andes, split in two and whose eastern arm runs through
Bolivia
, has a high altitude and volcanic activity, which has allowed the formation of the Andean altiplano and salt structures as the
Salar de Atacama
, due to the gradual accumulation of sediments over time.
To the south is the
Norte Chico
, extending to the
Aconcagua River
. Los Andes begin to decrease its altitude to the south and closer to the coast, reaching 90 km away at the height of
Illapel
, the narrowest part of the Chilean territory. The two mountain ranges intersect, virtually eliminating the intermediate depression. The existence of rivers flowing through the territory allows the formation of
transverse valleys
, where agriculture has developed strongly in recent times, while the
coastal plains
begin to expand.
Amalia Glacier
, located in
Bernardo O'Higgins National Park
The
Central
area is the most populated region of the country. The coastal plains are wide and allow the establishment of cities and ports along the Pacific. The Andes maintain altitudes above 6000m but descend slowly in height to 4000 meters on average. The intermediate depression reappears becoming a fertile valley that allows agricultural development and human settlement, due to sediment accumulation. To the south, the Cordillera de la Costa reappears in the
Cordillera de Nahuelbuta
while glacial sediments create a series of lakes in the area of
La Frontera
Patagonia extends from within Reloncavi, at the height of parallel 41°S, to the south. During the
last glaciation
, this area was covered by ice that strongly eroded Chilean relief structures. As a result, the intermediate depression sinks in the sea, while the coastal mountains rise to a series of archipelagos, such as
Chiloé
and the
Chonos
, disappearing in Taitao peninsula, in the parallel 47°S. The Andes mountain range loses height and erosion caused by the action of glaciers has caused
fjords
. East of the Andes, on the continent, or north of it, on the
island of Tierra del Fuego
are located relatively flat plains, which in the Strait of Magellan cover large areas. The Andes, as he had done previously Cordillera de la Costa, begins to break in the ocean causing a myriad of islands and islets and disappear into it, sinking and reappearing in the Southern Antilles arc and then the Antarctic Peninsula, where it is called Antartandes, in the Chilean Antarctic Territory, lying between the meridians 53°W and 90°W.
In the middle of the Pacific, the country has sovereignty over several islands of volcanic origin, collectively known as Insular Chile. The archipelago of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island is located in the fracture zone between the Nazca plate and the Pacific plate known as East Pacific Rise.
Climate and hydrography
Chile map of Köppen climate classification
Main article:
Climate of Chile
The diverse
climate of Chile
ranges from the world's driest desert in the north—the
Atacama Desert
—through a
Mediterranean climate
in the center,
tropical
in Easter Island,
106
to an
oceanic climate
, including
alpine tundra
and
glaciers
in the east and south.
18
According to the
Köppen system
, Chile within its borders hosts at least eighteen major climatic subtypes.
107
There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).
Due to the characteristics of the territory, Chile is crossed by numerous rivers generally short in length and with low flow rates. They commonly extend from the
Andes
to the Pacific Ocean, flowing from East to West. Because of the
Atacama desert
, in the Norte Grande there are only short
endorheic
character streams, except for the
Loa River
, the longest in the country 440 km.
108
In the high valleys, wetland areas generate
Chungará Lake
, located at 4500 meters above sea level. It and the
Lauca River
are shared with
Bolivia
, as well as the
Lluta River
. In the center-north of the country, the number of rivers that form valleys of agricultural importance increases. Noteworthy are the Elqui with 75 km
108
long, 142 km Aconcagua, Maipo with 250 km
108
and its tributary, the Mapocho with 110 km, and Maule with 240 km. Their waters mainly flow from Andean snowmelt in the summer and winter rains. The major lakes in this area are the artificial lake Rapel, the Colbun Maule lagoon and the lagoon of La Laja.
Climate change
is expected to alter the frequency and severity of various natural hazards in Chile, including wildfires, floods, landslides, droughts and rising sea levels. Key sectors vulnerable to climate change impacts include agriculture, fisheries, agriculture and water security.
109
Biodiversity
Main article:
Wildlife of Chile
Araucaria araucana
trees in Conguillío National Park
The flora and fauna of Chile are characterized by a high degree of endemism, due to its particular geography. In continental Chile, the
Atacama Desert
in the north and the
Andes mountains
to the east are barriers that have led to the isolation of flora and fauna. Add to that the enormous length of Chile (over 4,300 km (2,672 mi)) and this results in a wide range of climates and environments that can be divided into three general zones: the desert provinces of the north, central Chile, and the humid regions of the south.
The native flora of Chile consists of relatively fewer species compared to the flora of other South American countries. The northernmost coastal and central region is largely barren of vegetation, approaching the most absolute desert in the world.
110
On the slopes of the Andes, in addition to the scattered tola desert brush, grasses are found. The central valley is characterized by several species of cacti, the hardy
espinos
, the
Chilean pine
, the
southern beeches
and the
copihue
, a red bell-shaped flower that is Chile's national flower.
110
In southern Chile, south of the Biobío River, heavy precipitation has produced dense forests of laurels, magnolias, and various species of conifers and beeches, which become smaller and more stunted to the south.
111
The cold temperatures and winds of the extreme south preclude heavy forestation. Grassland is found in East
Magallanes Province
and northern
Tierra del Fuego
(in Patagonia). Much of the Chilean flora is distinct from that of neighboring Argentina, indicating that the Andean barrier existed during its formation.
111
Andean condor
Vultur gryphus
), the national bird of Chile
Some of Chile's flora has an Antarctic origin due to
land bridges
which formed during the Cretaceous ice ages, allowing plants to migrate from Antarctica to South America.
112
Chile had a 2018
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
mean score of 7.37/10, ranking it 43rd globally out of 172 countries.
113
Just over 3,000 species of fungi are recorded in Chile,
114
115
but this number is far from complete. The true total number of fungal species occurring in Chile is likely to be far higher, given the generally accepted estimate that only about 7 percent of all fungi worldwide have so far been discovered.
116
Although the amount of available information is still very small, a first effort has been made to estimate the number of fungal species endemic to Chile, and 1995 species have been tentatively identified as possible endemics of the country.
117
Chile's geographical isolation has restricted the immigration of faunal life so that only a few of the many distinctive South American animals are found. Among the larger mammals are the
puma
or cougar, the llama-like
guanaco
and the fox-like
chilla
. In the forest region, several types of marsupials and a small deer known as the
pudu
are found.
110
There are many species of small birds, but most of the larger common Latin American types are absent. Few freshwater fish are native, but North American trout have been successfully introduced into the Andean lakes.
110
Owing to the vicinity of the Humboldt Current, ocean waters abound with fish and other forms of marine life, which in turn support a rich variety of waterfowl, including several penguins. Whales are abundant, and some six species of seals are found in the area.
