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This
FAQ
is a collection of common questions about Gentoo, along with their corresponding answers.
Please note that this document is just a quick reference for some common questions - many of these questions are answered more fully in the official
Gentoo documentation
, on this wiki.
Tip
Read the Gentoo documentation to learn how to use Gentoo, and GNU/Linux more broadly. The main Gentoo documentation is on the
wiki
, and in the
Handbook
. More information may be found in
man pages
info
pages,
/usr/share/doc/
, upstream, etc. Many commands also support the
--help
or
-h
switches.
These questions are often collected from the
gentoo-dev
mailing list and from
Gentoo channels
on
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
See also
See also the
Portage FAQ
for frequently asked questions about the package manager. There is also a
FAQ section
in the Handbook. For frequently asked questions relating to the documentation wiki and editing the wiki, see the
wiki FAQ
. There are also some architecture-specific FAQs, such as:
AMD64/FAQ
PPC/FAQ
MIPS/FAQ
, and
Alpha/FAQ
See also
See the
benefits of Gentoo
article, to see what makes Gentoo stand out from other distributions. See the
cheat sheet
for information about common usage. See the
help pages
for information on editing and contributing to the wiki.
Contents
About Gentoo
1.1
How is Gentoo pronounced, and what does it mean?
1.2
What makes Gentoo different?
Installation
2.1
Things are really unstable when using '-O9 -ffast-math -fomit-frame-pointer' optimizations. What gives?
2.2
How do I change the root (or any other user's) password?
2.3
How do I add a normal user?
2.4
Why can't a user su to root?
2.5
Can I upgrade Gentoo from one release to another without reinstalling?
2.6
My kernel does not boot, what should I do now?
2.7
My proxy requires authentication, what do I have to do?
2.8
How do I burn an ISO file?
2.9
What ISO or stage file should I use for my CPU?
2.10
The Internet does not work after rebooting. What is wrong?
2.11
Can I dual boot with Windows or other operating systems?
2.12
Attempting to boot Windows from GRUB Legacy or LILO only shows a black screen. What should I do?
2.13
How do I install Gentoo using a stage1 or stage2 file?
Package management
3.1
In what form are the packages stored?
3.2
I want to perform the ./configure step myself. Can I?
3.3
What if rsync does not work for me?
3.4
I have a slow (or no) Internet connection at home. Can I download sources somewhere else and add them to my system?
3.5
Source distfiles are collecting in /var/cache/distfiles/. Is it safe to delete these files?
3.6
What is in /var/tmp/portage? Is it safe to delete the files and directories in /var/tmp/portage?
Usage
4.1
How do I set up an International keyboard layout?
4.2
DNS name resolution works for root only
4.3
Why can't my user use their own crontab?
4.4
How do I get numlock to start on boot?
4.5
How do I have my terminal cleared when I log out?
Development
5.1
Where can I report bugs?
5.2
How often are new releases made?
5.3
My speaker beeps like crazy. How do I disable console beeps?
Trivia
6.1
Why is the letter 'e' in the name of many Gentoo-specific tools and functions?
Resources
7.1
Can I buy a CD or DVD release of Gentoo Linux?
7.2
This FAQ has not answered my question. What do I do now?
About Gentoo
See also
Please note that there are several pages that provide information about Gentoo Linux.
See the page on the website
about Gentoo
, the
philosophy of Gentoo
, and the article on the
benefits of Gentoo
. The
handbook
also has a section about Gentoo.
How is Gentoo pronounced, and what does it mean?
Gentoo
/ˈdʒɛntuː/
) is pronounced "gen-too" (the "g" in "Gentoo" is a soft "g", as in "gentle").
The Gentoo Linux distribution takes it's name from the
Gentoo penguin
, who's scientific name is
Pygoscelis papua
. The name
Gentoo
was given to the penguin by the inhabitants of the
Falkland Islands
What makes Gentoo different?
Gentoo uses a
BSD ports
-like system called
Portage
- a package management system that allows
great flexibility
installing, maintaining, and updating software. Portage provides
compile-time option support
via
USE flags
, conditional dependencies, safe installation of software through sandboxing, use-case adaptable defaults thanks to
system profiles
, and
configuration file protection
- amongst many other
features
. All this functionality comes together to make Gentoo a very adaptable operating system, that can conveniently be tailored to any specific usage when needed, but when left in the default configuration will yield a simple, "sane default", environment.
