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Enslaved.org
Journal of Slavery and Data Preservation
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It is important to understand that each record represented as a card or row within the search results shown is a representation of a person, event, place, or source within the many datasets that are contributed to Enslaved.org. Multiple projects may have records for the same person, event, or place.
Enslaved.org is doing the hard work to make links between possibly connected records through the use of the controlled vocabularies, “match,” which indicates the same entity across multiple records, and “close match,” which indicates a possible connection between two or more entities. These connections can be found within the Related Records section of the person record.
To see an example of these connections, we suggest you search the name “Valentin LeBlanc.”
We are always inviting subject area experts to review these connections between their data and other records within Enslaved.org. If you are interested in contributing to this work please contact us!
Because many records cover and represent the same geospatial places, the Enslaved.org ontology leverages the use of the predicate “hasBroader” to link to a connecting place record. We use this broader record to connect the place records from the many, many datasets that have contributed places to Enslaved.org like Cuba, Africa, Rio de Janeiro, New Orleans, et al. This feature can be used to jump between projects or datasets that cover the same geospatial location or have the same place name.
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People
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Female
Person identified to be female.
Male
Male
Person identified to be male.
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No Sex Recorded
Age Category
Adult Age Group
Adult Age Group
Age category covering period from puberty, or from 14 to 40 years.
Child Age Group
Child Age Group
Age category covering period from walking to puberty, or from 2 years of age up until the age of 14.
Infant Age Group
Infant Age Group
Age category covering period from nursing to walking, or from birth until 2 years of age.
Older Person Age Group
Older Person Age Group
Age category covering period from 40 years of age onwards.
Ethnodescriptor
Abang
Abang
Abgika
Abgika
Aboomi
Aboomi
Abou
Abou
Acan
Acan
Accoo
Accoo
Achena
Achena
Ackoo
Ackoo
Acon
Acon
Acou
Acou
Acow
Acow
African
African
Afro-Creole
Afro-Creole
Ahourah
Ahourah
Ahtop
Ahtop
Akan
Akan
Aku
Aku
Allada
Allada
Ambaca
Ambaca
Ambacca
Ambacca
Ambaqa
Ambaqa
Anchico
Anchico
Angico
Angico
Anglo-African
Anglo-African
Angola
Angola
Angolla
Angolla
Ansiku
Ansiku
Anxico
Anxico
Anziko
Anziko
Anziku
Anziku
Apam
Apam
Apapa
Apapa
Arada
Arada
Arara
Arara
Arará
Arará
Arda
Arda
Ardra
Ardra
Argui
Argui
Arguim
Arguim
Arguin
Arguin
Ariata
Ariata
Arigala
Arigala
Arriata
Arriata
Asacah
Asacah
Asaquah
Asaquah
Assibicey
Assibicey
Attah
Attah
Ausange
Ausange
Aussa
Aussa
Aussá
Aussá
Babara
Babara
Baca
Baca
Bacca
Bacca
Baco
Baco
Bade
Bade
Baga
Baga
Bah
Bah
Bahia
Bahia
Baiot
Baiot
Baiote
Baiote
Balanta
Balanta
Balbina
Balbina
Bamana
Bamana
Bamanakan
Bamanakan
Bamba
Bamba
Bambana
Bambana
Bambara
Bambara
Bambarra
Bambarra
Bambe
Bambe
Banba
Banba
Bande
Bande
Bane
Bane
Banfule
Banfule
Banga
Banga
Bango
Bango
Banhun
Banhun
Banol
Banol
Banu
Banu
Banul
Banul
Banyun
Banyun
Baoyote
Baoyote
Barame
Barame
Barando
Barando
Baraundo
Baraundo
Barba
Barba
Barunde
Barunde
Barundo
Barundo
Baxara
Baxara
Bayot
Bayot
Bayotte
Bayotte
Bañon
Bañon
