Harshen Zulu - Wikipedia
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Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Zulu
isiZulu
Furucci
Samfuri:IPA-zu
Asali a
South Africa
Lesotho
Yanki
KwaZulu-Natal
and southern
Mpumalanga
; scattered communities elsewhere
Ƙabila
Zulu people
'Yan asalin magana
REDIRECT
Template:Significant figures
Samfuri:Redirect category shell
million
(2022 census)
L2 speakers
REDIRECT
Template:Significant figures
Samfuri:Redirect category shell
million (2002)
Dangin harshen
Nnijer–Kongo
Atlantic–Congo
Volta-Congo
Benue–Congo
Bantoid
Southern Bantoid
Bantu
Southern Bantu
Nguni
Tsonga
Nguni
Zunda
Zulu
kasafin harshe
KwaZulu Natal Zulu
Transvaal Zulu
Qwabe
Cele
Baƙaƙen rubutu
Latin
Zulu alphabet
Zulu Braille
Ditema tsa Dinoko
Signed forms
Signed Zulu
Official status
Babban harshe a
REDIRECT
Template:ZAF
Regulated
by
Pan South African Language Board
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-1
zu
ISO 639-2
zul
ISO 639-3
zul
Glottolog
zulu1248
Guthrie code
S.42
Linguasphere
99-AUT-fg
incl.
varieties 99-AUT-fga to 99-AUT-fge
Proportion of the South African population that speaks Zulu at home
0–20%
20–40%
40–60%
60–80%
80–100%
Zulu
Mutum
umZulu
Mutane
amaZulu
Harshe
isiZulu
Ƙasa
kwaZulu
Zulu
(/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo), ko
isiZulu
a matsayin endonym, yare ne na Kudancin Bantu na reshen Nguni da ake magana a
Kudancin Afirka
Mutanen Zulu ne, tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 13.56 da ke magana da asali, wadanda suka fi zama a lardin KwaZulu-Natal a
Afirka ta Kudu
. Zulu ita
yaren gida da aka fi magana a Afirka ta Kudu (24% na yawan jama'a), kuma sama da kashi 50% na yawan jamaʼarta sun fahimta. zama ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 12 na hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1994.
A cewar Ethnologue, ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan yarukan Bantu, bayan
Swahili
lower-alpha 1
Kamar sauran harsunan Bantu da yawa, an rubuta shi da haruffan Latin .
A cikin
Ingilishi
na Afirka ta Kudu, ana kiran yaren sau da yawa a cikin asalinsa,
isiZulu
Rarraba yanki
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Rarraba yanki na Zulu a Afirka ta Kudu: yawa, na masu magana da harshen gida na Zulu.
Al'ummar Zulu 'yan ci-rani sun kai shi zuwa yankuna makwabta, musamman
Zimbabwe
, inda harshen Northern Ndebele ( isiNdebele ) ke da alaƙa da Zulu.
Xhosa
, babban yare a Gabashin Cape, ana ɗaukar sa da fahimtar juna tare da Zulu, kamar yadda Northern Ndebele yake.
Maho (2009) ya lissafa yaruka huɗu: tsakiyar KwaZulu-Natal Zulu, arewacin Transvaal Zulu, gabashin Qwabe na gabar teku, da Cele na bakin teku na yamma.
Tarihi
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Zulu, kamar Xhosa da sauran mutanen Nguni, sun rayu a Afirka ta Kudu tsawon daruruwan shekaru. Harshen Zulu yana da sautunan dannawa da yawa irin na harsunan Kudancin Afirka, ba a samun su a sauran Afirka. Mutanen Nguni sun kasance tare da sauran ƙabilun Kudu kamar San da Khoi
Zulu, kamar yawancin harsunan Kudancin Afirka, ba rubutaccen harshe ba ne sai zuwan ’yan mishan daga Turai, waɗanda suka rubuta harshen ta amfani da rubutun Latin . An buga littafin nahawu na farko na harshen Zulu a cikin
Norway
a cikin shekarar 1850 ta dan mishan na Norwegian Hans Schreuder .
10
Daftarin da aka fara rubuta a Zulu ita ce fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki da ta bayyana a shekara ta 1883. A cikin 1901, John Dube (1871-1946), Zulu daga Natal, ya kirkiro Cibiyar Ohlange, cibiyar ilimi ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu. Shi ne mawallafin
Insila kaShaka
, littafi na farko da aka rubuta a Zulu (1930). Wani marubucin Zulu na farko shine Reginald Dhlomo, marubucin litattafan tarihi da yawa na shugabannin karni na 19 na Zulu:
U-Dingane
(1936),
U-Shaka
(1937),
U-Mpande
(1938),
U-Cetshwayo
(1952) ) da
U-Dinizulu
(1968). Sauran mashahuran masu ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen Zulu sun hada da Benedict Wallet Vilakazi da, kwanan nan, Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali .
Hukumar Kula da Harshen Zulu ta KwaZulu-Natal ce ke sarrafa Rubutacciyar hanyar Zulu. Hukumar Harshen Afirka ta Kudu ta
Pan South African Language Board
ta rushe kuma ta maye gurbin wannan kwamiti wanda ke habaka amfani da duk harsunan hukuma goma sha daya na Afirka ta Kudu.
