Papers by Chrysanthi Tsouli
Το Μουσείον 9 (2014-2022), 2025
A Funerary Stele from Inland Asia Minor in the NAM and Other Phrygian Antiquities encountered in ... more A Funerary Stele from Inland Asia Minor in the NAM and Other Phrygian Antiquities encountered in a Survey in Gediz (ancient Kadoi) in NW Asia Minor by the Archaeological Department of the Greek Governance of Smyrna.
The current paper deals with 1) the unpublished funerary stele Γ 6599, which, according to the Inventory Book of the Sculpture Collection, “was handed over by the former King Konstantinos. From Asia Minor”. The gravestone was identified in photographic records of Historical Collections from the Asia Minor Expedition (Photographic Archive of the National Historic Museum, of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation, of the National Research Foundation “Eleutherios Venizelos” and of the Army History Directorate), as well as in a report in the daily press of 1921, through which the circumstances of acquiring the work from "the depths of Asia Minor" are documented. The typology and iconography of the stele are analyzed and its exact origin and attribution to a sculpture workshop of the area is traced. 2) a group of glass negative plates in the Photographic Archive of the National Archaeological Museum, made in 1921 during a survey of the Archaeological Department of the Greek Governance of Smyrna during the time of Greek occupation of the area. The plates depict antiquities from Asia Minor, sculptures and funerary monuments, reused in the majority of them in modern constructions in the city Gidiz or Gediz (ancient Kadoi) near Çavdarhisar (ancient Aizanoi) in NW Asia Minor. These works were identified with the antiquities mentioned in a letter by the military authorities of Gediz to the High Commission of Izmir in November 1921, which was located in the Historical Archive of Antiquities and Restorations of the Directorate for the Management of the National Archives of Monuments. From the administrative correspondence kept in the same Archive, it is documented that an archaeologist was sent to the area in December 1921 to evaluate the antiquities. Most of them were identified in the slightly later bibliography of the time as remaining in the same place where they were originally located. The afterlives of these antiquities have as yet met with little scholarly attention. This paper attempts to remedy the unfortunate state of research and to offer a systematic compilation of data concerning the fate of these antiquities, their state of preservation and their current location in their original find-spot or in Museum Collections. Finally, an assessment of the position of the specific group of gravestones in the funerary production of the area is carried out.
Archaeology Cultural Heritage and World War II, ed. by A, Crisa, Brill editions, 2024
In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the impact of World War II on antiquities in Att... more In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the impact of World War II on antiquities in Attica, Greece. The research is based on a combined study of Greek archival material, which documents the measures taken by the Greek state to protect antiquities, the active opposition of the struggling Greek Archaeological Service to the occupation forces and the compulsory cooperation with the “Art Protection” units of Germany and Italy, as well as the cultural policies of the opponents in occupied Greece.
ΚΑΛΛΙΝΙΚΟΣ, 2024
Στο παρόν άρθρο δημοσιεύεται ένα κυματιοφόρο μέλος που αποδίδεται στο λεγόμενο Βάθρο των Δωρητών ... more Στο παρόν άρθρο δημοσιεύεται ένα κυματιοφόρο μέλος που αποδίδεται στο λεγόμενο Βάθρο των Δωρητών της Στοάς του Αττάλου, η επίστεψη του οποίου είναι γνωστή στην έρευνα από την πρόσφατη δημοσίευση δύο ακόμα τμημάτων της. Ο εντοπισμός της απεικόνισης του νέου αυτού μέλους δίπλα σε ένα από τα ήδη γνωστά, σε μια γκραβούρα του 1843, κοντά στο Ηφαίστειο, μας επιτρέπει να ταυτίσουμε τον τόπο εύρεσης αυτών στον Έσω Κεραμεικό και να τα αναγνωρίσουμε μεταξύ των ευρημάτων μιας ανασκαφής του 1837, στην οποία αποκαλύφθηκε μέρος του λεγόμενου μνημείου του Ευβουλίδη. Επιπλέον, το άρθρο παρακολουθεί τις περιπέτειες των μελών του Βάθρου των Δωρητών, που διεσπάρησαν ανάμεσα στην Αρχαία Αγορά και στο Δίπυλο, σημαντικά τοπόσημα της αρχαίας Αθήνας, που προσέλκυαν πάντοτε το ενδιαφέρον του τιμωμένου καθηγητή Πάνου Βαλαβάνη, επάνω σε έναν διαρκώς μεταβαλλόμενο αθηναϊκό καμβά, από τον 19ο αιώνα ως τις μέρες μας
ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΙΟΝ, 2023
In this article Ι present the editio princeps of a fragmentary inscription carved on a relief ste... more In this article Ι present the editio princeps of a fragmentary inscription carved on a relief stele made of island marble housed in the National Archaeological Museum. The inscription, a consolation decree issued by the Milesians dueling in Aigiale, one of the three cities of Amorgos island, is a typical species of decree of Roman times in Amorgos. A combined study of the decree and the relief representation on the stele, depicting a couple in a banquet, is quite revealing of the institutions of the aristocratic society of the island in that era.
