(DOC) New Security Threads within the context of Globalization: Cybercrimes1 Uğur ÖZGÖKER2 Serdar YILMAZ3

New Security Threads within the context of Globalization: Cybercrimes Uğur ÖZGÖKER1 Serdar YILMAZ2 Introduction It is actually thought that concept of globalization, which was started to be discussed and examined intensely following collapse of Cold War that is represented with destruction of Berlin War, went through three main processes and that it reached the present day. First one of them is developments based on richness that appeared when the West, which was trying to get rid of dark period of the Middle Age ending with conquest of Istanbul by Mehmet the Conqueror on 1453, set sail for new overseas discoveries. Exploration of America by Christopher Columbus on 1492 was a precursor of developments that occurred afterwards. These developments took the world to industrial revolution starting in the early 1800’s in Europe. Industrial revolution in Europe in the early part of 19 th century became second main transformation point with this process. Developments, which were occurred in Continental Europe starting to see industrial revolution, considerably exercised influence over humanity by achieving other parts of the world in different ways. Colonialism that was occurred after this period formed final results of globalization in that period. Globalization acquired its third main starting point in 1990s. Multinational companies, which started to have a voice in world economy as from 1970s, revealed their   This paper is revised, expanded and added (CyberCrimes) version of the presented study called “Küreselleşme Karşıtları Küreselleşme Taraftarlarına Karşı Ortak Nokta: Küreselleşmenin Alternatifsizliği (Opponents Versus Supporters of Globalization, Common Point: No Alternative to Globalization)” during International Social Science Congress in Artvin Çoruh University on 15-17 October 2014. Uğur Özgöker - Serdar Yılmaz, Küreselleşme Karşıtları Küreselleşme Taraftarlarına Karşı Ortak Nokta: Küreselleşmenin Alternatifsizliği, Quo Vadis Social Sciences: Artvin Coruh University, International Congress on Social Sciences, 15-17 October 2014, Artvin, Turkey. 1 Associate Professor, Istanbul Arel University, Department of International Relations, e-mail:

2 Doctor (PhD), Istanbul Arel University, Department of International Relations, e-mail:

1 plan to transform the West into a single economic and political power in single-pole world after 1990.3 Main purpose of this study is to develop a detailed analysis on cybercrimes that is a result of this process by taking globalization into account as a system having no alternative and referring to discussions made around concept of the globalization. The study asserts that globalization will be a system having no alternative in 21 st century because of the fact that both supporters and opponents of the globalization cannot produce any new theory or system while ordering their own data and cybercrimes, occurred as a result of globalization, are dangers that damages national and international security at the most. The concept of globalization has not a solid definition and it is defined in various ways by different authors. For instance, Stiglitz explains the concept of globalization as follows: "Globalization, in other words, removal of obstacles in front of free trade and further integration of national economies may be a power to be exercised positively and has potential to enrich everyone in the world especially the poor". It makes a good impression on people due to decrease of prices of goods and services, development of new technologies, formation of new markets and expansion of current markets and increase of foreign assistance.4 This concept is used to mention a process, a market strategy, an obstacle and even an ideology. It is not a single process, but is a complex of processes that sometimes coincides, engages, sometimes conflicts with each other and its opponents. Thus, according to Heywood, it is difficult to reduce the globalization into a single subject.5 However, ‘unlimited world’ opinion of Kenischi Ohmae, is one of the best attempts revealing this process. This can be interpreted as being able to exceed traditional political limits based on national and state limits and as differences among people dissociated from each other in terms of time and place become less meaningful and sometimes become fully meaningless.6 Thus, Scholte alleged that the globalization is based on increase of supranational relations among people. According to him, it is remodeling of 3 “Küreselleşme Paradoksu”, http://www.ekodialog.com/Makaleler/kuresellesme_paradoks_1.html (05.06.2014). 4 Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and It s Disconnects, The New Press, New York, 1990. p. 16. 5 Andrew Heywood, Siyaset, Liberte Yayınları, Ankara, 2006, s. 199. 