ChiTumbuka - Wikipedia
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Niger-Congo language originating in parts of Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania
Template:SHORTDESC:Niger-Congo language originating in parts of Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania
ChiTumbuka
tumbuka
The Tumbuka cultural gathering of Gonapamuhanya festival of the Tumbuka people
Native
to
Malawi
Tanzania
Zambia
Native speakers
7 miliyoni
(2022)
Language family
Niger–Congo
Atlantic–Congo
Volta-Congo
Benue–Congo
Bantoid
Southern Bantoid
Bantu
Zone N
Nyasa
ChiTumbuka
Writing system
Latin script
Roman alphabet
Mwangwego script
Official status
Recognised minority
language
in
Malawi
Zambia
Tanzania
Language codes
ISO 639-2
tum
ISO 639-3
tum
Glottolog
tumb1250
Guthrie code
N.21
Linguasphere
99-AUS-wc
(+ chi-Kamanga)
incl. varieties 99-AUS-wca...-wcl
ChiTumbuka
ntchiyowoyero cha
ŵanthu
ŵa mtundu wachi
Bantu
icho chikuyowoyeka mu
Malaŵi
Zambia
, na
Tanzania
Lizgu ili likumanyikwaso kuti Chitumbuka panji Citumbuka. Chi- icho chili kunthazi kwa Tumbuka chikung'anamura "mu nthowa ya", ndipo apa likung'anamura "chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵa Tumbuka". ChiTumbuka chili mu chiyowoyero chimoza na
Chichewa
na
Sena
Buku linyake (
The World Almanac
) likuti mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,080,000. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka, nangauli ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵalipo ŵachoko chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka ŵakukhala mu Malaŵi.
ChiTumbuka ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene kumpoto kwa Malawi, chomenechomene mu vigaŵa vya
Rumphi
Mzuzu
, na
Mzimba
Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa ciyowoyero ca chiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu misumba ya ku Malawi (ico cili na mazgu ghanyake kufuma ku
Ciswahili
na Chichewa) na ciyowoyero ca chiTumbuka ico cikuyowoyeka mu mizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti chiyowoyero cha Rumphi ndicho ntchakutowa chomene.
Chiyowoyero cha ku Mzimba chikakhwaskika chomene na chiNgoni (
Zulu
).
Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka na Chichewa. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca Tumbuka cikasuzgika comene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Pulezidenti
Hastings Kamuzu Banda
, cifukwa mu 1968 cifukwa ca fundo yake yakuti paŵe mtundu umoza na ciyowoyero cimoza, ciyowoyero ici cikaleka kuŵa ca boma mu Malawi. Ntheura, mu masukulu, pa wayilesi, na mu manyuzipepara ŵakafumiskamo ciyowoyero ici.
Mu 1994, apo boma la Tumbuka likamba kulamulira na vipani vinandi, ŵakambaso kutegherezga maungano gha pa wayilesi. Kweni mabuku na mabuku ghanyake ghakaŵa ghanandi yayi.
Malembelo
lemba
kulemba source
Temwa wakuyowoya ChiTumbuka.
Pali nthowa ziŵiri zakulembera chiTumbuka izo zikugwiliskirika nchito: kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu
Baibolo
la Chitumbuka la
Wikipedia
na mu
nyuzipepara y
a Fuko), umo mazgu gha banthu 'ŵanthu' na chaka 'chaka' ghakulembeka na 'b' na 'ch', na kalembero ka kaluso (kakulembeka mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka iyo yikufumiskika pa
Intaneti
na Centre for Language Studies na mu Baibolo la pa Intaneti), umo mazgu ghakulembeka na 'ŵ' na 'c', nga ŵanthu na caka. (Sumu ya 'ŵ' ni [w] yakuzingilizgika makora iyo yikuzunulika na lulimi pafupi na i).
Ŵanthu ŵakumanya yayi apo ŵakwenera kulemba 'r' na 'l', nga ni cakulya (
Dikishonare
) panji cakurya (Baibolo) 'chakurya.' (Nadi, [l] na [r] ni mazgu ghakupambanapambana gha chiyowoyero chimoza.) Kweniso pali kukayikira pakati pa mazgu ghakuti'sk' na'sy' (miskombe na misyombe ('bamboo') ghali mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka).
Kuyowoya mazgu
lemba
kulemba source
Vowels
lemba
kulemba source
Mu chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka muli mazgu ghakuyana waka nga ni /a/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ɔ/, /u/ na /m̩/ aghoso ghali mu
Chichewa
10
Kutauzgana mu ChiTumbuka.
Consonants
lemba
kulemba source
Malizga gha chiyowoyero cha Tumbuka ghakuyana waka na gha Chichewa, kweni ghakupambana. Mu chiyowoyero cha Chichewa mulije mazgu ghakuti /ɣ/, /β/, na /h/. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kupulika mazgu agho ghakufuma mu mulomo
/vʲ/
/fʲ/
/bʲ/
/pʲ/
/skʲ/
/zgʲ/
, and
/ɽʲ/
Mu chiTumbuka mulije vilembo vya Chichewa nga ni /psj/, /bzj/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/. Mazgu gha /s/ na /z/ ghakusangika yayi mu ChiTumbuka, ntheura Chewa nsómba ('somba') = Tumbuka somba. Lizgu lakuti /ʃ/ likusangika mu mazgu gha ku vyaru vinyake pera nga ni shati ('shati') na shuga ('shuga'). ChiTumbuka /?? / nyengo zinyake chikuyana na Chichewa /d/, chiChewa kudwala 'kuŵa mulwari' = Tumbuka kulwala, Chichewa kudya 'kurya' = Tumbuka kulya. Kuyowoya kwa lizgu lakuti "sk" na lizgu lakuti "zg" vikupambana kuyana na chiyowoyero.
Ma consonants gha Tumbuka kanandi ghakusangika mu viyowoyero vinyake. Vinyake vingalembeka pambere chindindindi chindambe kufuma. Pa chithuzithuzi ichi, pali mazgu agho ghangaŵa pa chilembo ichi:
Malembo gha Tumbuka
11
12
labial
dental
palatal
velar
glottal
plain
lab.
pal.
plain
lab.
pal.
plain
lab.
plain
lab.
nasal
ma
mwa
mʷ
mya
mʲ
na
nwa
nʷ
nya
nʲ
ng'a
ng'wa
ŋʷ
plosive
affricate
unvoiced
pa
pwa
pʷ
pya
pʲ
ta
twa
tʷ
tya
tʲ
ca
t͡ʃ
cwa
t͡ʃʷ
ka
kwa
kʷ
voiced
ba
bwa
ɓʷ
bya
bʲ
da
dwa
ɗʷ
dya
ɗʲ
ja
d͡ʒ
jwa
d͡ʒʷ
ga
gwa
gʷ
aspirated
pha
pʰ
phwa
pʷʰ
phya
pʲʰ
tha
tʰ
thwa
tʷʰ
thya
tʲʰ
cha
t͡ʃʰ
kha
kʰ
khwa
kʷʰ
nasalised
mba
ᵐb
mbwa
ᵐbʷ
mbya
ᵐbʲ
nda
ⁿd
ndwa
ⁿdʷ
(ndya)
lower-alpha 1
ⁿdʲ
nja
ⁿd͡ʒ
nga
ᵑg
ngwa
ᵑgʷ
nasalised
aspirated
mpha
ᵐpʰ
mphwa
ᵐpʷʰ
mphya
ᵐpʲʰ
ntha
ⁿtʰ
nthwa
ⁿtʷʰ
(nthya)
ⁿtʲʰ
ncha
ⁿt͡ʃʰ
nkha
ᵑkʰ
nkhwa
ᵑkʷʰ
fricative
unvoiced
fa
fwa
fʷ
fya
fʲ
sa
swa
sʷ
ska (sya)
sʲ
(sha)
ha
voiced
va
vwa
vʷ
vya
vʲ
za
zwa
zʷ
zga
zʲ
semivowel
liquid
ŵa
wa
la/ra
lwa/rwa
ɽʷ
lya/rya
ɽʲ
ya
gha
Only in the word
ndyali
Kapulikikilo
lemba
kulemba source
Kupambana kukuru pakati pa Chichewa na Chitumbuka nkhwa kuti Chichewa ni chiyowoyero icho chikuyowoya mazgu ghakupambanapambana.