Amfani na zamani
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Turanci, Dutch da kuma daga baya
Afrikaans
sun kasance kawai harsunan hukuma da duk gwamnatocin Afirka ta Kudu ke amfani da su kafin 1994. Duk da haka, a cikin Kwazulu bantustan, yaren Zulu yana da amfani sosai. Duk ilimin da ake yi a kasar a matakin sakandare na Ingilishi ne ko Afrikaans. Tun bayan guguwar mulkin wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994, Zulu ta kasance tana jin dadin farfadowa. Hukumar SABC ce ta bullo da gidan talabijin na harshen Zulu a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma tana watsa labarai da shirye-shirye da yawa a Zulu. Rediyon Zulu ya shahara sosai kuma ana samun jaridu irin su
isoLezwe
11
Ilanga
12
da
UmAfrika
a cikin yaren Zulu a lardin Kwazulu-Natal da
Johannesburg
. A cikin Janairu 2005 fim na farko mai cikakken tsayi a Zulu,
Jiya
, an zabi shi don Oscar .
Fahimtar fahimtar juna na yawancin
harsunan Nguni
ya Kara yuwuwar Zulu ya zama harshen yare na gabashin rabin kasar.
A cikin fim din 1994 The Lion King, a cikin wakar " Circle of Life ", kalmomin Ingonyama nengw' enamabala (Turanci: Zaki da leopard spots ), Nans' ingonyama bakithi Baba (Turanci: Ga zaki, Uba ) da kuma An yi amfani da Siyonqoba (Turanci: Za mu ci nasara ). A wasu wakokin fim, kamar "Kasar nan", muryar ta ce Busa leli zwe bo ( Rule this land ) da Busa ngothando bo ( Rule with love ) an kuma yi amfani da su.
Wakar
Siyahamba
waƙa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wadda aka rubuta ta asali da yaren Zulu wanda ya shahara a majami'un Arewacin Amirka a cikin 1990s.
Remix na 2019 a duk duniya hit
Jerusalema
ya kunshi wakoki a cikin harshen Zulu.
Standard vs Urban Zulu
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Standard
Zulu kamar yadda ake koyarwa a makarantu, wanda kuma ake kira "zulu mai zurfi" (
isiZulu esijulile
), ya bambanta ta fuskoki daban-daban daga yaren da mutanen da ke zaune a birane (Urban Zulu,
isiZulu sasedolobheni
). Standard Zulu yana son ya zama
mai tsarki
, yana amfani da abubuwan da aka samo daga kalmomin Zulu don sabbin dabaru, yayin da masu magana da harshen Zulu na Urban suna amfani da
kalmomin lamuni
sosai, galibi daga Ingilishi. Misali:
Standard Zulu
Urban Zulu
Turanci
umakhalekhukhwini
icelula
wayar hannu (cell).
Ngiyezwa
Ngiya-andastenda
Na gane
Wannan lamarin ya haifar da matsaloli a fannin ilimi domin sau da yawa matasa ba sa fahimtar ma'aunin Zulu.
Wasula
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Tassin wasali na Zulu, daga Wade (1996)
Tsarin wasali na Zulu ya kunshi wasula biyar.
Gaba
Tsakiya
Baya
Kusa
Tsakar
Bude
/ɛ/
and
/ɔ/
are pronounced [e] and [o], respectively, if the following syllable contains the [+
ATR
] vowels
/i/
or
/u/
. They are
[ɛ]
and
[ɔ]
otherwise:
umgibeli
"fasinja", da sauti
[úm̩̀ɡìɓé(ː)lì]
ukupheka
"don dafa", da sauti
[ùɠúpʰɛ̀(ː)ɠà]
Akwai iyakacin tsayin wasali a cikin Zulu, sakamakon raguwar wasu lafuzza. Misali, kalmar
ithambo
/íːtʰámbó/
"kashi", nakuda ne na farkon
ilithambo
/ílítʰámbó/
, wanda har yanzu wasu masu magana za su iya amfani da su. Hakanan,
uphahla
/úːpʰaɬa/
"rufin" kankara ce ta farkon
uluphahla
/ulúpʰaɬa/
. Bugu da Karin, wasalin madaukakin madaukaki shine tsayin jimla gabadaya- ko jimla-karshe.
Consonants
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Zulu phonemes
ana buƙatar hujja
Labial
Dental / Alveolar
Postalveolar
Velar
Glottal
central
lateral
Danna
plain
ᵏǀʼ
ᵏǁʼ
ᵏǃʼ
aspirated
ᵏǀʰ
ᵏǁʰ
ᵏǃʰ
nasalised
ᵑǀ
ᵑǁ
ᵑǃ
slack-voiced oral
ᶢǀʱ
ᶢǁʱ
ᶢǃʱ
slack-voiced nasal
ᵑǀʱ
ᵑǁʱ
ᵑǃʱ
Nasal
modally voiced
slack-voiced
m̤
n̤
( ŋ̈ )
plain
pʼ
tʼ
kʼ
aspirated
pʰ
tʰ
kʰ
slack-voiced
bʱ
dʱ
ɡʱ
implosive & modal voice
Haɗin kai
plain
tsʼ
tʃʼ
k𝼄ʼ
slack-voiced
Ƙarfafawa
voiceless
slack-voiced
v̤
z̤
ɮ̈
ɦ̥
Ruwa
( r )
l l̤
Semi wasali
modally voiced
slack-voiced
Kwakwalwar murya marasa murya, masu hadaka da dannawa ana gane su ta hanyar waya azaman maballin [ pʼ ], [ tʼ ], [ kʼ ], [ tsʼ ], [ tʃʼ ] [ kxʼ ] .
Lokacin da hanci bai riga ya gabace shi ba,
/ɠ/
kusan yana cikin rabawa tare da
/k/
da
/kʰ/
. Wayoyin wayoyi biyu na Karshe suna faruwa kusan tushen-da farko, yayin da
/ɠ/
yana bayyana na musamman a tsaka-tsaki. Kalmomin lamuni na baya-bayan nan sun ƙunshi
/k/
da
/kʰ/
a wasu mukamai, misali
isekhondi
/iːsekʰoːndi/
"na biyu",
ibhayisikili
/iːbajisikiːli/
"keke".