2 a social area in which limits are less important because of the fact that these connections have increase day by day or that exceeds the limits all around the world.7 According to business dictionary, the concept of globalization is “an economic, financial and commercial action made for global integration.”8 Globalization, according to Oxford dictionary, is defined as “increasing international effects of businesses and other institutions and carrying out international activity” 9 and it is defined as “connection of financial activities with each other that functionally became widespread at international platform” by Turkish Language Association.10 According to some authors, globalization means removal of socio-cultural differences at dimension of production and consumption or means that multinational companies can make production at standards that meet needs and requests of people regardless their country.11 However some authors see globalization as expansion in international trade, increase of cross-border monetary transfers, merger and growth of the companies as a result.12 According to another definition, it means a process that makes exceeding national limits and delocalization obligatory and a free competitive financial process in which richness is reevaluated, produced, consumed and distributed after being revealed via global businesses as a target. Dominance of global capital becomes unconditional within this 6 Kenichi Ohmae, The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy, CollinsLondon, 1990. 7 Andrew Heywood, 2006,s. 199. 8 “Globalization”, http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/globalization.html, (08.08.2014) 9 “Globalization”, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/globalization,(08.08.2014). 10 “Globalization”, http://www.tdk.gov.tr/index.php? option=com_bts&arama=kelime&guid=TDK.GTS.53e4738c6c6dd8.67125820, (08.08.2014). 11Atilla Dicle, “Küreselleşme: Nedenler, sonuçlar, Tepkiler 1-2”, Ekonomik Form Dergisi, Volume: 7, Sayı: 3 April 2000, s. 56. 12 Doğan Uysal, “Küreselleşme ve Gelişmekte olan Ülkeler”, Küresel Sistemde Siyaset Yönetim, Ekonomi, (Der) M. Akif Çukurçayır), Çizgi Yayınevi, Konya, 2003, pg. 302. 3 process and the world becomes monopolized across the world. People who defend this approach take globalization as a new face of imperialism.13 In other words, according to Erbay, the globalization is a process in which different socio-economic structures in the world and poles based on ideological discrimination are interpenetrated and fused or removed beyond principle of a simple mutual interdependence.14 Among people defining globalization as a new fact, some attribute this fact mostly to technological developments (technological realists) and some shows this as a reason for destruction of Eastern Block following the Cold War and occurrence of superiority of free market model. Thus, inevitability for market economy to become a world system is emphasized (free marketers and hyper-globalizers), and some associate the globalization with modernity crisis (post-modernists or liberal-pluralists). And according to those interpreting globalization of today as a new phase of capitalism and attributing to past (neo- marxist approach), the process we have has a meaning on expansion and deepening of the capitalism and free market.15 Those who define this approach, globalization is an enhanced shape of brutal capitalism or of imperialism as emphasized above. Thus, “globalization is imperialism itself. It is an effort to gain prestige to imperialism and to create desperation against imperialism” as stated by Boratav.16 Antony Giddens discusses globalization as “concentration of world-wide social relationships in which late modern period conditions are experienced, distant places are associated with each other, and local formations are shaped with miles apart events”. 17 In this sense, globalization can be defined as an organization of economic production that occurs across the world. Multinational and international companies that are biggest 13 Güler, A. Birgül, “Küreselleşme ve Yerelleşme”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, Volume: 6, Sayı: 4, 1997, s. 75. 14 Yusuf Erbay, “Kavram Olarak Küreselleşme ”, Yeni Türkiye, Number: 19, Ocak-Şubat 1998, s. 70. 15 Meryem Koray, “Küreselleşme Süreci ve Ulus Devlet: Ekonomi, Siyaset Tartışmaları”, 1999, http://www.uiportal.net/kuresellesme-sureci-ve-ulus-devlet-ekonomi-siyaset-tartismalari.html (01.07.2014). 16 Korkut Boratav, “Ekonomi ve Küreselleşme”, Küreselleşme Hikâyesi, (Der) Işın Kansu, DostYayınları, Ankara 1995, pg. 21. 17 Anthony Giddens, The Transformation of Intimacy, Basil Blacwell, Oxford, 1994. 