ChiTumbuka chili na mazgu ghakupambanapambana, chifukwa lizgu lililose ilo likuyowoyeka payekha likuyana waka na lizgu lakwamba ilo likufuma pa lizgu laumaliro.
13
Ntheura, mu Citumbuka nchambura macitiko kupambaniska mazgu ghaŵiri ghakupambanapambana, nga umo vikuŵira mu Chichewa na viyowoyero vinyake vya Bantu. Ndipouli, lizgu laumaliro yayi ndilo likuŵa pa lizgu lililose, kweni lizgu laumaliro pera:
14
ti-ku-phika sî:ma
'tikuphika sima'
A greater variety of tonal patterns is found in the
ideophones
(expressive words) of Tumbuka; for example Low (
yoyoyo
'disintegrating into small pieces'), High (
fyá:
'swooping low (of birds)'), High-Low (
phúli
'sound of thing bursting'), and Low-High (
yií
'sudden disappearance'), etc.
15
Intonational tones are also used in Tumbuka; for example, in yes-no questions there is often a High-Low fall on the final syllable of the question:
16
ku-limirâ-so ngô:mâ?
'are you also weeding the maize?'
There does not seem to be any consistent, direct correlation between tone in Tumbuka and
focus
17
Mazina
lemba
kulemba source
Noun classes
lemba
kulemba source
Nga umo vikuŵira na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu, mazina gha ChiTumbuka ghakupangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana kuyana na vigaŵa vya mazina. Lizgu lililose lili na lizgu lake lakwimira, lizgu lakwimira, na lizgu la chiyowoyero. Para pali mphindano pakati pa mazgu agha na mazgu ghakwambilira, mazgu agha ndigho ghakuŵa pakwamba pakusankha zina. Mwaciyelezgero, lizgu lakuti katundu 'vinthu,' nangauli lili na lizgu lakuti ka-, lili mu gulu 1, cifukwa munthu wakuyowoya katundu uyu 'vinthu ivi' na lizgu lakuti uyu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaŵi (nga umo viliri mu dikishonare ya Citumbuka ya pa Yunivesite ya Malawi) ŵakuzunura mazina gha viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake nga ni "Mu-Ŵa-"; kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Bantu ŵakuzunura viŵaro mu manambara (1/2 etc.) agho ghakuyana na viŵaro vya viŵaro mu viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Bantu. Nyengo zinyake mazina ghakukolerana yayi na magulu ghakulondezgapo agha, nga ni fumu'mukuru' (kalasi 9) uyo wali na mazina ghanandi mu kilasi 6.
Class 1/2 (Mu-Ŵa-)
Some nouns in this class lack the prefix Mu-:
Munthu
pl.
ŵanthu (banthu)
= person
Muzungu
pl.
ŵazungu (bazungu)
= foreigner, white man
Mwana
pl.
ŵana (bana)
= child
Bulu
pl.
ŵabulu
= donkey
Sibweni
pl.
ŵasibweni
= maternal uncle
Katundu
(no pl.) = goods, possessions
Class 3/4 (Mu-Mi-)
Mutu
pl.
mitu
= head
Mkuyu
pl.
mikuyu
= fig-tree
Moyo
pl.
miyoyo
= life
Mtima
pl.
mitima
= heart
Class 5/6 (Li-Ma-)
Bele (bhele
pl.
mabele (mabhele)
= breast
Boma (bhoma)
pl.
maboma (mabhoma)
= government, district
Botolo (bhotolo)
pl.
mabotolo (mabhotolo)
= bottle
Fuko
pl.
mafuko
= tribe, nation
Jiso
pl.
maso
= eye
Maji
(no singular) = water
Phiri
pl.
mapiri
= hill
Suzgo
pl.
masuzgo
= problem, trouble
Woko
pl.
mawoko
= hand
Class 7/8 (Ci-Vi-)
Caka (chaka)
pl.
vyaka
= year
Caro (charo)
pl.
vyaro
= country, land
Ciŵeto (chibeto)
pl.
viŵeto (vibeto)
= farm animal
Cidakwa (chidakwa)
pl.
vidakwa
= drunkard
Cikoti (chikoti)
pl.
vikoti
= whip
Class 9/10 (Yi-Zi-)
Mbale
pl.
mbale (mambale)
= plate
Ndalama
pl.
ndalama
= money
Njelwa
pl.
njelwa
= brick
Nkhuku
pl.
nkhuku
= chicken
Somba
pl.
somba
= fish
Class 11 (Lu-)
Some speakers treat words in this class as if they were in class 5/6.
18
Lwande
= side
Lumbiri
= fame
Lulimi
= tongue
Class 12/13 (Ka-Tu-)
Kanthu (kantu)
pl.
tunthu (tuntu)
= small thing
Kamwana
pl.
tuŵana (tubana)
= baby
Kayuni
pl.
tuyuni
= bird
Tulo
(no singular) = sleep
Class 14/6 (U-Ma-)
These nouns are frequently abstract and have no plural.
Usiku
= night
Ulimi
= farming
Ulalo
pl.
maulalo
= bridge
Uta
pl.
