Heinrich Schliemann - Wikipedia

Heinrich Schliemann - Wikipedia
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Schliemann
German businessman and archaeologist (1822–1890)
"Schliemann" redirects here. For other uses, see
Schliemann (disambiguation)
Heinrich Schliemann
Heinrich Schliemann (1866)
Born
1822-01-06
6 January 1822
Neubukow
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
German Confederation
Died
26 December 1890
(1890-12-26)
(aged 68)
Naples
Kingdom of Italy
Resting place
First Cemetery of Athens
Spouses
Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin
m.
1852
div.
1869
Sophia Schliemann
m.
1869
Children
5 (3 w/ Lyschin, 2 w/ Schliemann, incl.
Agamemnon
Scientific career
Fields
Archaeology
Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann
German:
[ˈʃliːman]
; 6 January 1822 – 26 December 1890) was a German businessman and an influential archaeologist. He was an advocate of the
historicity
of places mentioned in the works of
Homer
and an archaeological excavator of
Hisarlık
, now presumed to be the site of
Troy
, along with the
Mycenaean
sites
Mycenae
and
Tiryns
. His work lent weight to the idea that Homer's
Iliad
reflects
historical events
. Schliemann's excavation of nine layers of archaeological remains has been criticized as destructive of significant historical artefacts, including the layer that is believed to be the Homeric Troy.
Early life and education
edit
Schliemann was born 6 January 1822, in
Neubukow
Mecklenburg-Schwerin
(part of the
German Confederation
) to Luise Therese Sophie Schliemann and Ernst Schliemann, a Lutheran
minister
. He was the fifth of nine children. The family moved to
Ankershagen
in summer 1823. Their second home houses the
Heinrich Schliemann Museum
today.
Heinrich's father was a poor pastor. His mother died in 1831, when Heinrich was nine years old, and his father sent Heinrich to live with his uncle Friedrich Schliemann, also a pastor. When he was eleven years old, his father paid for his enrollment in the
Gymnasium
(grammar school) at
Neustrelitz
, but he had to leave it after three months. Heinrich's interest in history was initially encouraged by his father, who had schooled him in the tales of the
Iliad
and the
Odyssey
and had given him a copy of Ludwig Jerrer's
Illustrated History of the World
for Christmas in 1829. Schliemann claimed that at the age of 7 he had declared he would one day excavate the city of
Troy
Heinrich had to transfer to the
Realschule
(vocational school) after his father was accused of embezzling church funds
: 15
and made his exams in 1836. His family's poverty made a university education impossible. In his archaeological career, there was often a division between Schliemann and the educated professionals.
citation needed
At age 14, after leaving Realschule, Heinrich became an apprentice at Herr Holtz's grocery in
Fürstenberg
. He later said that his passion for Homer was born when he heard a drunken miller reciting Homeric verses at the grocer's.
: 70
He laboured for five years until he was forced to leave because he hurt his chest, lifting a heavy barrel and coughing up blood.
In 1841, Schliemann moved to
Hamburg
and became a
cabin boy
on the
Dorothea,
brig
bound for
Venezuela
. After twelve days at sea, the ship foundered in a gale. The survivors washed up on the shores of the
Netherlands
: 25
Schliemann became a messenger, office attendant, and later, a bookkeeper in
Amsterdam
Career
edit
Schliemann as a young man
On 1 March 1844, 22-year-old Schliemann took a position with B. H. Schröder & Co., an import/export firm. In 1846, the firm sent him as a
General Agent
to
St. Petersburg
citation needed
In time, Schliemann represented a number of companies. He learned Russian and Greek, employing a system that he used his entire life to learn languages; Schliemann claimed that it took him six weeks to learn a language
: 30
and wrote his diary in the language of whatever country he happened to be in. By the end of his life, he could converse in English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Swedish, Polish, Greek, Latin, and Arabic, besides his native German.
: 28–30
Schliemann's ability with languages was an important part of his career as a businessman in the importing trade. In 1850, he learned of the death of his brother, Ludwig, who had become wealthy as a speculator in the California gold fields.
10
11
Schliemann went to California in early 1851 and started a bank in
Sacramento
buying and reselling over a million dollars' worth of gold dust in just six months. When the local Rothschild agent complained about short-weight consignments, he left California, feigning illness.
