Books by Evangeline Markou
This monograph presents the first comprehensive study of 1,759 silver and bronze coins minted by ... more This monograph presents the first comprehensive study of 1,759 silver and bronze coins minted by the kings of Idalion (161 coins) and Kition (1,598 coins) in Cyprus, spanning from the late 6th to the late 4th century BC. The largest corpus of these coins yet assembled – classified through a die study – is accompanied by a full metrological and typological analysis of all denominations issued under each king. A synthetic study follows, addressing weight variations, production volume, iconography, hoard evidence, overstrikes, and countermarks.
The historical chapters contextualise the numismatic material in relation to ancient texts, inscriptions, and archaeological data, examining the numismatic policies of the kings from Persian to Macedonian control, culminating to the dissolution of the kingdom of Kition (and Idalion) by Ptolemy in 313/2 BC. They explore the origins of coinage, dynastic successions, key 5th-century episodes – including a first unsuccessful attack and then the conquest of Idalion by Ozibaal – the 4th-century acquisition and loss of Tamassos by Pumayyaton, and Kition’s rivalry with Salamis.
Six appendices enrich the study: additions to the gold coin corpus (ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 64), discussions of disputed coins, a study of weight standards, revised dynastic chronologies, and an analysis of Phoenician coin legends by Stevens Bernardin.
The volume includes 117 figures, 20 tables, 3 maps, 198 facsimiles of Phoenician coin legends, and 88 plates, illustrating all 1,759 coins in the corpus.
Coinage and History. The case of Cyprus during the Archaic and Classical periods
Lectures on the History of Numismatics / Διαλέξεις για την Ιστορία της Νομισματοκοπίας, 6, Nicosia 2015.
The present study is an enriched version of the lecture given on the 8th of October 2013 in the f... more The present study is an enriched version of the lecture given on the 8th of October 2013 in the framework of the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation’s lecture series. The study aims to assist researchers, students and anyone interested in improving their understanding of Cypriot numismatics.
ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 64, Athènes 2011, Feb 2011
"During the fourth century BC certain Cypriot kingdoms issued gold coinage. This is a remarkable ... more "During the fourth century BC certain Cypriot kingdoms issued gold coinage. This is a remarkable phenomenon because the issue of coins in this metal was extremely rare before the gold staters of Philip II of Macedon, with the exception of the gold darics of the Great King of Persia.
Which Cypriot kings issue gold coins? In which kingdoms? When and why? What are the sources of gold? Are these issues regular? What is the relation between these coinages and the political history of Cyprus? What is the role of the coinages in the coin circulation of the classical period and what is the weight standard and the exchange rates between gold and silver coinage?
These are only some of the questions addressed in the present book, which focuses on the analysis of the monetary policy of the Cypriot kings through a corpus of their gold coinages organised by dies; it also discusses thoroughly the metrology and the metallurgical composition of these coinages. The literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources are related to the testimony of the coins, to illuminate the history of Cyprus down to the extinction of the autonomous kingdoms."
Edited Books by Evangeline Markou
Meletemata, 2023
The volume includes eight studies focusing on the question of the payment of soldiers and mercena... more The volume includes eight studies focusing on the question of the payment of soldiers and mercenaries by the issuing authorities in Greek and Roman antiquity. The authors explore the use of coinage in relation to the salaries of the troops, but also in relation to the daily needs of the soldiers, both in peace- and war-time.
by Evangeline Markou, Zeynep Cizmeli Ogun, Maryse Blet-Lemarquand, Suzanne Frey-Kupper, Julien Fournier, Duyrat Frédérique, Christos Gatzolis, Sophia Kremydi, Dinçer Savaş Lenger, Marie-Christine Marcellesi, Albana Meta, Julien Olivier, and Vassiliki Stefanaki ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 85 (ISBN: 978-960-371-079-0), Athens 2023, 2023
The honorary volume ΑΝΤΙΔΩΡΟΝ. Greek Coinage between War and Trade.
Papers on Numismatics, Epigra... more The honorary volume ΑΝΤΙΔΩΡΟΝ. Greek Coinage between War and Trade.
Papers on Numismatics, Epigraphy and History Offered to Olivier Picard, in-cludes twentv-one (21) contributions on the monetarv production and polic of cities, federal states, and kings and their relation with the history and econ-omy of the Ancient Greek and Roman world.
The volume includes discussions of various numismatic issues and problems.