Ρωμαϊκή πλαστική στην Ελλάδα: Νέα ευρήματα και νέες έρευνες, επιμ. Δ. Δαμάσκου – Π. Καραναστάση – Θ. Στεφανίδου-Τιβερίου, Αθήνα / D. Damaskos – P. Karanastasis – Th. Stefanidou-Tiveriou (eds), Roman sculpture in Greece: new finds and new research, 313-328 , 2022
The aim of this paper is to present twelve funerary banquet reliefs, housed in the National Archa... more The aim of this paper is to present twelve funerary banquet reliefs, housed in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens, and to ascribe them to specific workshops of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire. The reliefs are mostly unpublished or known only from their inscriptions and are old possessions of the museum. Tracing their provenance, by checking Old Inventories, leads to the certain assignment of the majority of them to Cycladic workshops, as well as to Asia Minor and Bithynian workshops, regarding single examples. For those reliefs that no provenance can be traced, an attribution to specific workshops is attempted, on the basis of common morphological traits, iconographic schemata and material. The survey of the material sheds new light on the choice of this iconographic theme in regions where it was hardly known in relevant bibliography (Melos, Amorgos). It also enriches the series of banquet reliefs produced in mainstream Eastern workshops, such as Paros, Cyzicus and Bithynia, and traces its evolution, under the influence of the Hellenistic tradition and the innovative elements imposed by the Roman taste. The continuation or interruption of the theme in Attic funerary production of the Roman era is also looked into in brief.
Β. Poulsen, P. Pendersen, J. Lund (eds), Karia and the Dodekanese. Cultural Interrelations in the Southeast Aegean, v. 2, Oxford , 2021
This paper presents the interrelations in the Koan and Karian funerary markers, on the basis of t... more This paper presents the interrelations in the Koan and Karian funerary markers, on the basis of the monuments’ typology and iconography. In both areas funerary monuments with a relief depicting a figural scene constitute only a small part of the funerary production. Figural scenes, however, usually follow similar iconographic motifs.
Relief funerary stelai seem to play a secondary role in comparison to altars, and this holds true for Rhodes, as well. The well-known cylindrical altars, adorned with a relief garland suspended by boucephalia, are found in Kos and in various neighboring areas of Karia. Many of these altars share common morphological traits, iconographic schemata, technical workmanship and material, enabling us to assign them to the same local sculptural workshops.
One can also detect common formal elements on other kinds of altars, such as the rectangular ones. The particular feature of the stepped finial in the majority of Koan pillar-shaped altars finds good parallels in the crowning of monumental funerary edifices in Asia Minor, as well as in smaller funerary stepped-block monuments in Loryma in the Karian Chersonese.
