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…NS National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5799-9714 Paul S. Ray AFFILIATIONS Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-5278 Joseph…

…NS National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA P. Rosati AFFILIATIONS Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, Via G. Saragat, 1, I-44122 Ferrara, Italy A. Vikhlinin AFFILIATIONS Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Ast…

…es around with the decay rate, Γ d , counting the number of monopole nucleation events per time and per unit string length, Here κ is a measure for the ratio of the GUT and U (1) symmetry breaking scales in the underlying GUT model. Specifically, describes the ratio of the GUT mo…