It addresses questions related to the organisation of monetary policy of different issuing authorities, discusses iconography and problems of attribution of numismatic types, explores the relationship between coinage and military events, and examines the ways to identify trade networks. It includes the pub-lication of hoards, discusses the use of coins in inscriptions and ancient texts, and explores issues related to the technology and organisation of mints and coin production. The studies have a wide geographical range, extending from Marseilles and Sicily to Asia Minor, and from Illyria, Thrace and Macedonia to Crete, Cyprus and Egypt. The volume therefore reflects the wide range of the honoree's interests.
Authors: E. Apostolou; L. Brousseau; V. Chankowski; K. Chryssanthaki-Nagle;
F. de Callatay; Z. Cizmeli Ögün; F. Duyrat; Th. Faucher, M. Blet-Lemarquand,
and S. Frey-Kupper; Chr. Flament; J. Fournier; Chr. A. Gatzolis and S. E. Psoma; S. Gongecaj-Vangjeli; C. Grandjean; M. B. Hatzopoulos; S. Kremydi; D. Savas Lenger; M.-C. Marcellesi; E. Markou; A. Meta; J. Olivier; C. Papageorgiadou and G. Alexopoulou; V. E. Stefanaki; D. I. Tsangari.
Papers by Evangeline Markou
The Coinage of the Kings of Cyprus From Achaemenid to Hellenistic Rule: An Autonomous Royal Coinage?
Phoenix 76, pp. 261-274, 2022
This article tackles the monetary particularities of the Cypriot kings within the larger frame of... more This article tackles the monetary particularities of the Cypriot kings within the larger frame of the Achaemenid empire throughout the archaic, classical, and early Hellenistic periods, up to the demolition of the kingdoms and local kingship by the Successors of Alexander around 306 b.c.e.
For the edition of the corpus of Cypriot syllabic inscriptions of the 1st millennium BC, IG XV 1,... more For the edition of the corpus of Cypriot syllabic inscriptions of the 1st millennium BC, IG XV 1,1, which was published in 2020, a close collaboration between epigraphy and numismatics was inaugurated by the authors of the present paper. The fruits of this collaboration can be seen in the coin sections of the corpus (IG XV 1, 85-92, coins of Amathous ; IG XV 1, 406-410, coins of Marion).
Cypriot coins of the 5th and 4th centuries are exceptional sources of historical information, since they carry royal names in most cases unknown from other primary sources. This paper traces the history of the intertwined study of Cypriot numismatics and epigraphy, highlights the conventions of this new edition that follow the editing principles of both fields, and discusses new, corrected readings of Cypriot kings’ royal names.
TEKMERIA 18 (2024), 2023
Introduction
Coins issued by the kings of the Cypriot polities in the course of plus or minus 200... more Introduction
Coins issued by the kings of the Cypriot polities in the course of plus or minus 200 years –between the second half of the sixth and the last decades of the fourth centuries BC– are, primarily, known from museum and private collections. At best, these specimens may have a general provenance (“from Cyprus”, since they were minted and circulated on the island), but they have
little to no contextual history. Hence, their study is beset with often insurmountable difficulties. This makes coins and coin hoards found in the context
of organised excavation projects particularly valuable for the political history
and monetary economy of the island’s Iron Age polities, especially as regards
the activity of their autonomous mints. At the same time, the issuing authority that minted them, often a historically recorded Cypriot king, can be associated spatially and temporally with the archaeological landscape of his polity.
In the present article, stimulated by the discovery of a bronze coin found
in the context of controlled field work conducted by the Palaepaphos Urban
Landscape Project (hereon, PULP)1
on the plateau of Palaepaphos-Hadjiabdoullah one km east of the sanctuary of the Cypriot goddess, the numismatist (EM)
initiates the discussion with an updated assessment of the state of research regarding the bronze coinage of the Paphian mint under its last fourth-century kings, Timarchos and his son Nikokles. The archaeologist (MI) responds
by integrating the information acquired through the coin’s analysis with the
information provided by the coin’s context in the fourth-century citadel landscape of Paphos, and its relation to two exceptional secular monuments on the plateau of Hadjiabdoullah (fig. 1). The integration of the currently available archaeological, epigraphic, and numismatic evidence appears to support
a longer-term process regarding the foundation of Nea Paphos in the fourth century BC.