12
While he was there, California became the 31st state in September 1850, and Schliemann acquired
United States citizenship
. Schliemann propounded this story in his autobiography of 1881, though he clearly was in St Petersburg that day, and "in actual fact, ...obtained his American citizenship only in 1869."
13
According to his memoirs, before arriving in California he dined in
Washington, D.C.
, with President
Millard Fillmore
and his family,
14
but W. Calder III says that Schliemann didn't attend but simply read about a similar gathering in the papers.
15
Schliemann also published what he said was an eyewitness account of the
San Francisco Fire of 1851
, which he said was in June although it took place in May. At the time he was in Sacramento and used the report of the fire in the
Sacramento Daily Journal
to write his report.
16
On 7 April 1852, he sold his business and returned to Russia. There he attempted to live the life of a gentleman, which brought him into contact with Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin (1826–1896), the niece of one of his wealthy friends, whom he married on 12 October 1852.
17
Schliemann next made a good profit trading in
indigo dye
12
By 1858, Schliemann was 36 years old and wealthy enough to retire. In his memoirs, he claimed that he wished to dedicate himself to finding the site of the ancient Troy.
citation needed
Amateur archaeologist
edit
The '
Mask of Agamemnon
', discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876 at
Mycenae
now exhibited at the
National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Heinrich Schliemann was an amateur archaeologist. He was obsessed with the stories of Homer and ancient Mediterranean civilizations. He dedicated the second part of his life to unveiling the actual physical remains of the cities of Homer's epic tales. Many refer to him as the "father of pre-Hellenistic archaeology".
18
In 1868, Schliemann visited sites in the Greek world, and published his second book
Ithaka, der Peloponnesus und Troja
in which he described ancient sites in Greece and the Ottoman Empire and asserted that Hissarlik was the site of Troy. He submitted this book as a
dissertation
to the
University of Rostock
. In 1869, he was awarded a PhD
in absentia
19
from the university for that submission.
12
David Traill claims that the examiners gave him his PhD on the basis of his topographical analyses of
Ithaca
, which were in part simply translations of another author's work or drawn from poetic descriptions by the same author.
20
Other researchers who worked with documents from the university archives clearly contradict Traill's statements.
21
Schliemann was an honorary member of the
Society of Antiquaries of London
and elected a member of the
American Antiquarian Society
in 1880.
22
Troy and Mycenae
edit
Sophia Schliemann
née
Engastromenos) wearing finds recovered at
Hisarlık
Schliemann's first interest of a classical nature seems to have been the location of Troy. At the time he began excavating in Turkey, the site commonly believed to be Troy was at
Pınarbaşı
, a hilltop at the south end of the Trojan Plain.
23
The site had been previously excavated by English amateur archaeologist and local expert
Frank Calvert
. Schliemann performed soundings at Pınarbaşı but was disappointed by his findings.
23
It was Calvert who identified
Hissarlik
as Troy and suggested Schliemann dig there on land owned by Calvert's family.
24
Schliemann was at first sceptical about the identification of Hissarlik with Troy but was persuaded by Calvert.
25
In 1870, Schliemann began
digging a trench
at Hissarlik, and by 1873 had discovered nine buried cities.
Schliemann found pure copper and metal molds as well as a lot of other metal tools, cutlery, shields, and vases which were found at around 28 to
29
feet deep at the site.
26
The day before digging was to stop, 15 June 1873, Schliemann discovered gold, which he took to be
Priam's Treasure
trove.
: 36–39
27
: 131, 153, 163–213
Recent research has confirmed several settlements on the site spanning 3,600 years.
28
The layer that Schliemann referred to as "the Burnt City"
29
and believed to be Troy is now thought to be from 3,000 to 2,000 BCE,
30
too early to be the location of the Trojan War as Homer describes it.
He later wrote that he had seen the gold glinting in the dirt and dismissed the workmen so that he and his wife Sophia could excavate it themselves; they removed it in her shawl. However, Schliemann's oft-repeated story of the treasure being carried by Sophia in her shawl was untrue. Schliemann later admitted fabricating it; at the time of the discovery, Sophia was in fact with her family in Athens, following the death of her father.