Bañun
Bañun
Beafada
Beafada
Belolo
Belolo
Bembe
Bembe
Bende
Bende
Benguela
Benguela
Benguella
Benguella
Benim
Benim
Beraba
Beraba
Beriba
Beriba
Bernau
Bernau
Bessy
Bessy
Biafada
Biafada
Biafara
Biafara
Bijago
Bijago
Bijogas
Bijogas
Bijuco
Bijuco
Billola
Billola
Bimgo
Bimgo
Bina
Bina
Binda
Binda
Bioho
Bioho
Biohó
Biohó
Biojo
Biojo
Biojó
Biojó
Biri
Biri
Bisare
Bisare
Bissao
Bissao
Bissau
Bissau
Bié
Bié
Biê
Biê
Blanta
Blanta
Boco
Boco
Boma
Boma
Bomba
Bomba
Bombala
Bombala
Bombala Congo
Bombala Congo
Bombe
Bombe
Bomboma
Bomboma
Bomgoma
Bomgoma
Bommau
Bommau
Bomosso
Bomosso
Bona
Bona
Bongo
Bongo
Bootes
Bootes
Borundo
Borundo
Bram
Bram
Brame
Brame
Bran
Bran
Brican
Brican
Buco
Buco
Buere
Buere
Bujuka
Bujuka
Bullonde
Bullonde
Bundo
Bundo
Cabinda
Cabinda
Cabo Verde
Cabo Verde
Cabobo
Cabobo
Cabongola
Cabongola
Cabra
Cabra
Cabunda
Cabunda
Cabunje
Cabunje
Cacange
Cacange
Cacheo
Cacheo
Cacheu
Cacheu
Cafunda
Cafunda
Cafunde
Cafunde
Cafuz
Cafuz
Cafuza
Cafuza
Cafuzo
Cafuzo
Calabar
Calabar
Calembe
Calembe
Caliana
Caliana
Calimba
Calimba
Calonge
Calonge
Calualle
Calualle
Calunda
Calunda
Calunga
Calunga
Calungo
Calungo
Camambe
Camambe
Camambo
Camambo
Camarao
Camarao
Camaron
Camaron
Camarão
Camarão
Camba
Camba
Camingolla
Camingolla
Canamá
Canamá
Canana
Canana
Candembe
Candembe
Candombe
Candombe
Candombo
Candombo
Candonga
Candonga
Candongo
Candongo
Candubo
Candubo
Candumbe
Candumbe
Candumbo
Candumbo
Cango
Cango
Canhamba
Canhamba
Canhemba
Canhemba
Caninda
Caninda
Cansa
Cansa
Carabali
Carabali
Carabali Achena
Carabali Achena
Carabali Apapa
Carabali Apapa
Carabali Bane
Carabali Bane
Carabali Banfule
Carabali Banfule
Carabali Brican
Carabali Brican
Carabali Camaron
Carabali Camaron
Carabali Cicuato
Carabali Cicuato
Carabali Duni
Carabali Duni
Carabali Elugo
Carabali Elugo
Carabali Ibo
Carabali Ibo
Carabali Isa
Carabali Isa
Carabali Isuamo
Carabali Isuamo
Carabali Itepu
Carabali Itepu
Carabali Mogo
Carabali Mogo
Carabali Suamo
Carabali Suamo
Carabali Ungua
Carabali Ungua
Carabali Vende
Carabali Vende
Carabali Vivi
Carabali Vivi
Carabali induri
Carabali induri
Caramgonha
Caramgonha
Carapina
Carapina
Cariaes
Cariaes
Carijó
Carijó
Casandra
Casandra
Casanga
Casanga
Casangue
Casangue
Cassambe
Cassambe
Cassambo
Cassambo
Cassandra
Cassandra
Cassanga
Cassanga
Cassange
Cassange
Cassangue
Cassangue
Cassumbo
Cassumbo
Cay
Cay
Cayuna
Cayuna
Caçanga
Caçanga
Caçange
Caçange
Caçunda
Caçunda
Chimba
Chimba
Chimbo
Chimbo
Chipe
Chipe
Chipeta
Chipeta
Chirichano
Chirichano
Chocho
Chocho
Cicuato
Cicuato
Clunga
Clunga
Clungo
Clungo
Coanbo
Coanbo
Cobia
Cobia
Cochinjamba
Cochinjamba
Cochipea
Cochipea
Cocolí
Cocolí
Cocunge
Cocunge
Cocurso
Cocurso
Coembo
Coembo
Colembe
Colembe
Collue
Collue
Coloé
Coloé
Coluale
Coluale
Colulonga
Colulonga
Columba
Columba
Columbe
Columbe
Colué
Colué
Comba
Comba
Comboma
Comboma
Combá
Combá
Condombe
Condombe
Condonbe
Condonbe
Conga
Conga
Congo
Congo
Congo Ausange
Congo Ausange
Congo Baco
Congo Baco
Congo Bamba
Congo Bamba
Congo Bimgo
Congo Bimgo
Congo Binda
Congo Binda
Congo Biri
Congo Biri
Congo Boco
Congo Boco
Congo Boma
Congo Boma
Congo Bomgoma
Congo Bomgoma
Congo Bongo
Congo Bongo
Congo Buco
Congo Buco
Congo Buere
Congo Buere
Congo Bullonde
Congo Bullonde
Congo Camba
Congo Camba
Congo Cango
Congo Cango
Congo Cansa
Congo Cansa
Congo Cay
Congo Cay
Congo Chocho
Congo Chocho
Congo Damba
Congo Damba
Congo Ganga
Congo Ganga
Congo Lano
Congo Lano
Congo Lemba
Congo Lemba
Congo Luango
Congo Luango
Congo Lumbi
Congo Lumbi
Congo Matendi
Congo Matendi
Congo Moboma
Congo Moboma
Congo Mondongo
Congo Mondongo
Congo Mongoma
Congo Mongoma
Congo Moyombe
Congo Moyombe
Congo Moyoni
