Geological History, Chronology and Magmatic Evolution of Merapi | Springer Nature Link

Geological History, Chronology and Magmatic Evolution of Merapi | Springer Nature Link
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Geological History, Chronology and Magmatic Evolution of Merapi
Chapter
First Online:
02 February 2023
pp 137–193
Cite this chapter
Merapi Volcano
Abstract
This chapter provides a synthesis of the geological history, chronology and magmatic evolution of Merapi. Stratigraphic field and geochronological data are used to divide Merapi into three main evolutionary stages and associated volcanic edifices (Proto-, Old and New Merapi) and eight broad volcano-stratigraphic units to characterise the eruptive activity and structural evolution of the volcano through time. Complementary petrological, geochemical and isotopic data are used to characterise the eruptive products of Merapi and shed light on the geochemical evolution and petrogenetic processes. The data indicate that the eruptive products of Merapi are mainly basaltic andesite of both medium-K and high-K type and support a two-stage petrogenetic model, where primary magmas are derived from a heterogenous, Indian Ocean MORB-like mantle source metasomatised by slab-derived components. Subsequently, these magmas are modified during transfer through the crust by complex magmatic differentiation processes, including contamination by carbonate rocks of the local upper crust. The available data indicate that, since ~ 1900
14
C y BP, the lavas and pyroclastic rocks of Merapi are essentially of the high-K type and that regular geochemical variations with systematic shifts in whole rock SiO
content occurred since at least the Late Holocene, although erupted magma compositions have remained broadly uniform since the mid-twentieth century.
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Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge our colleagues from the Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) and the Merapi Volcano Observatory (BPPTKG) in Yogyakarta for their generosity and support while conducting research at Merapi. Fieldwork at Merapi wouldn’t have been possible without the generous help of our local guides and drivers, including Sutisna, Dedi, Budi, Sony, Biyanto and many others, who are gratefully acknowledged here. This synthesis has benefitted from stimulating discussions with many colleagues over many years, including Brent Alloway, Sutikno Bronto, Guy Camus, Alain Gourgaud, Antonius Ratdomopurbo, Dewi Sri Sayudi, Lothar Schwarzkopf, Ian Smith, Valentin Troll, Pierre Vincent and Barry Voight. Ian Smith and Valentin Troll are thanked for their constructive reviews and helpful suggestions.
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Authors and Affiliations
School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, ST5 5BG, UK
Ralf Gertisser
Department of Geology, Ghent University, 9000, Gent, Belgium
Mary-Ann del Marmol
Mirisbiris Garden and Nature Center, Sitio Mirisbiris, 4508, Barangay Salvacion, Santo Domingo, Albay, Philippines
Christopher Newhall
Department of Geography, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
Katie Preece
School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620-5201, USA
Sylvain Charbonnier
Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency, Bandung, 40122, Indonesia
Supriyati Andreastuti
Department of Applied Earth Sciences, University of Twente, 7514 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
Heather Handley
School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
Heather Handley
Institut für Geo- und Umweltnaturwissenschaften, Mineralogie-Petrologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
Jörg Keller
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School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, UK
Ralf Gertisser
Department of Earth Science, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
Valentin R. Troll
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
Thomas R. Walter
Geological Agency, Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation, BPPTKG, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
I Gusti Made Agung Nandaka
Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Bandung, Indonesia
Antonius Ratdomopurbo
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Gertisser, R.
et al.
(2023). Geological History, Chronology and Magmatic Evolution of Merapi.

In: Gertisser, R., Troll, V.R., Walter, T.R., Nandaka, I.G.M.A., Ratdomopurbo, A. (eds) Merapi Volcano. Active Volcanoes of the World. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15040-1_6
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Keywords
Merapi
Stratigraphy
Chronology
Petrology
Geochemistry
Isotope geochemistry
Petrogenesis
Magmatic evolution
Merapi-type volcanism
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