31
Schliemann smuggled the treasure out of the Ottoman Empire into Greece. The Ottoman Empire sued Schliemann in a Greek court, and Schliemann was forced to pay a 10,000 gold
franc
indemnity
. Schliemann ended up sending 50,000 gold francs to the
Constantinople
Imperial Museum, and got permission for further excavations at Hissarlik.
citation needed
In 1874 Schliemann published
Troy and Its Remains
. Schliemann at first offered his collections, which included Priam's Gold, to the Greek government, then the French, and finally the Russians. In 1881, his collections ended up in Berlin, housed first in the Ethnographic Museum, and then the Museum for Pre- and Early History, until the start of
WWII
. In 1939, all exhibits were packed and stored in the museum basement, then moved to the Prussian State Bank vault in January 1941. In 1941, the treasure was moved to the
Flakturm
located at the
Berlin Zoological Garden
, called the
Zoo Tower
. Dr.
Wilhelm Unverzagt
protected the three crates containing the Trojan gold when the
Battle of Berlin
commenced, right up until
SMERSH
forces took control of the tower on 1 May. On 26 May 1945, Soviet forces, led by Lt. Gen. Nikolai Antipenko, Andre Konstantinov, deputy head of the Arts Committee,
Viktor Lazarev
, and Serafim Druzhinin, took the three crates away on trucks. The crates were then flown to Moscow on 30 June 1945, and taken to the
Pushkin Museum
ten days later. In 1994, the museum admitted the collection was in their possession.
27
32
In 1876, he began digging at
Mycenae
, under the supervision of
Panagiotis Stamatakis
, a Greek archaeologist attached to the excavation as a condition of Schliemann's permit.
33
There, he discovered the
Shaft Graves
, with their skeletons and more regal gold, including the so-called
Mask of Agamemnon
. These findings were published in
Mycenae
in 1878.
: 57–58
27
: 226–252, 385
Although he had received permission in 1876 to continue excavation, Schliemann did not reopen the dig site at Troy until 1878–1879, after another excavation in Ithaca designed to locate a site mentioned in the
Odyssey
Emile Burnouf
and
Rudolf Virchow
joined him there in 1879.
34
In 1880 Schliemann began excavation of the
Treasury of Minyas
at
Orchomenus (Boeotia)
35
From 1882 to 1883 Schliemann made a sixth excavation at Troy, in 1884 an excavation of
Tiryns
with
Wilhelm Dörpfeld
, and from 1889 to 1890 a seventh and eighth excavation at Troy, also with Dörpfeld.
36
Personal life
edit
After learning that his childhood sweetheart Minna had married, Schliemann married Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin (1826–1896) on 12 October 1852. She was the niece of one of his wealthy friends in St Petersburg and they had three children; a son, Sergey (1855–1941), and two daughters, Natalya (1859–1869) and Nadezhda (1861–1935).
12
As a consequence of his many travels, Schliemann was often separated from his wife and children. He spent a month studying at the
Sorbonne
in 1866 while moving his assets from St. Petersburg to Paris to invest in real estate. He asked his wife to join him, but she refused.
37
Schliemann threatened to divorce Ekaterina twice before doing so. In 1869, he bought property and settled in
Indianapolis
for about three months to take advantage of
Indiana
's liberal divorce laws, although he obtained the divorce by lying about his residency in the U.S. and his intention to remain in the state. He moved to Athens as soon as an Indiana court granted him the divorce and married again two months later.
38
A former teacher and Athenian friend, Theokletos Vimpos, the Archbishop of Mantineia and Kynouria, helped Schliemann find someone "enthusiastic about Homer and about a rebirth of my beloved Greece...with a Greek name and a soul impassioned for learning." The archbishop suggested the 17-year-old
Sophia Engastromenos
, daughter of his cousin. They were married by the archbishop on 23 September 1869. They later had two children, Andromache and
Agamemnon Schliemann
27
: 90–91, 159–163
Death
edit
Schliemann's grave in the
First Cemetery of Athens
On 1 August 1890, Schliemann returned reluctantly to
Athens
, and in November travelled to
Halle
, where his chronic ear infection was operated upon, on 13 November. The doctors deemed the operation a success, but his inner ear became painfully inflamed. Ignoring his doctors' advice, he left the hospital and travelled to
Leipzig
, Berlin and
Paris
. From the last, he planned to return to
Athens
in time for Christmas, but his ear condition became even worse. Too sick to make the boat ride from
Naples
to
Greece
, Schliemann remained in Naples but managed to make a journey to the ruins of
Pompeii
. On
Christmas Day
1890, he collapsed into a coma; he died in a Naples hotel room the following day; the cause of death was
cholesteatoma
citation needed
His corpse was then transported by friends to the
First Cemetery
in Athens. It was interred in a
mausoleum
shaped like a temple erected in ancient Greek style, designed by
Ernst Ziller
in the form of an
amphiprostyle
temple on top of a tall base. The
frieze
circling the outside of the mausoleum shows Schliemann conducting the excavations at Mycenae and other sites.