4 representatives of this organization embarked on growing and increasing their activities at international economy in the 18th century and as from the 19th century. National limits were started to be removed for nation states as a result of activities of international companies in the later 20th century and these companies obtained some advantages across the world. Global economy made distribution of goods with local economic opportunities in a short time possible. Global companies started to form their organizations and technological structures according to immediate sales of goods. Increase of importance of global economy also enhanced importance of knowledge and information in changing world economy, and production of knowledge (information) was started from meta (goods) production in advanced capitalist countries. Timothy Taylor stated the followings against reactions for globalization: "Globalization is neither a poison that makes national economy sick nor a tool that is used to impose on workers by profit making holdings. Globalization has not any meaning of return of colonialism or of access to world management. With the simple meaning at the most basic level is expansion of limits of commercial activities within possibilities. Sales, purchase, production, loan and borrowing activities which were limited with geographical, technological or legal obstacles become more practical. Researching and analyzing possibilities that may occur with globalization necessitate a deterrent, flexibility and change because globalization includes taking part of new economical possibilities within such an extraordinary big order.18 Held and his friends accept globalization as “an acceleration, increase, deepening and expansion of a worldwide dependency on political, military and cultural areas in all parts of modern social and communal life” 19 In contrast Beck defines globalization as “a process in which power, tendencies, identities and networks undermine transnational actors and dominant nation-states by changing their appearance and these states encounter crisis.”20 Globalization Discussions According to those defending globalization, a country that developed technology will see underdeveloped countries as a market and will have to bring high-quality product and technology to these countries due to pressure of global norms. Increase of competition will 18 Timoty Taylor, “The Truth About Globalization”, The Public Interests, Vol: 147, Spring 2002, pp. 75-88. 19 David Held, Anthony Mcgrew, David Goldblatt ve Jonathan Perraton, Küresel Dönüşümler, Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Kültür, Küreselleşme Okumaları, (Çev) İsmail Aktar, Kudret Bülbül, Ankara, Kadim Yayınları, 2006, pg. 163. 20 Ulrich Beck, Küreselleşme Nedir?, Küreselleşme Okumaları, (Çev) Kudret Bülbül, Kadim Yay. Ankara, 2006, s. 221. 5 provide much more possibilities for the consumer to make selection in goods and services via price competition, quality will increase, prices will decrease, and thus life level of individuals will be enhanced. Hence, the globalization will have important effects on lives of people. Thus, while removal of obstacles in the trade and market causes more efficient international distribution of work, it will also provide that goods and services are directed to consumer more efficiently in terms of quality and price. Besides, according to supporters of the globalization a global civilization is established for the first time in the history. Development on communication sector approaches all cultures to each other, and forms a basis for formation of a mixed global culture. In conclusion, globalization was a godsend for neo-liberal economists. It provided revival as a result of failure experienced by monetarist and radical individualist political tests of 1980s.21 Another characteristic of globalization is that cultural information exchange increased as a result of realization of fast flow of information and technology in the world. Internet coming to our lives in 1990s and after these years, development of visual, auditory and printed media, facility of satellite broadcasting and transport provided that there was highest information exchange with underdeveloped and developing countries with the Western countries.22 According to those having positive attitude to globalization, global dimension of culture includes raise of life standards, increase of consumption, purchase- sales of the products all around the world, and also gaining a global meaning of identities. According to Kellner, proliferation of private fiber cables and satellite systems increasingly enhance commercial culture all around the world, and thus one of the most important integral parts of the globalization is technological innovations.23 Main criticism of opponents of globalization considering this concept as a planned system by pursuing goal of returning brutal capitalism to the contrary of supporters of 21 Reyhan Leba, ‘’Küreselleşmenin Öteki Yüzü: Yoksulluk’’, Mevzuat Dergisi, No: 43, 2001, http://www.mevzuatdergisi.com/2001/07a/02.htm (08.12.2014). 22 Gökalp İlhan, ”Küreselleşmenin Etkisiyle Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de Devletin Ekonomideki Değişen Rolü”, Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sayı: 36, 2008, ss. 1-14. 