Congo Moyoni
Congo Noca
Congo Noca
Congo Real
Congo Real
Congo Sasa
Congo Sasa
Congo Sombo
Congo Sombo
Congo Somo
Congo Somo
Congo Suma
Congo Suma
Congo Tamba
Congo Tamba
Congo Tando
Congo Tando
Congola
Congola
Congole
Congole
Congolla
Congolla
Congollo
Congollo
Congolo
Congolo
Congullo
Congullo
Congulo
Congulo
Corugonha
Corugonha
Cotipeza
Cotipeza
Cotiva
Cotiva
Covea
Covea
Covia
Covia
Coxinjamba
Coxinjamba
Coxipe
Coxipe
Coxipea
Coxipea
Creole
Creole
Criolla
Criolla
Criollo
Criollo
Crioul
Crioul
Crioul-Mulato
Crioul-Mulato
Crioula
Crioula
Crioulo
Crioulo
Crue
Crue
Crue and Tradetown
Crue and Tradetown
Cuanbo
Cuanbo
Cubangola
Cubangola
Cubangota
Cubangota
Cuchipea
Cuchipea
Cucoetá
Cucoetá
Cucungo
Cucungo
Cucusso
Cucusso
Cucussu
Cucussu
Cucuçú
Cucuçú
Cugulumbo
Cugulumbo
Cuiaia
Cuiaia
Cuilo
Cuilo
Cumbá
Cumbá
Cunana
Cunana
Cuquipera
Cuquipera
Curuba
Curuba
Cussambo
Cussambo
Cussana
Cussana
Cutipeijo
Cutipeijo
Cutipeio
Cutipeio
Cutipeyo
Cutipeyo
Cutumbira
Cutumbira
Cutumbuca
Cutumbuca
Damba
Damba
Dambe
Dambe
Danba
Danba
Dandepane
Dandepane
Dandiparo
Dandiparo
Dengue
Dengue
Dhimba
Dhimba
Dialonké
Dialonké
Diola
Diola
Djallonka
Djallonka
Djallonké
Djallonké
Djola
Djola
Donde
Donde
Dondo
Dondo
Dongo
Dongo
Dullo
Dullo
Dulo
Dulo
Dulú
Dulú
Dumba
Dumba
Dunba
Dunba
Dundo
Dundo
Duni
Duni
Eboo
Eboo
Elugo
Elugo
Embaca
Embaca
Enchico
Enchico
Esan
Esan
Ewe
Ewe
Fada
Fada
Falupo
Falupo
Floup
Floup
Folupo
Folupo
Fon
Fon
Footajalla
Footajalla
Foulah
Foulah
Fula
Fula
Fulani
Fulani
Fulbe
Fulbe
Fulla-Cacheu
Fulla-Cacheu
Futa Jallon
Futa Jallon
Gabu
Gabu
Galanga
Galanga
Ganda
Ganda
Ganga
Ganga
Ganga Songobá
Ganga Songobá
Gangará
Gangará
Ganguela
Ganguela
Ganguella
Ganguella
Gangá
Gangá
Gangá-ñongobá
Gangá-ñongobá
Garag
Garag
Garanga
Garanga
Garangue
Garangue
Garboo
Garboo
Gbe
Gbe
Geba
Geba
Geerah
Geerah
Gege
Gege
Gegê
Gegê
Gelofe
Gelofe
Gelofo
Gelofo
Gogongue
Gogongue
Guaraní
Guaraní
Gubam
Gubam
Guicama
Guicama
Guine
Guine
Guinea
Guinea
Guiné
Guiné
Guissaman
Guissaman
Gurima
Gurima
Hambaca
Hambaca
Hausa
Hausa
Haussá
Haussá
Hbah
Hbah
Hebo
Hebo
Himba
Himba
Hoosa
Hoosa
Houssa
Houssa
Iagon
Iagon
Igala
Igala
Igana
Igana
Igara
Igara
Igbo
Igbo
Iguatare
Iguatare
Indian (India)
Indian (India)
Induri
Induri
Inglés
Inglés
Ioruba
Ioruba
Isuamo
Isuamo
Itepu
Itepu
Itica
Itica
Jalonke
Jalonke
Jalunca
Jalunca
Jeje
Jeje
Jola
Jola
Jolof
Jolof
Jolofo
Jolofo
Joruba
Joruba
Kaliána
Kaliána
Kanga
Kanga
Kanouri
Kanouri
Kanowri
Kanowri
Kanuri
Kanuri
Kariana
Kariana
Kasanga
Kasanga
Kasanje
Kasanje
Kisama
Kisama
Kisi
Kisi
Kissama
Kissama
Kissi
Kissi
Kissry
Kissry
Kokoli
Kokoli
Kongo
Kongo
Kru
Kru
Kwilu
Kwilu
Lacoom
Lacoom
Landoma
Landoma
Landuma
Landuma
Lano
Lano
Lansunda
Lansunda
Lemba
Lemba
Lisboa
Lisboa
Loanda
Loanda
Loango
Loango
Lovale
Lovale
Lualle
Lualle
Luallo
Luallo
Luanda
Luanda
Luango
Luango
Lucume
Lucume
Lucumi
Lucumi
Lucumí
Lucumí
Lumbi
Lumbi
Lunda
Lunda
Lunga
Lunga
Luvale
Luvale
Macabi
Macabi
Macero
Macero
Machado
Machado
Macua
Macua
Madeira
Madeira
Magange
Magange
Mahombe
Mahombe
Maijombe
Maijombe
Maina
Maina
Maingombe
Maingombe
Maiombe
Maiombe
Maiombo
Maiombo
Makhuwa
Makhuwa
Makol
Makol
Makua
Makua
Makwa
Makwa
Malagas
Malagas
Malagasy
Malagasy
Mamba
Mamba
Mambo
Mambo
Mandinga
Mandinga
Mandinga Bambora
Mandinga Bambora
Mandingo
Mandingo
Mandinka
Mandinka
Manga
Manga
Manjaco
Manjaco
Marimba
Marimba
Marinba
Marinba
Matendi
Matendi
Mauinba
Mauinba
Mauinha
Mauinha
Mbamba
Mbamba
Meteque
Meteque
Mexivamba
Mexivamba
Miambe
Miambe
Micharo
Micharo
Mina
Mina
Miombe
Miombe
Miombo
Miombo
Miteque
Miteque
Miumbe
Miumbe
Mizi
Mizi
Moange
Moange
Mobembe
Mobembe
Mobende
Mobende
Moboma
Moboma
