Citation - Wikipedia

Citation - Wikipedia
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Wikipedia:Citing sources
and
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Citation (disambiguation)
Cité (disambiguation)
, and
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xkcd
webcomic titled "
Wikipedian
Protester". The sign says: "[
CITATION NEEDED
]".
citation
is a
reference
to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work, for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.
Generally, the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
Citations have several important purposes. While their uses for upholding intellectual honesty and bolstering claims are typically foregrounded in teaching materials and style guides (e.g.,
), correct attribution of insights to previous sources is just one of these purposes.
Linguistic analysis of citation practices has indicated that they also serve critical roles in orchestrating the state of knowledge on a particular topic, identifying gaps in the existing knowledge that should be filled or describing areas where inquiries should be continued or replicated.
Citation has also been identified as a critical means by which researchers establish stance: aligning themselves with or against subgroups of fellow researchers working on similar projects and staking out opportunities for creating new knowledge.
Conventions of citation (e.g., placement of dates within parentheses, superscripted
endnotes vs. footnotes
, colons or commas for page numbers, etc.) vary by the citation system used (e.g.,
Oxford
Harvard
MLA
NLM
American Sociological Association
(ASA),
American Psychological Association
(APA), etc.). Each system is associated with different
academic disciplines
, and
academic journals
associated with these disciplines maintain the relevant citational style by recommending and adhering to the relevant
style guides
Concept
edit
bibliographic citation
is a reference to a book,
article
web page
, or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.
Different citation systems and styles are used in
scientific citation
legal citation
prior art
the arts
, and the
humanities
. Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward "the right to refuse unwanted citations" in certain situations deemed inappropriate.
Citation makes easy to read the sentence by giving hits, where to pause, stop and either short or long,
it
makes the sentence meaningful and emotional as well.
Content
edit
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
Book:
authors, book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and page numbers if appropriate.
10
Journal:
authors, article title, journal title, date of publication, and page numbers.
Newspaper:
authors, article title, name of newspaper, section title and page numbers if desired, date of publication.
Web site:
authors, article, and publication title where appropriate, as well as a
URL
, and a date when the site was accessed.
Play:
inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452–53).
11
Poem:
spaced
slashes
are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and
parenthetical citations
usually include the line numbers. For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15–16).
11
Interview:
name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal interview), and date of interview.
Data:
authors, dataset title, date of publication, and publisher.
Unique identifiers
edit
Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include
unique identifiers
depending on the type of work being referred to.
Citations of books may include an
International Standard Book Number
(ISBN).
Specific volumes, articles, or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated
Serial Item and Contribution Identifier
(SICI) or an
International Standard Serial Number
(ISSN).
Electronic documents may have a
digital object identifier
(DOI).
Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier (
PMID
).
Systems
edit
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.
12
However, the
Council of Science Editors
(CSE) adds a third, the
citation-name system
13
Vancouver system
edit
Main article:
Vancouver system
The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.
14
The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name.
For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system
without
a full bibliography could look like:
"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance."
The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:
1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross,
On Death and Dying
(New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.
In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like:
1. Kübler-Ross,
On Death and Dying
45–60.
The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this:
Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth.
On Death and Dying
. New York: Macmillan, 1969.
In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.
15
Parenthetical referencing
edit
Main article:
Parenthetical referencing
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph.
16
An example of a parenthetical reference:
"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance" (Kübler-Ross, 1969, pp. 45–60).
Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called "References", "Bibliography", "Works cited" or "Works consulted".
In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of a
tooltip
17
This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience.
Styles
edit
Style guides
ACS style
AIP style
AMA Manual of Style
AP Stylebook
APA style
ASA style
Australian Guide to Legal Citation
The Bluebook
The Business Style Handbook
California Style Manual
The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
The Chicago Manual of Style
Citing Medicine
CSE Manual
The Elements of Style
The Elements of Typographic Style
Fowler's Modern English Usage
Garner's Modern English Usage
The Gregg Reference Manual
IEEE style
ISO 690
MHRA Style Guide
Microsoft Manual of Style
MLA Handbook
New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide
The New York Times Manual
Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities
Turabian: A Manual for Writers
List of style guides
List of style guide abbreviations
Further information:
APA style
The Chicago Manual of Style
Bluebook
MLA style
, and
ASA style
For citation templates on Wikipedia, see
Wikipedia:Citation templates
Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as
the Chicago Manual of Style
, are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as
MLA
and
APA
styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.
18
19
20
The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.