Bakake masu radadi su ne bakin ciki . Wadannan suna da tasiri na ragewa a kan sautin muryar su.
Bakin
/ŋ/
yana faruwa a wasu yarukan azaman raguwar tari
/nɡ/
lokacin da ba a cikin matsayi na farko ba, don haka koyaushe yana jinkirin murya.
Trill
/r/
Ba dan asalin Zulu ba ne kuma yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kalmomi masu bayyanawa da kuma a cikin aro kwanan nan daga harsunan Turai.
Denti-alveolar
/ǀ/
, kwatankwacin tsotsar hakora, kamar yadda sautin da mutum ke yi don "tsk tsk".
Postalveolar
/!/
/!/
, kwatankwacin kwalabe "pop".
Na baya
/ǁ/
, kwatankwacin dannawa wanda mutum zai iya yi don dokin tafiya.
Kowace magana ta kunshi bakaken dannawa biyar, tare da bambance-bambancen kamar yadda ake yin surutai, mai buri ko nasalised, don jimlar 15.
Wasan kwaikwayo
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Harsunan Zulu na canonical (N)C(w)V , kuma dole ne kalmomi su Kare a cikin wasali. Tarin bak'i ya kunshi kowane bak'i, wanda ba nasa ba ne wanda ake kira "prenasalisation" (wanda ake kira "prenasalisation", wanda aka bayyana dalla-dalla a kasa) kuma ba tare da zabin bakon
/w/
ya biyo baya ba. .
Bugu da kari, syllabic
/m̩/
yana faruwa azaman raguwar tsohon
/mu/
, kuma yana aiki kamar sila na gaskiya: yana iya zama syllabic ko da ba farkon kalma ba, kuma yana iya ɗaukar sauti na musamman kamar cikakken harafi. Ba lallai ba ne ya zama homorganic tare da bakon mai zuwa, kodayake bambanci tsakanin homorganic nonsyllabic
/mC/
da syllabic
/m̩C/
yana da bambanci, misali
upetshisi
/um̩pétʃiːsi/
"Bishiyar peach" ( 5 syllables ) da
impoko
/ímpoːɠo/
"furan ciyawa" (3 syllables). Haka kuma, jerin syllabic
da homorganic
na iya faruwa, misali
ummbila
/úm̩mbíːla/
"Maize" (4 ma'ana).
Kalmomin lamuni na baya-bayan nan daga yaruka kamar Ingilishi na iya keta wadannan kakkarfan, ta hada da Karin gungu masu bakar fata wadanda ba na Zulu ba, kamar su
igremu
/iːgreːmu/
" gram ". Za a iya samun dan bambanta tsakanin masu magana dangane da ko gungu sun karye ta hanyar wasali na epenthetic ko a'a, misali
ihompiyutha
/iːkʰompijuːtʰa/
ko
ihompyutha
/iːkʰompjuːtʰa/
"kwamfuta".
Prosody
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Damuwa
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Damuwa a cikin kalmomin Zulu galibi ana iya tsinkayar su kuma yawanci suna faɗowa kan madaidaicin sakon kalma. Yana tare da wani allophonic tsawo na wasali. Lokacin da wasalin karshe na kalma ya dade saboda kankancewa, sai ta sami damuwa maimakon madaukakin madaukakiyar da ta gabata.
Tsawaita baya faruwa akan duk kalmomin da ke cikin jumla, duk da haka, amma kawai waɗanda suke jimla- ko jimla-karshe. Don haka, ga kowace kalma da ke da akalla haruffa biyu, akwai nau'i biyu daban-daban, ɗaya mai tsayi mai tsayi kuma ɗaya ba tare da ita ba, yana faruwa a cikin rabawa. A wasu lokuta, akwai sauye-sauyen yanayin da ke faruwa a sakamakon matsayin kalma kuma. Maganganun nuni na nesa na iya bayyana tare da kari -ana lokacin jimla-karshe, amma kawai kamar yadda -ā akasin haka. Hakazalika, jimlar fi'ili na baya-bayan nan yana karewa a -ile jimla-karshe, amma an rage shi zuwa -ē tsaka-tsaki. Bugu da kari, sautin faduwa zai iya faruwa akan dogon wasali kawai, don haka gajarta yana da tasiri akan sautin kuma.
Wasu kalmomi, irin su akida ko shiga tsakani, na iya samun damuwa wanda ya kauce daga tsarin yau da kullun.
Sautin
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Kamar kusan duk sauran Bantu da sauran harsunan Afirka, Zulu tonal ce . Akwai manyan
tonemes
guda uku: kananan, babba da faduwa. Ana rubuta Zulu bisa al'ada ba tare da wata alamar sauti ba, amma sautin na iya bambanta a cikin Zulu. Misali, kalmomin “firist” da “malami” duk an rubuta su
umfundisi
, amma ana furta su da sautuka daban-daban:
/úm̩fúndisi/
don ma'anar "firist", da
/úm̩fundísi/
ga ma'anar "malami".