mauta
= bow
Class 15 (Ku-) Infinitive
Kugula
= to buy, buying
Kwiba (kwibha)
= to steal, stealing
Classes 16, 17, 18 (Pa-, Ku-, Mu-) Locative
Pasi
= underneath
Kunthazi (kuntazi)
= in front, before
Mukati
= inside
Concords
lemba
kulemba source
Viyezgo, vimanyikwiro, manambara, mazgu ghakupambanapambana, na vimanyikwiro mu Chitumbuka vikwenera kukolerana na lizgu ilo likuyowoyeka. Ŵakuchita nthena na vilembo vyakwambilira, vyakunthazi, panji vyakunthazi ivyo vikuchemeka 'concords.' Mtundu 1 uli na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, nga ni mazina ghakwimira vinthu, mazgu ghakwamba, mazgu ghaumaliro, manambara, vimanyikwiro, na mazgu ghaumaliro:
19
20
21
Mwana u
yu
= this child
Mwana
yu
moza
= one child
Mwana u
yo
= that child
Mwana
yo
se
= the whole child
Mwana
wa
li
yo
se
= every child
Mwana
wa
ka
mu
wona
= the child saw him
Mwana
mu
choko (coko)
= the small child
Mwana
wa
Khumbo
= Khumbo's child
Mwana
wa
ne
= my child
Mwana
wa
wona
= the child has seen
Other noun classes have a smaller variety of concords, as can be seen from the table below:
Table of Tumbuka concords
noun
this
num
that
all
subj
object
adj
of
perf
mwana
child
uyu
yu-
uyo
yose
wa-
-mu-
mu-
wa
wa-
ŵana
children
aŵa
ŵa-
awo
wose
ŵa-
-ŵa-
ŵa-
ŵa
ŵa-
mutu
head
uwu
wu-
uwo
wose
wu-
wu-
wu-
wa
wa-
mitu
heads
iyi
yi-
iyo
yose
yi-
-yi-
yi-
ya
ya-
jiso
eye
ili
li-
ilo
lose
li-
-li-
li-
la
la-
maso
eyes
agha
gha-
agho
ghose
gha-
-gha-
gha-
gha
gha-
caka
year
ici
ci-
ico
cose
ci-
-ci-
ci-
ca
ca-
vyaka
years
ivi
vi-
ivyo
vyose
vi-
-vi-
vi-
vya
vya-
nyumba
house
iyi
yi-
iyo
yose
yi-
-yi-
yi-
ya
ya-
10
nyumba
houses
izi
zi-
izo
zose
zi-
-zi-
zi-
za
za-
11
lwande
side
ulu
lu-
ulo
lose
lu-
-lu-
lu-
lwa
lwa-
(or:
ili
li-
ilo
lose
li-
-li-
li-
la
la-
12
kayuni
bird
aka
ka-
ako
kose
ka-
-ka-
ka-
ka
ka-
13
tuyuni
birds
utu
tu-
uto
tose
tu-
-tu-
tu-
twa
twa-
14
uta
bow
uwu
wu
uwo
wose
wu-
-wu-
wu-
wa
wa-
15
kugula
buying
uku
ku-
uko
kose
ku-
-ku-
ku-
kwa
kwa-
16
pasi
underneath
apa
pa-
apo
pose
pa-
-pa-
pa-
pa
pa-
17
kunthazi
in front
uku
ku-
uko
kose
ku-
-ku-
ku-
kwa
kwa-
18
mukati
inside
umu
mu-
umo
mose
mu-
-mu-
mu-
mwa
mwa-
Viyelezgero vya mazgu na malemba
lemba
kulemba source
Mazgu agha ndigho munthu wangayowoya para wakuluta ku chigaŵa icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chitumbuka:
Tumbuka
Chizungu
Moni
Hello
Monile
hello, to a group of people
Muli makola?
Mwaŵa uli?
how are you?
Muli makola?
Mwaŵa uli?
How are you?, to a group of people
Nili makola
I'm okay
Tili makola
We're okay
Naonga (chomene)
Thank you (a lot)
Yewo (chomene)
Thanks (a lot)
Ndiwe njani zina lako?
What is your name?
Zina lane ndine....
My name is....
Nyengo ili uli?
What is the time?
Ningakuvwila?
Can I help you?
Uyende makola
Goodbye/go well/safe travels
Mwende makola
Goodbye/go well/safe travels
(said to a group of people)
Enya/ Eh
Yes
Yayi/Chala
No
Kwali
I don't know
Mukumanya kuyowoya Chizungu?
Can you speak English?
Nayambapo kusambilila ChiTumbuka
I've just started learning Tumbuka
Mukung'anamula vichi?
What do you mean?
Chonde, ningaluta kubafa?
May I please go to the bathroom?
Nakutemwa/Nkhukutemwa
"I love you"
Phepa
Sorry
Phepani
Sorry (to agroup of people)
Banja
Family
Yowoya
Talk/speak
Verbs
lemba
kulemba source
Subject prefix
lemba
kulemba source
Viyezgo vyose vikwenera kuŵa na lizgu lakunjilira ilo likuyana na lizgu lakunjilira. Mwaciyerezgero, lizgu lakuti ciŵinda'muthondo' lili mu gulu la 7, ntheura usange ni munthu, verebu ili lili na c-:
ciŵinda
ci
-ka-koma nkhalamu
= 'the hunter killed a lion'
22
It is also possible for the subject to be a locative noun (classes 16, 17, 18), in which case the verb has a locative prefix:
23
pamphasa
pa
-ka-khala mwana
= 'on the mat there sat down a child'
The locative prefix
ku-
(class 17) is also used impersonally when discussing the weather:
24
ku
kuzizima madazi ghano
= 'it's cold these days'
When the subject is a personal pronoun, the subject prefixes are as follows (the pronoun itself may be omitted, but not the subject prefix):
(ine)
-kha-gula
= 'I bought' (
nkha-
stands for
ni-ka-
(iwe)
-ka-gula
= 'you bought' (informal, singular)
(iyo)
25
wa
-ka-gula
= 'he, she bought'
(ise)
ti
-ka-gula
= 'we bought'
(imwe)
mu
-ka-gula
= 'you bought' (plural or respectful)
(iwo)
ŵa
-ka-gula
= 'they bought', 'he/she bought' (plural or respectful)
In the perfect tense, these are shortened to
n-a-, w-a-, w-a-, t-a-, mw-a-, ŵ-a-
, e.g.
t-a-gula
'we have bought'.
In
Karonga
dialect, in the 3rd person singular
a-
is found instead of
wa-
, and the 3rd plural is
wa-
instead of
ŵa-
, except in the perfect tense, when
wa-
and
ŵa-
are used.
26
Object-marker
lemba
kulemba source
To indicate the object, an infix can be added to the verb immediately before the verb root. Generally speaking, the object-marker is optional:
27
Pokani wa(
yi
)gula galimoto
= 'Pokani has bought a car' (class 9)
Changa waka(
mu
)nyamula katundu
= 'Changa carried the luggage' (class 1)
The object-marker agrees with the class of the object, as shown on the table of concords above.
The object-marker can also be a locative (classes 16, 17, or 18):
28
Kondwani wa(
pa
)kwera pa nyumba
= 'Kondwani has climbed on top of the house'
The locative markers for personal pronouns are as follows:
29
wa
ni
ona (ine)
= 'he has seen me'
wa
ku
ona (iwe)
= 'he has seen you'
wa
mu
ona
= 'he has seen him/her'
wa
ti
ona
= 'he has seen us'
wa
mu
ona
ni
= 'he has seen you' (plural or respectful)
wa
ŵa
ona
= 'he has seen them'
Tenses
lemba
kulemba source
Tenses in Tumbuka are made partly by adding infixes, and partly by suffixes. Unlike Chichewa, tones do not form any part of the distinction between one tense and another.
In the past a distinction is made between hodiernal tenses (referring to events of today) and remote tenses (referring to events of yesterday or some time ago). However, the boundary between recent and remote is not exact.
30
Pali mphambano yikuru pakati pa nyengo iyo yajumpha na nyengo iyo yajumpha. Para munthu wakuyowoya mu nyengo yakufikapo, wakuyowoya kuti vinthu vicali makora, nga ni para wakuti: 'Vikondamoyo vyatandazgika mu munda.' Para munthu wakuyowoya lizgu lakuti ndakhala, wakung'anamura kuti "Nkhukhala" panji ndakondwa. Chizindikiro cha kutali chikugwiliskirika nchito pa vinthu ivyo vikacitika kale comene kweni ivyo vikucitika mazuŵa ghano, nga ni libwe lilikuwa 'libwe lawira' panji walikutayika 'wali kufwa.'