Legacy and criticism
edit
The Schliemann mansion in
Athens
, ca. 1910, now housing the
Numismatic Museum of Athens
Schliemann's magnificent residence in the city centre of Athens, the
Iliou Melathron
(Ιλίου Μέλαθρον, "Palace of
Ilium
"), today houses the
Numismatic Museum of Athens
Along with
Sir Arthur Evans
, Schliemann was a pioneer in the study of the
Aegean civilization
in the
Bronze Age
. The two men knew of each other, Evans having visited Schliemann's sites. Schliemann had planned to excavate at
Knossos
but died before fulfilling that dream. Evans bought the site, started excavations in 1900 and stepped in to take charge of the project, which was then still in its infancy.
39
Further excavation of the
Troy
site by others indicated that the level Schliemann named the Troy of the
Iliad
was inaccurate, although they retain the names given by Schliemann. In a 1998 article for
The Classical World
D.F. Easton wrote that Schliemann "was not very good at separating fact from interpretation"
40
and claimed that, "Even in 1872 Frank Calvert could see from the pottery that Troy II had to be hundreds of years too early to be the Troy of the Trojan War, a point finally proven by the discovery of Mycenaean pottery in Troy VI in 1890."
40
"King Priam's Treasure" was found in the Troy II level, that of the Early Bronze Age, long before Priam's city of Troy VI or Troy VIIa in the prosperous and elaborate Mycenaean Age. Moreover, the finds were unique. The elaborate gold artefacts do not appear to belong to the Early Bronze Age.
His excavations were condemned by later archaeologists as having destroyed the main layers of the real Troy.
Kenneth W. Harl
, in the Teaching Company's
Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor
lecture series, sarcastically claimed that Schliemann's excavations were carried out with such rough methods that he did to Troy what the Greeks could not do in their times, destroying and levelling down the entire city walls to the ground.
41
In 1972, Professor William Calder of the
University of Colorado
, speaking at a commemoration of Schliemann's birthday, claimed that he had uncovered several possible problems in Schliemann's work. Other investigators followed, such as Professor David Traill of the University of California.
42
A 2004 article of the
National Geographic Society
called into question Schliemann's qualifications, his motives, and his methods:
In northwestern Turkey, Heinrich Schliemann excavated the site believed to be Troy in 1870. Schliemann was a German adventurer and
con-man
who took sole credit for the discovery, even though he was digging at the site, called Hisarlık, at the behest of British archaeologist Frank Calvert. [...] Eager to find the legendary treasures of Troy, Schliemann blasted his way down to the second city, where he found what he believed were the jewels that once belonged to Helen. As it turns out, the jewels were a thousand years older than the time described in Homer's epic.
Schliemann's methods have been described as "savage and brutal. He ploughed through layers of soil and everything in them without proper record keeping—no mapping of finds, few descriptions of discoveries."
43
His rough excavation, conclusory interpretation and appropriation of artifacts were criticised by contemporary antiquarians, among them Spyridon Comnos and
Stephen Salisbury III
44
The fame of his discoveries overshadowed such criticism through most of the twentieth century, such that
Carl Blegen
excused his recklessness: "Although there were some regrettable blunders, those criticisms are largely colored by a comparison with modern techniques of digging; but it is only fair to remember that before 1876 very few persons, if anyone, yet really knew how excavations should properly be conducted. There was no science of archaeological investigation, and there was probably no other digger who was better than Schliemann in actual field work."
45
In 1874, Schliemann also initiated and sponsored the removal of medieval edifices from the
Acropolis of Athens
, including the great
Frankish Tower
. Despite considerable opposition, including from
King George I of the Hellenes
, Schliemann saw the project through.
46
The eminent historian of
Frankish Greece
William Miller
, later denounced this as "an act of vandalism unworthy of any people imbued with a sense of the continuity of history",
47
and "pedantic barbarism".