A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too:
Stephanus pagination
for
Plato
Bekker numbers
for
Aristotle
; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or
Shakespeare
notation by play.
The
Citation Style Language
(CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe the formatting of citations and bibliographies.
Humanities
edit
The
Chicago style
(CMOS) was developed and its guide is
The Chicago Manual of Style
. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related
Turabian
style—which derives from it—is for student references, and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists, and mandatory access date citation.
The Columbia style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace
by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.
21
Harvard referencing
(or author-date system) is a specific kind of
parenthetical referencing
. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the
British Standards Institution
and the
Modern Language Association
. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
MLA style
was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in
the arts
and the
humanities
, particularly in
English studies
, other
literary studies
, including
comparative literature
and
literary criticism
in languages other than English ("foreign languages"), and some interdisciplinary studies, such as
cultural studies
drama
and
theatre
, film, and other
media
, including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith,
Contingencies
42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a "works cited" page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes).
The
MHRA Style Guide
is published by the
Modern Humanities Research Association
(MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based. It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar to MLA style, but has some differences. For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography. Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.
22
In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional
footnotes
(explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term
footnote
is actually used as a synonym for
reference
, and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.
Law
edit
Main article:
Legal citation
The
Bluebook
is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.
23
At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations, which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. Inline citations allow readers to quickly determine the strength of a source based on, for example, the court a case was decided in and the year it was decided.
The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the
Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation
(AKA
McGill Guide
), published by
McGill Law Journal
24
British legal citation almost universally follows the
Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities
(OSCOLA).
Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine
edit
The
American Chemical Society
style, or
ACS style
, is often used in chemistry and some of the
physical sciences
. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
In the style of the
American Institute of Physics
AIP style
), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
Styles developed for the
American Mathematical Society
(AMS), or AMS styles, such as
AMS-LaTeX
, are typically implemented using the
BibTeX
tool in the
LaTeX
typesetting environment. Brackets with the author's initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called an "authorship trigraph".
The
Vancouver system
, recommended by the
Council of Science Editors
(CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style, which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.
25
The
MEDLINE
PubMed
database uses this citation style and the
National Library of Medicine
provides "ICMJE
Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals
– Sample References".
26
The American Medical Association has its own variant of Vancouver style with only minor differences. See
AMA Manual of Style
The style of the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
(IEEE), or
IEEE style
, encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
27
In areas of biology that falls within the
ICNafp
(which itself uses this citation style throughout), a variant form of author-title citation is the primary method used when making nomenclatural citations and sometimes general citations (for example in code-related proposals published in
Taxon
), with the works in question not cited in the bibliography unless also cited in the text. Titles use standardized abbreviations following
Botanico-Periodicum-Huntianum
for periodicals and
Taxonomic Literature 2
(later
IPNI
) for books.
Pechenik citation style is a style described in
A Short Guide to Writing about Biology
, 6th ed. (2007), by
Jan A. Pechenik
28
In 1955, Eugene Garfield proposed a
bibliographic system for scientific literature
, to consolidate the integrity of
scientific publications
29
Social sciences
edit
The style of the
American Psychological Association
, or
APA style
, published in the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
, is most often used in
social sciences
. APA citation style is similar to
Harvard referencing
, listing the author's name and year of publication, although these can take two forms:
name citations
in which the surnames of the authors appear in the text and the year of publication then appears in parentheses, and
author-date citations
, in which the surnames of the authors and the year of publication all appear in parentheses. In both cases, in-text citations point to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper in a "references" section.
The
American Political Science Association
publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.
30
The style is close to the CMOS.
The
American Anthropological Association
utilizes a modified form of the Chicago style laid out in their publishing style guide.
31
The
ASA style
of the
American Sociological Association
is one of the main styles used in
sociological
publications.
Issues
edit
See also:
Impact factor § Editorial policies that affect the impact factor
In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a "half-life", that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.
32
Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.
33
Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure.
34
For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting the original source.
35
Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research.
36
Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history.
37
Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article.
38
Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared.
39
For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence the impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors.
40
Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank".
41
Nature Index
recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics.
42
They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch the title length and punctuation;
43
(2) release the results early as preprints;
44
(3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords;
45
(4) link the article to supporting data in a repository;
46
and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles.
47
Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including
The Lancet
JAMA
and
The New England Journal of Medicine
, are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles.
48
On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on the same subject.
49
Citation politics
edit
Another issue is citation politics, which describes how citation shapes power structures by dictating the legitimacy of published authors and their work.