31
32
Nyengo zakunthazi nazo zikupambaniska pakati pa vyakuchitika vyapafupi na vyakutali. Vinyake vikulongora kuti cakucitika ici cizamucitikira kunyake, nga ni ndamukuchezga 'Nizamuluta kukacezga.'
33
Compound tenses are also found in Tumbuka, such as
wati wagona
'he had slept',
wakaŵa kuti wafumapo
'he had just left' and
wazamukuŵa waguliska
'he will have sold'.
34
Some Tumbuka tenses
35
Tense
Tense marker
Example
Translation
Present infinitive
ku-
ku
-luta
‘to go'
Present simple
-ku-
wa-
ku
-luta
‘he/she goes/is going’
Present habitual
-ku-...-anga
wa-
ku
-lut-
anga
‘he/she goes’ (some speakers only)
Present perfect
-a-
w-
-luta
‘he/she has gone’
Present perfect continuous
-a-...-anga
w-
-lut-
anga
‘he/she has been going'
Remote perfect
-liku-
wa-
liku
-luta
‘he/she has gone’
Recent past simple
-angu-
w-
angu
-luta
‘he/she went’ (today)
Recent past continuous
-angu-...-anga
w-
angu
-lut-
anga
‘he/she was going' (today)
Remote past simple
-ka-
wa-
ka
-luta
‘he/she went’
Remote past continuous
-ka-...-anga
wa-
ka
-lut-
anga
‘he/she was going/used to go'
Near future
...-enge
wa-lut-
enge
'he will go' (now or today)
Emphatic future
36
-ti-...-enge
wa-
ti
-lut-
enge
'he will certainly go'
Distal future
37
-amu-(ku)-
w-
amuku
-gula
‘he/she will buy’ (elsewhere)
Remote future
-zamu-(ku)-
wa-
zamu
-luta
‘he/she will go’ (tomorrow or later)
Remote future continuous
-zamu-...-anga
wa-
zamu
-lut-
anga
‘he/she will be going' (tomorrow or later)
Present subjunctive
-e
ti-lut-
‘let's go'
Distal subjunctive
-ka-...-e
wa-
ka
-gul-
‘so that he can buy (elsewhere)'
Potential
-nga-
wa-
nga
-luta
'he can go'
38
Other future tenses are given by Vail (1972) and others.
39
In the 1st person singular,
ni-ku-
and
ni-ka-
are shortened to
nkhu-
and
nkha-
nkhuluta
'I am going', 'I go',
nkhalutanga
'I used to go'.
40
Negative verbs
lemba
kulemba source
To make the negative of a verb in Tumbuka, the word
yayi
or
cha(ra)
is added at or near the end of the clause. It seems that
yayi
is preferred by younger speakers:
41
wakulemba kalata
yayi
'he is not writing a letter'
tizamugwira ntchito
cha
machero
'we will not work tomorrow'
With the present perfect tense, however, a separate form exists, adding
-nda-
and ending in
-e
42
enya, n
kumana nawo
'yes, I have met him'
yayi, ni
nda
kuman
nawo
'no, I haven't met him'
The Ngoni influence on Tumbuka
lemba
kulemba source
Words of Ngoni (Zulu/Ndwandwe) origin found in Tumbuka:
Viyowoyero vyose vya Chitumbuka vikakhwaskika na chiyowoyero cha Chigoni, chomenechomene mu chigaŵa cha Mzimba ku Malawi. Chiyowoyero cha Ngoni chikamba na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ndwandwe awo ŵakaŵa ŵazengezgani ŵa fuko la Zulu pambere Ŵazulu ŵandaŵathereske. Ntheura chiyowoyero icho Ŵandwandwe ŵakayowoyanga chikaŵa chakuyana waka na cha Ŵazulu. Apa pali viyelezgero vinyake vya mazgu gha Chitumbuka agho ghali kufuma ku chiZulu/Ndwandwe, nangauli ghanandi ghali na mazgu ghakwambilira gha Chitumbuka agho ghakung'anamulika mu chiyowoyero ichi.
Tumbuka
Tumbuka-Ngoni dialect
See
Wona
Bheka
Smoke
Khweŵa
Bhema
Man
Mwanalume
Doda
Virgin
Mwali
Nthombi
An example of Tumbuka
lemba
kulemba source
Months in Tumbuka:
Tumbuka
January
Mathipa
February
Muswela
March
Nyakanyaka
April
Masika
May
Vuna
June
Zizima
July
Mphepo
August
Mpupulu
September
Lupya
October
Zimya
November
Thukila
December
Vula
Chiyelezgero cha nkhani ya ŵanthu iyo yikang'anamulika mu Chitumbuka na viyowoyero vinyake vya kumpoto kwa Malawi chili mu buku la Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi, ilo likalembeka na Center for Language Studies of the University of Malawi.
43
Buku la Chitumbuka ilo lili na nkhani iyi likuti:
KALULU NA FULU (Citumbuka)
Fulu wakaluta kukapemphiska vyakulya ku ŵanthu. Pakuyeya thumba lake wakacita kukaka ku cingwe citali na kuvwara mu singo, ndipo pakwenda thumba lake likizanga kunyuma kwakhe.
Wali mu nthowa, kalulu wakiza kunyuma kwakhe ndipo wakati “bowo, thumba lane!” Fulu wakati, "Thumba ndane iwe, wona cingwe ici ndakaka sono nkhuguza pakwenda.” Kalulu wakakana nipera, ndipo wakati “Tilute ku Mphala yikateruzge.” Mphala yikadumula mlandu na kuceketa cingwe ico Fulu wakakakira thumba. Ŵakatola thumba lira ndipo ŵakapa kalulu.
Pa zuŵa linyakhe Kalulu wakendanga, Fulu wakamsanga ndipo wakati, "Bowo, mcira wane!" Kalulu wakati, “Ake! Fulu iwe m'cira ngwane." Fulu wakakana, ndipo wakati, "Ndasola ngwane." Ŵakaluta ku mphala, kuti yikaŵeruzge. Ku Mphala kula mlandu ukatowera Fulu. Ŵakadumula m'cira wa Kalulu nakupa Fulu.
(Translation)
THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE
Tortoise went to beg food from people. To carry his bag, he tied it to a long string and wore it round his neck. As he walked along, the bag was coming behind him.
As he was on his way, Hare came up behind him and said, "There it is, my bag!" Tortoise said "The bag is mine, see this string I've tied now I'm pulling it as I go." Hare refused to accept this and said "Let's go the Court, so that it can judge us." The Court examined the case and cut Tortoise's string which he'd tied the bag with. They took that bag and gave it to Hare.
Another day when Hare was walking along, Tortoise found him and said, "There it is, my tail!" Hare said, "Nonsense, this is my tail, Tortoise." Tortoise refused to accept this and said, "What I've got is mine." They went to the Court so that it could make a judgement. In that Court, the case went in Tortoise's favour. They cut off Hare's tail and gave it to Tortoise.
Some vocabulary
lemba
kulemba source
Helpful phrases
lemba
kulemba source
Enya
= Yes
Yayi
= No
Yebo (yeŵo)
= Thank you
Taonga
= We are thankful
Nkhukhumba chakurya!