48
In his excavations at Troy, Schliemann found many
swastikas
adorning pottery
26
and consulted with Aryan nationalist
Émile-Louis Burnouf
to identify the symbol. Claiming that the symbol was connected with the Aryans, Burnouf adopted and popularised the swastika as a symbol of Aryan nationalism.
49
Publications
edit
Bust of Schliemann in
Neues Museum
, Berlin
La Chine et le Japon au temps présent
(1867)
Ithaka, der Peloponnesus und Troja
(1868) (reissued by
Cambridge University Press
, 2010.
ISBN
978-1-108-01682-7
Trojanische Altertümer: Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Troja
(1874) (reissued by
Cambridge University Press
, 2010.
ISBN
978-1-108-01703-9
Troja und seine Ruinen
(1875). Translated into English as
Troy and its Remains
(1875) (reissued by
Cambridge University Press
, 2010.
ISBN
978-1-108-01717-6
Mykena
(1878). Translated into English as
Mycenae: A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries at Mycenae and Tiryns
(1878) (reissued by
Cambridge University Press
, 2010.
ISBN
978-1-108-01692-6
Ilios, City and Country of the Trojans
(1880) (reissued by
Cambridge University Press
, 2010.
ISBN
978-1-108-01679-7
Orchomenos: Bericht über meine Ausgrabungen in Böotischen Orchomenos
(1881) (reissued by
Cambridge University Press
, 2010.
ISBN
978-1-108-01718-3
Tiryns: Der prähistorische Palast der Könige von Tiryns
(1885) (reissued by
Cambridge University Press
, 2010.
ISBN
978-1-108-01720-6
). Translated into English
Tiryns: The Prehistoric Palace of the Kings of Tiryns
(1885)
Bericht über de Ausgrabungen in Troja im Jahre 1890
(1891) (reissued by
Cambridge University Press
, 2010.
ISBN
978-1-108-01719-0
).
Heinrich Schliemann; Sophia Schliemann (ed.):
Heinrich Schliemann's Autobiography
. Leipzig, 1892. (
Online version in German
See also
edit
Biography portal
List of archaeologists
List of polyglots
Ernst Boetticher
References
edit
Lovgren, Stefan (14 May 2004).
"Did Troy really exist?"
National Geographic News
. National Geographic Society. Archived from
the original
on 15 May 2004
. Retrieved
18 December
2012
Cornelia Maué (n.d.).
"website of schliemann-museum Ankershagen"
(in German). Schliemann-museum.de. Archived from
the original
on 27 April 2018.
Schliemann, Heinrich (1881).
Ilios: The City and Country of the Trojans: the Results of Researches and Discoveries on the Site of Troy and Through the Troad in the Years 1871-72-73-78-79; Including an Autobiography of the Author
Harper & Brothers
. p. 3.
Cottrell, Leonard
(1984).
The Bull of Minos: The discoveries of Schliemann and Evans
Bell & Hyman Ltd
. p. 36.
ISBN
978-0-7135-2432-1
Payne, Robert (1959).
The Gold of Troy: The Story of Heinrich Schliemann and the Buried Cities of Ancient Greece
. Dorset Press.
ISBN
978-0-88029-531-4
{{
cite book
}}
ISBN / Date incompatibility (
help
William M Calder; David A Traill (1986).
Myth, scandal, and history: the Heinrich Schliemann controversy and a first edition of the Mycenaean diary
. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
ISBN
978-0814317952
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
"Schliemann, Heinrich" in
Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
at de.wikisource
(in German)
Dr. Naveen Vashishta.
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF ARCHAEOLOGY
. p. 38.
Ceram, C.W. (1994).
Gods, Graves & Scholars
. New York: Wingd Books. pp. 39,
54–
55.
ISBN
9780517119815
Constable, Giles; Rohrbough, Malcolm J. (2015).
"THE ROTHSCHILDS AND THE GOLD RUSH: Benjamin Davidson and Heinrich Schliemann in California, 1851-52"
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
105
(4): i–115.
ISSN
0065-9746
JSTOR
44650947
Heinrich Schliemann; William M Calder; David A Traill (1986).
Myth, scandal, and history : the Heinrich Schliemann controversy and a first edition of the Mycenaean diary
. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
ISBN
0814317952
{{
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
Allen, Susan Heuck (1999).
Finding the walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlık
. University of California Press. p. 112.