110
Government and politics
Main article:
Politics of Chile
See also:
Law of Chile
and
List of cities in Chile
José Antonio Kast
President
Claudio Alvarado
Minister of the Interior
The Colonial Neoclassical
Palacio de La Moneda
in
Santiago
, built between 1784 and 1805, is the seat of the President of Chile.
National Congress of Chile
in the port city of
Valparaíso
The
Palace of Justice
in
Santiago
The current
Constitution of Chile
was drafted by
Jaime Guzmán
in 1980
118
and subsequently approved via a national
plebiscite
—regarded as "highly irregular" by some observers
25
—in September of that year, under the military dictatorship of
Augusto Pinochet
. It entered into force in March 1981. After Pinochet's defeat in the
1988 plebiscite
, the constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President
Ricardo Lagos
signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and
senators for life
, granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years.
119
Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the
Supreme Court of Chile
. In June 2005, Chile completed a nationwide overhaul of its criminal justice system.
120
The reform has replaced inquisitorial proceedings with an adversarial system with greater similarity to that of common law jurisdictions such as the United States.
For parliamentary elections, between 1989 and 2013 the
binominal system
was used, which promoted the establishment of two majority political blocs -
Concertación
and
Alliance
- at the expense of the exclusion of non-majority political groups. The opponents of this system approved in 2015 a moderate
proportional electoral system
that has been in force since the 2017 parliamentary elections, allowing the entry of new parties and coalitions. The
Congress of Chile
has a 50-seat
Senate
and a 155-member
Chamber of Deputies
. Senators serve for eight years with staggered terms, while deputies are elected every 4 years. The last congressional elections were held on 21 November 2021, concurrently with the presidential election. The Congress is located in the port city of
Valparaíso
, about 140 kilometers (90 miles) west of the capital, Santiago.
The main existing political coalitions in Chile are:
Government
Apruebo Dignidad
Approve Dignity
) is a
left-wing
coalition that has its origin in the
2021 Chilean Constitutional Convention election
. After the success in that election, it held presidential primaries, in which
Gabriel Boric
CS
FA
) was the winner. It is formed by the coalition
Frente Amplio
Broad Front
) and the coalition
Chile Digno
Worthy Chile
) formed by the
Communist Party of Chile
and other left-wing parties.
Democratic Socialism
is a
center-left
coalition, successor of the
Constituent Unity
coalition, itself a successor of the
Concertation
coalition – which supported the "NO" option in the
1988 plebiscite
and subsequently governed the country from 1990 to 2010. This pact is formed by the
Socialist
for Democracy
Radical
, and
Liberal
parties.
Opposition:
Chile Vamos
Let's go Chile
) is a
center-right
coalition with roots of liberal conservatism, formed by the parties
Renovación Nacional
National Renewal
),
Unión Demócrata Independiente
Independent Democratic Union
) and
Evópoli
. It has its origins in the
Alliance
coalition, formed by the main parties that supported the "YES" option in the
1988 plebiscite
, although it has used different names since then. It was the ruling coalition during the first and second government of
Sebastián Piñera
, (2010–2014) and (2018–2022).
In the National Congress, Chile Vamos has 52 deputies and 24 senators, while the parliamentary group of Apruebo Dignidad is formed by 37 deputies and 6 senators. Democratic Socialism is the third political force with 30 deputies and 13 senators. The other groups with parliamentary representation are the
Republican Party
(15 deputies and 1 senator), the
Christian Democratic Party
(8 deputies and 5 senators), the
Party of the People
(8 deputies) and the
independents
outside of a coalition (5 deputies and 1 senator).
According to
International IDEA
’s Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Chile performs in the mid to high range on overall democratic measures, with particular strengths in freedom of movement, freedom of religion, and elected government.
121
122
123
Administrative divisions
Main article:
Administrative divisions of Chile
In 1978 Chile was administratively divided into
regions
124
and in 1979 subdivided into
provinces
and these into communes.
125
126
The country has
16 regions
127
128
56 provinces
and
348 communes
129
Each region was designated by a name and a
Roman numeral
assigned from north to south, except for the
Santiago Metropolitan Region
, which did not have a number. The creation of two new regions in 2007, Arica and Parinacota (XV) and Los Ríos (XIV), and a third region in 2018, Ñuble (XVI) made this numbering lose its original order meaning.
Map of
Regions of Chile
Administrative divisions of Chile
Region
124
127
128
Population
130
Area (km
Density
Capital
Arica y Parinacota
244,569
16,873.3
14.49
Arica
Tarapacá
369,806
42,225.8
8.76
Iquique
Antofagasta
635,416
126,049.1
5.04
Antofagasta
Atacama
299,180
75,176.2
3.98
Copiapó
Coquimbo
832,864
40,579.9
20.57
La Serena
Valparaíso
1,896,053
16,396.1
115.64
Valparaíso
Santiago Metropolitan
7,400,741
15,403.2
480.47
Santiago
Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins
987,228
16,387
60.24
Rancagua
Maule
1,123,008
30,296.1
37.07
Talca
Ñuble
512,289
13,178.5
38.87
Chillán
Biobío
1,613,059
23,890.2
67.52
Concepción
Araucanía
1,010,423
31,842.3
31.73
Temuco
Los Ríos
398,230
18,429.5
21.61
Valdivia
Los Lagos
890,284
48,583.6
18.32
Puerto Montt
Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
100,745
108,494.4
0.93
Coyhaique
Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica
166,537
132,297.2
(1)
1.26
Punta Arenas
Chile
18,480,432
756,102.4
(2)
24.44
Santiago
(1)
Including the Chilean Antarctic Territory, its surface reaches 1,382,554.8 km
(2)
Including the Chilean Antarctic Territory, its surface reaches 2,006,360 km
Foreign relations
Main article:
Foreign relations of Chile
State of Chile's international relations in the world:
Chile
Country with diplomatic relations and Chilean embassy in the country.
Country with diplomatic relations and an embassy in Chile, but no Chilean embassy.
Country with diplomatic relations but without ambassadors.
Country with no diplomatic relations currently.
Since the early decades after independence, Chile has always had an active involvement in foreign affairs. In 1837, the country aggressively challenged the dominance of Peru's port of
Callao
for preeminence in the Pacific trade routes, defeating the short-lived alliance between Peru and Bolivia, the
Peru–Bolivian Confederation
(1836–39) in the
War of the Confederation
. The war dissolved the confederation while distributing power in the Pacific. A second international war, the
War of the Pacific
(1879–83), further increased Chile's regional role, while adding considerably to its territory.