A ka'ida, kowane ma'auni za a iya furta shi da ko dai babba ko karami. Duk da haka, kananan sautin ba ya yin daidai da sauran biyun, saboda manyan sautunan suna iya "yada" zuwa kananan sautin sauti yayin da baya faruwa. Kananan sautin don haka an fi kwatanta shi azaman
rashin
kowane sautin sauti; wani nau'in sautin tsoho ne wanda sautuna masu tsayi ko faduwa suka mamaye su. Sautin faduwa jeri ne na kasa-kasa kuma yana faruwa ne kawai akan dogayen wasulan. Har ila yau, madaukakin madaukaki na iya daukar sautin faduwa idan ya dade saboda matsayin kalmar a cikin jimlar. Koyaya, idan ya gajarta, sautin faduwar ya zama an hana shi a wannan matsayi.
bayani da ake bukata
A ka'ida, kowane nau'in morpheme yana da tsarin sauti na asali wanda baya canzawa ko da kuwa inda ya bayyana a cikin kalma. Duk da haka, kamar sauran yarukan Bantu, Zulu yana da sautin kalma, ma'ana cewa tsarin sautunan suna aiki kamar samfuri don sanya sautunan ga kowane bakake, maimakon wakilcin sautunan da aka furta da kansu. Saboda haka, alakar da ke tsakanin kirar sautin da ke kasa da sautunan da ake furtawa na iya zama mai sarkakkiya. Karkashin manyan sautunan da ke kasa suna fitowa zuwa dama daga sakon inda suke a zahiri, musamman a cikin dogon kalmomi.
Consonants na damuwa
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Wayoyin wayoyi masu numfashi a cikin Zulu su ne bakin ciki ko damuwa a takaice. Consonants na bakin ciki suna da tasiri mai raguwa a cikin sauti, suna Kara karamar sautin mara sauti zuwa daidaitaccen sautin sakon. Don haka, a cikin kalmomin da ke da bakar magana, ana gane manyan sautuna kamar tashi, kuma sautunan faduwa kamar tashi-sai faduwa. A cikin nau'i biyu, farar ba ya kai kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin da ba su da karfi. Sautunan da za a iya yi akan harafi tare da bakar murya kamar
hla
sune
[ɬá ɬâ ɬà]
, da yuwuwar sautunan harafin baƙar magana mai numfashi, kamar
dla
, sune
[ɮǎ̤ ɮa̤᷈ ɮà̤]
. Mai radadi baya rinjayar syllable wanda ya riga ya yi kasa kadan, amma yana toshe habakarwa zuwa babban sautin da ya gabata ta yadda sautin muryar bakin ciki da duk wasu kananan sautin da ke biyo baya su tsaya kasa.
Hanyoyin sauti
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Prenasalisation
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Prenasalisation yana faruwa a duk lokacin da bakon ya rigaya da hanci mai dabi'a, ko dai a cikin lexical ko kuma sakamakon prefixation. Mafi shaharar lamarin na karshen shine prefix class 9
in-
, wanda ke karewa a cikin hanci mai kama. Prenasalisation yana haifar da canje-canje da yawa a cikin bakon mai zuwa, wasu daga cikinsu sauti ne wasu kuma allophonic. Ana iya takaita canje-canje kamar haka:
13
14
Na al'ada
Prenasalised
Mulki
/pʰ/
/tʰ/
/kʰ/
/mp/
/nt/
/ŋk/
Buri ya ɓace akan abubuwan da ke hana su.
/ǀʰ/
/ǁʰ/
/ǃʰ/
/ᵑǀ/
/ᵑǁ/
/ᵑǃ/
Ana maye gurbin buri da nasalisation na dannawa.
/ǀ/
/ǁ/
/ǃ/
/ᵑǀʱ/
/ᵑǁʱ/
/ᵑǃʱ/
Dannawa a fili ya zama numfashi mai numfashi.
/ɓ/
/mb/
Implosive ya zama numfashi.
/f/
/s/
/ʃ/
/ɬ/
/v/
/z/
/ɮ/
[ɱp̪fʼ]
[ntsʼ]
/ntʃ/
[ntɬʼ]
[ɱb̪vʱ]
[ndzʱ]
[ndɮʱ]
Fricatives sun zama abokantaka. Sautin sauti kawai, kuma don haka ana nunawa ta orthographically, don
/ntʃ/
.
/h/
/ɦ/
/w/
/wʱ/
[ŋx]
[ŋɡʱ]
[ŋɡw]
[ŋɡwʱ]
Kimanin an karfafa . Wannan canji shine allophonic, kuma ba a nuna shi a cikin rubutun ba.
/j/
/ɲ/
Palatal kusan zama palatal hanci.
/l/
/l/
ko da wuya
/nd/
Sakamakon
/nd/
sakamakon burbushin halittu daga lokacin da
/d/
kuma
/l/
Har yanzu suna waya daya. Duba harshen Proto-Bantu .
/m/
/n/
/ɲ/
/m/
/n/
/ɲ/
Babu wani canji lokacin da baƙar fata mai zuwa ita kanta hanci.
Sautin assimilation
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Zulu yana da assimilation na tonic: manyan sautunan suna yaduwa gabadaya zuwa bin kananan sautin sauti, suna habaka sautin su zuwa matakin da ke kasa da na madaukakin sautin da ke kusa. Harafin mara sauti tsakanin babban sautin sauti da wani sautin tonic yana kama da wannan babban sautin. Wato idan harafin da ya gabata ya kare da babban sautin sautin da ke biye kuma ya fara da sauti mai girma (domin yana da girma ko fadowa), matsakaicin sautin mara sauti shima yana daga sautinsa. Lokacin da kalmar da ta gabata ta yi girma amma mai biyo baya ba ta da sauti, saitin sautin tsaka-tsaki yana daukar babban sautin farawa daga farkon sakon da ya gabata, yana haifar da faduwar juzu'i.
Misali, an aro kalmar turanci
cokali
a cikin Zulu a matsayin
isipunu
, ta hanyar waya
/ísipúnu/
. Harafi na biyu
si
yana kamanceceniya da manyan sautunan da ke kewaye, yana ɗaga sautinsa, har ana furta shi
[ísípʼúːnù]
hukunci-karshe. Idan an nuna sautin sauti tare da lambobi, tare da 1 mafi girma da 9 mafi kaskanci, sa'an nan kuma za a iya nuna filaye na kowane sautin a matsayin 2-4-3-9.