Reconnaître Aphrodite sur les monnaies chypriotes: caractéristiques et particularités locales
Cahiers du Centre d'Etudes Chypriotes, 2015
Identifying Aphrodite on Cypriote coins seems an easy task in theory. But although the cult of th... more Identifying Aphrodite on Cypriote coins seems an easy task in theory. But although the cult of the goddess is well documented in various primary sources in Cyprus, in practice not all female ornamented heads on coins have been proved to represent Aphrodite. As this is common in other areas of the Greek world, a female head or bust is characterised as “ Aphrodite” in the numismatic iconography, not only because it bears a headdress or jewelry, but also because it is attached to the general cults of the issuing authority.
Alram M., Jarosław B. and Bursche A. (eds), A survey of numismatic research, 2014-2020, International Numismatic Commission (Warsaw - Krakow - Winterthur), 2022
Presentation of the numismatic bibliography of archaic and classical Cyprus (years 2014-2020)
A.CHARALAMBOUS, E.MARKOU AND V.KASSIANIDOU, AJN Second Series 32 (2020) pp. 1–30, 2020
The elemental composition of 436 silver coins from a hoard of the fifth century BC, minted by the... more The elemental composition of 436 silver coins from a hoard of the fifth century BC, minted by the Iron Age Cypriot city-kingdoms of Kition, Idalion, Lapethos, Paphos and Salamis, as well as a small number of coins from unidentified mints, was determined by pXRF spectrometry in order primarily to study the silver alloys used for their manufacture. The specific technique was applied because it allows for a non-destructive analysis, taking into consideration its inherent limitations as a surface analysis technique and the possibility of the existence of surface enrichment elements that do not reflect the materials' actual bulk composition. This is the first time such a large number of ancient Cypriot silver coins has been analyzed providing numismatists and archaeologists with new insights into this important component of ancient material culture. The results of the compositional analysis show that the various groups of coins were made of a similar Ag-Cu alloy with
Beyond Cyprus: Investigating Cypriot Connectivity In The Mediterranean From The Late Bronze Age To The End Of The Classical Period, 2022
The paper offers a general overview of the coins minted by the kings of Idalion in Cyprus during ... more The paper offers a general overview of the coins minted by the kings of Idalion in Cyprus during the first half of the 5th century BC. The kings of Idalion adopted the local Cypriot weight standard for their silver coins, based on a siglos of ca 11 g and its divisions. Τhe characteristic type of Idalion represents a sphinx on the obverse and an irregular incuse square on the reverse, replaced later by a lotus flower.
Coin production in Idalion ended in the middle of the 5th century, when Idalion lost its autonomy and was integrated into the areas under the control of the kings of Kition.
Particular attention is given to a rare silver-plated coin of Idalion, discovered at Khirbet Qeiyafa, Israel, which allows us to raise questions regarding coin circulation in Cyprus and in the Southern Levant and address the use of foreign plated coins in Judea in the 5th century.
The commercial relations, cultural exchanges and influences (scripts and languages, cults, ritual... more The commercial relations, cultural exchanges and influences (scripts and languages, cults, rituals, burial customs etc.), direct or indirect, between Cyprus and Crete in Antiquity have been the object of research for many specialists on history, archaeology and epigraphy.
The purpose of the present paper is to study these two important islands in the center of the commercial sea routes of the Eastern Mediterranean, examine certain common elements in their monetary practices during
the Archaic, Classical and Early Hellenistic times, compare and discuss the choice of coin types, metals and weight standards, their different political, economic and social background, as well as their interactions with other kingdoms and city-states of the ancient world.
After the death of Alexander III in 323 BC, the coinage in his name and with his types continued ... more After the death of Alexander III in 323 BC, the coinage in his name and with his types continued to be issued by his successors. This posthumous coinage has been the object of various studies and discussions in the past decades because of the important volume of the coinage and also because of the difficulties of the attribution.
The present paper will discuss the posthumous Alexanders that were produced in various city-kingdoms in Cyprus, in Egypt (Memphis and Alexandria) and in Cyrene from 323 down to the end of the fourth century, also in relation to the local autonomous coinages of those areas. The above areas of control of Ptolemy I present a certain interest because the coinage in his own name and image replaced as early as the end of the fourth century the coinage in the name and types of Alexander, while his numismatic policy was particular and unique. In parallel, the paper will address in detail questions of attribution -or reattribution- of series and the circulation of those coinages abroad, based on the hoard evidence.
Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 2019
Throughout the history of the Mediterranean region, seafaring and trading played a significant ro... more Throughout the history of the Mediterranean region, seafaring and trading played a significant role in the interaction between the cultures and people in the area. In order to engage the general public in learning about maritime cultural heritage we have designed and developed a serious game incorporating geospatially analyzed data from open GIS archaeological maritime sources, and archaeological data resulting from shipwreck excavations. We present a second prototype of the seafaring serious game, and discuss the results of an evaluation which involved a large multi-site user study with participants from three continents. More specifically, we present the evaluation of "The Seafarers" a strategy-based game which integrates knowledge from multiple disciplines in order to educate the user through playing. A first prototype was reported in Philbin-Briscoe et al. (2017) where an expert-user evaluation of the usability and the effectiveness of the game in terms of the learning objectives was performed. In this paper, we present how the outcomes of the evaluation of the first prototype "The Seafarers-1" by expert-users were used in the redesign and development of the game mechanics for the second prototype "The Seafarers-2". We then present our methodology for evaluating the game with respect to the game objective of engagement in learning about maritime cultural heritage, seafaring and trading in particular. Specifically, the evaluation was to test the hypothesis that game playing allows for more engaged learning thus improving longer-term knowledge retention. The evaluation was conducted in two phases and includes a pilot study, followed by a multi-site, multi-continent user-study involving a large number of participants. We analyze the results of the user evaluation and discuss the outcomes. This work is part of the EU-funded project iMareCulture and involves truly multi-continental, multiinstitutional and multidisciplinary cooperationcivil engineers and archaeologists from Cyprus, Human Computer Interaction (HCI) experts and Educationists from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, and cultural sociologists and computer scientists from Canada.
Οι νομισματικοί θησαυροί εμπλουτίζουν σημαντικά τις πληροφορίες για την ιστορία της Κύπρου που μα... more Οι νομισματικοί θησαυροί εμπλουτίζουν σημαντικά τις πληροφορίες για την ιστορία της Κύπρου που μας δίνουν οι πρωτογενείς πηγές. Νησί πλούσιο σε χαλκό αλλά χωρίς κοιτάσματα χρυσού και αργύρου, η Κύπρος στηριζόταν για την έκδοση νομισμάτων στην εισαγωγή των πολύτιμων μετάλλων ακόμα και σε μορφή αντικειμένων ή νομισμάτων από άλλους τόπους. Στους αρχαϊκούς και κλασικούς χρόνους μάλιστα, η Κύπρος λειτούργησε ως «εργοστάσιο ανακύκλωσης» καθώς, με το που έφταναν ξένα νομίσματα στο νησί, μετατρέπονταν σε τοπικό νόμισμα.
Si l’on prend en compte les émissions monétaires chypriotes depuis leur origine, celles de Salami... more Si l’on prend en compte les émissions monétaires chypriotes depuis leur origine, celles de Salamine présentent un intérêt particulier. Le monnayage émis par le roi Evelthon et par ses successeurs mal connus, daté entre la fin du sixième siècle et peu après le milieu du cinquième siècle, nous étonne toujours. Nous ne sommes pas encore en mesure d’établir la lignée des successeurs qui ont frappé des monnaies aux types d’Evelthon, mais l’attribution de ces émissions à Salamine est assurée grâce à l’iconographie et à la mention du nom du fondateur de la dynastie, qui figure en syllabaire chypriote au droit.
Lorsque l’on en arrive à l’époque classique, nos connaissances sur Salamine et son histoire sont plus concrètes, surtout grâce aux sources littéraires et archéologiques. Malgré la difficulté de datation précise de certains événements, nous connaissons mieux la succession des rois entre Evagoras Ier, le protagoniste de la « guerre de Chypre » qui introduit à Salamine un monnayage d’or et Ménélas, le dernier roi avant l’anéantissement du royaume par Ptolémée Ier, qui s’adapte aux coutumes locales pour des raisons de propagande politique.
C’est cette période agitée qui fait l’objet de cette contribution, qui se concentre sur les émissions monétaires des rois de Salamine: en or, en argent et en bronze, en deux étalons monétaires différents pour l’argent selon les rois et très variées en iconographie et en légendes monétaires, ces monnayages ne présentent pas d’homogénéité et démontrent les choix et les variations de la politique monétaire des rois à l’époque classique.
Contrary to other royal Cypriote coinages in silver of the archaic and classical periods, the coi... more Contrary to other royal Cypriote coinages in silver of the archaic and classical periods, the coinage minted by the kings of Amathous was studied twice and in detail by Michel Amandry.
The researcher produced a first coin die study in 1984, then, almost fifteen years later, a revised study with the addition of previously unknown coinages.