Mocena
Mocena
Mochara
Mochara
Mochivonda
Mochivonda
Mogange
Mogange
Mogo
Mogo
Moiaque
Moiaque
Moko
Moko
Mokole
Mokole
Molunbo
Molunbo
Molué
Molué
Monange
Monange
Mondongo
Mondongo
Mongoma
Mongoma
Monhnaga
Monhnaga
Monjamba
Monjamba
Monjola
Monjola
Monjolla
Monjolla
Monjollo
Monjollo
Monjolo
Monjolo
Monsol
Monsol
Moor
Moor
Mosange
Mosange
Mosenga
Mosenga
Mosengo
Mosengo
Mosongo
Mosongo
Mossambique
Mossambique
Mossanga
Mossanga
Mossangue
Mossangue
Mossembe
Mossembe
Mossena
Mossena
Mossongo
Mossongo
Mossunde
Mossunde
Motembo
Motembo
Mouro
Mouro
Moxara
Moxara
Moxicongo
Moxicongo
Moxipeta
Moxipeta
Moxivamba
Moxivamba
Moyombe
Moyombe
Moyoni
Moyoni
Mozabe
Mozabe
Mozambique
Mozambique
Mozengo
Mozengo
Mozi
Mozi
Moçambique
Moçambique
Moçanga
Moçanga
Muanga
Muanga
Muange
Muange
Mubembe
Mubembe
Mucena
Mucena
Muchidongo
Muchidongo
Muchidungo
Muchidungo
Muchipessa
Muchipessa
Muchipeta
Muchipeta
Muiaca
Muiaca
Muiacka
Muiacka
Muiaka
Muiaka
Muianga
Muianga
Muiange
Muiange
Mujaca
Mujaca
Mulué
Mulué
Musambique
Musambique
Musiaca
Musiaca
Musicongo
Musicongo
Mussabe
Mussabe
Mussambique
Mussambique
Mussange
Mussange
Mussena
Mussena
Mussonga
Mussonga
Mussongo
Mussongo
Muteca
Muteca
Muteka
Muteka
Mutembo
Mutembo
Muteque
Muteque
Mutexo
Mutexo
Mutimbo
Mutimbo
Mutuca
Mutuca
Muxicongo
Muxicongo
Muxidongo
Muxidongo
Muxipeta
Muxipeta
Muxipia
Muxipia
Muyaca
Muyaca
Nago
Nago
Nagou
Nagou
Nagô
Nagô
Naloo
Naloo
Nalu
Nalu
Nande
Nande
Naque
Naque
Naqui
Naqui
Nar
Nar
Nate
Nate
Natiranda
Natiranda
Natiranga
Natiranga
Natirangue
Natirangue
Native American
Native American
Ndolo
Ndolo
Ndongo
Ndongo
Neguepio
Neguepio
Nequipoya
Nequipoya
Ngola
Ngola
Niqueponga
Niqueponga
Niquepongo
Niquepongo
Noamba
Noamba
Noca
Noca
Noemba
Noemba
Nyemba
Nyemba
Nzabi
Nzabi
Oamba
Oamba
Oambo
Oambo
Oanba
Oanba
Olimba
Olimba
Olukumi
Olukumi
Onana
Onana
Ortis
Ortis
Other Ethnonym
Other Ethnonym
Oxipea
Oxipea
Oxipia
Oxipia
Ozamba
Ozamba
Ozimba
Ozimba
Pacheo
Pacheo
Padaginga
Padaginga
Palonga
Palonga
Panes
Panes
Papel
Papel
Pardo
Pardo
Pernambuco
Pernambuco
Piatilo
Piatilo
Planta
Planta
Poulard
Poulard
Pular
Pular
Pulonda
Pulonda
Quelimane
Quelimane
Querobina
Querobina
Quiaia
Quiaia
Quilimane
Quilimane
Quilo
Quilo
Quingollo
Quingollo
Quingolo
Quingolo
Quinquete
Quinquete
Quiqueté
Quiqueté
Quirobina
Quirobina
Quisama
Quisama
Quissama
Quissama
Quissaman
Quissaman
Quissamã
Quissamã
Quiteque
Quiteque
Quitica
Quitica
Quiçama
Quiçama
Raboli
Raboli
Real
Real
Rebalo
Rebalo
Rebeolla
Rebeolla
Rebola
Rebola
Rebollo
Rebollo
Rebolo
Rebolo
Redondo
Redondo
Reino
Reino
Ridoma
Ridoma
Robah
Robah
Roban
Roban
Sama
Sama
Samba
Samba
Sampi
Sampi
Sanba
Sanba
Sande
Sande
Sandi
Sandi
Sania
Sania
Sao Tome
Sao Tome
Sape
Sape
Sapé
Sapé
Sarambaca
Sarambaca
Sarambata
Sarambata
Sasa
Sasa
Sena
Sena
Senna
Senna
Sereer
Sereer
Serer
Serer
Sombo
Sombo
Somo
Somo
Songo
Songo
Soosoo
Soosoo
Soso
Soso
Suamo
Suamo
Suma
Suma
Sunde
Sunde
Surua
Surua
Susu
Susu
Ta
Ta
Tamba
Tamba
Tando
Tando
Tapa
Tapa
Tarquoh
Tarquoh
Tarquoi
Tarquoi
Tebelfaid
Tebelfaid
Tecelam
Tecelam
Tecelao
Tecelao
Teke
Teke
Tembo
Tembo
Tenda
Tenda
Tepea
Tepea
Terranova
Terranova
Thiaca
Thiaca
Tiaca
Tiaca
Tierra Nueba
Tierra Nueba
Tierra Nueva
Tierra Nueva
Tingoro
Tingoro
Tingó
Tingó
Tipea
Tipea
Tuengue
Tuengue
Tunga
Tunga
Tungú
Tungú
Tyo
Tyo
Uamba
Uamba
Uanba
Uanba
Ubaranda
Ubaranda
Ubarando
Ubarando
Ubarunda
Ubarunda
Ubarundo
Ubarundo
Ubomundo
Ubomundo
Ucandi
Ucandi
Ucandé
Ucandé
Ucarista
Ucarista
Ucariste
Ucariste
Ucatara
Ucatara
Uchipea
Uchipea
Uchipeia
Uchipeia
Uculema
Uculema
Uculena
Uculena
Uculina
Uculina
Ucuta
Ucuta
Udurimba
Udurimba
Uganangue
Uganangue
Ugaranga
Ugaranga
Ugarange