15
Har ila yau harafin na biyu yana da kasa a cikin sauti fiye da duka kalmomin da ke kusa.
Sautin murya
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Consonants na damuwa suna da tasirin da ake kira
sauya sautin
. Sautin sautin yana faruwa a duk lokacin da abin bakin ciki ya faru tare da babban sautin, kuma yana haifar da sautin da ke kan sill din don matsawa dama zuwa ga sako na gaba. Idan harafin na gaba yana da tsayi, yana samun sautin faduwa, in ba haka ba babban sauti na yau da kullun. Idan harafin ya zama babba (ba faduwa ba), kalmar karshe ta rabu kuma ta zama kasa idan ba ta riga ta kasance ba. An toshe sauya sautin a karkashin yanayi masu zuwa:
Lokacin da harafin yana da dogon wasali.
Lokacin da mabuɗin mai zuwa yana da baƙin bakin ciki.
Lokacin da kalmar da ke gaba ita ce ta karshe kuma gajere.
A duk lokacin da aka toshe sauya sautin, wannan yana haifar da syllable syllable tare da babban sautin, wanda zai sami ƙananan sautin farawa kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Lokacin da harafin da ke gaba ya riga ya sami sauti mai girma ko faɗuwa, sautin yana bacewa daga sautin kamar an cire shi, amma sautin maɗaukakin mai zuwa ba a gyara shi ba.
Wasu misalai:
izipunu
"cokali", jam'in
isipunu
daga sashin da ya gabata, ta hanyar waya ne
/ízipúnu/
. Domin
/z/
bakar fata ce, an hana hadakar sautin. Saboda haka, ana furta kalmar a matsayin
[ízìpʼúːnù]
jimla-ƙarshe, tare da karamar sautin murya a cikin sila ta biyu.
izintombi
"'yan mata" ta hanyar waya ne
/izíntombí/
.
/z/
mai damuwa ne, kuma ba a toshe shi ba, don haka sautin ya koma sila ta uku. Wannan ma'anar na iya zama ko dai tsayi ko gajere ya danganta da matsayin jumla. Lokacin da tsawo, lafazin shine
[ìzìntômbí]
, tare da faduwar sautin. Koyaya, idan harafi na uku ya kasance gajere, sautin yana da tsayi, kuma rarrabuwa na harafin karshe yana faruwa, yana haifar da
[ìzìntómbì]
.
nendoda
"tare da mutum" ana yin sauti ta hanyar sauti
/nʱéndoda/
.
/nʱ/
yana rage damuwa, amma haka
/d/
, don haka an toshe motsin sautin. Saboda haka, lafazin lafazin shine
[nʱěndɔ̀ːdà]
, tare da tashin farar a farkon syllable saboda karancin farawa.
Palatalization
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Palatalization wani canji ne da ke shafar baƙon labial da alveolar a duk lokacin da
/j/
ya bi su nan da nan. . Yayin da palatalization ya faru a tarihi, har yanzu yana da fa'ida kuma yana faruwa a sakamakon ƙarin kari da aka fara da
/j/
. Misali akai-akai shine ƙaramar ƙarami
-yana
Bugu da ƙari, Zulu ba ya jure wa jeri na baƙar magana da
/w/
gabaɗaya. . Duk lokacin da
/w/
yana bin harafin labial, yana canzawa zuwa
/j/
, wanda sannan yana haifar da ɓacin rai na baƙar fata. Ana iya ganin wannan tasirin a cikin nau'ikan sunaye masu ƙarewa a
-o
ko
-u
, waɗanda ke canzawa zuwa
-weni
da
-wini
bi da bi a cikin wurin. Idan harafin labial ya rigaya nan da nan, ɓacin rai yana jawo. Canjin kuma yana faruwa a cikin sunaye waɗanda suka fara a
ubu-
tare da kara mai farawa da wasali.
Canje-canje masu zuwa suna faruwa a sakamakon ɓacin rai:
Na asali
baki
Palatalized
baki
Misalai
pʰ
impuphu
impushana
(rauni)
izipho
ezisheni
(locative)
tʰ
umuthi
umshana
(diminutive; also
umthana
tʃʼ
umtapo
emtatsheni
(locative)
ikati
ikatshana
(diminutive)
bʱ
intaba
intatshana
(diminutive)
ingubo
engutsheni
(locative)
ubu-
-ani
utshani
(ubu- + wasali)
dʒ
isigubhu
isigujana
(diminutive)
incwadi
incwajana
(diminutive; kuma
incwadana
inkomo
inkonyana
(diminutive)
umlomo
emlonyeni
(locative)
inyoni
inyonyana
(diminutive)
mp
ntʃʼ
inswempe
inswentshana
(rauni)
nt
umkhonto
umkhontshwana
(mai rahusa)
mb
ndʒ
ithambo
ethanjeni
(locative)
nd
isondo
isonjwana
(diminutive; also
isondwana
Rubutun Rubutu
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Zulu yana amfani da haruffa 26 na ainihin haruffan Latin na ISO . Koyaya, wasu haruffan suna da furci daban-daban fiye da na Ingilishi. Ana rubuta ƙarin wayoyi ta amfani da jerin haruffa masu yawa. Sautin, damuwa da tsayin wasali ba a nuna su ba.