= I want some food
Munganipako chakurya?
= could you give me some food?
Ine nkhuyowoya chiTumbuka yayi!
= I do not speak chiTumbuka!
Yendani makola
= Travel well.
Nkukhumba maji yakumwa
= I would like water to drink.
Greetings
lemba
kulemba source
Mwawuka uli?
= Good morning. (How did you wake up?)
Tawuka makola. Kwali imwe?
= Fine. And you? (I woke up well. I don't know about you?)
Muli uli?
= How are you?
Nili makola, kwali imwe?
= I am fine, how are you?
Mwatandala uli?
= Good afternoon. (How did you spend the day?)
Natandala makola. Kwali imwe?
= Good afternoon. How are you? (I spent the day well. I don't know about you?)
Monile
= somewhat more formal than "Hi". Perhaps best translated as "Greetings".
Tionanenge
= We shall meet again.
People
lemba
kulemba source
The plural ba- (ŵa-) is often used for politeness when referring to elders:
Munyamata
= boy
Banyamata (ŵanyamata)
= boys
Musungwana
= girl
Basungwana (ŵasungwana)
= girls
Bamwali (ŵamwali)
= young ladies
Banchembere (ŵancembele)
= a woman with babies
Bamama (ŵamama)
= mother
Badada(ŵadhadha)
= dad
Bagogo (ŵagogo)
= grandmother
Babuya (ŵabhuya)
= grandmother, also used when addressing old female persons
Basekulu (ŵasekulu)
= grandfather
Bankhazi (ŵankhazi)
= paternal aunt
ŵa/Bamama ŵa/bachoko / ŵa/bakulu
= maternal aunt usually your mother's younger/older sister
Basibweni (ŵasibweni)
= maternal uncle
Badada(ŵadhadha) bachoko / bakulu
= paternal uncle usually your father's younger/older brother
Mudumbu(mudhumbu) wane
= my brother/ sister (for addressing a sibling of the opposite sex)
Muchoko wane / muzuna wane/ munung'una wane
= my young brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex)
Mukuru wane / mulala wane
= my elder brother / sister (for addressing a sibling of the same sex)
Verbs
lemba
kulemba source
Kusebela (Kuseŵera)
= to play
Kuseka
= to laugh
Kurya
= to eat
Kugona
= to sleep
Kwenda
= to walk
Kuchimbila
= to run
Kulemba
= to write
Kuchapa
= to do laundry
Kugeza
= to bath
Kuphika
= to cook
Kulima
= to dig / cultivate
Kupanda
= to plant
Kuvina
= to dance
Kwimba
= to sing
Animals
lemba
kulemba source
Fulu
= tortoise
Kalulu
= hare
Gwere
= hippo
Chimbwi
= hyena
Njoka
= snake
Nkhumba
= pig
Ng'ombe
= cow
Nchebe (Ncheŵe)
= dog
Chona/pusi/kiti
= cat
Mbelele
= sheep
Nkalamu
= lion
Mbuzi
= goat
Nkhuku
= chicken
Wonaniso
lemba
kulemba source
Tumbuka people
Tumbuka mythology
Notable Tumbuka People
lemba
kulemba source
Sheperd Bushiri
(Christian preacher)
Mwai Kumwenda
(netball player)
Briddget Kumwenda
(netball player)
Chakufwa Chihana
( human rights activist and politician)
Enoch Chihana
(member of parliament)
Ukaboni
lemba
kulemba source
Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
New Updated Guthrie List Online
Michigan State University African Studies Center information page
Kiso (2012), pp.21ff.
University of Malawi (2006) Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi.
Kamwendo (2004), p.282.
Kamwendo (2004), p.278.
See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38-40 for a list of publications.
Atkins, Guy (1950)
"Suggestions for an Amended Spelling and Word Division of Nyanja"
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
, Vol. 20, No. 3, p.205.
See entries
citatanga
cidunga
cihengo
Vail (1972), p. 1.
Chavula (2016), pp. 11–13.
Vail (1972), pp. 4–19.
Downing (2008, 2012).
Downing (2012), p.123.
Moto (1999), pp.112-120.
Downing (2008), p.55.
Downing (2012), p.129.
Shiozaki (2004).
Chase (2004).
Shiozaki (2004)
Vail (1971).
Chavula (2016), p. 42.
Chavula (2016), p. 23.
Chavula (2016), p. 24.
Chavula (2016), p. 23. But Kishindo et al. (2018), s.v.
iye
, have
iye
McNicholl (2010), pp. 7–8.
Chavula (2016), pp. 51–64.
Chavula (2016), p. 56.
Chavula (2016), pp. 53–4.
Kiso (2012), p. 176.
Kiso (2012), pp. 171, 178.
Kiso (2012), p. 171, quoting Vail (1972).
Kiso (2012), p. 184, quoting Vail (1972).
Kiso (2012), pp. 172, 182, 184, quoting Vail (1972).
Kiso (2012), pp. 163–192.
Kiso (2012), p. 183, quoting Vail (1972).
Kiso (2012), p. 184, 185, quoting Vail (1972). For the term 'distal', see Botne (1999).
McNicholl (2010), p. 8.
See Kiso (2012) pp. 182–188.
Kiso (2012), pp. 163, 173.
Kiso (2012), p. 190.
Kiso (2012), p. 191.
Language Mapping Survey
, p. 60-64.
Bibliography
lemba
kulemba source
Botne, Robert (1999).
"Future and distal -ka-'s: Proto-Bantu or nascent form(s)?"
. In: Jean-Marie Hombert and Larry M. Hyman (eds.),
Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives
. Stanford, CA: Center for the Study of Language and Information, pp.
473–515.
Chase, Robert (2004). "A Comparison of Demonstratives in the Karonga and Henga Dialects of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
Chavula, Jean Josephine (2016).
"Verbal derivation and valency in Chitumbuka"
. Leiden University doctoral thesis.
Downing, Laura J. (2006). "The Prosody and Syntax of Focus in Chitumbuka".
ZAS Papers in Linguistics
43, 55-79.
Downing, Laura J. (2008). "Focus and prominence in Chichewa, Chitumbuka and Durban Zulu".
ZAS Papers in Linguistics
49, 47-65.
Downing, Laura J. (2012).
"On the (Non-)congruence of Focus and Prominence in Tumbuka"
Selected Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics
, ed. Michael R. Marlo et al., 122-133. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Downing, Laura J. (2017). "Tone and intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka". In Laura J. Downing & Annie Rialland (eds)
Intonation in African Tone Languages
. de Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, pp.
365–392.
Downing, Laura J. (2019).
"Tumbuka prosody: Between tone and stress"
. In: Emily Clem et al (eds).
Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics
, 75-94. Also available online at:
Elmslie, Walter Angus (1923):
Introductory Grammar of the Tumbuka Language
. Livingstonia Mission Press.
Kamwendo, Gregory H. (2004).
Kamwendo "Your Chitumbuka is Shallow. It's not the Real Chitumbuka: Linguistic Purism Among Chitumbuka Speakers in Malawi"
Nordic Journal of African Studies
13(3): 275–288.
Kishindo, Pascal J. et Allan L. Lipenga (2006).