By default, Gentoo
builds (compiles) and installs system packages from source code
, specifically to the user's choice of configuration and optimizations - many of which are only available at "compile time". Gentoo provides exceptionally fine-grained control of low-level parameters (compiler flags, architecture choices, base subsystem selection, etc.), both for the system globally, or for individual packages - when required.
Gentoo permits many
alternatives
for core (system) software
, allowing users to adapt with ease the installation to their own needs and preferences - in fact, the user has almost complete control over which packages are installed, or left out. This is a key difference from many other distributions, which are often built around specific subsystems, which cannot be replaced. Because of Gentoo's flexibility, there are no "variants", "editions", "flavors", etc. - there is no need, as everything can be adapted for each use-case from the default installation.
Note
The depth of choice of core software, target architectures, and low-level optimization configuration, is why Gentoo is called a
meta-distribution
Gentoo strives to do things in the simplest possible way, and core Gentoo principles and procedures are easy to understand and master, given just a little effort. The relatively small investment to learn how to use Gentoo will reap dividends for anyone who is to become a substantial user of a Unix(like) operating system. Gentoo may require some reading and a little thought to understand how to use it, but the payoff from the power gained by the new user is considerable.
Gentoo is very actively maintained, and the entire distribution uses a rapidly-paced development and distribution method, termed
rolling release
: new and updated packages are frequently added to the
Gentoo ebuild repository
, relevant patches are rapidly applied, documentation is updated on a daily basis, and Portage features are added frequently. The fast turnaround cycle does not compromise on quality: packages start life in the
testing branch
and are only moved into
stable
once proved to be reliable; generally the transition time target is a 30 days or less.
Tip
Do not confuse
rolling release
with
bleeding edge
. Gentoo updates may be fast-paced, but Gentoo is a
stable
distribution, with exceptional reliability. All packages are fully tested, and must meet high standards. Quality control is a fundamental priority for the project at large.
Installation
See also
See the article on
installation
for an overview of the installation process.
Things are really unstable when using '-O9 -ffast-math -fomit-frame-pointer' optimizations. What gives?
While Portage optimizes compilation to a specific processor according to the
CFLAGS
CXXFLAGS
setting, anything other than the defaults for a given processor risk issues and even performance
loss
. The goal of the Gentoo project has never specifically been to permit low level optimization, even if its architecture does lend itself to this.
Any required
CFLAGS
should be set on a per-package basis, system-wide optimization above defaults is not recommended.
The
-O2
flag is the highest that should always work. Anything above
-O3
is not supported by current versions of GCC. Very aggressive optimizations sometimes cause the compiler to streamline the assembly code to the point where it does not quite do the same thing anymore.
Please try to compile using
-O2 -march=native
with
CFLAGS
CXXFLAGS
before reporting a bug.
See the
GCC optimization
article for more details.
How do I change the root (or any other user's) password?
Use the
passwd
command to change the password for the user that is logged in. The root user can change another user's password by issuing the command
passwd username
. For extra options and settings, see
passwd
's manual page (
passwd(1)
).
How do I add a normal user?
The command
useradd larry
will add a user called "larry". However, this method does not give the user many of the rights needed to work properly on the system, so the following command is preferred:
root
useradd -m -G users,audio,wheel larry
This will add a user called "larry". The
-m
option creates a home directory. The
-G
option adds the user to the specified groups:
users
which is the standard group for interactive users on the system
audio
which allows the user to access sound devices
wheel
which allows the user to execute the
su
command to gain root privileges (if they know the root password)
Why can't a user su to root?
For security reasons, users may only
su
to root if they belong to the
wheel
group. To add larry to the
wheel
group, issue the following command as root:
root
gpasswd -a larry wheel
Can I upgrade Gentoo from one release to another without reinstalling?
There are no Gentoo releases, packages are updated continually: it is a
rolling release
distribution (not to be confused with "
bleeding edge
" - Gentoo is stable by default).
Gentoo packages get updates every day, and though important core packages will be updated from time to time, and new profiles created, there are no specific events that could be termed
versions, releases, editions, variants
etc. Each time the system is
upgraded
, everything will be "up to date".
