Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010, Créteil, France
Julien Calderaro, Pascale Maille, Loetitia Favre, Anaïs Pujals, Jérémy Augustin, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky & Stefano Caruso
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Créteil, France
Julien Calderaro, Pascale Maille, Loetitia Favre, Anaïs Pujals, Jérémy Augustin & Stefano Caruso
Inserm, U955, Team 18, Créteil, France
Julien Calderaro, Pascale Maille, Loetitia Favre, Anaïs Pujals, Augustin Chatain, Delphine Gastineau, Jérémy Augustin, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky & Stefano Caruso
European Reference Network (ERN) RARE-LIVER, Créteil, France
Julien Calderaro
Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Narmin Ghaffari Laleh & Jakob Nikolas Kather
Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen university, Aachen, Germany
Narmin Ghaffari Laleh
Centre d’Histologie, d’Imagerie et de Cytométrie (CHIC), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
Qinghe Zeng & Christophe Klein
Laboratoire d’Informatique Paris Descartes (LIPADE), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Qinghe Zeng & Nicolas Loménie
INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Christophe Klein
Caen University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Caen, France
Céline Bazille
Department of Surgery and Transplantation, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Lara R. Heij, Jan Bednarsch & Catherine Guettier
Institute of Pathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Lara R. Heij
CHRU Brest, Department of Pathology, Brest, 29220, France
Arnaud Uguen
Univ Brest, Inserm, CHU de Brest, LBAI, UMR1227, Brest, France
Arnaud Uguen
Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
Tom Luedde
Department of Pathology, Humanitas University, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
Luca Di Tommaso
Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Beaujon University Hospital, Department of Pathology, F-92110, Clichy, France
Aurélie Beaufrère & Valérie Paradis
Université de Paris, Inflammation Research Center, Inserm, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, F-75018, Paris, France
Aurélie Beaufrère & Valérie Paradis
Department of Pathology, E Hospital, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Cong Trung Nguyen
Pathology Center, Bachmai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
Hiep Nguyen-Canh
Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
Hiep Nguyen-Canh & Kenichi Harada
Pathology and Molecular biology Center, National Cancer Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
Khuyen Nguyen Thi
University Lille, UMR9020-U1277, Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
Viviane Gnemmi
CHU Lille, Institute of Pathology, Lille, France
Viviane Gnemmi
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
Rondell P. Graham
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
Frédéric Charlotte
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
Dominique Wendum
Department of Pathology, Dr Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
Mukul Vij
Department of Hepatobiliary Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
Daniela S. Allende
Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, L25, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
Daniela S. Allende
Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
Federico Aucejo
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Alba Diaz
Department of Pathology, Gui-de-Chauliac University Hospital, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
Benjamin Rivière
Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Gui-de-Chauliac University Hospital, 80, avenue Augustin-Fliche, 34295, Montpellier, France
Astrid Herrero
Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
Katja Evert & Diego Francesco Calvisi
Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Wei Qiang Leow
Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
Howard Ho Wai Leung & Anthony Wing-Hung Cha
CHU Lille, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Lille, France
Emmanuel Boleslawski
Dr Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
Mohamed Rela
Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Rouen, France
Arnaud François
Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC), Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Alejandro Forner & Maria Reig
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Hepatology, Paris, France
Manon Allaire
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Paris, France
Olivier Scatton
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Amiens, Département de Pathologie, Amiens, France
Denis Chatelain
Reims University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Reims, France
Camille Boulagnon-Rombi
Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Grenoble, France
Nathalie Sturm
Translational Innovation in Medicine and Complexity, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR5525, La Tronche, France
Nathalie Sturm
Caen University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Caen, France
Benjamin Menahem
Poitiers University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Poitiers, France
Eric Frouin
LITEC, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
Eric Frouin
Poitiers University Hospital, Department of Hepatogastroenterology and Oncology, Poitiers, France
David Tougeron
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor-Albert Chenevier University Hospital, Department of Medical Oncology, Créteil, France
Christophe Tournigand & Emmanuelle Kempf
Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Haeryoung Kim
CHU Lille, Department of Hepatology, Lille, France
Massih Ningarhari
Angers University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Angers, France
Sophie Michalak-Provost
Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Purva Gopal
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Créteil, France
Raffaele Brustia & Alexis Laurent
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paul Brousse University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Paris, France
Eric Vibert & Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Kornelius Schulze & Darius F. Rüther
Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
Sören A. Weidemann
Reims University Hospital, Department of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Reims, France
Rami Rhaiem
Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Xuchen Zhang
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Department of Medical Imaging, Créteil, France
Alain Luciani & Sébastien Mulé
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Department of Hepatology, Créteil, France
Giuliana Amaddeo & Hélène Regnault
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paul Brousse University Hospital, Department of Hepatology, Paris, France
Eleonora De Martin
Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
Christine Sempoux
Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
Pooja Navale
Department of Pathology University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Maria Westerhoff
Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
Regina Cheuk-Lam Lo
State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, (The University of Hong Kong), Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, China
Regina Cheuk-Lam Lo
Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Annette Gouw & Catherine Guettier
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paul Brousse University Hospital, Department of Pathology, Villejuif, France
Catherine Guettier
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint Antoine University Hospital, Department of Hepatology, Paris, France
Marie Lequoy
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
Pimsiri Sripongpun & Apichat Kaewdech
Prince of Songkla University, Department of Pathology, Hat Yai, Thailand
Poowadon Wetwittayaklang & Jarukit Tantipisit
Center for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine and Imaging, Stanford University, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
Jeanne Shen
Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
Jeanne Shen
Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Jakob Nikolas Kather
J.C., S.C. and J.N.K. conceptualized the study. N.G.L and Q.Z. developed the software. J.C., N.G.L., S.C., Q.Z. and J.N.K. had full access to the raw data, performed the analysis, evaluated the results and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. P.M., L.F., A.P., C.K., C.B., L.R.H., A.U., T.L., L.D.T., A.B., A.C., D.G., C.T.N., H.N.-C., K.N.T., V.G., R.P.G., F.C., D.W., M.V., D.S.A., F.A., A.D., B.R., A.H., K.E., D.F.C., J.A., W.Q.L., H.H.W.L., E.B., M.R.e.l., A.F., A.W.-C.H.C., A.F., M.R.e.i., M.A., O.S., D.C., C.B.-R., N.S., B.M., E.F., D.T., C.T., E.K., H.K., M.N., S.M.P., P.G., R.B., E.V., K.S., D.F.R., S.A.W., R.R., J.M.P., X.Z., A.Lu., S.M., A.La., G.A., H.R., E.D.M., C.S., P.N., M.W., R.C.L.L., J.B., A.G., C.G., M.L., K.H., P.S., P.W.W., N.L., J.T., A.K., J.S., V.P. and S.C. contributed samples, contributed to the interpretation of the results and contributed to writing the final version of the manuscript.