23 Douglas Kellner, “Globalization and Post modern Turn”,http://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/globalizationpostmodernturn.pdf, (05.08.2014). 6 globalization is that globalization has more negative effects than positive ones in countries and individuals. They are of the opinion that destruction of nation state will cause a socio- cultural gap for individuals, societies, countries and lastly the whole world in terms of cultural and social order. According to them, opening of markets to all companies means opening of labor market, and such an opinion may lead to removal of boundaries of countries as a whole and reducing of nation state concept. On the other hand, opening of country boundaries to all companies will either reinforce competing power of the companies in that country with all the companies in the world or cause that companies having weak competitive power are removed from the market.24 As stated by Friedman in his book of “Lexus and Olive Tree”, phenomenon of “the winner takes all” may help in explaining critical results occurred by globalization economically. The fact that winners on all areas really earn a lot of money because they can make sale to this giant global market, those falling behind them in terms of ability in return, or those not having any skill are limited only with their own local market and thus they gain less generally form a basis of phenomenon of “the winner takes all”. 25 Besides, dense foreign capital inflow de-nationalized national capital by affecting it, and provided that local entrepreneurs merging with foreign companies were integrated with world economy by being moved from the frame of national limits and national interests. Acquisition of an efficient power by multinational companies all around the world that lost their national nature gradually strengthened theses about the fact that state is about to come to an end as an economical unit. When developments on transport and communication technologies weaken limits constituting precondition that exists for different markets and necessary for independent national economic policies also weaken chances of the countries for determining an economy policy at the national level.26 24Mehmet Orhan, ’’Küreselleşme taraflarının ve karşıtlarının görüşleri’’, Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, No:15, 2002-2003. 25Thomas Friedman, Lexus ve Zeytin Ağacı-Küreselleşmenin Geleceği, (Çev) Elif Özsaray, Boyner Yayınları, İstanbul, 2003, s. 313. 26Ömer Köse, ‘’Küreselleşme sürecinde devletin yapısal ve işlevsel dönüşümü (Structural and functional transformation of state during process of Globalization)’’ Sayıştay Dergisi, Number: 49, 2006. 7 To the contrary to supports of positive effects on human on communication and socialization of positive participations of global formation on technology and communication systems, it is a fact that this development has a virtual, unrealistic side that also forces people to non-confidence. Ability to access to information easily thanks to fiber optic and internet technologies is a development on its own, but it is a question mark where, how and for which reason this information is used, and how much people are ready for living in a world becoming a village with general opinion in terms of socio-culture. Customs and traditions that socially make value and sense for societies disappear under globalization and modernization, and affect social structure socio-culturally. Capital states supported by emperor companies at international arena occur.27 However, these occurring capitals also revealed a new type of crime that will endanger international security via entry of technology in human life in every sense. This new type of crime that is called cybercrimes demolishes background of states and nations within unlimited world experienced with developing technology. A global cooperation is necessary and indispensable in struggle with this new “threat perception” and “international security problem”. Globalization and Cybercrimes Concept of security came to our lives as from existence of humanity, and passed through different phases until today. Thus, the concept of security was evaluated within a process regardless of period of history. Events developing according to time and conditions enriched content of this concept. When generally evaluated, the security means being faraway and free from threats for basic values. Subject about whether main focus of the analyses made on security is “individual”, “national” or “international” security is discussed in different ways in discipline of international relations. For instance according to John Baylis, national security, which was considerably defined militarily, dominated international relations literature historically.28 However, developments after important 27 Richard J. Barnet - John Cavanagh, Küresel Düşler, İmparator Şirketler ve Yeni Dünya Düzeni, (Çev) Gülden Şen, Sabah Kitapları, İstanbul, 1994. ss. 1-2. 