A well-maintained, regularly-updated, installation should never need reinstalling.
Tip
Gentoo
should be updated regularly
(updating daily or every few days is not unreasonable) for security reasons, and to avoid updates becoming
complex
. See the
Gentoo Upgrading Guide
for how to keep things in order.
Note
Gentoo requires Internet access, with sufficient stability and capacity, for both installation and updates.
Tip
The
Release Engineering Project
page, the
gentoo-announce
mailing list, and the
Gentoo ebuild repository news items
provide information on important changes.
My kernel does not boot, what should I do now?
It isn't obligatory to redo every step of the installation. However, investigating the kernel and all associated steps is necessary. Suppose that Gentoo is installed to the following partition scheme
/dev/sda1
being
/boot
/dev/sda3
being rootfs (
), and
/dev/sda2
being swap space.
Boot from a live environment, then escalate to superuser privileges (necessary for mounting filesystems).
First
mount
all the partitions:
root
mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/gentoo # Mount rootfs (/)
root
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/gentoo/boot # Mount boot partition
root
swapon /dev/sda2 # Activate swap
root
mount --types proc /proc /mnt/gentoo/proc
root
mount --rbind /sys /mnt/gentoo/sys
root
mount --make-rslave /mnt/gentoo/sys
root
mount --rbind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev
root
mount --make-rslave /mnt/gentoo/dev
root
mount --bind /run /mnt/gentoo/run
root
mount --make-slave /mnt/gentoo/run
Then
chroot
into the Gentoo environment and configure the kernel:
root
chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash
root
env-update && source /etc/profile
root
cd /usr/src/linux
root
make menuconfig
Now (de)select anything that was selected wrongly on the previous attempt, recompile, and reinstall the kernel:
root
make $(portageq envvar MAKEOPTS) && make install modules_install
If
LILO
has been used as the bootloader, rerun
lilo
GRUB
users should skip this step:
root
/sbin/lilo
Exit the
chroot
and reboot the system.
root
exit
root
umount -l /mnt/gentoo/dev /mnt/gentoo/sys
root
umount /mnt/gentoo/proc /mnt/gentoo/boot /mnt/gentoo
root
reboot #systemctl reboot for systemd users
Please see
this article
from the Knowledge Base for further details.
If, on the other hand, the problem lies with the bootloader configuration, follow the same steps, but instead of configuring and compiling the kernel, reconfigure the bootloader (recompilation of the bootloader is usually not necessary).
My proxy requires authentication, what do I have to do?
To have Portage automatically use this scheme, define it in
/etc/portage/make.conf
FILE
/etc/portage/make.conf
Setting proxy authentication for Portage
http_proxy
"http://username:password@yourproxybox.org:portnumber"
ftp_proxy
"ftp://username:password@yourproxybox.org:portnumber"
RSYNC_PROXY
"rsync://username:password@yourproxybox.server:portnumber"
Keep in mind that the proxy server must support the
CONNECT
method for the rsync port(s).
Warning
Beware of the risks of storing passwords in configuration files. It is bad practice in general, and in some situations can be a huge security problem. Alternative, more secure methods, are advised.
How do I burn an ISO file?
See also
See
recommended GUI burners
for applications to create optical disks from a running Gentoo installation. See the
CD/DVD/BD writing
article for information on burning optical media from Gentoo on the command line (article doesn't currently cover iso burning).
Tip
This section covers burning an ISO file to optical media - see the
LiveUSB
article for information on writing ISO files to USB storage devices as bootable media.
ISO files must be burned to an optical disk in raw mode - this means the image should
not
just be "placed" on the disk as a file, but interpreted as the entire disk, with the aid of specialized ISO burning software. Most CD/DVD writing software will be capable of mastering an ISO file to a disk. Use whatever is at hand on systems available to burn a disk, and consult the documentation relevant to that software.
There are lots of optical media burning tools available to make a disk from an ISO file, here is a small selection of a few popular tools, on different platforms, with a short description of how to use them:
With
EasyCD Creator
, on MS Windows: select
File
Record CD from CD image
. Then change the
Files of type
to
ISO image file
. Then locate the ISO file and click
Open
. After clicking
Start recording
the ISO image will be burned correctly onto the CD/DVD.