25
During the 19th century, Chile's commercial ties were primarily with Britain, which helped shape the Chilean navy. France influenced Chile's legal and educational systems, with French style architecture dominating the capital in the boom years at the turn of the 20th century. German influence came from the organization and training of the army by
Prussians
25
Since the late 19th century, Chilean military and foreign policy has been shaped by the
maximum neighbor hypothesis
, which holds that in the event of a conflict with a neighbor, the other two would join against Chile.
131
132
133
134
135
136
This consideration has led to Chile historically pursuing a strong military deterrence; balanced bilateral relations with neighbors; and strong ties with countries outside the region.
On 26 June 1945, Chile participated as a founding member of the United Nations being among 50 countries that signed the
United Nations Charter
in San Francisco, California.
137
138
With the military coup of 1973, Chile became isolated politically as a result of widespread human rights abuses.
25
Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international political arena. Chile completed a two-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2005. Jose Miguel Insulza, a Chilean national, was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States in May 2005 and confirmed in his position, being re-elected in 2009. Chile is currently serving on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors, and the 2007–2008 chair of the board is Chile's ambassador to the IAEA, Milenko E. Skoknic. The country is an active member of the UN family of agencies and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. It was
re-elected
as a member of the
UN Human Rights Council
in 2011 for a three-year term.
139
It was also
elected
to one of five non-permanent seats on the
UN Security Council
in 2013.
140
Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC summit and related meetings in 2004. It also hosted the Community of Democracies ministerial in April 2005 and the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007. An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been a major player in international economic issues and hemispheric free trade.
34
Military
Main article:
Military of Chile
Karel Doorman-class frigate
of
Chilean Navy
F-16 Fighting Falcon
of
Chilean Air Force
The Armed Forces of Chile are subject to civilian control exercised by the president through the Minister of Defense. The president has the authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces.
34
The commander-in-chief of the
Chilean Army
is
Army General
Javier Iturriaga del Campo
. The Chilean Army is 45,000 strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, six divisions throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in
Rancagua
, and a Special Forces Command in
Colina
. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional and technologically advanced armies in Latin America.
34
Admiral
Julio Leiva Molina
directs the around 25,000-person
Chilean Navy
141
including 2,500 Marines. Of the fleet of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (frigates). Those ships are based in
Valparaíso
142
The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates four submarines based in
Talcahuano
34
143
Air Force General (four-star) Jorge Rojas Ávila heads the 12,500-strong
Chilean Air Force
. Air assets are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Air Force also operates
an airbase
on
King George Island
, Antarctica. The Air Force took delivery of the final two of ten F-16s, all purchased from the U.S., in March 2007 after several decades of U.S. debate and previous refusal to sell. Chile also took delivery in 2007 of a number of reconditioned Block 15 F-16s from the Netherlands, bringing to 18 the total of F-16s purchased from the Dutch.
34
After the military coup in September 1973, the
Chilean national police
(Carabineros) were incorporated into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. Gustavo González Jure is the head of the national police force of 40,964
144
men and women who are responsible for law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control, and counter-terrorism throughout Chile.
34
In 2017, Chile signed the UN
treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
145
Chile is the 62nd most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2025
Global Peace Index
146
National symbols
Lapageria rosea
is
endemic
to Chile and it was officially declared the national flower on 24 February 1977
147
The national flower is the
copihue
Lapageria rosea
, Chilean
bellflower
), which grows in the woods of southern Chile.
The
coat of arms
depicts the two national animals: the
condor
Vultur gryphus
, a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the
huemul
Hippocamelus bisulcus,
an endangered white tail deer). It also has the legend
Por la razón o la fuerza
By reason or by force
).
The
flag of Chile
consists of two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve independence. The flag of Chile is similar to the
Flag of Texas
, although the Chilean flag is 21 years older. However, like the Texan flag, the flag of Chile is modeled after the
flag of the United States
148
Economy
This section needs to be
updated
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May 2025
Main article:
Economy of Chile
Santiago Stock Exchange
The
Central Bank of Chile
in Santiago serves as the
central bank
for the country. The Chilean currency is the
Chilean peso
(CLP). Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations,
18
leading Latin American nations in
human development
, competitiveness, globalization, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption.
19
Since July 2013, Chile is considered by the
World Bank
as a "
high-income economy
".
149
150
151
The think tank
The Heritage Foundation
states that Chile has the highest degree of
economic freedom
in South America (ranking 22nd worldwide), owing to its independent and efficient judicial system and prudent public finance management.
152
In May 2010 Chile became the first South American country to join the
OECD
153
In 2006, Chile became the country with the highest nominal GDP per capita in Latin America.
154
As of 2020, Chile ranks third in Latin America (behind Uruguay and Panama) in nominal GDP per capita.
Copper mining makes up 20% of Chilean GDP and 60% of exports.
155
Escondida
is the largest copper mine in the world, producing over 5% of global supplies.
155
Overall, Chile produces a third of the world's copper.
155
Codelco
, the state mining firm, competes with private copper mining companies.
155
Sound economic policies, maintained consistently since the 1980s, have contributed to steady economic growth in Chile and have more than halved poverty rates.
156
34
Chile began to experience a moderate economic downturn in 1999. The economy remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery, achieving 4.0% GDP growth.
157
The Chilean economy finished 2004 with growth of 6%. Real GDP growth reached 5.7% in 2005 before falling back to 4% in 2006. GDP expanded by 5% in 2007.
34
Faced with the
2008 financial crisis
, the government announced an economic stimulus plan to spur employment and growth, and despite the
Great Recession
, aimed for an expansion of between 2% and 3% of GDP for 2009. Nonetheless, economic analysts disagreed with government estimates and predicted economic growth at a median of 1.5%.
158
Real GDP growth in 2012 was 5.5%. Growth slowed to 4.1% in the first quarter of 2013.
159
Gran Torre Costanera
and
Titanium La Portada
(background) skyscrapers in
Sanhattan
The unemployment rate was 9.1% in 2024, according to
The World Bank
160
There are reported labor shortages in agriculture, mining, and construction.
159
The percentage of Chileans with per capita household incomes below the poverty line—defined as twice the cost of satisfying a person's minimal nutritional needs—fell from 45.1% in 1987 to 11.5% in 2009, according to government surveys.
161
162
Critics in Chile, however, argue that true poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published.
163
Using the relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the
ECLAC
164
As of early 2025, about 85% of Chileans benefit from government welfare programs,
165
via the "Social Protection Card" or "Registro Social de Hogares" (RSH), which includes the population living in poverty and those at a risk of falling into poverty.
166
The privatized national pension system
(AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21% of GDP.
167
Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10% of their salaries into privately managed funds.
34
Chile has signed
free trade agreements
(FTAs) with a whole network of countries, including an FTA with the United States that was signed in 2003 and implemented in January 2004.
168
Internal Government of Chile figures show that even when factoring out inflation and the recent high price of copper, bilateral trade between the U.S. and Chile has grown over 60% since then.