The common typological choices of the two areas are not confined only to stelai and altar types, but also to phallus-shaped monuments and certain sculptures in the round, such as lion statues. The choice of particular funerary markers types in Kos and Karia apparently served post-funerary rituals atop the grave, whereas iconographic themes denoting heroic virtues and civil merit were also extremely favored in both regions
A. Δεληβορριάς, Ε. Βικέλα, Ν. Καλτσάς, Ι. Τριάντη, Α. Ζαρκάδας (επιμ.), Σπονδή, Αφιέρωμα στη μνήμη του Γιώργου Δεσπίνη, 12o Παράρτημα Μουσείου Μπενάκη, Αθήνα 2020
Τέχνης εμπειρία. Νέα Αρχαιολογικά ευρήματα και πορίσματα. Τιμητικός τόμος για την Καθηγήτρια Γεωργία Κοκκορού-Αλευρά, επιμ. Κ. Κοπανιά – Γ. Δουλφή, Αθήνα, 2020
The present article aims to present a type of Κoan funerary monument, the rectangular pillar-shap... more The present article aims to present a type of Κoan funerary monument, the rectangular pillar-shaped altar, named after the near square cross-section of its orthostat. In Kos this type of monument accounts for nearly 100 pieces and it can bear crown moldings (type Ε.I.α), crown moldings with corner acroteria atop (type Ε.I.β), two relief pediments on the short sides (type E.I.γ), and, in the most common type, a relief pediment on the front (type E.I.δ). All types are usually accompanied by a set- back stepped finial. The orthostat of the Koan altars is usually plain or, rarely, adorned with a relief garland suspended by boucephalia, one in the middle of each side, or with a figurative scene in a panel. The systematic typological classification of the Koan pillar-shaped altars revealed that their form is heavily depended on the Archaic Ionian altars with crown moldings, as well as on the wider disseminated Classical altars with pedimented barriers of Mainland and Island Greece. Their main morphological features combined with different types of crowning remain constant in the Koan production from the 3rd c BC to the 1st c AD, entering into decline in the 2nd c. AD. The same basic form is reproduced by the Roman funerary altar, whose origins scholars had till now located in the West and which was predominant in Rome and Pompeii in the 1st c. AD, crowned either by moldings or by a free standing triangular or curvilinear pediment, combined with acroteria and pulvini. From there it spread to North Italy and Iberia, and, from the 2nd c. to the 3rd c. AD, its use expanded in most of the Western, North and East Provinces, and dominated in Macedonia. Nevertheless, the particular feature of the relief pediment in the front, appearing in the majority of the Macedonian altars, for this reason referred to by scholars as “Macedonian” type of altar, predominated in Kos as early as the Hellenistic period.
N. Dimakis - T. Dijkstra (eds), Mortuary variability and social diversity in ancient Greece, 2020
The aim of this paper is to offer a survey of iconography and, mainly, forms and chronology of th... more The aim of this paper is to offer a survey of iconography and, mainly, forms and chronology of the rich group of Koan grave markers, covering a fairly large chronological span, from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. The relief stelai constitute a small group of monuments in all periods. The contribution of the Koan workshop to the Hellenistic funerary art lies, mainly, in the systematic production of aniconic types of grave markers, especially of various types of altars, usually adorned with bucephalia connected with garlands: cylindrical altars, rectangular altars with volutes and pillar-shaped altars, especially a variation crowned by a relief pediment on the front, which is known in other regions during the Roman period. Innovative is also the production of the type of marble, solid krater as a grave marker. The heyday of the workshop occurs in 2nd and 1st centuries BC. The production of relief stelai and altars declines during the Roman period, whereas the plain stelai increase in number. The Romanization of art is apparent in some new types of monuments, such as the portrait busts, the ornamented sarcophagi, the columellae and the gladiatorial reliefs, all of them few in number.