50
As ideas are frequently reproduced through citation, they accrue increasing intellectual value.
51
Research suggests that the number of times that an academic article gets cited has a direct impact on the author's academic prestige and recognition, promotion opportunities, and potential impact in their respective fields.
52
The
Matthew Effect
Matilda Effect
and
citation bias
describe phenomena to this effect.
53
54
However, evidence indicates that external factors may influence the likelihood of a paper getting cited.
54
For example, citation counts have been shown to favor researchers from the Global North and thus can undervalue researchers from the Global South and from minority communities.
55
In addition, male names tend to get cited disproportionately more frequently than female names.
56
Smith and Garrett-Scott have also argued that black women in the anthropological field are rarely ever cited by non-black women.
52
Researchers have suggested combating inequality in citation politics with the use of a Citation Diversity Statement, a statement that would include the proportions of citations used in a scholarly article in terms of gender, race, and/or ethnicity.
54
Another option is the formation of campaigns like #CiteBlackWomen that promote awareness of citational disparity.
54
Research and development
edit
There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations.
Citation analysis
is a method widely used in
metascience
Citation analysis
edit
These paragraphs are an excerpt from
Citation analysis
edit
Citation analysis
is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in documents. It uses the
directed graph
of citations – links from one document to another document – to reveal properties of the documents. A typical aim would be to identify the most important documents in a collection. A classic example is that of the citations between academic
articles
and books.
57
58
For another example, judges of law support their
judgements
by referring back to judgements made in earlier cases (see
citation analysis in a legal context
). An additional example is provided by patents which contain
prior art
, citation of earlier patents relevant to the current claim. The digitization of patent data and increasing computing power have led to a community of practice that uses these citation data to measure innovation attributes, trace knowledge flows, and map innovation networks.
59
Documents can be associated with many other features in addition to citations, such as authors, publishers, journals as well as their actual texts. The general analysis of collections of documents is known as
bibliometrics
and citation analysis is a key part of that field. For example,
bibliographic coupling and co-citation
are association measures based on citation analysis (shared citations or shared references). The citations in a collection of documents can also be represented in forms such as a
citation graph
, as pointed out by
Derek J. de Solla Price
in his 1965 article "Networks of Scientific Papers".
60
This means that citation analysis draws on aspects of
social network analysis
and
network science
Citation frequency
edit
See also:
Metascience § Evaluation and incentives
Modern scientists are sometimes judged by the number of times their work is cited by others—this is actually a key indicator of the relative
importance
of a work in science. Accordingly, individual scientists are motivated to have their own work cited early and often and as widely as possible, but all other scientists are motivated to eliminate unnecessary citations so as not to devalue this means of
judgment
61
A formal
citation index
tracks which referred and reviewed papers have referred which other such papers. Baruch Lev and other advocates of
accounting reform
consider the number of times a
patent
is cited to be a significant metric of its quality, and thus of
innovation
citation needed
Reviews
often replace citations to primary studies.
62
Citation-frequency is one indicator used in
scientometrics
Progress and citation consolidation
edit
Various results from scientific citation analysis
63
more graphs
Two
meta-analyses
reported that in a growing
scientific field
, citations disproportionately cite already well-cited papers, possibly slowing and inhibiting
progress
to some degree. They find that "structures fostering disruptive scholarship and focusing attention on novel ideas" could be important.
64
65
66
Other metascientists introduced the 'CD index' intended to characterize "how papers and patents change networks of citations in
science
and
technology
" and reported
that it has declined
, which they interpreted as "
slowing rates
of disruption". They proposed linking this to changes
to three "use of previous knowledge"-indicators
which they interpreted as "contemporary
discovery
and
invention
" being informed by "a narrower scope of existing
knowledge
". The overall number of papers has risen while the total of "highly disruptive" papers has not. The
1998
discovery of the
accelerating expansion of the universe
has a CD index of 0. Their results also suggest scientists and inventors "may be struggling to keep up with the pace of knowledge expansion".
67
65
63
IT systems
edit
Research discovery
edit
Stages of research and publication processes and metadata, including citation metadata
68
Recommendation systems
sometimes also use citations to find similar studies to the one the user is currently reading or that the user may be interested in and may find useful.
69
Better availability of integrable open citation information could be useful in addressing the "overwhelming amount of scientific literature".
68
Q&A agents
edit
Knowledge agents may use citations to find studies that are relevant to the user's query.