ISBN
978-0-520-20868-1
Christo Thanos and Wout Arentzen,
Schliemann and The California Gold Rush,
Leiden, Sidestone Press, 2014,
ISBN
978-90-8890-255-0
, pp. 46–47
Leo Deuel,
Memoirs of Heinrich Schliemann: A Documentary Portrait Drawn from his Autobiographical Writings, Letters, and Excavation Reports
, New York: Harper, 1977,
ISBN
0-06-011106-2
p. 67
; he also mentions meeting President
Andrew Johnson
, p. 126.
W. Calder III, "Schliemann on Schliemann: A Study in the Use of Sources," GRBS 13 (1972) 335-353.
Traill, David A. "Schliemann's Mendacity: Fire and Fever in California." The Classical Journal 74, no. 4 (1979): 348-55. Accessed 23 April 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/3297144.
Honour, Alan (1960).
The Unlikely Hero: Heinrich Schliemann's Quest for Troy
. Whitlessey House.
Duchêne, Hervé (1996).
The Golden Treasures of Troy: The Dream of Heinrich Schliemann
. Thames & Hudson.
Bernard, Wolfgang.
"Homer-Forschung zu Schliemanns Zeit und heute"
. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007
. Retrieved
24 September
2008
{{
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: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
(in German).
Allen 1999
, p. 312.
Wilfried Bölke: Promotion an der Rostocker Universität. In: Bölke 1996, S. 160–168 Richter 1980a: W. Richter, „Ithaque, le Péloponnèse et Troie“ und das Promotionsverfahren Heinrich Schliemanns. In: Ethnogr. Archäol. Zeitschrift 21, 1980, S. 667-678. Richter 1980b: W. Richter, Die „altgriechisch geschriebene Dissertation“ Heinrich Schliemanns und die Darstellung seiner Promotion im biographischen Schrifttum. In: Antikerezeption, Antikeverhältnis, Antikebegegnung in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, Schriften der Winckelmann-Gesellschaft, Bd. 6, S. 671-691.
"MemberListS"
Easton, D.F. (May–June 1998). "Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud?".
The Classical World
91
(5):
335–
343.
doi
10.2307/4352102
JSTOR
4352102
Allen 1999
, p. 3.
Bryce, Trevor (2005).
The Trojans and their neighbours
. Taylor & Francis. p. 37.
ISBN
978-0-415-34959-8
Schliemann, Heinrich; Schmitz, L. Lora; Smith, Philip; Schmitz, L. Dora (1875).
Troy and its remains: a narrative of researches and discoveries made on the site of Ilium, and in the Trojan Plain
. Trojanische Alterthümer.English. London: J. Murray.
Deuel, Leo (1977).
Memoirs of Heinrich Schliemann
. New York: Harper & Row. pp.
212–
219, 385.
ISBN
9780060111069
"Review – Troy: myth and reality"
Current Archaeology
. 13 January 2020
. Retrieved
15 October
2021
Schliemann, Heinrich, ed. (2010),
"THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY, page 305 to 385"
Ilios: The City and Country of the Trojans
, Cambridge Library Collection - Archaeology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.
305–
385,
doi
10.1017/CBO9781139197908.010
ISBN
978-1-139-19790-8
, retrieved
15 October
2021
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (
link
Kessler, P. L.
"Kingdoms of Anatolia - Troy / llium (Wilusa?)"
www.historyfiles.co.uk
. Retrieved
15 October
2021
Moorehead, Caroline, The Lost Treasures of Troy (1994) p. 133,
ISBN
0-297-81500-8
Akinsha, Konstantin; Kozlov, Grigorii (1995).
Beautiful Loot
. New York: Random House. pp.
6–
11, 20, 41,
60–
63, 78, 223, 255.
ISBN
9780679443896
Vasilikou, Dora (2011).
Το χρονικό της ανασκαφής των Μυκηνών, 1870–1878
(PDF)
. Athens. p. 79.
{{
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"Heinrich Schliemann | Biography, Excavations, & Facts"
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Retrieved
16 January
2020
"The scientific work"
Archaeological Museum of Thebes
. Retrieved
23 November
2017
Kerns, Ann (2008).
Troy
. Twenty-First Century Books.
ISBN
9780822575825
Allen 1999
, p. 114.
Taylor, Stephen J. (11 March 2015).