The present contribution aims to open the discussion on two major questions for the history of the kingdoms of the classical period that still concern the research: the attribution of the so called « Évagoras I » silver issues of Amathous with the greek letter « E » and the dating of the so-called « Rhoïkos » series with the cypriot syllabic sign (ro).
In the course of the last few decades the coinage of the kings of Paphos has been the object of s... more In the course of the last few decades the coinage of the kings of Paphos has been the object of studies dedicated to the attribution – or reattribution – of coin series1, to discussions on the iconography, epigraphy or metrology of specific coin issues2 and to the study of coin circulation and distribution3. Although no complete die study has been published for this coinage – a thorough analysis that could help us better understand the succession of the kings, the dating of the issues, the volume of the coinage, the continuity or not of specific series, the surviving denominations with their iconographical choices and legends – , our knowledge of the coinage of the kings of Paphos has progressed in the past few years. Tracing the evolution of research is one part of this paper’s contribution, but its main purpose is to restore the list of the kings of Paphos through the combined study of the literary, epigraphic and numismatic evidence available and to enquire about dating and other issues that will help us to evaluate – and re-evaluate – our state of knowledge.
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Books by Evangeline Markou
The historical chapters contextualise the numismatic material in relation to ancient texts, inscriptions, and archaeological data, examining the numismatic policies of the kings from Persian to Macedonian control, culminating to the dissolution of the kingdom of Kition (and Idalion) by Ptolemy in 313/2 BC. They explore the origins of coinage, dynastic successions, key 5th-century episodes – including a first unsuccessful attack and then the conquest of Idalion by Ozibaal – the 4th-century acquisition and loss of Tamassos by Pumayyaton, and Kition’s rivalry with Salamis.
Six appendices enrich the study: additions to the gold coin corpus (ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 64), discussions of disputed coins, a study of weight standards, revised dynastic chronologies, and an analysis of Phoenician coin legends by Stevens Bernardin.
The volume includes 117 figures, 20 tables, 3 maps, 198 facsimiles of Phoenician coin legends, and 88 plates, illustrating all 1,759 coins in the corpus.
Which Cypriot kings issue gold coins? In which kingdoms? When and why? What are the sources of gold? Are these issues regular? What is the relation between these coinages and the political history of Cyprus? What is the role of the coinages in the coin circulation of the classical period and what is the weight standard and the exchange rates between gold and silver coinage?
These are only some of the questions addressed in the present book, which focuses on the analysis of the monetary policy of the Cypriot kings through a corpus of their gold coinages organised by dies; it also discusses thoroughly the metrology and the metallurgical composition of these coinages. The literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources are related to the testimony of the coins, to illuminate the history of Cyprus down to the extinction of the autonomous kingdoms."
Edited Books by Evangeline Markou
Papers on Numismatics, Epigraphy and History Offered to Olivier Picard, in-cludes twentv-one (21) contributions on the monetarv production and polic of cities, federal states, and kings and their relation with the history and econ-omy of the Ancient Greek and Roman world.
The volume includes discussions of various numismatic issues and problems.
It addresses questions related to the organisation of monetary policy of different issuing authorities, discusses iconography and problems of attribution of numismatic types, explores the relationship between coinage and military events, and examines the ways to identify trade networks. It includes the pub-lication of hoards, discusses the use of coins in inscriptions and ancient texts, and explores issues related to the technology and organisation of mints and coin production. The studies have a wide geographical range, extending from Marseilles and Sicily to Asia Minor, and from Illyria, Thrace and Macedonia to Crete, Cyprus and Egypt. The volume therefore reflects the wide range of the honoree's interests.
Authors: E. Apostolou; L. Brousseau; V. Chankowski; K. Chryssanthaki-Nagle;
F. de Callatay; Z. Cizmeli Ögün; F. Duyrat; Th. Faucher, M. Blet-Lemarquand,
and S. Frey-Kupper; Chr. Flament; J. Fournier; Chr. A. Gatzolis and S. E. Psoma; S. Gongecaj-Vangjeli; C. Grandjean; M. B. Hatzopoulos; S. Kremydi; D. Savas Lenger; M.-C. Marcellesi; E. Markou; A. Meta; J. Olivier; C. Papageorgiadou and G. Alexopoulou; V. E. Stefanaki; D. I. Tsangari.