Letter(s)
Phoneme(s)
Example
/a/
amanzi
/ámáːnzi/
"water"
ubaba
/úɓaːɓá/
"my/our father"
bh
ukubhala
/úɠubâːla/
"to write"
icici
/îːǀíːǀi/
"earring"
ch
/ǀʰ/
ukuchaza
/uɠúǀʰaːza/
"to fascinate/explain"
idada
/íːdaːda/
"duck"
dl
ukudla
/úɠuːɮá/
"to eat"
/e/
ibele
/îːɓéːle/
"breast"
ifu
/íːfu/
"cloud"
ugogo
/úɡóːɡo/
"grandmother"
gc
/ᶢǀʱ/
isigcino
/isíᶢǀʱiːno/
"end"
gq
/ᶢǃʱ/
uMgqibelo
/umúᶢǃʱiɓéːlo/
"Saturday"
gx
/ᶢǁʱ/
ukugxoba
/uɠúᶢǁʱoːɓa/
"to stamp"
ukuhamba
/úɠuháːmba/
"to go"
hh
ihhashi
/îːɦáːʃi/
"horse"
hl
ukuhlala
/uɠúɬaːla/
"to sit"
/i/
imini
/ímíːni/
"daytime"
dʒ
uju
/úːdʒu/
"honey"
ikati
/îːkáːti/
"cat"
/ɠ/
ukuza
/uɠúːza/
"to come"
kh
/kʰ/
ikhanda
/îːkʰâːnda/
"head"
kl
kx
umklomelo
/umukxómeːlo/
"prize"
ukulala
/úɠuláːla/
"sleep"
imali
/ímaːlí/
"money"
/mʱ/
umama
/úmʱáːma/
"my/our mother"
mb
/mb/
imbube
/ímbuːɓé/
"lion"
unina
/úniːna/
"his/her/their mother"
/nʱ/
nendoda
/nʱéndoːda/
"with a man"
nc
/ᵑǀ/
incwancwa
/íᵑǀwáːᵑǀwa/
"sour corn meal"
ng
/ŋ(ɡ)/
ingane
/ínɡáːne/
"child"
ngc
/ᵑǀʱ/
ingcosi
/íᵑǀʱoːsí/
"a bit"
ngq
/ᵑǃʱ/
ingqondo
/íᵑǃʱoːndo/
"brain"
ngx
/ᵑǁʱ/
ingxenye
/íᵑǁʱéːɲe/
"part"
nj
/ɲdʒ/
inja
/îːɲdʒá/
"dog"
nk
/ŋk/
inkomo
/íŋkoːmó/
"cow"
nq
/ᵑǃ/
inqola
/íᵑǃóːla/
"cart"
ntsh
/ɲtʃ/
intshe
/îːɲtʃé/
"ostrich"
nx
/ᵑǁ/
inxeba
/íːᵑǁeːɓa/
"wound"
ny
inyoni
/íɲoːni/
"bird"
/o/
uphondo
/úːpʰoːndo/
"horn"
ipipi
/îːpíːpi/
"pipe for smoking"
ph
/pʰ/
ukupheka
/uɠúpʰeːɠa/
"to cook"
iqaqa
/íːǃaːǃá/
"polecat"
qh
/ǃʰ/
iqhude
/îːǃʰúːde/
"rooster"
iresiphi
/iːrésiːpʰi/
"recipe"
isisu
/isíːsu/
"stomach"
sh
ishumi
/îːʃûːmi/
"ten"
itiye
/îːtíːje/
"tea"
th
/tʰ/
ukuthatha
/úɠutʰáːtʰa/
"to take"
ts
ts
itswayi
/íːtswaːjí/
"salt"
tsh
tʃ
utshani
/útʃaːní/
"grass"
/u/
ubusuku
/úɓusûːɠu/
"night"
ukuvala
/uɠúvaːla/
"to close"
ukuwela
/uɠúweːla/
"to cross"
/wʱ/
wuthando
/wʱúːtʰâːndo/
"It's love."
ixoxo
/íːǁoːǁo/
"frog"
xh
/ǁʰ/
ukuxhasa
/úɠuǁʰáːsa/
"to support"
uyise
/újiːsé/
"his/her/their father"
/jʱ/
yintombazane
/jʱintómbazâːne/
"It's a girl"
umzuzu
/umúzuːzú/
"moment"
Ayyukan tunani da tsofaffin rubutu na iya amfani da ƙarin haruffa. Wata tsohuwar al'ada ta gama gari ita ce nuna rashin ƙarfi
/ɓ/
ta amfani da harafi na musamman
, yayin da digraph
bh
za a rubuta shi azaman
. Wasu nassoshi na iya rubuta
bayan haruffa don nuna cewa suna cikin nau'ikan damuwa, misali
mh
nh
yh
, al'adar da ta dace a cikin rubutun
Xhosa
Rubuce-rubucen farko, tun daga farkon karni na 20 ko kuma kafin haka, sun kasance suna ƙetare bambance-bambance tsakanin baƙaƙe na fili da waɗanda ba su da murya, suna rubuta na ƙarshe ba tare da
Ana rubuta sunayen suna tare da prefixes a matsayin kalma ɗaya na orthographical. Idan prefix ɗin ya ƙare da wasali (kamar yadda akasarin su ke yi) kuma tushen suna kuma yana farawa da wasali, ana shigar da ƙara a tsakanin, misali
i-Afrika
. Wannan yana faruwa ne kawai tare da kalmomin lamuni.
Ilimin Halitta
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Ga wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan Zulu:
Tsarin kalma jigo ne – fi’ili – abu .
Ta fannin ilimin dabi'a, harshe ne na agglutinative .
Kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran harsunan Bantu, ana rarraba sunayen Zulu zuwa azuzuwan ilimin halittar jiki ko
jinsi
(16 a cikin Zulu), tare da mabambantan mabambantan mabambantan ra'ayi na guda ɗaya da jam'i. Daban-daban na magana da suka cancanci suna dole ne su yarda da suna gwargwadon jinsinsa. Irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin yawanci suna nuna ɓangaren ainihin ajin da suke yarda da su. Misali shine amfani da ajin "aba-":
onke
aba
ntu
aba
qatha
ba
sepulazini
ba
yagawula.
