Minamide et al. [5] 2018 PCS Microendoscopic laminotomy 242 (101 M, 141 F) Average, 68.1; range, 46 to 85 NA NA Preop, 14.4±4.3; postop at last FU, 23.3±4.8 Dural tear (3); transient neuralgia (3); epidural hematoma (4); infection (1) Average: 4.6 yr Minamide et al. [4] 2017 PCS MID 122 (57 M, 65 F) Average, 70.4±8; range, 46 to 88 Preop, 55.9±28.1; postop at last FU, 35.0±30.1 NA Preop, 13.4±4.4; postop at last FU, 20.5±5.3 NA Average: 2.4 yr Benyamin et al. [6] 2016 RCT MID 149 (74 M, 75 F) Average, 75.6±7.0 NA Preop, 53.0±12.9; postop at 1 yr, 37.0 NA Non-serious procedural hemorrhage (1) 6 mo, 1 yr, 2 yr Staats et al. [7] 2016 RCT MID 149 (74 M, 75 F) Average, 75.6±7.0 NA Preop, 53.0±12.9; postop at 6 mo, 34.5 NA Procedural hemorrhage (1); procedural pain (1) 6 mo Delitto et al. [18] 2015 RCT Traditional decompression with laminectomies, facet resection and neuroforaminotomy 87 (44 M, 43 F) Average, 66.6±10.5 NA Preop, 42.6; postop at 24 mo, 25.2 NA Allergy (1); blood loss (1); respiratory tract infection (3); reoperation of lumbar spine (3); worsening symptoms (2); wound healing/site infection (7) 24 mo Nerland et al. [8] 2015 PCS MID, open laminectomy MID: 471 (249 M, 222 F); laminectomy: 414 (209 M, 205 F) MID: average, 66.6; laminectomy: average, 70.1 NA MID: preop, 38.0; postop at 1 yr, 19.6; laminectomy: preop, 42.1; postop at 1 yr, 25.0 NA MID: dural tear/spinal fluid leak (11); postop hematoma (1); cardiovascular complications (1); wound infection (8); UTIs (17); micturition problems (3); pneumonia (5); Laminectomy: dural tear/spinal fluid leak (21); postop hematoma (4); anaphylactic reaction (1); wound infection (11); UTIs (20); micturition problems (15); pneumonia (2); pulmonary embolism (1); DVT (2) 10 wk, 6 mo, 12 mo, 24 mo Komp et al. [9] 2015 RCT MI, FI Total: 180 (91 M, 69 F); MI: 80; FI: 80 Total: average, 62; range, 41 to 84 MI: preop, 25; postop at 24 mo, 12; FI: preop, 23; postop at 24 mo, 17 MI: preop, 88; postop at 24 mo, 30; FI: preop, 84; postop at 24 mo, 28 NA MI: transient dysesthesia (7); transient urinary retention (3); dura injuries (3); increased foot dorsiflexion paresis (2); epidural hematoma (1); delayed wound healing (2); soft tissue infections (2); revision surgery with fusion (2); FI: transient dysesthesia (4); transient urinary retention (1); dura injuries (2); increased foot dorsiflexion paresis (1); delayed wound healing (1); revision surgery (1) 3 mo, 6 mo, 12 mo, 24 mo Mobbs et al.[16] 2014 RCT ULBD, traditional laminectomy ULBD: 27; laminectomy: 27 ULBD: average, 72.7±10.4; laminectomy: average, 65.8±14.3 NA ULBD: preop, 51.4±19.4; mean improvement at last FU, 28.6±27.7; laminectomy: preop, 46.6±18.9; mean improvement at last FU, 17.8±15.4 NA ULBD: dural tear (1); laminectomy: foot drop (1); hematoma (1); dural tear (1) ULBD: average: 36.9±4.3 mo; laminectomy: average: 44.3±15.0 mo Hajasek-aran et al. [28] 2013 HCT LSPD, midline decompression LSPD: 28 (16 M,12F); midline