Ugarange
Ugarangue
Ugarangue
Uiba
Uiba
Uitica
Uitica
Uiva
Uiva
Ujamba
Ujamba
Ujambo
Ujambo
Ujango
Ujango
Ulimba
Ulimba
Umama
Umama
Umanga
Umanga
Umbombe
Umbombe
Umbongo
Umbongo
Unana
Unana
Unane
Unane
Unanga
Unanga
Unano
Unano
Unbamba
Unbamba
Unbungo
Unbungo
Unduira
Unduira
Ungongo
Ungongo
Ungua
Ungua
Uronga
Uronga
Urongue
Urongue
Urtiz
Urtiz
Usçá
Usçá
Utibanda
Utibanda
Utica
Utica
Utiranda
Utiranda
Uxipea
Uxipea
Uzamba
Uzamba
Uzimba
Uzimba
Uçulina
Uçulina
Vaga
Vaga
Valanta
Valanta
Vende
Vende
Vivi
Vivi
Wolof
Wolof
Woyo
Woyo
Ximba
Ximba
Ximbo
Ximbo
Xipe
Xipe
Xipeio
Xipeio
Xipeta
Xipeta
Xipita
Xipita
Yaka
Yaka
Yalonga
Yalonga
Yalunka
Yalunka
Yombe
Yombe
Yoruba
Yoruba
Yçama
Yçama
Zape
Zape
Zimba
Zimba
Zomba
Zomba
Zombo
Zombo
Zonga
Zonga
de los Rios de Guiné
de los Rios de Guiné
Role Types
Advertised Person
Advertised Person
Person whose body, service, or labor is offered as available for hire, barter, sale, or transfer.
Advertiser
Advertiser
Person or company that pays for an advertisement.
Appraised Person
Appraised Person
Enslaved person or otherwise unfree laborer who is assigned a valuation in monetary currency or equivalents at an assessment or appraisal.
Baptized Person or Initiate
Baptized Person or Initiate
Person who is initiated into a faith community.
Buyer
Buyer
A person or organization authorized to buy an enslaved person or commodities, goods, and services.
Captured Person
Captured Person
Person who is taken captive, placed in bondage, and/or transported as an enslaved person.
Child
Child
The biological or adopted offspring of a parent.
Deceased Person
Deceased Person
Person who ceases to live or is buried.
Emancipated Person
Emancipated Person
Person who is freed through an immediate or conditional manumission.
Employee
Employee
A person whose labor or services are engaged by a particular employer or business in exchange for money, kind, or debt relief. Includes those whose labor or services are secured through guardianship.
Employer
Employer
A person or organization who employs, hires, or takes guardianship of a person's labor or services as an apprentice, servant, ward, etc.
Enslaver or Owner
Enslaver or Owner
Person or organization who owns or has dominion over the body, labor, and reproductive rights of another person in a social or legal system of involuntary servitude. Includes prior enslaver and owner.
Leased Person
Leased Person
A person whose labor and services, or the profits derived thereof, are granted to another person or organization as part of a contract or agreement.
Manumitter
Manumitter
A person or organization who emancipates someone from enslavement.
Member
Member
Person who joins or is inducted into a social group or organization.
Mentioned Person
Mentioned Person
Person who is noted in an incidental way, for example in correspondence that notes an encounter.
Missing Person
Missing Person
Person who does not have a runaway status but is missing.
Mortgaged Person
Mortgaged Person
Person whose body, service, or labor is used as collateral in a loan or exchange.
Parent
Parent
The biological or adopted mother or father of a child.
Participant
Participant
Person or organization involved in an event in an unspecified way or in a non-primary role.
Party
Party
A person or organization in a lawsuit or other legal proceeding. Includes plaintiff or defendant and their legal representation, as well as petitioner, respondent, witness, etc.
Rebel
Rebel
Person who plans or participates in an act of violence or open resistance to an established authority
Registered Person
Registered Person
Person who is counted or recorded.