Parlons citumbuka
: langue et culture du Malawi et de la Zambie
, L'Harmattan, Paris, Budapest, Kinshasa, 138 pages.
ISBN
2-296-00470-9
Kishindo, Pascal J. (ed), Jean J. Chavula and others (2018).
Mung'anamulira mazgo wa Citumbuka
(Citumbuka dictionary). Centre for Language Studies, University of Malawi.
ISBN
978-99960-9-610-5
Kiso, Andrea (2012).
"Tense and Aspect in Chichewa, Citumbuka, and Cisena"
. Ph.D. Thesis. Stockholm University.
McNicholl, Duncan (2010).
"The No-Nonsense Guide to Learning Chitumbuka: Volume 1"
Moto, Francis (1999). "The Tonal Phonology of Bantu Ideophones".
Malilime: Malawian Journal of Linguistics
no.1, 100-120. (pp.
112–119 deals with tone in Chitumbuka ideophones).
Mphande, L. (1989). "A Phonological Analysis of the Ideophone in Chitumbuka". Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Texas, Austin.
Shiozaki, Lisa (2004). "Concordial agreement in the Karonga dialect of Tumbuka". Undergraduate paper. Amherst: Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Massachusetts.
Turner, W.M. (1952).
Tumbuka–Tonga–English Dictionary
The Hetherwick Press, Blantyre, Nyasaland (now Malawi).
University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies (2006).
"Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi"
Vail, Hazen Leroy (1971). "The noun classes of Tumbuka".
African studies
, v. 30, 1, p.
35-59.
Vail, Hazen Leroy (1972). "Aspects of the Tumbuka Verb". Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin.
External links
lemba
kulemba source
Tumbuka edition
of
Wikipedia
, the free encyclopedia
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for
Tumbuka
Very brief report on Tumbuka language.
Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi
. University of Malawi Centre for Language Studies, 2006.
Language Map of Northern Malawi
Some more chiTumbuka vocabulary.
PanAfrican L10n page on Tumbuka
Citumbuka monolingual dictionary
Viyowoyelo vyamu Malaŵi
Viyowoyero vya boma
ChiChewa
ChiNgelezi
Viyowoyero vya vigaŵa
ChiLomwe
ChiNdali
ChiTonga
ChiTumbuka
ChiYao
Languages of Zambia
Official language
Regional languages
Bemba
Kaonde
Lozi
Lunda
Luvale
Nyanja
Tonga
Indigenous languages
Bwile
Chokwe
Ila
Kuhane
Kunda
Kwangwa
Lala-Bisa
Lamba
Lenje
Luyana
Mambwe-Lungu
Mbamba Bay
Mbowe
Mbukushu
Mbunda
Mwanga
Nkangala
Nkoya
Nsenga
Shanjo
Shona
Soli
Tabwa
Tumbuka
Wanda
Yao
Sign languages
Zambian Sign Language
Narrow Bantu languages
(by
Guthrie classification
Zones A
Zone A
A10
A11[101]
Londo
A12[101]
Barue
A13
Balong
A14
Bonkeng
A15
Mbo
[A141
Bafo
A151
Nkongho
A20
A21
Bomboko
A22
Baakpe
A23
Su
A24
Duala
A25
Oli
A26
Pongo
A27
Mulimba
[A221
Bubia
A231
Kole
A30
A31a
North Bobe
A31b
Southwest Bobe
A31c
Southeast Bobe
A32a
Banoo
A32b
Bapoko
A33a
Yasa
A33b
Kombe
A34
Benga
A40
A41
Lombi
A42
Bankon
A43a
Mbene
A43b
North Kogo
A43c
South Kogo
A44
Banen
A45
Nyokon
A46
Mandi
[A441
Aling'a
A461
Bonek
A462
Yambeta
A50
A51
Fa’
A52
Kaalong
A53
Kpa
A54
Ngayaba
[A501
Hijuk
A60
A61[601]
Ngoro
A62
Yambasa
A63
Mangisa
A64[601]
Bacenga
A65
Bati
[A621
Baca
A622
Gunu
A623
Mbule
A70
A71
Eton
A72a
Ewondo
A72b
Mvele
A72c
Bakja
A72d
Yangafek
A73a
Bëbëlë
A73b
Gbïgbïl
A74
Bulu
A75
Fang
[A751
South-West Fang
A80
A81
Mvumbo
A82
So
A83
Makaa
A84
Njem
A85a
Konabem
A85b
Bekwil
A86a
Medjime
A86b
Mpompo
A86c
Mpiemo
A87
Bomwali
[A801
Gyele
A802
Ukwedjo
A803
Shiwe
A831
Byep
A832
Bekol
A841
Bajue
A842
Koonzime
A90
A91
Kwakum
A92a
Pol
A92b
Pomo
A93
Kako
Zone B
B10
B11a
Mpongwe
B11b
Rongo
B11c
Galwa
B11d
Dyumba
B11e
Nkomi
B20
B21
Sekiyani
B22a
West Kele
B22b
Ngom
B22c
Bubi
B23
Mbangwe
B24
Wumbvu
B25
Kota
[B201
Ndasa
B202
Sighu
B203
Sama
B204
Ndambomo
B205
Metombola
B221
Molengue
B251
Shake
B252
Mahongwe
B30
B31
Tsogo
B32
Kande
[B301
Viya
B302
Himbaka
B303
Bongwe
B304
Pinzi
B305
Vove
B40
B41
Sira
B42
Sangu
B43
Punu
B44
Lumbu
[B401
Bwisi
B402
Varama
B403
Vungu
B404
Ngubi
B411
Bwali
B50
B51
Duma
B52
Nzebi
B53
Tsaangi
[B501
Wanzi
B502
Mwele
B503
Vili
B60
B61
Mbete
B62
Mbaama
B63
Nduumo
[B602
Kaning'i
B603
Yangho
B70
B71a
Tege-Kali
B71b
Njiningi
B72a
Ngungwele
B72b
Mpumpu
B73a
Tsaayi
B73b
Laali
B73c
Yaa
B73d
Kwe
B74a
Ndzindziu
B74b
Boma
B75
Bali
B76a
Musieno
B76b
Ngee
B77a
Kukwa
B77b
Fumu
B78
Wuumu
[B701
Tsitsege
B80
B81
Tiene
B82
Boma
B83
Mfinu
B84a[84]
Mpuon
B84b[84]
Mpuun
B85a
Mbiem
B85b
East Yans
B85c
Yeei
B85d
Ntsuo
B85e