Papers by Evangeline Markou
Cypriot coins of the 5th and 4th centuries are exceptional sources of historical information, since they carry royal names in most cases unknown from other primary sources. This paper traces the history of the intertwined study of Cypriot numismatics and epigraphy, highlights the conventions of this new edition that follow the editing principles of both fields, and discusses new, corrected readings of Cypriot kings’ royal names.
Coins issued by the kings of the Cypriot polities in the course of plus or minus 200 years –between the second half of the sixth and the last decades of the fourth centuries BC– are, primarily, known from museum and private collections. At best, these specimens may have a general provenance (“from Cyprus”, since they were minted and circulated on the island), but they have
little to no contextual history. Hence, their study is beset with often insurmountable difficulties. This makes coins and coin hoards found in the context
of organised excavation projects particularly valuable for the political history
and monetary economy of the island’s Iron Age polities, especially as regards
the activity of their autonomous mints. At the same time, the issuing authority that minted them, often a historically recorded Cypriot king, can be associated spatially and temporally with the archaeological landscape of his polity.
In the present article, stimulated by the discovery of a bronze coin found
in the context of controlled field work conducted by the Palaepaphos Urban
Landscape Project (hereon, PULP)1
on the plateau of Palaepaphos-Hadjiabdoullah one km east of the sanctuary of the Cypriot goddess, the numismatist (EM)
initiates the discussion with an updated assessment of the state of research regarding the bronze coinage of the Paphian mint under its last fourth-century kings, Timarchos and his son Nikokles. The archaeologist (MI) responds
by integrating the information acquired through the coin’s analysis with the
information provided by the coin’s context in the fourth-century citadel landscape of Paphos, and its relation to two exceptional secular monuments on the plateau of Hadjiabdoullah (fig. 1). The integration of the currently available archaeological, epigraphic, and numismatic evidence appears to support
a longer-term process regarding the foundation of Nea Paphos in the fourth century BC.
Coin production in Idalion ended in the middle of the 5th century, when Idalion lost its autonomy and was integrated into the areas under the control of the kings of Kition.
Particular attention is given to a rare silver-plated coin of Idalion, discovered at Khirbet Qeiyafa, Israel, which allows us to raise questions regarding coin circulation in Cyprus and in the Southern Levant and address the use of foreign plated coins in Judea in the 5th century.
The purpose of the present paper is to study these two important islands in the center of the commercial sea routes of the Eastern Mediterranean, examine certain common elements in their monetary practices during
the Archaic, Classical and Early Hellenistic times, compare and discuss the choice of coin types, metals and weight standards, their different political, economic and social background, as well as their interactions with other kingdoms and city-states of the ancient world.
The present paper will discuss the posthumous Alexanders that were produced in various city-kingdoms in Cyprus, in Egypt (Memphis and Alexandria) and in Cyrene from 323 down to the end of the fourth century, also in relation to the local autonomous coinages of those areas. The above areas of control of Ptolemy I present a certain interest because the coinage in his own name and image replaced as early as the end of the fourth century the coinage in the name and types of Alexander, while his numismatic policy was particular and unique. In parallel, the paper will address in detail questions of attribution -or reattribution- of series and the circulation of those coinages abroad, based on the hoard evidence.
Lorsque l’on en arrive à l’époque classique, nos connaissances sur Salamine et son histoire sont plus concrètes, surtout grâce aux sources littéraires et archéologiques. Malgré la difficulté de datation précise de certains événements, nous connaissons mieux la succession des rois entre Evagoras Ier, le protagoniste de la « guerre de Chypre » qui introduit à Salamine un monnayage d’or et Ménélas, le dernier roi avant l’anéantissement du royaume par Ptolémée Ier, qui s’adapte aux coutumes locales pour des raisons de propagande politique.
C’est cette période agitée qui fait l’objet de cette contribution, qui se concentre sur les émissions monétaires des rois de Salamine: en or, en argent et en bronze, en deux étalons monétaires différents pour l’argent selon les rois et très variées en iconographie et en légendes monétaires, ces monnayages ne présentent pas d’homogénéité et démontrent les choix et les variations de la politique monétaire des rois à l’époque classique.
The researcher produced a first coin die study in 1984, then, almost fifteen years later, a revised study with the addition of previously unknown coinages.
The present contribution aims to open the discussion on two major questions for the history of the kingdoms of the classical period that still concern the research: the attribution of the so called « Évagoras I » silver issues of Amathous with the greek letter « E » and the dating of the so-called « Rhoïkos » series with the cypriot syllabic sign (ro).