With
Nero Burning ROM
, on MS Windows: cancel the wizard which automatically pops up and select
Burn Image
from the
File
menu. Select the image to burn and click
Open
. Now click the
Burn
button and watch the brand new Gentoo Live CD being burnt.
With
cdrecord
, part of
cdrtools
app-cdr/cdrtools
) - a multi platform project (works on Linux, among others): simply type
cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom
(replace
/dev/cdrom
with the CDROM drive's device path) followed by the path to the ISO file.
With
K3B
, on Unix(like) OSs: select
Tools
Burn Image
. Then locate the ISO file within the 'Image to Burn' area, and select the target medium within the 'Burn Medium' area. Click
Start
to begin the burn process.
With Mac OS X Panther, and later, launch
Disk Utility
from
Applications/Utilities
, select
Open
from the
Images
menu, select the mounted disk image in the main window and select
Burn
in the
Images
menu.
What ISO or stage file should I use for my CPU?
First find out what CPU is in the system Gentoo is to be installed on (for instance a Pentium-M). Next find out what CPU type it is compatible with (instruction-wise) to find a proper match with Gentoo's ISO or
stages
. Consulting the CPU's vendor website for this information usually works, although querying a search engine of choice is usually more efficient.
When uncertain, take a "lower" ISO or stage file, for instance a i686 or even generic x86 (or the equivalent in the system's arch). This will ensure that the system will work, but may not be as fast as further optimizations.
Please note that many more options exist than those for which Gentoo builds binary stages. Please see the
GCC guide
for setting the
-march
flag.
The Handbook has further information on
selecting the correct stage file
and
choosing the right installation medium
The Internet does not work after rebooting. What is wrong?
First follow standard troubleshooting practices (cables, routers working etc.).
Verify that the network card is discovered properly by the kernel. Run
ip link
and look for network interfaces. Something such as eth0, eno1, enp2s0, enp0s8, wlan0, wlp5s6 (in case of certain wireless network cards) should be present. Specific kernel modules may be required for the kernel to properly detect the network card. If that is the case, make sure that the required kernel modules are listed via a file ending in
.conf
in
/etc/modules-load.d
If support for the system's network card has been left out of the kernel, it will need to be reconfigured and, in some cases, recompiled.
If the network card
is
found by the kernel, but the network configuration has been set to use DHCP, a DHCP client might not have been installed on the system. There are many DHCP clients available in Gentoo, a common one being
dhcpcd
. If necessary to get the connection to the Internet working, reboot to the installation CD and install
net-misc/dhcpcd
Information on how to rescue the system using the installation CD is available
here
as well.
The Handbook contains information on
network setup
, while the wiki has information on
Ethernet
WiFi
, and
network management
Can I dual boot with Windows or other operating systems?
Yes! Probably the fastest way to do so is to install GRUB with
sys-boot/os-prober
. Read about it in the
GRUB article
and specifically about dual booting with GRUB
here
Attempting to boot Windows from GRUB Legacy or LILO only shows a black screen. What should I do?
This is a known problem and only applies to older bootloaders such as
GRUB Legacy
and
LILO
. Windows refuses to boot when it is not installed on the first hard drive and shows a black/blank screen. To handle this, it is necessary to "fool" Windows into believing that it is installed on the first hard drive with a little tweak in the boot loader configuration. Please note that in the below example, Gentoo is installed on
/dev/sda
(first disk) and Windows on
/dev/sdb
(second disk). Adjust the configuration as needed:
FILE
/boot/grub/grub.conf
Example dual boot entry for Windows in grub.conf
title Windows XP
map (hd1) (hd0)
map (hd0) (hd1)
rootnoverify (hd1,0)
chainloader +1
Note
The above example is for
GRUB Legacy
bootloader, not GRUB2. For information on how to dual boot Windows with GRUB see the
GRUB article
FILE
/etc/lilo.conf
Example dual boot entry for Windows in lilo.conf
other=/dev/sdb1
label=WindowsXP
table=/dev/sdb
map-drive = 0x80
to = 0x81
map-drive = 0x81
to = 0x80
This will make Windows believe it is installed on the first hard drive and boot without problems. More information can be found in official
GRUB documentation
and in
man lilo.conf
How do I install Gentoo using a stage1 or stage2 file?