34
Chile's total trade with China reached US$8.8 billion in 2006, representing nearly 66% of the value of its trade relationship with Asia.
34
Exports to Asia increased from US$15.2 billion in 2005 to US$19.7 billion in 2006, a 29.9% increase.
34
Year-on-year growth of imports was especially strong from a number of countries: Ecuador (123.9%), Thailand (72.1%), South Korea (52.6%), and China (36.9%).
34
Chile's approach to foreign direct investment is codified in the country's Foreign Investment Law. Registration is reported to be simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access to the official
foreign exchange market
to repatriate their profits and capital.
34
The Chilean Government has formed a Council on Innovation and Competition, hoping to bring in additional FDI to new parts of the economy.
34
Standard & Poor's
gives Chile a
credit rating
of A.
169
The Government of Chile has a GDP debt of 43.3% at the end of 2025.
170
The Chilean central government is a net creditor with a
net asset position
of 7% of GDP at end 2012.
159
The
current account deficit
was 4% in the first quarter of 2013, financed mostly by foreign direct investment.
159
14% of central government revenue came directly from copper in 2012.
159
Chile was ranked 51st in the
Global Innovation Index
in 2025.
171
172
Mineral resources
Chuquicamata
, the largest
open pit
copper
mine in the world
Chile is rich in mineral resources, especially copper and lithium. It is thought that due to the importance of lithium for batteries for electric vehicles and stabilization of electric grids with large proportions of intermittent renewables in the electricity mix, Chile could be strengthened geopolitically. However, this perspective has also been criticized for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production in other parts of the world.
173
The country was, in 2019, the world's largest producer of
copper
174
iodine
175
and
rhenium
176
the second largest producer of
lithium
177
and
molybdenum
178
the sixth largest producer of
silver
179
the seventh largest producer of
salt
180
the eighth largest producer of
potash
181
the thirteenth producer of
sulfur
182
and the thirteenth producer of
iron ore
183
in the world. In 2023, it was fourth largest silver producer globally.
184
The country also has considerable
gold
production: between 2006 and 2017, the country produced annual amounts ranging from 35.9 tonnes in 2017 to 51.3 tonnes in 2013,
185
where the gold production in 2015 is 43 metric tonnes.
186
Agriculture
Main article:
Agriculture in Chile
Vineyard
in
Puente Alto
Agriculture
in Chile encompasses a wide range of different activities due to its particular
geography
climate
and
geology
and human factors. Historically agriculture is one of the bases of Chile's economy. Now agriculture and allied sectors like
forestry
logging
and
fishing
account for only 4.9% of the
GDP
as of 2007
[update]
and employ 13.6% of the country's labor force. Chile is one of the 5 largest world producers of
cherry
and
blueberry
, and one of the 10 largest world producers of
grape
apple
kiwi
peach
plum
and
hazelnut
, focusing on exporting high-value fruits.
187
Some other major agriculture products of Chile include
pears
onions
wheat
maize
oats
garlic
asparagus
beans
beef
poultry
wool
fish
timber
and
hemp
. Due to its geographical isolation and strict customs policies Chile is free from diseases and pests such as
mad cow disease
fruit fly
and
Phylloxera
. This, its location in the
Southern Hemisphere
, which has quite different harvesting times from the
Northern Hemisphere
, and its wide range of agriculture conditions are considered Chile's main comparative advantages. However, Chile's mountainous landscape limits the extent and intensity of agriculture so that arable land corresponds only to 2.62% of the total territory. Chile currently utilizes 14,015 Hectares of agricultural land.
188
Chile is the world's second largest producer of
salmon
, after Norway. In 2019, it was responsible for 26% of the global supply.
189
In
wine
, Chile is usually among the 10 largest producers in the world. In 2018 it was in 6th place.
190
Tourism
Main article:
Tourism in Chile
Valparaíso
City, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Torres del Paine National Park
in
Chilean Patagonia
Pre-Columbian
Moais
, human figures dated between 1250 and 1500 in the
Easter Island
Tourism in Chile has experienced sustained growth over the last few decades. In 2005, tourism grew by 13.6%, generating more than 4.5 billion dollars of which 1.5 billion was attributed to foreign tourists. According to the National Service of Tourism (Sernatur), 2 million people a year visit the country. Most of these visitors come from other countries in the American continent, mainly
Argentina
; followed by a growing number from the United States, Europe, and Brazil with a growing number of Asians from
South Korea
and China.
191
The main attractions for tourists are places of natural beauty situated in the extreme zones of the country:
San Pedro de Atacama
, in the north, is very popular with foreign tourists who arrive to admire the Incaic architecture, the altiplano lakes, and the
Valley of the Moon
citation needed
In
Putre
, also in the north, there is the
Chungará Lake
, as well as the
Parinacota
and the
Pomerape
volcanoes, with altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,282 m, respectively. Throughout the central Andes there are many ski resorts of international repute,
citation needed
including
Portillo
Valle Nevado
and
Termas de Chillán
The main tourist sites in the south are national parks (the most popular is
Conguillío National Park
in the Araucanía)
192
and the coastal area around Tirúa and Cañete with the
Isla Mocha
and the
Nahuelbuta National Park
Chiloé Archipelago
and
Patagonia
, which includes
Laguna San Rafael National Park
, with its many glaciers, and the
Torres del Paine National Park
. The central port city of
Valparaíso
, which is World Heritage with its unique architecture, is also popular.
193
Finally,
Easter Island
in the Pacific Ocean is one of the main Chilean tourist destinations.
For locals, tourism is concentrated mostly in the summer (December to March), and mainly in the coastal beach towns.
194
Arica
Iquique
Antofagasta
La Serena
and
Coquimbo
are the main summer centers in the north, and Pucón on the shores of
Lake Villarrica
is the main center in the south. Because of its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valparaíso Region, with its many beach resorts, receives the largest number of tourists.
Viña del Mar
, Valparaíso's more affluent northern neighbor, is popular because of its beaches,
casino
, and its annual
song festival
, the most important musical event in Latin America.
citation needed
Pichilemu
in the
O'Higgins Region
is widely known as South America's "best
surfing
spot" according to
Fodor's
citation needed
In November 2005 the government launched a campaign under the brand "Chile: All Ways Surprising" intended to promote the country internationally for both business and tourism.
195
Museums in Chile
such as the
Chilean National Museum of Fine Arts
built in 1880, feature works by
Chilean artists
Chile is home to the world-renowned
Patagonian Trail
that resides on the border between Argentina and Chile. Chile recently launched a massive scenic route for tourism in hopes of encouraging development based on conservation. The Route of Parks covers 1,740 miles (2,800 km) and was designed by Tompkin Conservation (founders
Douglas Tompkins
and wife
Kristine
).