28 John Baylis, “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güvenlik Kavramı”, Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi), Vol: 5, No: 18, 2008, s. 73. 8 historical breakdowns occurring within time created new threat perceptions on security, and transformed main focus of analyses made on security into international security concept. One of the most important subjects started to be discussed within this concept is cybercrimes. In our day, people can benefit from communication opportunities at an unprecedented pace of technology, go to each point of universe in which we live via a computer set up in their house and cell phone in their hand, and can also watch an event at the other end of the world online. As stated by Şen and Cengiz, communication and information age provides many benefits to people such as “speed, facility of transaction, shortening of transaction processes, removal of place-dependent work production obligation and decrease of costs.”29 However, while living conditions improve gradually with technological developments, on the other hand balances started to be changed. People enjoying positive aspects of information revolution were acquainted with a new crime type that is one of the negative effects of this revolution. This crime type is called cybercrimes. This period, when all data including personal and private data are digitalized and become available online, some banking services are started to be provided via internet, many corporate services and opportunities are provided over internet, is an indicator about the fact that cyber crimes will be in demand in the future as in our day.30 People living as small communities in old times were able to make small-scale wars with simple tools that they used in which there were low losses. Unfortunately, these wars reached regional dimensions and even dimensions affecting the entire world via technological developments. Loading missiles with nuclear warhead, setting up power stations providing energy to them, providing radio frequencies directing missiles, and proliferation of computer-controlled war systems caused death and migration of millions of people. While information technology was a tool providing to facilitate office processes in last 25 years, it has recently become a strategic tool of industry, economy and military technology. While subjects of being able to be processed of any crime in electronic environment and cybercrimes processed via computer and network systems in which this 29 Bilal Şen – Mahmut Cengiz, “Bir Sınıraşan Suç Türü Olarak Bilişim Suçları” Sınıraşan Organize Suçlar, (Ed) Oğuzhan Ö. Demir - Bahadır Küçükuysal, Adalet Yayınevi: Ankara. 2011, ss. 63. 30 Bilal Şen – Mahmut Cengiz,a.g.e. pg. 65. 9 action is defined as an illegal crime were discussed by only small expert groups before 11 th September, it was understood that it created serious problems for societies becoming dependent with each other after 11th September.31 Wars, which were made with guns in the beginning, started to be made over computer nowadays. Cybercrimes, which generally occur as a result of information leakage, theft and change aim people, institutions and organizations for political, military or commercial purposes for country or countries just in Wikileaks. It is obligatory to mention which dangers are waiting people while stating that cybercrimes are for especially people and institutions. According to NATO; deactivation of servers as a result of sending intensive request from different IP addresses, slowing down the system by sending many e-mails and stealing information of the opposite parties are some of the cybercrimes. 32 Thus, different problems may occur such as power failures, planes that cannot depart, and damage of nuclear power plants or rupture of communication between military units in case they are realized. While possibility of third world war with guns and tank is remote in the 21 st century, it became clear after the Cold War that cybercrimes and cyber attacks will be the most important problem of this century. Especially national information systems of developed countries, private sector, public enterprises, banks and large companies became a target of the cyber attacks. It caused billions of dollars of financial loss via collapse of computer systems, discharge of bank accounts, wiping off taxes, forgery, fraud and threat. When generally considering, cybercrimes have certain common characteristics. These are; usage of computer systems and technology in committing such crimes, having very low capture risk due to lack and insufficient necessary law and regulations and lack of punishment norm that will meet these actions, supply of vast sum of money easily and without any risk as a result of this crime and not being able to utter a word by those (large companies, institutions and rich people) incurring losses because of fear of reputation and prestige lose.33 31 NATO, “Yeni tehditler: siber boyut”, NATO DERGİSİ, http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2011/11-september/Cyber-Threads/TR/ (08.10.2015). 