The Gentoo Handbook only describes a Gentoo installation using a
stage3 file
. Stage1 and stage2 files are for development purposes only (the
Release Engineering
team starts from a stage1 file to obtain a stage3) and should not be used by users. A stage3 file can very well be used to bootstrap the system. A working Internet connection is a requirement.
Bootstrapping means building the toolchain (the C library and compiler) for the system after which all core system packages are installed. To bootstrap the system, perform a stage3 installation. Before starting the chapter on
Configuring the Kernel
, it might be necessary to modify the
bootstrap.sh
script to match personal requirements:
root
cd /var/db/repos/gentoo/scripts
root
vi bootstrap.sh
After modifications, run the script.
root
./bootstrap.sh
Next, rebuild all core system packages with the newly built toolchain. We need to rebuild them since the stage3 file already offers them:
root
emerge -e @system
Now continue with
Configuring the Kernel
Package management
See also
See the documentation on
Portage
and the
emerge
command.
In what form are the packages stored?
Packages are not "stored" per se. Instead, Gentoo provides a set of scripts which can resolve dependencies, fetch source code, and compile a version of the package tailored to the user's needs. Generally Gentoo only builds binaries for releases and snapshots. The
Gentoo Developer Manual
covers the contents of an ebuild script in detail.
For full ISO releases, a full suite of binary packages will be created using an enhanced
.tbz2
format, which is
.tar.bz2
compatible with meta-information attached to the end of the file. These can be used to install a working (though not fully optimized) version of the package quickly and efficiently.
It is possible to create RPMs (Red Hat package manager files) using Gentoo's Portage, but it is not currently possible to use existing RPMs to install packages.
I want to perform the ./configure step myself. Can I?
Yes, but it is not trivial, nor is it recommended. Since the method to do this requires a good understanding of Portage internals and commands, it is instead recommended that the ebuild is patched to do whatever it is that the user wants and place it in a Portage overlay (that is why overlays exist). This is
much
better for maintainability, and usually easier. See the
Gentoo Developer Manual
for more information.
What if rsync does not work for me?
When behind a firewall that does not permit rsync traffic through port 873, the
emerge-webrsync
command can be used to fetch and install a Portage snapshot through regular HTTP. See
this section
for information on downloading source files and Portage snapshots via a proxy.
I have a slow (or no) Internet connection at home. Can I download sources somewhere else and add them to my system?
It is
possible
to download packages manually and copy them to an appropriate location to be used for installation, however this can be a very tedious process.
Run
emerge --pretend package/atom
to see what programs are going to be installed. To find out the sources for those packages, and where to download the sources from, run
emerge -fp package/atom
. Download sources and bring them on any media home. Put the sources into the
/var/cache/distfiles/
folder and then simply run
emerge package/atom
Source distfiles are collecting in /var/cache/distfiles/. Is it safe to delete these files?
Deleting these files will have no negative impact on day-to-day performance. However, it might be wise to keep the most recent version of the files; often several ebuilds will be released for the same version of a specific piece of software. If the archive is deleted and the software is upgraded or rebuilt it will be necessary to download them from the Internet again.
Use the
eclean
script from
app-portage/gentoolkit
to manage the contents of
/var/cache/distfiles/
and a few other locations. Please read
eclean(1)
man-page to learn more about its usage, as well as the
Gentoolkit article
What is in /var/tmp/portage? Is it safe to delete the files and directories in /var/tmp/portage?
During compilation, Gentoo saves the sources of the package in
/var/tmp/portage
(or in
$PORTAGE_TMPDIR/portage
if the default is changed). These files and folder are usually deleted upon a successful emerge, but this sometimes fails. It is safe to clean out all contents of this directory
if
the
emerge
command is not running. Be sure to always
pgrep emerge
before cleaning out this directory.
Usage
How do I set up an International keyboard layout?
Edit the
keymap
variable in
/etc/conf.d/keymaps
. To have console working correctly with extended characters in the keymap, it might be necessary to set the
consolefont
and
consoletranslation
variables in the
/etc/conf.d/consolefont
file (for further information on localizing the environment, refer to the
localization guide
). Then, issue a
reboot
, or restart the
keymaps
and
consolefont
scripts:
root
/etc/init.d/keymaps restart
root
/etc/init.d/consolefont restart
See
keyboard layout switching
for more information.