196
Transport
Main article:
Transport in Chile
Route 68
at the junction with
Route 60
Due to Chile's topography a functioning transport network is vital to its economy. In 2020, Chile had 85,984 km (53,428 mi) of
highways
, with 21,289 km (13,228 mi) paved.
197
In the same year, the country had 3,347 km (2,080 mi) of
duplicated highways
, the second largest network in South America, after Brazil.
198
Since the mid-1990s, there has been a significant improvement in the country's roads, through bidding processes that allowed the construction of an efficient road network, with emphasis on the duplication of continuous 1,950 km (1,212 mi) of the
Panamerican Highway
Chile Route 5
) between
Puerto Montt
and
Caldera
(in addition to the planned duplication in the Atacama Desert area),
199
the excerpts in between Santiago, Valparaiso and the Central Coast, and the northern access to Concepción and the large project of the Santiago urban
highways
network, opened between 2004 and 2006.
200
Buses are now the main means of long-distance transportation in Chile, following the decline of its railway network.
201
The bus system covers the entire country, from
Arica
to
Santiago
(a 30-hour journey) and from Santiago to
Punta Arenas
(about 40 hours, with a change at
Osorno
).
Chile has a total of 372 runways (62 paved and 310 unpaved). Important airports in Chile include
Chacalluta International Airport
Arica
),
Diego Aracena International Airport
Iquique
),
Andrés Sabella Gálvez International Airport
Antofagasta
),
Carriel Sur International Airport
Concepción
),
El Tepual International Airport
Puerto Montt
),
Presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo International Airport
Punta Arenas
),
La Araucanía International Airport
Temuco
),
Mataveri International Airport
Easter Island
), the most remote airport in the world, as defined by distance to another airport, and the
Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport
Santiago
) with a traffic of 26,254,957 passengers in 2024. Santiago is headquarters of Latin America's largest
airline
holding company
and Chilean
flag carrier
LATAM Airlines
Internet and telecommunications
Torre Entel
in
Santiago de Chile
, with the
Andes Mountains
in the background
Chile has a telecommunication
system which covers much of the country, including Chilean insular and Antarctic bases. Privatization of the telephone system began in 1988; Chile has one of the most advanced telecommunications infrastructure in South America with a modern system based on extensive microwave radio relay facilities and a domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations.
156
In 2012, there were 3.276 million main lines in use and 24.13 million mobile cellular telephone subscribers.
156
According to a 2024 database of the
International Telecommunication Union
(ITU), 95.6% of the Chilean population uses the internet, making Chile the country with the highest internet penetration in South America.
202
In 1993, the first
web server
in Latin America was installed in Chile.
203
The Chilean internet country code "
.cl
" was created in 1987
204
; by the end of March 2026, the number of registered domains had reached 734,314.
205
In 2017 the government of Chile launched its first
cyber security
strategy, which receives technical support from the
Organization of American States
(OAS) Cyber Security Program of the Inter-American Committee against Terrorism (CICTE).
206
Energy
Main article:
Energy in Chile
Wind farm
near
Canela, Chile
Chile's
total energy supply
(TES) was 23.0GJ per capita in 2020.
207
Energy in Chile is dominated by fossil fuels, with coal, oil and gas accounting for 73.4% of the total primary energy. Biofuels and waste account for another 20.5% of primary energy supply, with the rest sourced from hydro and other renewables.
207
Electricity consumption was 68.90 TWh in 2014. Main sources of electricity in Chile are
hydroelectricity
gas
oil
and
coal
Renewable energy
in the forms of
wind
and
solar energy
are also coming into use, encouraged by collaboration since 2009 with the
United States Department of Energy
. The electricity industry is
privatized
with
ENDESA
as the largest company in the field.
In 2021, Chile had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 6,807 MW in hydropower (28th largest in the world), 3,137 MW in wind power (28th largest in the world), 4,468 MW in solar (22nd largest in the world), and 375 MW in biomass.
208
As the Atacama Desert has the highest
solar irradiation
in the world, and Chile has always had problems obtaining oil, gas and coal (the country basically does not produce them, so it has to import them), renewable energy is seen as the solution for the country's shortcomings in the energy field.
209
210
Paseo de las Artes Building in
Temuco
In 2023 Chile emitted 107.99 million tonnes of
greenhouse gases
, equivalent to around 0.2% of the global total.
211
In recent years Chile has emerged as a global leader in clean energy, particularly solar and wind.
212
and has committed to net zero by 2050. According to Climate Action Tracker, the nation is making "considerable progress" in climate action by expanding renewables and phasing-out coal.
213
Demographics
Main article:
Demographics of Chile
Chile's 2024 census reported an enumerated population of 18,480,432.
10
Its rate of population growth has been decreasing since 1990, due to a declining
birth rate
214
By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20.2 million people.
215
Urbanization
About 85% of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40% living in
Greater Santiago
. The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago with 5.6 million people,
Greater Concepción
with 861,000
and
Greater Valparaíso
with 824,000.
216
Largest cities or towns in Chile
2002 Census
217
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Santiago Metropolis
Santiago Metropolitan Region
5,428,590
Greater Valparaíso
Valparaíso Region
803,683
Greater Concepción
Biobío Region
666,381
Greater La Serena
Coquimbo Region
296,253
Antofagasta
Antofagasta Region
285,255
Greater Temuco
Araucanía Region
260,878
Rancagua conurbation
O'Higgins Region
236,363
Talca
Maule Region
191,154
Arica
Arica and Parinacota Region
175,441
10
Chillán conurbation
Ñuble Region
165,528
Ancestry and ethnicity
Main articles:
Indigenous peoples in Chile
and
Immigration to Chile
Racial groups in Chile (2024 census)
Undeclared (87.7%)
Indigenous
(11.4%)
Blacks
(0.94%)
Mapuche
women of
Tirúa
Chileans with flags of Chile
Mexican professor Francisco Lizcano, of the
National Autonomous University of Mexico
, estimated that 52.7% of
Chileans
were white, 39.3% were
mestizo
, and 8% were
Amerindian
218
According to the
Encyclopædia Britannica
, as of the year 2002, only 22% of Chileans were white and 72% were mestizo.
219
In 1984, a study from the Revista de Pediatría de Chile titled
Sociogenetic Reference Framework for Public Health Studies in Chile
determined an ancestry of 67.9% European, and 32.1% Native American.
220
221
In 1994, a biological study determined that the Chilean composition was 64% European and 35% Amerindian.
222
The recent study in the Candela Project establishes that the genetic composition of Chile is 52% of European origin, with 44% of the genome coming from Native Americans (Amerindians), and 4% coming from Africa, making Chile a primarily mestizo country with traces of African descent present in half of the population.