Wikipedia
edit
Years of publication of a set of analyzed scientific articles referenced in Wikipedia
70
There have been analyses of citations of
science information on Wikipedia
or of scientific citations on the site, e.g. enabling listing the most relevant or most-cited scientific journals and categories and dominant domains.
70
Since 2015, the
altmetrics
platform
Altmetric.com
also shows citing English Wikipedia articles for a given study, later adding other language editions.
70
71
The Wikimedia platform under development Scholia also shows "Wikipedia mentions" of scientific works.
72
A study suggests a citation on Wikipedia "could be considered a public parallel to scholarly citation".
73
A scientific publication being "cited in a Wikipedia article is considered an indicator of some form of impact for this publication" and it may be possible to detect certain publications through changes to Wikipedia articles.
74
Wikimedia Research's Cite-o-Meter tool showed a league table of which academic publishers are most cited on Wikipedia
73
as does a page by WikiProject Academic Journals.
75
76
Research indicates a large share of academic citations on the platform are
paywalled
and hence inaccessible to many readers.
77
78
citation needed
" is a
tag
added by
Wikipedia editors
to unsourced statements in articles requesting citations to be added.
79
The phrase is reflective of the
policies
of verifiability and no original research on
Wikipedia
and has become a general
Internet meme
80
Differentiation of semantic citation contexts
edit
Percent of all citances in each field that contain signals of disagreement
81
The tool Scite.ai tracks and links citations of papers as 'Supporting', 'Mentioning', or 'Contrasting' the study, differentiating between these contexts of citations to some degree which may be useful for evaluation/metrics and e.g. discovering studies or statements contrasting statements within a specific study.
82
83
84
Retractions
edit
The Scite Reference Check bot is an extension of scite.ai that scans new article PDFs "for references to retracted papers, and posts both the citing and retracted papers on Twitter" and also "flags when new studies cite older ones that have issued corrections, errata, withdrawals, or expressions of concern".
84
Studies have suggested as few as 4% of citations to retracted papers clearly recognize the
retraction
84
Research found "that authors tend to keep citing retracted papers long after they have been red flagged, although at a lower rate".
85
See also
edit
Acknowledgment (creative arts)
Bible citation
Case citation
Citation creator
Citation index
Citation signal
Citationality
Coercive citation
Credit (creative arts)
Cross-reference
Drive-by citation
San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment
Scholarly method
Source evaluation
Style guide
Notes
edit
The field of
communication
(or communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often
The Publication Manual of the APA
American Psychological Association
); designated for short as "
APA style
".
References
edit
Munroe, Randall.
"Wikipedian Protester"
xkcd
Archived
from the original on 25 December 2011
. Retrieved
25 May
2020
"What Does it Mean to Cite?"
. MIT Academic Integrity.
Archived
from the original on 2017-07-10
. Retrieved
2015-09-28
Association of Legal Writing Directors & Darby Dickerson,
ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation,
4th ed. (New York: Aspen, 2010), 3.
Mansourizadeh, Kobra, and Ummul K. Ahmad. "Citation practices among non-native expert and novice scientific writers."
Journal of English for Academic Purposes
10, no. 3 (2011): 152–161.
Swales, John M. (October 2012) [2004]. "Research genres: Explorations and applications".
Cambridge University Press
doi
10.1017/CBO9781139524827
ISBN
978-1-139-52482-7
Hyland, K., & Jiang, F. (2019). Points of reference: Changing patterns of academic citation. Applied Linguistics, 40(1), 64–85.
"Oxford Referencing System"
Archived
from the original on 30 June 2017
. Retrieved
18 January
2011
"Library glossary"
Benedictine University
. August 22, 2008. Archived from
the original
on April 30, 2008
. Retrieved
2009-02-27
Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva; Quan-Hoang Vuong (2021).
"The right to refuse unwanted citations: rethinking the culture of science around the citation"
Scientometrics
126
(6):
5355–
5360.
doi
10.1007/s11192-021-03960-9
PMC
8105147
PMID
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Further reading
edit
The dictionary definition of
citation
at Wiktionary
Quotations related to
Citation
at Wikiquote
Media related to
Citations
at Wikimedia Commons
Armstrong, J Scott (July 1996).
"The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science – On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such"
Interfaces
26
(4):
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doi
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OCLC
210941768
Archived
from the original on 2018-07-20
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Pechenik, Jan A (2004).
A Short Guide to Writing About Biology
(5th ed.).
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: Pearson/Longman.
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Yale Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning (25 June 2015).
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