DNS name resolution works for root only
/etc/resolv.conf
has the wrong permissions; fix it as follows:
root
chmod 0644 /etc/resolv.conf
See also
resolv.conf
Why can't my user use their own crontab?
Add that user to the
cron
group:
root
gpasswd -a cron
How do I get numlock to start on boot?
The following command will add the
numlock
service to the default runlevel, enabling
numlock
at boot:
root
rc-update add numlock default
root
/etc/init.d/numlock start
Each GUI provides different tools for this sort of thing; please check the help section or online manuals for the GUI of choice for further assistance.
How do I have my terminal cleared when I log out?
To have the terminal cleared, add the
clear
command to the user's
~/.bash_logout
script:
user
echo clear >> ~/.bash_logout
To have this happen automatically when adding a new user, do the same for the
/etc/skel/.bash_logout
file:
root
echo clear >> /etc/skel/.bash_logout
Development
Where can I report bugs?
Use the
Bugzilla
site to report bugs. Visit
#gentoo
webchat
) on the Libera.Chat IRC network and ask around if it is unclear whether an issue is really a bug or not.
There are a couple of guides for reporting bugs on the wiki:
Bugzilla/Bug report guide
and
Bugzilla/Guide
. See also the
support
article.
How often are new releases made?
Gentoo's packages are usually updated shortly after the upstream authors release new code, see
this section
for more information.
The
Release Engineering Project
page, the
gentoo-announce
mailing list, and the
Gentoo ebuild repository news items
provide information on important changes to Gentoo Linux.
Note
This section concerns releases of
packages
. Gentoo itself is on a
rolling release
model and does not have releases, see the
What makes Gentoo different? section
My speaker beeps like crazy. How do I disable console beeps?
Console beeps can be turned off using
setterm
, like this:
root
setterm -blength 0
To turn off the console beeps on boot, put the following command in the
/etc/conf.d/local.start
file. However, this only disables beeps for the current terminal. To disable beeps for other terminals, pipe the command output to the target terminal, like this:
root
setterm -blength 0 > /dev/vc/1
Replace
/dev/vc/1
with the terminal for which console beeps need to be disabled.
See
this article
for more details.
Trivia
Why is the letter 'e' in the name of many Gentoo-specific tools and functions?
The 'e' became a thing because Gentoo originally started as Enoch Linux. Many of Gentoo's tools and function names maintained the prefix 'e' for this reason.
Here's a quote from
Daniel Robbins (Daniel Robbins)
: "I think the 'e' likely came from enoch, and was picked as a single-character prefix in the vein of the 'iMac', which was initially released in August 1998. Enoch began in early 1999. (see
)."
See also
Gentoo History
Resources
Can I buy a CD or DVD release of Gentoo Linux?
Most stores have stopped offering CDs and DVDs. With the short window between Gentoo ISO releases and technological advancements (especially higher internet bandwidth for the masses) these forms of installation media are now artifacts of history. Bootable media are readily available on the mirrors and accessible via
the downloads page
Licensed stores for official merchandise of other types are listed on the
stores page
This FAQ has not answered my question. What do I do now?
A good first step is to browse through the relevant
documentation
, on the
Gentoo wiki
, in
man pages
Info
/usr/share/doc/
, etc. Many commands also support the --help or -h switches.
The various Gentoo Linux
mailing lists
, or the
forums
could help. Queries may be put to the Gentoo community on
IRC
- ask questions directly in the
#gentoo
webchat
Libera.Chat
IRC channel.
The
Gentoo bug tracking system
contains information on many issues. Searching the web may yield good results for some questions. If having trouble with a particular package, check upstream documentation.
See also
See the
support
article if having a particular issue.
Authorship information
This page is based on a document formerly found on
gentoo.org
The following people contributed to the original document:
Daniel Robbins (Daniel Robbins)
, Colin Morey, John P. Davis, Eric Stockbridge, Stoyan Zhekov, Carl Anderson, Jorge Paulo, Benny Chuang, Jonathan Smith,
Editors: please do
not
add yourself here. Contributions are recorded on each article's associated history page, this list is only present to preserve authorship information, as wiki history does not allow for any external attribution.
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Core system
Diagnostics and repair