Mpur
B86
Di
B87[84]
Mbuun
[B821
Mpe
* B822
Nunu
B861
Ngul
(Ngwi)
B862
Lwel
B863
Mpiin
B864
West Ngongo
B865
Nzadi
Zones C
Zone C
C10
C11
Ngondi
C12a
Pande
C12b
Bogongo
C13
Mbati
C14
Mbomotaba
C15
Bongili
C16
Lobala
[C101
Dibole
C102
Ngando
C103
Kota
C104
Yaka
C105
Mbenga
C141
Enyele
C142
Bondongo
C143
Mbonzo
C161
Bomboli
C162
Bozaba
C20
C21
Mboko
C22
Akwa
C23[21]
Ngare
C24
Koyo
C25
Mbosi
C26
Kwala
C27
Kuba
[C201
Bwenyi
C30
C31a
Loi
C31b
Ngiri
C31c
Nunu
C32
Bobangi
C33
Sengele
C34
Sakata
C35a
Ntomba
C35b
Bolia
C36a
Poto
C36b
Mpesa
C36c
Mbudza
C36d
Mangala
C36e
Boloki
C36f
Kangana
C36g
Ndolo
C37
Buja
[C301
Doko
C302
Bolondo
C311
Mabaale
C312
Ndoobo
C313
Litoka
C314
Balobo
C315
Enga
C321
Binza
C322
Dzamba
C323
Mpama
C371
Tembo
C372
Kunda
C373
Gbuta
C374
Babale
C40
C41
Ngombe
C42
Bwela
C43
Bati
C44
Boa
C45
Angba
[C401
Pagibete
C403
Kango
C411
Bomboma
C412
Bamwe
C413
Dzando
C414
Ligendza
C415
Likula
C441
Bango
C50
C51
Mbesa
C52
So
C53
Poke
C54
Lombo
C55
Kele
C56
Foma
[C501
Likile
C502
Linga
C60
C61a
Northeast Mongo
C61b
Northwest Mongo
C62
Lalia
[C63
Ngando
C611
Bafoto
C70
C71
Tetela
C72
Kusu
C73
Nkutu
C74
Yela
C75
Kela
C76
Ombo
[C701
Langa
C80
C81
Dengese
C82
Songomeno
C83
Busoong
C84
Lele
C85
Wongo
Zone D
D10
D11
Mbole
D12
Lengola
D13
Metoko
D14
Enya
[D141
Zura
D20
D21
Bali
D22
Amba
D23
Komo
D24
Songola
D25
Lega
D26
Zimba
D27
Bangubangu
D28a
West Holoholo
D28b
East Holoholo
[D201
Liko
D211
Kango
D251
Lega-Malinga
D281
Tumbwe
D282
Lumbwe
D30
D31
Peri
D32
Bira
D33
Nyali
[D301
Kari
D302
Guru
D303
Ngbinda
D304
Homa
D305
Nyanga-li
D306
Gbati-ri
D307
Mayeka
D308
Bodo
D311
Bila
D312
Kaiku
D313
Ibutu
D331
Bvanuma
D332
Budu
D333
Ndaaka
D334
Mbo
D335
Beeke
D336
Ngbee
[J]D40
[J]D41
Konzo
[J]D42
Ndandi
[J]D43
Nyanga
[J]D50
[J]D51
Hunde
[J]D52
Haavu
[J]D53
Nyabungu
[J]D54
Bembe
[J]D55
Buyi
[J]D56
Kabwari
[JD501
Nyindu
[J]JD502
Yaka
[J]JD531
Tembo
[J]D60
[J]D61
Ruanda
[J]D62
Rundi
[J]D63
Fuliiro
[J]D64
Shubi
[J]D65
Hangaza
[J]D66
Ha
[J]D67
Vinza
[JD631
Vira
Zones E
Zone E
[J]E10
[J]E11
Nyoro
[J]E12
Tooro
[J]E13
Nyankore
[J]E14
Ciga
[J]E15
Ganda
[J]E16
Soga
[J]E17
Gwere
[J]E18
Nyala
[JE101
Gungu
JE102
Talinga-Bwisi
JE103
Ruli
JE121
Hema
[J]E20
[J]E21
Nyambo
[J]E22
Ziba
[J]E23
Dzindza
[J]E24
Kerebe
[J]E25
Jita
[JE221
Rashi
JE251
Kwaya
JE252
Kara
JE253
Ruri
[J]E30
[J]E31a
Gisu
[J]E31b
Kisu
[J]E31c
Bukusu
[J]E32a
Hanga
[J]E32b
Tsotso
[J]E33
Nyore
[J]E34
Saamia
[J]E35
Nyuli
[JE341
Xaayo
JE342
Marachi
JE343
Songa
[J]E40
[J]E41
Logooli
[J]E42
Gusii
[J]E43
Koria
[J]E44
Zanaki
[J]E45
Nata
E46
Sonjo
[JE401
Nguruimi
JE402
Ikizu
JE403
Suba
Suba-Simbiti
JE404
Shashi
JE405
Kabwa
JE406
Singa
JE407
Ware
JE411
Idaxo
JE412
Isuxa
JE413
Tiriki
JE431
Simbiti
JE432
Hacha
JE433
Surwa
JE434
Sweta
E50
E51
Kikuyu
E52
Embu
E53
Meru
E54
Saraka
E55
Kamba
E56
Daiso
[E531
Mwimbi-Muthambi
E541
Cuka
E60
E61[621a]
Rwo
E62a[621b,622a]
Hai
E62b[622c]
Wunjo
E62c[623]
Rombo
E63
Rusa
E64
Kahe
E65
Gweno
E70
E71
Pokomo
E72a
Gyriama
E72b
Kauma
E72c
Conyi
E72d
Duruma
E72e
Rabai
E73
Digo
E74a
Dabida
E74b[741]
Sagala
[E701
Elwana
E731
Segeju
E732
Degere
E74
Taita
Zone F
F10
F11
Tongwe
F12
Bende
[J]F20
[J]F21
Sukuma
[J]F22
Nyamwezi
[J]F23
Sumbwa
[J]F24
Kimbu
[J]F25
Bungu
F30
F31
Nilamba
F32
Remi
F33
Langi
F34
Mbugwe
Zone G
G10
G11
Gogo
G12
Kaguru
G20
G21
Tubeta
G22
Asu
G23
Shambala
G24
Bondei
[G221
Mbugu
G30
G31
Zigula
G32
Ngwele
G33
Zaramo
G34
Ngulu
G35
Ruguru
G36
Kami
G37
Kutu
G38
Vidunda
G39
Sagala
[G301
Doe
G311
Mushungulu
G40
G41
Tikuu
G42a
Amu
G42b
Mvita
G42c
Mrima
G42d
Unguja
G43a
Phemba
G43b
Tumbatu
G43c
Hadimu
G44a
Ngazija
G44b
Njuani
[G402
Makwe
G403
Mwani
G404
Sidi
G411
Socotra Swahili
G412
Mwiini
G50
G51
Pogolo
G52
Ndamba
G60
G61
Sango
G62
Hehe
G63
Bena
G64
Pangwa
G65
Kinga
G66
Wanji
G67
Kisi
[G651
Magoma
Zone H
H10
H11
Beembe
H12
Vili
H13
Kunyi
H14
Ndingi
H15
Mboka
H16a
South Kongo
H16b
Central Kongo
H16c
Yombe
H16d
Fiote
H16e
Bwende
H16f
Laadi
H16g
East Kongo
H16h
Southeast Kongo
[H111
Hangala
H112
Kamba
Doondo
H131
Suundi
H20
H21a
Kimbundu
H21b
Mbamba
H22
Sama
H23
Bolo
H24
Songo
H30
H31
Yaka
H32
Suku
H33 [L12b]
Hungu
H34
Mbangala
H35
Sinji
[H321
Soonde
H40
H41
Mbala
H42
Hunganna
Zones J
Zone J*
[J]D40
[J]D41
Konzo
[J]D42
Ndandi
[J]D43
Nyanga
[J]D50
[J]D51
Hunde
[J]D52
Haavu
[J]D53
Nyabungu
[J]D54
Bembe
[J]D55
Buyi
[J]D56
Kabwari
[JD501
Nyindu
[J]JD502
Yaka