"So She Went": Heinrich Schliemann Came to Marion County for a "Copper Bottom Divorce"
Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Newspaper Program
. Retrieved
8 June
2019
"Arthur John Evans"
hubbardplus.co.uk
. Retrieved
11 June
2023
Easton, D.F. (May–June 1998). "Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud?".
The Classical World
91
(5):
335–
343.
doi
10.2307/4352102
JSTOR
4352102
Harl, Kenneth W.
"Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor"
. Retrieved
23 November
2012
Cline, Eric H. (12 April 2013).
The Trojan War: A Very Short Introduction
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-933365-3
Rubalcaba, Jill;
Cline, Eric
(2011).
Digging for Troy
. Charlesworth. pp. 30, 41.
ISBN
978-1-58089-326-8
Salisbury, Stephen (28 April 1875).
Report of the Council
. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society at the Semi-Annual Meeting, Held in Boston.
Blegen, Carl W. (1995).
Troy and the Trojans
Baelen 1959
, pp. 242–243.
Miller 1908
, p. 401.
Baelen 1959
, p. 242.
"Swastika: The Power of a Symbol"
The Human Journey
. Archived from
the original
on 6 December 2022
. Retrieved
7 December
2022
Sources
edit
Baelen, Jean (1959). "L'Acropole pendant la guerre d'Indépendance [II. Le drame de la Tour Franque]".
Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé
(in French).
(2):
240–
298.
doi
10.3406/bude.1959.3856
Miller, William
(1908).
The Latins in the Levant, a History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)
. New York: E.P. Dutton and Company.
Bibliography
edit
Boorstin, Daniel (1983).
The Discoverers
Random House
ISBN
978-0-394-40229-1
Durant, Will (1939).
The Life of Greece: Being a history of Greek civilization from the beginnings, and of civilization in the Near East from the death of Alexander, to the Roman conquest
Simon & Schuster
OCLC
355696346
Easton, D.F. (May–June 1998). "Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud?".
The Classical World
91
(5):
335–
343.
doi
10.2307/4352102
JSTOR
4352102
Poole, Lynn; Poole, Gray (1966).
One Passion, Two Loves
Crowell
OCLC
284890
Silberman, Neil Asher (1990).
Between Past and Present: Archaeology, Ideology, and Nationalism in the Modern Middle East
. New York:
Doubleday
ISBN
978-0-385-41610-8
Tolstikov, Vladimir; Treister, Mikhail (1996).
The Gold of Troy. Searching for Homer's Fabled City
Harry N. Abrams
ISBN
978-0-8109-3394-1
Traill, David A. (1995).
Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit
. New York:
St. Martin's Press
ISBN
978-0-312-14042-7
Wood, Michael (1987).
In Search of the Trojan War
New American Library
ISBN
978-0-452-25960-7
Further reading
edit
Turner, David (2007). "Schliemann's Diary: Greece and the Troad, 1868".
The Annual of the British School at Athens
102
British School at Athens
345–
391.
doi
10.1017/S0068245400021511
JSTOR
30245254
S2CID
162902456
Robert Laffineur & Massimo Perna (ed.). 2024.
Walking in the footsteps of the pioneer of Aegean archaeology: in celebration of the 200th anniversary of the birth of Heinrich Schliemann
. Proceedings of the 19th International Aegean Conference (Aegeaum 49). Leuven & Liège: Peeters.
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Heinrich Schliemann
Wikisource
has original works by or about:
Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann
Works by Heinrich Schliemann
at
Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Heinrich Schliemann
at the
Internet Archive
American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Heinrich Schliemann and Family Papers
at the
Wayback Machine
(archived 5 October 2007).
Hogarth, David George
(1911).
"Schliemann, Heinrich"
. In
Chisholm, Hugh
(ed.).
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 341.
Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte exhibition on
The Worlds of Schliemann: His Life. His Discoveries. His Legacy
(13 May 2022 to 8 January 2023).
"Schliemann, Heinrich"
Encyclopedia Americana
. 1920.
Schliemann's porky pies (lies) about excavating Troy - Curator's Corner S5 Ep11 from the British Museum
Original Skizzen Heinrich Schliemann's zu dessen Werk Ilios
Archived
25 May 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
– photographic and drawing documentation of Schliemann's excavations prepared most probably for his publication
Atlas trojanischer Alterthümer
(1874)
"How to pronounce Schliemann (Germany/German) - PronounceNames.com"
. 26 April 2018.
Archived
from the original on 11 December 2021.
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