M. Lagogianni-Georgakarakos (ed.), Glorious Victories. Between Myth and History, Exh. Catalogue (National Archaeological Museum, October 2020 – March 2021), Athens , 2020
Μ. Λαγογιάννη-Γεωργακαράκου (επιμ.), Οι μεγάλες Νίκες. Στα όρια του μύθου και της ιστορίας, κατάλογος έκθεσης (Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο, Οκτώβριος 2020 – Μάρτιος 2021), Αθήνα , 2020
Ζεύς τοι κολαστὴς τῶν ὑπερκόπων ἄγαν φρονημάτων ἔπεστιν, εὔθυνος βαρὺς Στην αλαζονεία και την υπε... more Ζεύς τοι κολαστὴς τῶν ὑπερκόπων ἄγαν φρονημάτων ἔπεστιν, εὔθυνος βαρὺς Στην αλαζονεία και την υπερβολή, ο Δίας είναι τιμωρός και βαρύς διορθωτής Αισχύλος, Πέρσαι, 827-828
Μ. Lagogianni-Georgakarakos – Th. Koutsogiannis (eds.), “These are what we fought for…” Antiquities and the Greek War of Independence, Exh. Catalogue (National Archaeological Museum, February – July 2020), Athens, 2020
Μ. Lagogianni-Georgakarakos – Th. Koutsogiannis (eds.), “These are what we fought for…” Antiquities and the Greek War of Independence, Exh. Catalogue (National Archaeological Museum, February – July 2020), Athens, 2020
Μ. Λαγογιάννη-Γεωργακαράκου – Θ. Κουτσογιάννης (επιμ.) "Δι’ αυτά πολεμήσαμεν...” Αρχαιότητες και Ελληνική Επανάσταση, κατάλογος έκθεσης (Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο, Φεβρουάριος – Ιούλιος 2020), Αθήνα , 2019
Μ. Lagogianni-Georgakarakos – Th. Koutsogiannis (eds.), “These are what we fought for…” Antiquities and the Greek War of Independence, Exh. Catalogue (National Archaeological Museum, February – July 2020), Athens, 2020
Μ. Λαγογιάννη-Γεωργακαράκου – Θ. Κουτσογιάννης (επιμ.) "Δι’ αυτά πολεμήσαμεν...” Αρχαιότητες και Ελληνική Επανάσταση, κατάλογος έκθεσης (Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο, Φεβρουάριος – Ιούλιος 2020), Αθήνα , 2019
M. Lagogianni- Georgakarakos – E. Pappi (eds.), Hadrianus. Hadrian, Athens and the Gymnasia, exh. Catalogue, National Archaeological Museum, Athens / Μ. Λαγογιάννη-Γεοργακαράκου – E. Pappi, Αδριανός. Ο Αδριανός, η Αθήνα και τα Γυμνάσια, κατ. έκθεσης, Εθνικό Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο, Αθήνα , 2018
M. Lagogianni-Georgakarakos (ed.), The countless aspects of Beauty in ancient Greek Art, Exhibition Catalogue, National Arcaheological Museum, Athens 2018, 195-208, 2018
ΧΑιρετιςμοι 9 M. Georgiadis, A synthesis of the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age ground stone tools... more ΧΑιρετιςμοι 9 M. Georgiadis, A synthesis of the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age ground stone tools from the Dodecanese 17 Β. Μαχαίρα, το πρόγραμμα μελέτης και δημοσίευσης των ελληνιστικών γλυπτών της ρόδου. παρατηρήσεις και επί μέρους συμπεράσματα 31 Ε. Κ. Παπαβασιλείου, Σ. Ντιντιούμη, εργαστηριακές εγκαταστάσεις και παραγωγή προϊόντων στα Δωδεκάνησα κατά την ύστερη αρχαιότητα έως την πρωτοβυζαντινή περίοδο 43 Ι. Μπίθα, το ευρετήριο Βυζαντινών τοιχογραφιών ελλάδος στα Δωδεκάνησα 61 Μ.-Χ. Γεωργαλλή, Π. Ψαρρή, ενεργοί οικισμοί εντός οριοθετημένων αρχαιολογικών χώρων στο νοτιοανατολικό Αιγαίο: τα παραδείγματα της μεσαιωνικής πόλης και της Λίνδου ρόδου 67 Κ. Σαραντίδης, Ανάλυση ενός αρχαίου συστήματος κατασκευής στεγών από το μιλησιακό οχυρό στο καστράκι Αγαθονησίου 75 Χ. Παλαμιδά, Φ. Σέρογλου, M. Lawall, Π. Τριανταφυλλίδης, μια πρώτη παρουσίαση των εμπορικών αμφορέων από το αρχαίο οχυρό στη θέση καστράκι Αγαθονησίου 85 Κ. Κεφαλά, Χορηγίες μνημείων στην πάτμο του 17ου αιώνα 97 Μ. Κουτελλάς, η παλαιοχριστιανική βασιλική του Χριστού της ιερουσαλήμ στην κάλυμνο: ςυμπεράσματα της ανασκαφικής έρευνας της περιόδου 2007-2008 111 Β. Χριστοπούλου, νεκροταφείο της πρωτοχαλκής ιι περιόδου στη μεσαριά της νήσου κω 135 S. Vitale, The Koan ceramic assemblage during the Late Bronze Age: Classification, chronology, typology and significance 151 M.G. Palmieri, Age categories in the burials of the "Serraglio" necropolis in Cos. Some preliminary observations 175 Χ. Τσούλη, Βαθμιδωτές επιστέψεις ταφικών(;) μνημείων από την κω: Ένας ιδιόμορφος τύπος μνημείων του αιγαιακού χώρου 187 Ε.