Duk masu karfi da ke gonar suna sare (bishiyoyi).
Ana iya ganin yarjejeniyoyin da suka cancanci kalmar "abantu" (mutane) a cikin tasiri.
Tsarinsa na magana yana nuna haɗe-haɗe na ɗan lokaci da na gani a cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayin su. Yawanci kalmomi suna da tushe guda biyu, ɗaya don yanzu-wanda ba shi da iyaka kuma wani don cikakke. Ana iya maƙala maɓalli daban-daban zuwa ga waɗannan tushe na magana don ƙayyadaddun yarjejeniyar jigo da digiri daban-daban na abin da ya gabata ko na gaba. Alal misali, a cikin kalmar
uyathanda
("yana son"), tushen fi'ili na yanzu shine
-thanda
, prefix
u -
yana bayyana jigo na mutum na uku kuma
-ya -
filler ne da ake amfani da shi a cikin gajeren jimloli.
Ana kuma sanya suffixes a cikin amfani gama gari don nuna nau'i na haddasawa ko maimaita ma'anar kalmar fi'ili.
Yawancin kalmomin dukiya (kalmomin da aka sanya su azaman sifa a cikin Ingilishi) dangi ne ke wakilta. A cikin jimlar
umuntu ubomvu
("mutum ja ne"), kalmar
ubomvu
(tushen
-bomvu
) tana aiki kamar fi'ili kuma tana amfani da prefix na yarjejeniya
u-
. duk da haka, akwai bambance-bambance masu hankali; misali, baya amfani da prefix
ya-
Ilimin ilimin halin dan Adam na tushen
Zulu
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Ana iya haɗa tushen tare da prefixes da yawa don haka ƙirƙirar wasu kalmomi. Misali, ga tebur mai wasu kalmomi da aka gina daga tushen tushen –
Zulu
da
-ntu
(tushen
mutum/mutane
):
Prefix
- zulu
-tu
uwa(u)
Um
Zulu
(mutum Zulu)
mutum
(mutum)
ina, aba
ama
Zulu
(Zulu)
aba
ntu
(mutane)
isi
isi
Zulu
(harshen Zulu)
isi
ntu
(al'adu, al'adun gargajiya, ɗan adam)
ubu
ubuZulu (zabi na mutum-mutumi/kamar Zulu)
ubu
ntu
(mutum, tausayi)
kwa
kwa
Zulu
(wurin mutanen Zulu)
i (li)
zulu
( weather/sky/ sama)
pha
phe
zulu
(a saman)
zul
wini (in, a, zuwa, daga sama)
Misalin jumla da rubutu
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Mai zuwa shine jerin jimlolin da za a iya amfani da su lokacin da mutum ya ziyarci yankin wanda babban yaren su shine Zulu:
Zulu
Turanci
Sawubona
Sannu
, ga mutum daya
Sanibonani
Sannu
, zuwa ga rukunin mutane
Unjani? / Ninjani?
Yaya kake (waƙa)?
/ Yaya kake (pl.)?
Ngiyaphila / Siyaphila
Ina lafiya / Muna lafiya
Ngiyabonga (kakhulu)
Na gode (mai yawa)
Ngubani igama lakho?
Menene sunanka?
Igama lami ngu...
Sunana shi ne...
Menene menene?
Menene lokaci?
Menene?
Zan iya taimaka muku?
Uhla kuphi?
Ina kuke zama?
Uhumaphi?
Daga ina kake?
Hamba kahle / Sala kahle
Tafi da kyau / zauna lafiya
, amfani dashi azaman bankwana. Mutumin da ke zaune ya ce "
Hamba kahle
", wanda ya fita ya ce "
Sala kahle
". Sauran fassarorin sun haɗa da
Tafi a hankali
da
Yi tafiya cikin aminci
16
Hambani kahle / Salani kahle
Tafi da kyau / Kasance lafiya
, zuwa ƙungiyar mutane
Eish!
Kai!
(Babu ainihin Turai daidai, ana amfani da shi a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu ) (zaku iya gwada ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, kamar
oh my gosh
ko
menene heck
. Yana bayyana ra'ayi na gigita da mamaki)
Hhaybo
A'a!
/ Dakata!
/ Babu hanya!
(an yi amfani da shi a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu kuma)
Yebo
Ee
Cha
A'a
Angazi
Ban sani ba
Uyasikhuluma isiNgisi na?
Ana jin Turanci?
Ngisaqala ukufunda isiZulu
Na fara koyon Zulu
Me kuke tunani?
Me kuke nufi?
Ngiyakuthanda.
"Ina son ku."
Mai zuwa yana daga gabatarwar kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu
Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, Siyakukhumbula ukucekelwa phansi kwamalungelo okwenzeka eminyakeni eyadlula; Sibungaza labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko kulo mhlaba withu; Sihlonipha labo abasebenzela ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futhi Sikhholelwa ekutheni iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani.
Fassara:
Mu al’ummar Afirka ta Kudu, mun san irin zaluncin da aka yi mana a baya; Ka girmama waɗanda suka sha wahala don neman adalci da ’yanci a ƙasarmu; Mu girmama wadanda suka yi aikin gina kasarmu da bunkasa; kuma ku yi imani cewa Afirka ta Kudu na duk waɗanda ke zaune a cikinta, sun haɗa kai a cikin bambancin mu.