[J]JD531
Tembo
[J]D60
[J]D61
Ruanda
[J]D62
Rundi
[J]D63
Fuliiro
[J]D64
Subi
[J]D65
Hangaza
[J]D66
Ha
[J]D67
Vinza
[JD631
Vira
[J]E10
[J]E11
Nyoro
[J]E12
Tooro
[J]E13
Nyankore
[J]E14
Ciga
[J]E15
Ganda
[J]E16
Soga
[J]E17
Gwere
[J]E18
Nyala
[JE101
Gungu
JE102
Talinga-Bwisi
JE103
Ruli
JE121
Hema
[J]E20
[J]E21
Nyambo
[J]E22
Ziba
[J]E23
Dzindza
[J]E24
Kerebe
[J]E25
Jita
[JE221
Rashi
JE251
Kwaya
JE252
Kara
JE253
Ruri
[J]E30
[J]E31a
Gisu
[J]E31b
Kisu
[J]E31c
Bukusu
[J]E32a
Hanga
[J]E32b
Tsotso
[J]E33
Nyore
[J]E34
Saamia
[J]E35
Nyuli
[JE341
Xaayo
JE342
Marachi
JE343
Songa
[J]E40
[J]E41
Logooli
[J]E42
Gusii
[J]E43
Koria
[J]E44
Zanaki
[J]E45
Nata
E46
Sonjo
[JE401
Nguruimi
JE402
Ikizu
JE403
Suba
Suba-Simbiti
JE404
Shashi
JE405
Kabwa
JE406
Singa
JE407
Ware
JE411
Idaxo
JE412
Isuxa
JE413
Tiriki
JE431
Simbiti
JE432
Hacha
JE433
Surwa
JE434
Sweta
[J]F20
[J]F21
Sukuma
[J]F22
Nyamwezi
[J]F23
Sumbwa
[J]F24
Kimbu
[J]F25
Bungu
Zone K
K10
K11
Chokwe
K12a
Luimbi
K12b
Nyemba
K13
Lucazi
K14
Lwena
K15
Mbunda
K16
Nyengo
K17
Mbwela
K18
Nkangala
K20
K21
Lozi
K30
K31
Luyana
K32
Mbowe
K33
Kwangali
K34
Mashi
K35
Simaa
K36
Sanjo
K37
Kwangwa
[K321
Mbume
K322
Liyuwa
K332
Manyo
K333
Mbukushu
K334
Mbogedu
K351
Mulonga
K352
Mwenyi
K353
Koma
K354
Imilangu
K371
Kwandi
K40
K41
Totela
K42
Subiya
[K402
Fwe
K411
Totela of Namibia
Zone L
L10
L11
Pende
L12
Samba
Holu
L13
Kwese
[L101
Sonde
L20
L21
Kete
L22
Binji
Mbagani
L23
Songe
L24
Luna
[L201
Budya
L202
Yazi
L221
Lwalwa
L231
Binji
L30
L31a
Luba-Kasai
L31b
Lulua
L32
Kanyoka
L33
Luba-Katanga
L34
Hemba
L35
Sanga
[L301
Kebwe
L331
Zeela
L40
L41
Kaonde
L50
L51
Salampasu
L52
Lunda
L53
Ruund
[L511
Luntu
L60
L61
Mbwera
L62
Nkoya
[L601
Kolwe
L602
Lushangi
L603
Shasha
Zone M
M10
M11
Pimbwe
M12
Rungwa
M13
Fipa
M14
Rungu
M15
Mambwe
[M131
Kuulwe
M20
M21
Wanda
M22
Mwanga
M23
Nyiha
M24
Malila
M25
Safwa
M26
Iwa
M27
Tambo
[M201
Lambya
M202
Sukwa
M30
M31
Nyakyusa
[M301
Ndali
M302
Penja
M40
M41
Taabwa
M42
Bemba
[M401
Bwile
M402
Aushi
M50
M51
Biisa
M52
Lala
M53
Swaka
M54
Lamba
M55
Seba
[M521
Ambo
M522
Luano
M541
Lima
M542
Temba
M60
M61
Lenje
M62
Soli
M63
Ila
M64
Tonga
[M611
Lukanga Twa
M631
Sala
M632
Lundwe
M633
Kafue Twa
Zones N
Zone N
N10
N11
Manda
N12
Ngoni
N13
Matengo
N14
Mpoto
N15
Tonga
[N101
Ndendeule
N102
Nindi
N121
Ngoni of Malawi
N20
N21
Tumbuka
[N201
Mwera of Mbamba Bay
N30
N31a
Nyanja
N31b
Cewa
N31c
Manganja
N40
N41
Nsenga
N42
Kunda
N43
Nyungwe
N44
Sena
N45[44]
Rue
N46[44]
Podzo
[N441
Sena-Malawi
Zone P
P10
P11
Ndengereko
P12
Ruihi
P13
Matumbi
P14
Ngindo
P15
Mbunga
P20
P21
Yao
P22
Mwera
P23
Makonde
P24
Ndonde
P25
Mabiha
P30
P31
Makua
P32
Lomwe
P33
Ngulu
P34
Cuabo
[P311
Koti
P312
Sakati
P331
Lomwe of Malawi
P341
Moniga
Zone R
R10
R11
Umbundu
R12
Ndombe
R13
Nyaneka
R14
Khumbi
[R101
Kuvale
R102
Kwisi
R103
Mbali
R20
R21
Kwanyama
R22
Ndonga
R23
Kwambi
R24
Ngandyera
[R211
Kafima
R212
Evale
R213
Mbandja
R214
Mbalanhu
R215
Ndongwena
R216
Kwankwa
R217
Dombondola
R218
Esinga
R241
Kwaluudhi
R242
Kolonkadhi-Eunda
R30
R31
Herero
[R311
North-West Herero
R312
Botswana Herero
R40
R41
Yei
Zone S
S10
S11
Korekore
S12
Zezuru
S13a
Manyika
S13b
Tebe
S14
Karanga
S15
Ndau
S16
Kalanga
S20
S21
Venda
S30
S31a
Tswana
S31b
Kgatla
S31c
Ngwatu
S31d[311]
Khalaxadi
S32a
Pedi
S32b
Lobedu
S33
Sotho
[S301
Phalaborwa
S302
Kutswe
S303
Pai
S304
Pulana
S40
S41
Xhosa
S42
Zulu
S43
Swati
S44
(Northern) Ndebele
[S401
Old Mfengu
S402
Bhaca
S403
Hlubi
S404
Phuthi
S405
Nhlangwini
S406
Lala
S407
South Ndebele
S408
Sumayela Ndebele
S50
S51
Tswa
S52[53]
Gwamba
S53
Tsonga
S54
Ronga
[S511
Hlengwe
S60
S61
Copi
S62
Tonga
[S611
Lenge
Note: The
Guthrie classification
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
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Mitundu
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Nyasa languages
Languages of Malawi
Languages of Zambia
Tumbuka people
Non-tonal languages in tonal families
Click languages
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Articles with short description
Short description is different from Wikidata
Good articles
Languages with ISO 639-2 code
Language articles without reference field
Articles with BNF identifiers
Articles with BNFdata identifiers
Articles with J9U identifiers
Articles with LCCN identifiers
Articles with SUDOC identifiers
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