Α. Poupaki, Ancient Koan marble quarries and the distribution of Koan marble in antiquity: Results of the recent archaeiological research 205 G. Rocco, Kos. La Stoa Orientale nei quartieri del porto 223 M. Livadiotti, e Central Baths of Kos: New data for a reconstruction 235 I. Baldini, G. Marsili, D. Pellacchia, Archaeological researches on Early Byzantine Kos: e episcopal complex in the Western Baths district 251 G. Mazzilli, Standardizzazione edilizia nel cantiere ecclesiastico a Kos tra V e VI secolo: materiali e forme della costruzione e della decorazione architettonica. Nota preliminare 271 Ε. Μηλίτση-Κεχαγιά, οι μαρμάρινοι άμβωνες των παλαιοχριστιανικών βασιλικών της κω. τυπολογική και μορφολογική ανάλυση 295 W. Ehrhardt, Αρχαιολογικό ερευνητικό πρόγραμμα στο Ασκληπιείο της κω 307 Γ. Κοκκορού-Αλευρά, ςυστηματική ανασκαφική έρευνα στην αρχαία Αλάσαρνα της κω του τομέα Αρχαιολογίας και ιστορίας της τέχνης του πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών 317 Ν. Δημάκης, Λύχνοι από το ιερό του Απόλλωνα στην αρχαία Αλάσαρνα της κω. μια πρώτη παρουσίαση 327 Σ. Καλοπίση-Βέρτη, Μ. Παναγιωτίδη-Κεσίσογλου, Ανασκαφικά ευρήματα της παλαιοχριστιανικής περιόδου στην Αλάσαρνα της κω: η πρόοδος της έρευνας 335 Ε. Γερασκλή, Ανασκαφή σε τμήμα κτηρίου βόρεια της βασιλικής της Αγίας Βαρβάρας, στην καρδάμαινα της κω 345 S. Hillson, Human remains from the Kylindra and Katsalos cemeteries on the island of Astypalaia 355 Κ. Τρανταλίδου, κατανάλωση και χρήση ζωικών αγαθών στη ρόδο της 2ης χιλιετίας π.Χ. 365 Κ. Μπαϊράμη, Ανασκαφή πλατείας Αργυροκάστρου στη μεσαιωνική πόλη της ρόδου. πρώτη παρουσίαση 395 Α. Κοσμά, Γ. Σταλίδης, Ανασκαφική έρευνα στον «μόλο των μύλων» της ρόδου 413 X. Γιακουμάκη, η ανασκαφική έρευνα στην ιπποτική οικία τζεμ στη μεσαιωνική πόλη της ρόδου. η συμβολή της στην αποκατάσταση και την εξελικτική πορεία της αρχαίας οδού ρ31 από την αρχαιότητα έως και σήμερα 429 Ν. Χριστοδουλίδης, ςυστήματα ύδρευσης και αποχέτευσης στην αρχαία πόλη της ρόδου 443 Ν. Χριστοδουλίδης, μικρό γυναικείο κεφάλι μαρμάρινου αγαλματιδίου με χρώματα 455 Π. Κάντζια-Βρατσάλη, πολύτιμα κτερίσματα από τη νέα περιμετρική οδό πόλεως ρόδου 463 Γ.Β. Κουτσουφλάκης, τρία μεσαιωνικά ναυάγια στον εμπορικό λιμένα της ρόδου 477 Π. Παπανικολάου, το καθολικό του Αγίου ιωάννη στο καλλάκιο εκ νέου. Spolia, ιστορικές πληροφορίες και ερμηνευτικά ζητήματα 501 Μ. Χαλκίτη, πήλινη κεφαλή από τον Αρχάγγελο της ρόδου 521 Β. Πατσιαδά, ο αρχαιολογικός χώρος της καμίρου. προβλήματα της αρχαιολογικής έρευνας 541 Π. Τριανταφυλλίδης, η αρχαιολογική έρευνα στο παρροδιακό ιερό του Αταβυρίου Διός 553 Μ.Ι. Στεφανάκης, η αρχαιολογική έρευνα στην κυμισάλα (ρόδος): 2006-2013 565 N. Zarras, Early Byzantine nds from the necropolis of Kymisala in southern Rhodes 581 A.K. Katsioti, N. Mastrochristos, Bilateral icon of the Virgin Eleousa/Crucifixion, formely in the church of Archangel Michael at Lardos, Rhodes 588 ΕΓΧρωΜΟΙ ΠΙΝΑΚΕΣ 607 Εικ. 7. Τμήμα βαθμιδωτής επίστεψης στην τάφρο του Κάστρου της Νερατζιάς.
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Papers by Chrysanthi Tsouli