223
Another genetic study conducted by the
University of Brasília
in several South American countries shows a similar genetic composition for Chile, with a European contribution of 51.6%, an Amerindian contribution of 42.1%, and an African contribution of 6.3%.
224
In 2015, another study established genetic composition in 57% European, 38% Native American, and 2.5% African.
225
A public health booklet from the
University of Chile
states that 30% of the population is of Caucasian origin; "predominantly White" Mestizos are estimated to amount to a total of 65%, while Native Americans (Amerindians) comprise the remaining 5%.
226
Despite the genetic considerations, many Chileans, if asked, would self-identify as White. The 2011
Latinobarómetro
survey asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to belong to. Most answered "White" (59%), while 25% said "Mestizo" and 8% self-classified as "indigenous".
227
A 2002 national poll revealed that a majority of Chileans believed they possessed some (43.4%) or much (8.3%) "indigenous blood", while 40.3% responded that they had none.
228
Chile is one of 22 countries to have signed and ratified the only binding international law concerning indigenous peoples, the
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
229
It was adopted in 1989 as the
International Labour Organization
(ILO) Convention 169. Chile ratified it in 2008. A Chilean court decision in November 2009, considered to be a landmark ruling on indigenous rights, made use of the convention. The Supreme Court decision on Aymara water rights upheld rulings by both the Pozo Almonte tribunal and the Iquique Court of Appeals and marks the first judicial application of ILO Convention 169 in Chile.
230
The earliest
European immigrants
were Spanish colonizers who arrived in the 16th century.
231
The Amerindian population of central Chile was absorbed into the
Spanish
settler population in the beginning of the colonial period to form the large
mestizo
population that exists in Chile today; mestizos create modern middle and lower classes. In the 18th and 19th centuries, many
Basques
came to Chile where they integrated into the existing elites of
Castilian
origin. Postcolonial Chile was never a particularly attractive destination for migrants, owing to its remoteness and distance from Europe.
232
233
Europeans preferred to stay in countries closer to their homelands instead of taking the long journey through the Straits of Magellan or crossing the Andes.
232
European migration did not result in a significant change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the
region of Magellan
234
Spaniards were the only major European migrant group to Chile,
232
and there was never large-scale immigration such as that to Argentina or Brazil.
233
Between 1851 and 1924, Chile only received 0.5% of European immigration to Latin America, compared to 46% to Argentina, 33% to Brazil, 14% to Cuba, and 4% to Uruguay.
232
However, it is undeniable that immigrants have played a significant role in Chilean society.
233
Immigrants to Chile during the 19th and 20th centuries came from France,
235
Great Britain
236
Germany,
237
and
Croatia
238
among others. Descendants of different
European ethnic groups
often intermarried in Chile. This intermarriage and mixture of cultures and races have helped to shape the present society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes.
239
Also, roughly 500,000 of Chile's population is of full or partial
Palestinian origin
240
241
and 800,000 Arab descents.
242
Chile currently has 1.5 million of Latin American immigrants, mainly from
Venezuela
Peru
Haiti
Colombia
Bolivia
and
Argentina
; 8% of the total population in 2019, without counting descendants.
243
244
According to the 2002 national census, Chile's foreign-born population has increased by 75% since 1992.
245
As of November 2021, numbers of people entering Chile from elsewhere in Latin America have grown swiftly in the last decade, tripling in the last three years to 1.5 million, with arrivals stemming from humanitarian crises in Haiti (ca. 180,000) and Venezuela (ca 460,000).
246
Languages
Main article:
Languages of Chile
Chilean
proverb
written in
Mapuche language
and
Chilean Spanish
. The
Mapudungun alphabet
used here does not reflect an agreed-upon standard. In fact, there are three distinct alphabets currently used to write the Mapuche language.
247
The
Spanish spoken in Chile
is distinctively accented and quite unlike that of neighboring South American countries because final syllables are often dropped, and some consonants have a soft pronunciation.
clarification needed
Accent varies only very slightly from north to south; more noticeable are the differences in accent based on social class or whether one lives in the city or the country. That the Chilean population was largely formed in a small section at the center of the country and then migrated in modest numbers to the north and south helps explain this relative lack of differentiation, which was maintained by the national reach of radio, and now television, which also helps to diffuse and homogenize colloquial expressions.
34
There are several indigenous languages spoken in Chile:
Mapudungun
Aymara
Rapa Nui
Chilean Sign Language
and (barely surviving)
Qawasqar
and
Yaghan
, along with non-indigenous German, Italian, English, Greek and
Quechua
. After the Spanish conquest, Spanish took over as the
lingua franca
and the indigenous languages have become minority languages, with some now extinct or close to extinction.
248
German is still spoken to some extent in southern Chile,
249
either in small countryside pockets or as a second language among the communities of larger cities.
Through initiatives such as the
English Opens Doors Program
, the government made English mandatory for students in fifth grade and above in public schools. Most private schools in Chile start teaching English from kindergarten.
250
Common English words have been absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish speech.
251
Religion
Main article:
Religion in Chile
Religious background in Chile (2024 Census)
252
Religion
Percent
Catholicism
53.7%
Protestantism
16.2%
No religion
25.7%
Others
3.8%
Unspecified
0.6%
Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral
, built between 1748 and 1906
Church of Santa María de Loreto of Achao
, built in the 18th century and now a
UNESCO World Heritage
site
Historically, the
indigenous peoples in Chile
observed a variety of religions before the
Spanish conquest
in the 16th century. During
Spanish rule
and the first century of Chilean independence, the
Catholic Church
was one of the most powerful institutions in the country. In the late 19th century, liberal policies (the so-called
Leyes laicas
or "lay laws") started to reduce the influence of the clergy and the promulgation of a
new Constitution
in 1925 established the
separation of church and state
253
As of 2012
[update]
, 66.6%
254
of Chilean population over 15 years of age claimed to adhere to the Catholic Church, a decrease from the 70%
255
reported in the 2002 census. In the same census of 2012, 17% of Chileans reported adherence to an Evangelical church ("Evangelical" in the census referred to all Christian denominations other than the Catholic and
Orthodox
—Greek, Persian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and Armenian—churches,
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Seventh-day Adventists
, and
Jehovah's Witnesses
: essentially, those denominations generally still termed "
Protestant
" in most English-speaking lands, although
Adventism
is often considered an Evangelical denomination as well). Approximately 90% of Evangelical Christians are
Pentecostal
. but
Wesleyan
Lutheran
Anglican
Episcopalian
Presbyterian
other Reformed
Baptist
, and
Methodist churches
also are present amongst Chilean Evangelical churches.
256
Irreligious people, atheists, and agnostics account for around 12% of the population.