32 NATO, “Cyber Defence”, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_78170.htm? (30.07.2015). 10 The most interesting part is that especially public enterprises and private companies could not take security measure 100% that will oppose to these attacks. It was revealed in a research that was made in 2001 in England with 172 large institutions that all of these companies were subjected to a cyber attack and that they unfortunately could not protect their companies against these attacks. Charles McClelland, emphasizing that they did not inform the police about this situation in addition to being subjected to cybercrimes by the companies, stated that the companies preferred investing 500 dollars to accounts of their customers so that said subject is not heard due to the fact that they did not lose confidence of their customers.34 To give another example: computer virus named Love that was created by a Philippine computer student in 2000 damages many users because it was expanded to the whole world by using deficit in Outlook software of Microsoft Company and it also damages reputation of the Company. After a while, it was announced to the whole world that computer hackers succeed in entering in computers of Microsoft Company and drafts belonging to confidential information and products might have been stolen. This attack showed that computers and users are under extreme danger. However according to estimates, this virus spread fast, and affected 100 millions of computers in the whole world within 18 hours. Very important companies and buildings of the world such as Pentagon, White House and BP were also affected.35 Eugene Kaspersky, founder and CEO of Kaspersky Labs that is the most important safety company and anti-virus software developer of the world, stated in his interview for newspaper named The Telegraph in 2014 that the world entered in international cyber-war age. According to Kaspersky, cost of cyber crimes has already reached 100 billion dollars. Kasparsky stated that not only government entities and public institutions but also private sector and industry are in danger, and that especially industrial enterprises should work for 33 Mehmet Özcan, Siber Terörizm ve Ulusal Güvenlik: İnternet ve Hukuk, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 2002. 34 Chuck Wexler, The Role of Local Law Enforcement Agencies In Preventing and Investigating Cybercrime, Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, D.C. 2014, p. 11. 35 James Meek, “Love bug virus creates worldwide chaos”, the guardian, 05.05.2000, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/may/05/jamesmeek (12.10.2015); Mike Ingram, "Love- Bug virus damage estimated at $10 billion” WSWS, 10.05.2000, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/05/bug-m10.html (12.10.2015). 11 struggle with cyber dangers. Eugene Kaspersky asserted that power outage in 2003 in America, aircraft accident having flight number of 5022 of Spainair in 2008, and attacks that have been recently happened and aimed industrial control system of Siemens could not be occurred without any computer virus. Kaspersky, stating that it should be more careful about energy sector in which information technologies are densely used, and computer viruses in means of transport such as plane and vessel, also stated that there should be standards on information technologies and also criminal system. 36 Concept of cyber war has been recently brought to agenda with malicious software named ‘Stuxnet' 37 determined in computer in industrial plants of Iran. Kaspersky emphasized that states committed cybercrimes and did not enforce deterrent laws by stating that “this software is the most complex and harmful software anticipated until today.”38 Having personnel with sufficient technical information and having technical infrastructure needed by these personnel are essential conditions for being able to struggle with these crimes.39 Internet has an international characteristic, and rules of law to be applied in struggle with these crimes 36 Sophie Curtis, “Eugene Kaspersky: traditional crime is coming to cyberspace”, The Telegraph, 30.09.2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/internet-security/11118866/Eugene-Kaspersky- traditional-crime-is-coming-to-cyberspace.html (10.10.2015). 37 Stuxnet program is worm software that aims at nuclear energy power plants in Iran and used by US and Israel. A USB flash drive was transmitted into individual laptop of an engineer working in Natanz plants in Iran that generates nuclear energy while the engineer was in a cafe. According to experts, this virus software is product of a project having an important budget because it has a complex structure and it was made with support of state rather than of a simple criminal organization. News titled “Stuxnet specifically targeted Iranian nuclear program” that was issued on 20th November 2010 in newspaper of THE JERUSALEM POST which is one of the most known newspapers in Israel proves this situation and words of Kaspersky. “Stuxnet specifically targeted Iranian nuclear program” THE JERUSALEM POST, 20.11.2010, http://www.jpost.com/Iranian-Threat/News/Stuxnet-specifically-targeted-Iranian-nuclear-program (13.10.2015); Osman Pamuk, Stuxnet'i özel yapan ne?, TÜBİTAK BİLGEM, 28.09.2010, http://www.bilgiguvenligi.gov.tr/zararli-yazilimlar/stuxneti-ozel-yapan-ne.html (13.10.2015). 