Relocated Person
Relocated Person
A person or organization who changes place of residence under voluntary or involuntary circumstances.
Resident
Resident
A person or organization establishing domicile in a particular place.
Runaway
Runaway
Person listed in a document as having fled or possibly disappeared.
Seller
Seller
A person or organization authorized to sell an enslaved person or commodities, goods, and services.
Sold Person
Sold Person
A person bought or sold.
Soldier or Sailor
Soldier or Sailor
Person who joins, is inducted into, or serves in an army, militia, navy, or regiment.
Spouse
Spouse
A person who is a partner in a marriage, civil union, or common-law marriage.
Subject
Subject
Person telling the history of their life events.
Transferred Person
Transferred Person
A person who is bartered, gifted, inherited, or exchanged. Use for Sale or Transfer event and for events recorded in Document Types: Deed; Bill of Sale, Invoice, or Receipt; Inventory or Probate Record.
Vessel Captain
Vessel Captain
Person in command aboard a sailing vessel.
Vessel Owner
Vessel Owner
Person(s) or company who owns an interest in a sailing vessel or voyage.
Occupation
Agriculture, Husbandry, and Forestry
Agriculture, Husbandry, and Forestry
Work involving the cultivation of soils or plants; harvest of crops; care of draft animals, livestock, or poultry;  and/or the management of trees or forests. Includes farmer, field hand, gleaner, herder, lumberjack, peasant, etc.
Arts and Entertainment
Arts and Entertainment
Work involving the creation, circulation, or performance of artistic or creative works and activities.
Banking, Insurance, and Commerce
Banking, Insurance, and Commerce
Work involving the operations of financial and credit institutions such as banks and insurers, and/or medium- to large-scale commercial institutions. Includes broker, wholesaler, and importer-exporter.
Crafts and Trades
Crafts and Trades
Work involving specialized skills, tools, and knowledge.
Domestic Service
Domestic Service
Work involving the management and care of the home or family of an enslaver, employer, or guardian. Includes butler, coachman, footman, gardener, laundress or starcher, maidservant, messenger, nursemaid, etc. Excludes Midwifery and Wet-nursing.
Fishing, Gathering, and Hunting
Fishing, Gathering, and Hunting
Work involving catching fish or shellfish; collecting wild plants; or pursuing animals for food, recreation, or trade.
Government
Government
Work involving state employment or office holding. Includes cabinet minister, civil servant, diplomat, legislator, mayor, or statesman. Excludes Policing and Corrections, Military and Militia, and Public Works.
Hiring
Hiring
Work involving for-hire labor and service rendered in exchange for cash or credit, managed by an enslaved person, an enslaver, or a guardian. Includes day laborer, jobber, and slave rental (e.g., hireling; escravo de ganho).
Industry
Industry
Work involving economic activity concerned with processing of raw materials and/or manufacture of finished goods. Includes mining.
Landowning
Landowning
Work involving the ownership, cultivation, and profit of real estate, including  income from the rent or other use of land, waterways, and improvements. Includes owners of estates, mills, plantations, and ranches.
Legal
Legal
Work involving courts of law or the judicial system. Includes clerk, commissioner, interpreter, judge, lawyer, etc. Excludes Policing and Corrections.
Manual Labor
Manual Labor
Work involving physical strength and stamina, often involving the movement of heavy loads. Includes laborer, ditch-digger, water-carrier, etc.
Maritime
Maritime
Work involving the operations and supply of seafaring vessels. Includes cabin boy, caulker, captain, chandler, crew, coxswain, sailmaker, shipwright, steward, or whaler. Excludes Slave Trade.
Marketing, Retail, and Trading
Marketing, Retail, and Trading
Work involving the small-scale sale or exchange of goods and services. Includes but not limited to shopkeeping, street vending, and lodging. Distinct from Banking, Insurance, and Commerce. Excludes Slave Trade.
Medical and Funerary
Medical and Funerary
Work involving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, illness, or bodily injury; the preparation of medications or cures; or the handling of dead bodies.
Military and Militia
Military and Militia
Work involving defense, garrisoning, and acts of war.
Other Occupation
Other Occupation
Work that does not fall into any of the other occupational categories.
Policing and Corrections
Policing and Corrections
Work involving law enforcement and civil order, property protection, bounty hunting, and the pursuit, confinement, and punishment of fugitives, law-breakers, and rebels. Includes jailer, executioner, sheriff, slave-catcher, and warden.
Religious
Religious
Work involving beliefs, operations, or worship in a denomination, faith, or spiritual community. Includes cleric, initiate, shaman, and a lay or regular member of a religious order.
Slave Trade
Slave Trade
Work involving the apprehension and detention, exchange or sale, or transport of enslaved people.
Teaching
Teaching
Work involving the transfer of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits in a formal or informal setting. Includes instructor or professor.
Transportation
Transportation
Work involving the movement of people and goods via land, rail, or water. Includes barge or boat pilot, litter-carrier, muleteer, railyard worker, oarsman, shipper, and wagoner. Excludes Slave Trade.
Writing and Publishing
Writing and Publishing
Work involving the creation, editing, and publication of an original spoken or written work.
Status
Enslaved Person
Enslaved Person
Person whose body, labor, and reproductive rights are owned by or fall under the dominion of another person or organization in a social or legal system of involuntary servitude.