The current paper deals with 1) the unpublished funerary stele Γ 6599, which, according to the Inventory Book of the Sculpture Collection, “was handed over by the former King Konstantinos. From Asia Minor”. The gravestone was identified in photographic records of Historical Collections from the Asia Minor Expedition (Photographic Archive of the National Historic Museum, of the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation, of the National Research Foundation “Eleutherios Venizelos” and of the Army History Directorate), as well as in a report in the daily press of 1921, through which the circumstances of acquiring the work from "the depths of Asia Minor" are documented. The typology and iconography of the stele are analyzed and its exact origin and attribution to a sculpture workshop of the area is traced. 2) a group of glass negative plates in the Photographic Archive of the National Archaeological Museum, made in 1921 during a survey of the Archaeological Department of the Greek Governance of Smyrna during the time of Greek occupation of the area. The plates depict antiquities from Asia Minor, sculptures and funerary monuments, reused in the majority of them in modern constructions in the city Gidiz or Gediz (ancient Kadoi) near Çavdarhisar (ancient Aizanoi) in NW Asia Minor. These works were identified with the antiquities mentioned in a letter by the military authorities of Gediz to the High Commission of Izmir in November 1921, which was located in the Historical Archive of Antiquities and Restorations of the Directorate for the Management of the National Archives of Monuments. From the administrative correspondence kept in the same Archive, it is documented that an archaeologist was sent to the area in December 1921 to evaluate the antiquities. Most of them were identified in the slightly later bibliography of the time as remaining in the same place where they were originally located. The afterlives of these antiquities have as yet met with little scholarly attention. This paper attempts to remedy the unfortunate state of research and to offer a systematic compilation of data concerning the fate of these antiquities, their state of preservation and their current location in their original find-spot or in Museum Collections. Finally, an assessment of the position of the specific group of gravestones in the funerary production of the area is carried out.
Relief funerary stelai seem to play a secondary role in comparison to altars, and this holds true for Rhodes, as well. The well-known cylindrical altars, adorned with a relief garland suspended by boucephalia, are found in Kos and in various neighboring areas of Karia. Many of these altars share common morphological traits, iconographic schemata, technical workmanship and material, enabling us to assign them to the same local sculptural workshops.
One can also detect common formal elements on other kinds of altars, such as the rectangular ones. The particular feature of the stepped finial in the majority of Koan pillar-shaped altars finds good parallels in the crowning of monumental funerary edifices in Asia Minor, as well as in smaller funerary stepped-block monuments in Loryma in the Karian Chersonese.
The common typological choices of the two areas are not confined only to stelai and altar types, but also to phallus-shaped monuments and certain sculptures in the round, such as lion statues. The choice of particular funerary markers types in Kos and Karia apparently served post-funerary rituals atop the grave, whereas iconographic themes denoting heroic virtues and civil merit were also extremely favored in both regions