decompression: 23 (14M,9F) LSPD: average, 57.25±11.23; range: 35 to 76; midline decompression: average, 54.48±8.21; range, 39 to 71 LSPD: preop, 5.35; postop at last FU, 2.46; midline decompression: preop, 5.43; postop at last FU, 2.96 NA LSPD: preop, 6.96; postop at last FU, 10.75; midline decompression: preop, 6.69; postop at last FU, 11.39 No major complications Average: 14.2±2.9 mo Liu et al. [19] 2013 RCT M-ULBD, traditional laminectomy M-ULBD: 27 (15 M, 12 F); laminectomy: 29 (18 M, 11 F) M-ULBD: average, 59.4±4.7; range, 49 to 71; laminectomy: average, 61.1±3.1; range, 52 to 69 M-ULBD: preop, 5.6±1.7; postop, 1.0±0.5; laminectomy: preop, 7.9±1.3; postop at last FU, 2.6±0.7 NA M-ULBD: preop, 11.6±2.6; postop, 26.7±2.1; laminectomy: preop, 10.9±1.0; postop at last FU, 24.3±2.5 M-ULBD: dural tear (3); laminectomy: dural tear (1) Average: 2yr Deer et al, [26] 2012 PCS Mild percutaneous lumbar decompression 46 (17 M, 29 F) Average, 66.1; range, 46 to 80 Preop, 6.9±0.6; postop at 1 yr, 4.0±1.0 Preop, 49.4±2.5; postop at 1 yr, 32.0±5.8 NA No major complications 12 wk, 6 mo and 1 yr Guilfoyle et al. [20] 2012 RCT Traditional laminectomy w/o epidural fentanyl, traditional laminectomy with epidural fentanyl Decompression w/o fentanyl: 31 (14 M,17 F); decompression with fentanyl: 29 (16 M,13 F) Decompression w/o fentanyl: average, 65.7±11.5; decompression with fentanyl: average, 69.9±9.8 Decompression w/o fentanyl: preop, 4.1±3.0; postop in recovery room, 4.7±2.4; decompression with fentanyl: preop, 3.4±2.9; postop in recovery room, 2.6±2.7 NA NA Decompression w/o fentanyl: itching (2); nausea/vomiting (4); decompression with fentanyl: itching (1); nausea/vomiting (3); urinary catheter (3) In “recovery”, before postop day 1 Wong et al.[29] 2012 Case series Mild interlaminar decompression 17 (10 M,7 F) Average, 73.1; range, 63 to 86 Preop, 7.6; postop at 1 yr, 2.3 Preop, 48.4; postop at 1yr, 21.7 NA No major complications 1 yr Komp et al. [45] 2011 Case series Full-endoscopic unilateral decompression 90 (41 M, 49 F) Average, 61; range, 43 to 81 Preop, 23; postop at 24 mo, 17 Preop, 85; postop at 24 mo, 31 NA Dysesthesia (5); urinary retention (2); dural injuries (2); increase in foot dorsiflexion paresis (1); repeat surgery (2) 3 mo, 6 mo, 12 mo, 24 mo Jakola et al.[21] 2010 PCS Traditional laminectomy 101 (51 M, 50 F) Average, 75.3±4.1; range, 70 to 86 Preop, 55.7; postop at 12 mo, 35.9 Preop, 44.2; postop at 12 mo, 27.9 NA Dural tear (9); superficial wound infection (3); perioperative death (1); UTI (1); deep wound infection (2); myocardial infarction (1); gastric ulcer (3) 3 mo, 12 mo Chopko et al.