38 Eugene Kaspersky, “Stuxnet – a new age in cyber warfare”, Infosecurity-Magazine, 27.09.2015, http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/stuxnet-a-new-age-in-cyber-warfare- says-eugene/ (13.10.2015). 39 Serdar Yılmaz, “Siber Suçlar Siber Güçlere Karşı”, Akademik Perspektif, 16 Kasım 2014, http://akademikperspektif.com/2014/11/16/siber-suclar-siber-guclere-karsi/ (15.10.2015). 12 should be universal and there should be a global legal system on which everyone is agreed.40 Conclusion The globalization is established on thesis about the fact that capitalism homogenized the world, provides integrity by eliminating heterogeneous differences, and that everyone’s fate depends on formation of a common “global world”. Since no new theory or life style occurs while supporters and opponents of globalization order their own thesis, globalization will continue to be a system having no alternative of the 21st century. However, when generally considering opponents of the globalization and ideologies developed around them (for instance, opponents of war and militarism opposing to the globalization politically, socialists, communist and anarchists, non-governmental organizations, environmentalist groups and etc.) defend many opinions at an international level such as generally right and equality, and justice and rights to move freely provided at levels of income. In this context, opposition for globalization is characterized by some in the broader sense such as opposition for global capitalism or alternative globalization. As stated in the study, opponents of the globalization made the biggest criticism for fact of neo-liberal “free trade” while explaining their own opinions and criticizing globalization. Starting point of this group is argument about the fact that multinational companies use world resources in parallel with their interests in every aspect and cause that people living in that country gradually become poor by exploiting resources of developing countries and that they affect social life negatively. Especially fast and unlimited passing through time and place created by great developments in communication technology with development of globalization in the last 40 Philip P. Hallom, “Preventions Strategies for the Next Wave of Cyber Crime”, Network Security, October 2005. 12-15. 13 quarter century facilitated development and expansion of globalization as a system. When considering from negative aspect, stock exchanges of countries may be debilitated via money transfers realized only with a “click” over internet with communication technology. However, while groups reacting to negative results of the globalization in a world, in which all the developments in the world can be monitored with live broadcasts from televisions via satellite broadcastings developed in time, cell phones can be used as a computer and level of life is increased by providing further possibility for people to make selection in goods and services via increase of competition, adopt an opposite attitude by using the same gun, in other words, making use of opportunities of the globalization. However, it should not be forgotten that it is difficult and expensive to struggle with cyber crimes committed by benefiting from computer, internet and communication technologies. Having personnel with sufficient technical information and having technical infrastructure needed by these personnel are essential conditions for being able to struggle with these crimes. Besides, main basis of struggle with cybercrimes and necessary legislation that is essential (such as law and regulation) should be considered. Rules of law should be managed efficiently anywhere internet is available and cybercrimes should be punished. Cooperation should be made among the countries and people should be in communication against cybercrimes. There should be severe penalties for cybercrimes in each country, and if there is not, legal bonds should be established urgently relating to cybercrimes among the countries. That is to say, internet has an international characteristic, and rules of law to be applied in struggle with these crimes should be universal and legal regulations should be made on a global scale on which everyone is agreed before international political and economic organizations such as UN, WTO and OECD. References Books and Journals Barnet, J. 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