Ƙidaya a cikin isiZulu
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Ana ƙidaya daga 1 zuwa 10
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Da'a na ƙidayar lambobi na dijital akan yatsu yana farawa da ɗan yatsan hannun hagu zuwa babban yatsan hannu na hagu sannan a ci gaba da babban yatsan hannun dama zuwa ƙaramin yatsa na dama. An fara da rufaffiyar hannun hagu, kowane yatsa yana ƙarawa da kowace lamba ta gaba daga ɗaya zuwa biyar. Da zarar hannun hagu ya buɗe, sannan a ci gaba da kirgawa a hannun dama tare da buɗe kowane yatsa bi da bi. Yana da kyau a lura cewa a cikin isiZulu, sunayen lambobi shida zuwa tara suna nuna ko dai sunan ɗan adam na lambobi (shida,
isithupha
, na nufin "yatsa"), aiki (bakwai,
isikhombisa
, yana nufin "wanda ya nuna"). ko matsayi / wuri (takwas ko
isishiyagalombili
, yana nufin "raura biyu", da tara ko
isishiyagalolunye
, yana nuna "saura ɗaya").
17
IsiZulu
Turanci
Kunye
Daya
Kubili
Biyu
Kuthathu
Uku
Kune
Hudu
Isihlanu
Biyar
Isithupha
Shida
Isikhombisa
Bakwai
Isishiyagalombili
Takwas
Isishiyagalolunye
Tara
Ishumi
Goma
Watanni
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Watanni a Zulu
Turanci
Zulu
Janairu
uMasingana
Fabrairu
uhlolanja
Maris
uNdasa
Afrilu
u Mbaso
Mayu
uNhlaba
Yuni
uhlangulana
Yuli
uNtulikazi
Agusta
uNcwaba
Satumba
ku Mandulo
Oktoba
uMfumfu
Nuwamba
uLwazi
Disamba
uZibandlela
Kalmomin Zulu a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Turancin Afirka ta Kudu ya ɗauki kalmomi da yawa daga harshen Zulu. Wasu, kamar sunayen dabbobin gida (
impala
da
mamba
duka sunayen Zulu ne) sun yi hanyar zuwa Turanci daidai. Misalai kaɗan na kalmomin Zulu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu:
muti
(daga
umuthi
) - magani
donga
(daga
udonga
) - rami (udonga yana nufin "bango" a cikin Zulu kuma shine sunan ramukan da zaizayar ƙasa ke haifarwa)
indaba
- taro (yana nufin "wani abu na labarai" a cikin Zulu)
induna
- shugaba ko shugaba
songololo
(daga
isongolo
) - millipede
ubuntu
- tausayi / ɗan adam.
Duba kuma
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Impi
Shaka kaSenzangakhona
Tsotsitaal
– yaren Creole na tushen Zulu ana magana a cikin Soweto
Harshen Xhosa
Harshen Northern Ndebele
Bayanan kula
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Ethnologue estimates (calculated between 2000 and 2015):
Swahili
: 98 million (L1: 16 million, L2: 80 million)
Zulu: 27 million (L1: 11 million, L2: 16 million)
Shona
9 million (L1: 7 million, L2: 2 million)
Manazarta
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Zulu
at
Ethnologue
(18th ed., 2015)
Samfuri:Subscription required
Webb, Vic. 2002. "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development",
Impact: Studies in language and society
, 14:78
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017).
"Zulu"
Glottolog 3.0
. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
New Updated Guthrie List Online
Ethnologue 2005
Swahili
Ethnologue
(18th ed., 2015): "47,000,000 in Tanzania, all users. L1 users: 15,000,000 (2012), increasing. L2 users: 32,000,000 (2015 D. Nurse). Total users in all countries: 98,310,110 (as L1: 16,010,110; as L2: 82,300,000)."
"Ethnologue: Zulu"
. Ethnologue
. Retrieved
2017-03-05
"Ethnologue: Shona"
. Retrieved
2017-03-06
NorthernNdebele.blogspot.com
NorthernNdebele.blogspot.com
Rakkenes, Øystein (2003)
Himmelfolket: En Norsk Høvding i Zululand
, Oslo: Cappelen Forlag, pp. 63–65
isolezwe.co.za
ilanganews.co.za
Rycroft & Ngcobo (1979)
Say it in Zulu
, p. 6
Zulu-English dictionary
, C.M. Doke & B.W. Vilakazi
Zulu-English Dictionary
, Doke, 1958
Zulu English Dictionary
Empty citation (
help
Sources
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Aikin Kayayyakin Harshe na UCLA
Zulu
Archived
2014-07-03 at the
Wayback Machine
Littafi Mai Tsarki
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Kara karantawa
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Zulu
South African Languages: IsiZulu
A short English–isiZulu–Japanese phraselist
incl. sound file
Zulu Swadesh list of basic vocabulary wordРЬs
(from Wiktionary's
Swadesh-list appendix
Counting in Zulu
Darussa
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
TeachMe!
Zulu – PDF Littafin aikin Zulu
Zulu Tare da Dingani - Kos ɗin farkon kan layi
Archived
2016-07-28 at the
Wayback Machine
Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, kwas ɗin kan layi kyauta
Sifunda IsiZulu!
Nahawu
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Zulu Grammar tare da Audio!
isiZulu.net Zulu – Turanci Kan layi Dictionary
Kamus na Zulu-Turanci
Jaridu
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Isolezwe
Ilanga
UmAfrika
Labaran Izindaba24
Software
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Mai duba haruffa don OpenOffice.org da Mozilla
OpenOffice.org
Mozilla Firefox web-browser
, da
Mozilla Thunderbird email shirin
a cikin Zulu
Translate.org.za
Project don fassara Software na Kyauta da Buɗewa zuwa duk harsunan hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Zulu
PanAfrican L10n shafin wiki akan Zulu
Archived
2024-12-14 at the
Wayback Machine
Adabi da al'adu
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Taswirar Adabin KwaZulu-Natal
Daga "
Rukunoni
Language articles citing Ethnologue 18
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023
Articles with invalid date parameter in template
Pages with empty citations
Webarchive template wayback links
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Harshen Zulu
Sabon sashe
US