Enslaver or Owner
Enslaver or Owner
Person or organization who owns or has dominion over the body, labor, and reproductive rights of another person in a social or legal system of involuntary servitude. Includes prior enslaver and owner.
Free Person
Free Person
Person who is not enslaved (but may have been born to enslaved parents or freed by rights of free soil, abolition laws, or some other manner).
Freed Person
Freed Person
Person who was at one point enslaved and subsequently manumitted by self-purchase or by acts of the former enslaver, a judge, or the state.
Indentured Person or Pawn
Indentured Person or Pawn
Person who is a servant or ward whose labor and service are bound to a person or organization for a fixed term, sometimes under a contract, including as collateral against a debt.
Liberated African
Liberated African
Person enslaved in Africa, intercepted during an act of clandestine slave trafficking and liberated by a civil authority, judge, mixed commission, or vice admiralty court. Includes emancipado, Free African, Freed African, or recaptive.
Liminal Status Person
Liminal Status Person
Person in an indeterminate, intermediate, or transitional status between servitude and  freedom or who has escaped bondage but neither lives nor is legally recognized as free or freed.
Event
Event Type
Advertisement
Advertisement
Event announcing the availability of services for sale or hire; or promoting an event in a written or printed public notice especially a newspaper or poster.
Appraisal
Appraisal
Event in which a price is assigned to an enslaved person or other property or goods to represent their market or monetary value. Excludes inventories, which are categorized as Registrations.
Baptism or Naming Ceremony
Baptism or Naming Ceremony
Event in which a religious rite of initiation into a faith community or denomination is performed.
Birth
Birth
Event in which a child is born.
Death
Death
Event in which a person dies from any cause.
Disappearance
Disappearance
Event in which an enslaved person runs away, is kidnapped, or otherwise goes missing, including temporarily. Includes self-emancipation.
Disembarkation
Disembarkation
Event in which one or more enslaved persons are removed from a vessel.
Emancipation or Manumission
Emancipation or Manumission
Event in which an enslaved person is recognized to be legally freed, in summary or conditional terms.
Embarkation
Embarkation
Event in which one or more enslaved persons are taken aboard a vessel for transport.
Employment, Apprenticeship, or Indenture
Employment, Apprenticeship, or Indenture
Event in which a person's labor and services are contracted or hired out, under voluntary or compulsory conditions.
Enslavement
Enslavement
Event in which a person is involuntarily bound to servitude by another person or an organization.
Legal Proceeding
Legal Proceeding
Event involving civil or criminal actions to apply, enforce, or interpret laws, including freedom suits.
Marriage
Marriage
Event in which two persons are joined in a domestic, common law, legal, ritual, conjugal, or religious union.
Mention
Mention
Event in which a person is referenced in an incidental way, for example e.g. correspondence that notes an encounter.
Military Service
Military Service
Event involving the participation (voluntary or involuntary) of a person in  an army, militia, navy, or regiment.
Mortgage
Mortgage
Event in which enslaved persons or other assets are used as collateral in a loan or exchange.
Narrative
Narrative
Event in which a person or organization records or publishes an account of connected life events.
Registration
Registration
Event in which one or more persons are officially recorded or cataloged. Includes census enumeration and inventories.
Relocation
Relocation
Event involving a change of residence for a person or family.
Residence
Residence
Event in which a person or family takes up living in a particular site or place.
Resistance and Rebellion
Resistance and Rebellion
Event involving the planning or execution of acts of opposition to or subversion of the authority of an enslaver or to established authority. Excludes Disappearance.
Sale or Transfer
Sale or Transfer
Event in which one or more enslaved persons are proffered for purchase or exchange, or are bought, bartered, gifted, inherited, or exchanged. Includes auctioning and self-purchase.
Trade
Trade
Event involving the purchase, sale, or exchange of any commodities, goods, or services other than enslaved persons.
Voyage
Voyage
Event involving the long distance transport of enslaved person(s) for sale or exchange.
Date
Start Year
To
End Year
Place
Place Type
Cemetery or Burial Ground
Cemetery or Burial Ground
A site for interment  or commemoration of the deceased.
City, Town, or Village
City, Town, or Village
A human settlement or grouping of buildings in close proximity.
Continent
Continent
Any of the world's main continuous expanses of land (e.g., Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America).
Corrections Facility
Corrections Facility
A site for the detention, discipline, or corporal punishment of convicts, inmates, prisoners-of-war, enslaved persons, or the indigent. Includes dungeon, jail, poorhouse, prison, stocks, whipping post, or workhouse.
Country
Country
An autonomous political division with distinct characteristics.
County or Parish
County or Parish
A defined jurisdiction whether political, ecclesiastical, etc. within a larger, city, state, or province.  A defined political or ecclesiastical jurisdiction within a larger state or province.
Court
Court
A judicial institution with the authority to adjudicate criminal, civil, or religious matters within a given jurisdiction.
Domicile
Domicile
A primary place of residence. Excludes Slave Quarters.
Hospital
Hospital
An institution where the sick or injured are given medical or surgical care.
Maroon Community
Maroon Community
A place of refuge for people escaping slavery.
Other Place Type
Other Place Type
A place that does not fall into any of the other place type categories.
Plantation, Estate, or Ranch
Plantation, Estate, or Ranch
A landed property of medium- to  large-scale agro-pastoral production run by a variety of labor regimes including chattel slavery.