By 2015, the major religion in Chile remained Christianity (68%), with an estimated 55% of Chileans belonging to the Catholic Church, 13% to various Evangelical churches, and just 7% adhering to any other religion. Agnostics and atheist were estimated at 25% of the population.
257
According to the 2024 census, 53.7% of Chileans aged 15 years or older were Catholics, 25.7% had no religion, 16.2% were Protestants, and 3.8% professed another religion.
Chile has a
Baháʼí
religious community, and is home to the Baháʼí mother temple, or continental
House of Worship
, for Latin America. Completed in 2016, it serves as a space for people of all religions and backgrounds to gather, meditate, reflect, and worship.
258
It is formed from cast glass and translucent marble and has been described as innovative in its architectural style.
259
The Constitution guarantees the right to
freedom of religion
, and other laws and policies contribute to generally free religious practice. The law at all levels fully protects this right against abuse by either governmental or private actors.
256
Church and state are officially
separate
in Chile. A 1999 law on religion prohibits
religious discrimination
However, the Catholic church for mostly historical and social reasons enjoys a privileged status and occasionally receives preferential treatment.
260
Government officials attend Catholic events as well as major Evangelical Christian and Jewish ceremonies.
256
The Chilean government treats the religious holidays of Christmas,
Good Friday
, the
Feast of the Virgin of Carmen
, the
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
, the
Feast of the Assumption
All Saints' Day
, and the
Feast of the Immaculate Conception
as
national holidays
256
Recently, the government declared 31 October,
Reformation Day
, to be an additional national holiday, in honor of the Evangelical churches of the country.
261
262
The
patron saints
of Chile are
Our Lady of Mount Carmel
and
Saint James the Greater
Santiago
).
263
In 2005,
Pope Benedict XVI
canonized
Alberto Hurtado
, who became the country's second native Roman Catholic saint after
Teresa de los Andes
264
Education
Main article:
Education in Chile
See also:
List of universities in Chile
Casa Central
of the
University of Chile
in Santiago
In Chile, education begins with
preschool
until the age of 5.
Primary school
is provided for children between ages 6 and 13. Students then attend
secondary school
until graduation at age 17.
Secondary education is divided into two parts: During the first two years, students receive a general education. Then, they choose a branch: scientific humanistic education, artistic education, or technical and professional education. Secondary school ends two years later on the acquirement of a certificate (licencia de enseñanza media).
265
Chilean education is segregated by wealth in a three-tiered system – the quality of the schools reflects socioeconomic backgrounds:
city schools (colegios municipales) that are mostly free and have the worst education results, mostly attended by poor students;
subsidized schools that receive some money from the government which can be supplemented by fees paid by the student's family, which are attended by mid-income students and typically get mid-level results; and
entirely private schools that consistently get the best results. Many private schools charge attendance fees of 0,5 to 1 median household income.
266
Upon successful graduation of secondary school, students may continue into
higher education
. The higher education schools in Chile consist of Chilean Traditional Universities and are divided into
public universities
or
private universities
. There are
medical schools
and both the
Universidad de Chile
and
Universidad Diego Portales
offer
law schools
in a partnership with
Yale University
267
Health
Main article:
Healthcare in Chile
Card of
National Health Fund
Fonasa
The
Ministry of Health
Minsal
) is the cabinet-level administrative office in charge of planning, directing, coordinating, executing, controlling and informing the public health policies formulated by the President of Chile. The
National Health Fund
Fonasa
), created in 1979, is the financial entity entrusted to collect, manage and distribute state funds for health in Chile. It is funded by the public. All employees pay 7% of their monthly income to the fund.
268
Fonasa is part of the NHSS and has executive power through the
Ministry of Health (Chile)
. Its headquarters are in
Santiago
and decentralized public service is conducted by various Regional Offices. More than 12 million beneficiaries benefit from Fonasa. Beneficiaries can also opt for more costly private insurance through
Isapre
In the 2024 Global Hunger Index, Chile is one of 22 countries with a GHI score of less than 5.
269
Culture
Main article:
Culture of Chile
La Zamacueca
, 1873, by Manuel Antonio Caro
From the period between early agricultural settlements and up to the late pre-Columbian period, northern Chile was a region of Andean culture that was influenced by altiplano traditions spreading to the coastal valleys of the north, while southern regions were areas of Mapuche cultural activities. Throughout the colonial period following the conquest, and during the early Republican period, the country's culture was dominated by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English, French, and German began in the 19th century and have continued to this day. German migrants influenced the Bavarian style rural architecture and cuisine in the south of Chile in cities such as
Valdivia
Frutillar
Puerto Varas
Osorno
Temuco
Puerto Octay
Llanquihue
Faja Maisan
Pitrufquén
Victoria
Pucón
and
Puerto Montt
270
271
272
273
Cultural heritage
Sewell Mining Town
The
cultural heritage
of Chile consists, first, of its intangible heritage, composed of various cultural events and activities, such as visual arts, crafts, dances, holidays, cuisine, games, music and traditions. Secondly, its tangible heritage consists of those buildings, objects and sites of archaeological, architectural, traditional, artistic, ethnographic, folkloric, historical, religious or technological significance scattered through Chilean territory. Among them, some are declared
World Heritage Sites
by
UNESCO
, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, ratified by Chile in 1980. These cultural sites are the
Rapa Nui National Park
(1995), the
Churches of Chiloé
(2000),
the historical district of the port city of Valparaíso
(2003),
Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works
(2005) and the mining city
Sewell
(2006).
In 1999
Cultural Heritage Day
was established as a way to honour and commemorate Chile's cultural heritage. It is an official national event celebrated in May every year.
274
Music and dance
Main article:
Music of Chile
Los Jaivas
, one of the most recognized Chilean rock bands
Music in Chile ranges from folkloric, popular and classical music. Its large geography generates different musical styles in the north, center and south of the country, including also Easter Island and Mapuche music.
275
The national dance is the
cueca
. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not a dance, is the
tonada
. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, native folk musical forms were revitalized with the
Nueva canción chilena
movement led by composers such as
Violeta Parra
Raúl de Ramón
and
Pedro Messone
, which was also associated with political activists and reformers such as
Víctor Jara
Inti-Illimani
, and
Quilapayún
. Also, many Chilean rock bands like
Los Jaivas
Los Prisioneros
La Ley
Los Tres
and
Los Bunkers
have reached international success, some incorporating strong folk influences, such as Los Jaivas. In February, annual music and comedy festivals are held in
Viña del Mar
276
In recent times, pop music has been at the forefront of Chilean entertainment.
Q_ARE
, a boy band that takes inspiration from K-pop, have been the pioneers for a rising genre called "ChisPop", a play on words on "pop chileno" or "Chilean pop" in English.