[10] 2010 PCS Ultra-minimally invasive lumbar decompression 75 (29 M, 46 F) Average, 70.0; range, 37 to 88 Preop, 7.3; postop at 6 wk, 3.7 Preop, 47.4; postop, 29.5 NA No major complications 6 wk Pao et al. [11] 2009 PCS Microscopic decompressive laminoto-my 53 (17 M, 36 F) Average, 62.0; range, 36 to 86 NA Preop, 64.3±20.0; postop at last FU, 16.7±20.0 Preop, 9.4±6.1; postop at last FU, 24.2±6.0 UTI (2); dural tear (5); wrong level operation (2); transient neuralgia (4) Average: 15.7 mo Fu et al. [22] 2008 PCS “Windows technique” laminoforaminotomy, traditional laminectomy Windows: 76 (37 M, 39 F); laminectomy: 76 (33 M, 43 F) Windows: average, 57; range, 47 to 70; laminectomy: average, 57; range, 45 to 73 Windows: preop, 1.14±0.96; postop at last FU, 0.05±0.22; laminectomy: preop, 1.17±0.91; postop at last FU, 0.63±1.07 Windows: preop, 39.26±6.54; postop at last FU, 0.37±0.96; laminectomy: preop, 39.76±6.94; postop at last FU, 3.37±8.55 NA Windows: dural tear (3); UTI (2); laminectomy: dural tear (2); UTI (2); degenerative spinal instability (6); repeat surgery with fusion (4) Average: 40 mo Ca vuşoğlu et al. [27] 2007 PCS Unilateral laminectomy 50 (21 M, 29 F) Average, 69.81±15.15; range, 43 to 82 Preop, 6.92±1.04; postop at last FU, 2.16±0.81 Preop, 31.14±9.27; postop at last FU, 14.02±9.27 NA None Average: 22.8 mo Cho et al. [17] 2007 RCT Marmot operation, traditional laminectomy Marmot: 40 (16 M, 24 F); laminectomy: 30 (15 M, 15 F) Marmot: average, 61.2±10.8; range: 52 to 77; laminectomy: average, 58.8±14.9; range, 42 to 70 Marmot: preop, 6.45±2.60; postop, 2.38±1.89; laminectomy: preop, 7.07±1.49; postop, 4.00±2.00 NA Marmot: preop, 7.10±2.84; postop, 13.0±1.97; laminectomy: preop, 8.44±2.59; postop, 11.4±3.20 No major complications Marmot: average: 15.1 mo; laminectomy: average: 14.8 mo Malmivaara et al. [23] 2007 RCT Traditional laminectomy 50 (11 M,39F) Average, 63±9 Preop, 6.7; postop at 2 yr, 2.9 Preop, 33,0; postop at 2yr, 22.8 NA Dural tear (7); misplaced transpedicular screw (1); peridural hematoma (1); respiratory distress (1); repeat surgery (1) 6 mo, 1 yr, 2 yr Thome et al. [25] 2005 RCT Bilateral laminotomy (group 1); unilateral laminotomy (group 2); laminectomy (group 3) G1 : 40 (20 M, 20 F); G2: 40 (15 M, 25 F); G3: 40 (18 M, 22 F) G1: average, 70±7; G2: average, 67±6; G3: average, 69±10 G1 : preop, 7.5±2.3; postop at final FU, 2.3±2.4; G2: preop, 7.5±2.3; postop at final FU, 3.6±2.7; G3: preop, 7.5±2.3; postop at final FU, 4±1 NA NA G1: incidental durotomy (2); G2: incidental durotomy (5); increased radicular deficit (2); repeat surgery (2); epidural hematoma (2); G3: incidental durotomy (8) repeat surgery (2); epidural hematoma (2); wound infection (1) 3 mo, 6 mo, 12 mo Ikuta et al, [12] 2005 Case series Microendoscopic posterior decompression 47 (23 M,24 F) Average, 66; range, 31 to 88 NA NA Preop, 14.3±4.1; postop at final FU, 24.9±3.2 Du ral tear (4); intra-articular fracture (3); neurological deficit (7) Average: 22 mo Konno et al. [15] 2000 PCS Traditional laminectomy 42 Average, 63 Preop, 7.4; postop at 3 yr, 3.5 NA NA No major complications 1yr,3yr Weiner et al, [24] 1999 PCS Traditional laminectomy 50 (29 M,21 F) Average, 72; range, 49 to 88 Preop, 8; postop, 2 NA NA Dural tear (4) 9 mo