Port
Port
A defined place on a coast, shore, harbor, or riverbank where ships dock.
Province
Province
A territorial entity within a colony, country, or state that has a political jurisdiction.
Region
Region
A geographical area defined by specific qualities.
Religious Site
Religious Site
A building or site used for spiritual  ritual and worship or the housing of clergy and other religious figures. Includes chapel, church, convent, seminary, etc.
Source
Source Type
Auction or Sale Notice
Auction or Sale Notice
A public document announcing the auction or sale of enslaved person(s), real property, and other assets.
Bill of Sale, Invoice, or Receipt
Bill of Sale, Invoice, or Receipt
A document that records the sale, transfer, or hire of enslaved person(s), labor services, real property, and other assets.
Census or Register
Census or Register
A document including an enumeration or survey of a population. Includes slave schedule.
Civil Document
Civil Document
A document related to matters of civil law including non-ecclesistical registries of births, marriage, and deaths; child custody; contested property rights; or interpersonal disputes. Excludes Probate Record and Will and Testament.
Contract
Contract
A written or verbal agreement on the obligation, payment, purchase, rental, sale, use of goods, labor services, liabilities, profits, and/or property between twoor more parties, typically with an understanding that the terms are enforceable by law.
Criminal Document
Criminal Document
A document related to matters of criminal law.
Death or Burial Document
Death or Burial Document
A document recording a human death or interment.
Deed
Deed
A document that records the terms of a transfer of ownership of property, typically land and improvements, from one party to another, including enslaved people.
Diary, Daybook, or Journal
Diary, Daybook, or Journal
A document, usually bound, containing a daily or periodic personal record of the author's experiences and observations.
Digital Data Repository
Digital Data Repository
An archival collection of digitized and/or digitial-native materials that document a wide range of facets of enslavement and slave societies.
Freedom Suit
Freedom Suit
A document or documents related to a legal proceeding, most often initiated by an enslaved person, to establish the right to outright freedom or the terms of manumission.
Freedom or Emancipation Certificate
Freedom or Emancipation Certificate
A legal document certifying the free status of a formerly enslaved person or persons.
Inventory or Probate Record
Inventory or Probate Record
A listing of property or possessions, usually associated with the settlement of an estate, determining the validity and execution of a will, or the contents and distribution of a decedent's assets and liabilities. Includes post-mortem inventory.
Legislation or Decree
Legislation or Decree
A code of law regulating the rights, comportment, and governance of a people, place, or activity.
Letter
Letter
A written or printed communication addressed to a person or organization and usually transmitted by mail.
Life History or Narrative
Life History or Narrative
An oral or written account of a life experience or portion thereof in the first or third person.
Map
Map
A graphic, typically flat representation of features of the Earth including areas of land or sea showing physical features, cities, roads, etc.
Membership List
Membership List
A document that records the participants in an organization or association. Excludes Military Service Record.
Military Service Record
Military Service Record
A document related to service or payment of militiamen, sailors, soldiers, and others in uniform. Includes court-martial, muster roll, and veteran pensions.
Newspaper
Newspaper
A printed publication, issued daily, weekly, or at some other regular interval, containing current news, editorials, feature articles, and usually advertising.
Runaway Advertisement
Runaway Advertisement
A public notice seeking the capture and return of a fugitive or missing person, often on promise of compensation.
Sacramental or Religious Registry
Sacramental or Religious Registry
An ecclesiastical document recording a religious ceremony or sacramental rite, such as a baptism or marriage.
Secondary Source
Secondary Source
Written work that analyzes, interprets, and asses an historical event, person, phenomenon, etc., based on primary source materials; includes scholarly books and articles.
Ship Registry, Log, or Manifest
Ship Registry, Log, or Manifest
A document listing the cargo, crew, itinerary, nationality, ownership, and/or passengers of a vessel.
Tax Record
Tax Record
A document reporting the obligation or collection of a tax, fee, or levy.
Will and Testament
Will and Testament
A document defining the distribution of a person's assets and liabilities after death.
Project
Projects
Advertising Gender Slave Database
African Burials and Residences in Rio de Janeiro
Biographies of the Enslaved Era
Black Lives British Justice
Black Virginians in Blue
Brooklyn Old Town Records Collection
CSI Dixie
Calvert Account Books
Contested Freedom
Dutch Speaking Runaway Slaves
Economics of American Negro Slavery Series
Enslaved Builders
Enslaved Community of President James Monroe
Fairfax Court Slavery Index
Free Africans of Brazil
Free Blacks Database
Fugitives from Slavery in Jamaica
Just and True Return
Legacies of British Slavery
Legacy of Slavery in Maryland
Louisiana Slave Conspiracies
Louisiana Slave Database
Maranhao Inventories Slave Database
Missouri Bills of Sale
Mortality in the South
Natchez Free People of Color
New York Burning
Newspaper Brokered Slave Trade Advertisements in North America
People of Color in the First Baptist Church of Providence Rhode Island
Puerto Rican Slave Records
Seth Woodroof Account Book
Slave Societies Digital Archive
SlaveVoyages
Slaveholding Patterns among Free Women of Color in New Orleans
Slaves in Post Mortem Estate Inventories
Take Them In Families
Telling All of Our Stories
They Had Names
Unknown No Longer
Virginia Untold
Whaleboat Escape
Year of Slavery
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