277
Literature
Main article:
Chilean literature
Pablo Neruda
and
Gabriela Mistral
, Nobel Prize recipients in literature
Chile has been called a "country of poets".
278
Gabriela Mistral
was the first Latin American to receive a
Nobel Prize in Literature
(1945). Chile's most famous poet is
Pablo Neruda
, who received the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world-renowned for his extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three highly personalized homes in
Isla Negra
, Santiago and Valparaíso are popular tourist destinations.
Among the list of other Chilean poets are
Carlos Pezoa Véliz
Vicente Huidobro
Gonzalo Rojas
Pablo de Rokha
Nicanor Parra
Ivonne Coñuecar
and
Raúl Zurita
Isabel Allende
is the best-selling Chilean novelist, with 51 million of her novels sold worldwide.
279
Novelist
José Donoso
's 1970 novel
The Obscene Bird of Night
is considered by critic
Harold Bloom
to be one of the canonical works of 20th-century Western literature. Another internationally recognized Chilean novelist and poet is
Roberto Bolaño
, whose translations into English have had an excellent reception from the critics.
280
281
282
Folklore
Main article:
Chilean mythology
The folklore of Chile, cultural and demographic characteristics of the country, is the result of the mixture of Spanish and Amerindian elements that occurred during the colonial period. Due to cultural and historical reasons, they are classified and distinguished four major areas in the country: northern areas, central, southern and south. Most of the traditions of the
culture of Chile
have a festive purpose, but some, such as dances and ceremonies, have religious components.
283
Chilean mythology is the mythology and beliefs of the Folklore of Chile. This includes
Chilote mythology
Rapa Nui mythology
and
Mapuche mythology
Cuisine
Main article:
Chilean cuisine
Chilean
asado
(barbecue) and
marraqueta
Chilean cuisine
is a reflection of the country's topographical variety, featuring an assortment of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include
asado
cazuela
empanadas
humitas
pastel de choclo
, pastel de papas,
curanto
, and
sopaipillas
284
Crudos
is an example of the mixture of culinary contributions from the various ethnic influences in Chile. The raw minced
llama
, heavy use of shellfish, and rice bread were taken from native
Quechua
Andean cuisine, (although beef, brought to Chile by Europeans, is also used in place of the llama meat), lemon and onions were brought by the Spanish colonists, and the use of
mayonnaise
and
yogurt
was introduced by German immigrants, as was
beer
Sports
Main article:
Sport in Chile
Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos
Chile's most popular sport is
association football
. Chile has appeared in nine FIFA World Cups which includes hosting the
1962 FIFA World Cup
where the
national football team
finished third. Other results achieved by the national football team include two
Copa América
titles (2015 and
2016
), two runners-up positions, one silver and two bronze medals at the
Pan American Games
, a bronze medal at the
2000 Summer Olympics
and two third places finishes in the FIFA under-17 and under-20 youth tournaments. The top league in the
Chilean football league system
is the
Chilean Primera División
, which is named by the
IFFHS
as the ninth strongest national football league in the world.
285
The main football clubs are
Colo-Colo
Universidad de Chile
and
Universidad Católica
. Colo-Colo is the country's most successful football club, having both the most national and international championships, including the coveted
Copa Libertadores
South American club tournament. Universidad de Chile was the last international champion (
Copa Sudamericana
2011).
Tennis is Chile's most successful sport. Its
national team
won the
World Team Cup
clay tournament twice (2003 & 2004), and played the
Davis Cup
final against Italy in 1976. At the
2004 Summer Olympics
the country captured gold and bronze in men's singles and gold in men's doubles (
Nicolás Massú
obtained two gold medals).
Marcelo Ríos
became the first Latin American man to reach the number one spot in the
ATP singles rankings
in 1998.
Anita Lizana
won the
US Open
in 1937, becoming the first woman from Latin America to win a
Grand Slam
tournament.
Luis Ayala
was twice a runner-up at the French Open and both Ríos and
Fernando González
reached the Australian Open men's singles finals. González also won a silver medal in singles at the
2008 Summer Olympics
in Beijing.
At the Summer Olympic Games Chile boasts a total of two gold medals (tennis), seven silver medals (athletics,
equestrian
boxing
, shooting and tennis) and four bronze medals (tennis, boxing and football). In 2012, Chile won its first Paralympic Games medal (gold in Athletics).
The Chilean national polo team with President
Michelle Bachelet
and the trophy of the
2015 World Polo Championship
Rodeo
is the country's
national sport
and is practiced in the more rural areas of the nation. A sport similar to
hockey
called
chueca
was played by the Mapuche people during the Spanish conquest.
Skiing
and
snowboarding
are practiced at ski centers located in the Central Andes, and in southern ski centers near to cities as Osorno, Puerto Varas, Temuco and Punta Arenas.
Surfing
is popular at some coastal towns.
Polo
is professionally practiced within Chile, with the country achieving top prize in the 2008 and 2015
World Polo Championship
Basketball
is a popular sport in which Chile earned a bronze medal in the first men's
FIBA World Championship
held in 1950 and won a second bronze medal when Chile hosted the
1959 FIBA World Championship
. Chile hosted the first
FIBA World Championship for Women
in 1953 finishing the tournament with the silver medal.
San Pedro de Atacama
is host to the annual "Atacama Crossing", a six-stage, 250-kilometer (160 mi) footrace which annually attracts about 150 competitors from 35 countries. The
Dakar Rally
off-road automobile race
has been held in both Chile and
Argentina
since 2009.
See also
Chile portal
Latin America portal
Outline of Chile
References
Notes
In
Chilean Spanish
, pronunciation ranges from
[ˈʃile]
[ˈt͡ʃiːle]
on a spectrum from lower to upper classes, respectively, the former being a somewhat-stigmatized
basilect
. See the "
Sample
" section for an
IPA
-transcribed text in a lower-class form of the dialect.
Since 1961, all claims to Antarctic land are
de jure
suspended under the
Antarctic Treaty System
tʃ
CHIL
-ee
or
tʃ
eɪ
CHIL
-ay
Spanish:
[ˈtʃile]
nb 1
Spanish:
República de Chile
[reˈpuβlika
ðe
ˈtʃile]
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Further reading
Christian Balteum:
The Strip. A Marxist critique of a semicomparador economy
, University of Vermont Press, 2018
Simon Collier and William F. Sater,
A History of Chile, 1808–1894
, Cambridge University Press, 1996
Paul W. Drake, and others.,
Chile: A Country Study
, Library of Congress, 1994
Luis Galdames,
A History of Chile
, University of North Carolina Press, 1941
Lamoureux, Andrew Jackson; and three others (1911).
"Chile"
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp.
142–
160.
Brian Lovemen,
Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism
, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 2001
John L. Rector,
The History of Chile
, Greenwood Press, 2003
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