Henrietta Szold - Wikipedia

Henrietta Szold - Wikipedia
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American Zionist leader, political activist and editor
Henrietta Szold
Szold in 1940
Born
1860-12-21
December 21, 1860
Baltimore, Maryland
, United States
Died
February 13, 1945
(1945-02-13)
(aged 84)
Jerusalem
Mandatory Palestine
Known for
Founder of
Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America
Henrietta Szold stamp
Henrietta Szold
oʊ
ZOHLD
Hungarian:
[ˈsold]
; December 21, 1860 – February 13, 1945) was an American-born
Jewish
Zionist
leader and founder of
Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America
. In 1942, she co-founded
Ihud
, a political party in Mandatory Palestine dedicated to a
binational solution
. An obituary in the New York Times described her as "the most brilliant woman in America."
Biography
edit
Henrietta Szold was born in
Baltimore
Maryland
, December 21, 1860. She was the daughter of Rabbi
Benjamin Szold
of
Hungarian
birth, who was the spiritual leader of Baltimore's
Temple Oheb Shalom
She was the eldest of eight daughters, and her younger sister Adele Szold-Seltzer was the translator of the first American edition of
Maya the Bee
In 1877, Henrietta Szold graduated from Western High School. For fifteen years she taught at Miss Adam's School and Oheb Shalom religious school, and gave Bible and history courses for adults. Highly educated in Jewish studies, she edited Professor
Marcus Jastrow
's
Talmudic
Dictionary. To further her own education, she attended public lectures at
Johns Hopkins University
and the
Peabody Institute
In 1902, Szold took classes in advanced Jewish studies at the
Jewish Theological Seminary of America
. However, its rabbinic school was restricted to males. Szold begged the school's president,
Solomon Schechter
, to allow her to study; he did only with the provision that she not seek ordination. Szold did well at the seminary, earning the respect of other students and faculty alike.
Szold never married and never had children of her own. While she was in her forties, she had an unrequited relationship with Talmudic scholar Rabbi
Louis Ginzberg
. He was fifteen years her junior, and he returned her feelings only platonically. After their relationship ended, she expressed her sadness: "Today it is four weeks since my only real happiness was killed." Years afterward, she said: "I would exchange everything for one child of my own."
Szold was the oldest of eight daughters and had no brothers. In
Orthodox Judaism
, it was not the norm for women to recite the
Mourners
Kaddish
. In 1916, Szold's mother died, and a friend, Hayim Peretz, offered to say
Kaddish
for her. In a letter, she thanked Peretz for his concern but said she would do it herself.
"I know well, and appreciate what you say about the Jewish custom; and Jewish custom is very dear and sacred to me. And yet I cannot ask you to say Kaddish after my mother. The Kaddish means to me that the survivor publicly and markedly manifests his wish and intention to assume the relation to the Jewish community, which his parent had, and that so the chain of tradition remains unbroken from generation to generation, each adding its own link. You can do that for the generations of your family, I must do that for the generations of my family."
Szold's answer to Peretz is cited by "Women and the Mourners' Kaddish," a
responsum
written by Conservative Rabbi
David Golinkin
. This responsum, adopted unanimously by Conservative Judaism's Va'ad Halakhah (Law Committee) of the Rabbinical Assembly of Israel, permits women to recite the Mourners' Kaddish in public when a
minyan
is present.
Szold was religiously traditional, but advocated a larger role for women in
Rabbinic Judaism
Pedagogic career and Zionist activism
edit
Szold established the first American night school to provide English language instruction and vocational skills for Russian Jewish immigrants in Baltimore.
10
Beginning in 1893, she worked as the first editor for the
Jewish Publication Society
, a position she retained for over 23 years.
11
"The sole woman at the JPS, Szold's duties included the translation of a dozen works, writing articles of her own, editing the books, and overseeing the publication schedule.
In 1896, one month before
Theodor Herzl
published
Der Judenstaat
The Jewish State
), Szold described her vision of a Jewish state in
Palestine
as a place to ingather Diaspora Jewry and revive Jewish culture. In 1898, the
Federation of American Zionists
elected Szold as the only female member of its executive committee. During
World War I
, she was the only woman on the Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs.
In 1899, she took on the lion's share of producing the first
American Jewish Year Book
, of which she was sole editor from 1904 to 1908. She also collaborated in the compilation of the
Jewish Encyclopedia
12
Health, education and welfare
edit
Her commitment to Zionism was heightened by a trip to Palestine in 1909, at age 49. Here, she discovered her life's mission: the health, education and welfare of the
Yishuv
(pre-state Jewish community of Palestine). Szold joined six other women to found
Hadassah
, which recruited American Jewish women to upgrade health care in Palestine. Hadassah's first project was the inauguration of an American-style visiting nurse program in Jerusalem. Hadassah funded hospitals, a medical school, dental facilities, x-ray clinics, infant welfare stations, soup kitchens and other services for Palestine's Jewish and Arab inhabitants. Szold persuaded her colleagues that practical programs open to all were critical to Jewish survival in the
Holy Land
. She founded Hadassah in 1912 and served as its president until 1926.
10
Henrietta Szold at her home in Jerusalem,
c.
1922
In 1933, she
immigrated
to Palestine and helped run
Youth Aliyah
, an organization that rescued 30,000 Jewish children from
Nazi
Europe.
13
In October 1934, Szold laid the cornerstone of the new Rothschild-Hadassah-University Hospital on
Mount Scopus
12
Henriette Szold visiting
Galilee
1940
Political activism
edit
In the 1920s and 1930s, she supported
Brit Shalom
, a small organization dedicated to Arab-Jewish unity and a
binational solution
. In 1942, she was one of the co-founders of the
Ihud
party, which opposed the
partition of Palestine
Death and burial
edit
On February 13, 1945, at age 84, Szold died in the same Hadassah Hospital she helped to build in Jerusalem. She was buried in the
Jewish Cemetery
on the
Mount of Olives
in Jerusalem.
13
From 1948 to 1967, the Mount of Olives was cut off from the rest of Jerusalem by the
1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
and the
1949 Armistice Agreements
After Israel regained the region in the
Six-Day War
Kalman Mann
, then-director general of
Hadassah Medical Center
, went with a group of rabbis to the cemetery to assess the condition of Szold's grave. They found that it had been paved over by a road built by the Jordanians, who had also vandalized many grave markers.
14
15
They were able to locate Szold's burial site using a cemetery chart and "counting the indentations in the ground". The grave was later rebuilt and remarked with a new stone marker in an official ceremony.
16
Awards and recognition
edit
Kibbutz
Kfar Szold
, in
Upper Galilee
is named after her. The
Palmach
, in recognition of her commitment to "Aliyat Hanoar"
Youth Aliyah
, named the illegal immigration (Ha'apalah) ship "Henrietta Szold" after her. The ship, carrying immigrants from the Kiffisia orphanage in
Athens
, sailed from Piraeus on July 30, 1946, with 536 immigrants on board, and arrived on August 12, 1946. The passengers resisted capture, but were transferred to transport for Cyprus.
17
In 1949, Hadassah inaugurated the Henrietta Szold Prize, which was awarded that year to
Eleanor Roosevelt
18
The Henrietta Szold Institute, National Institute for Research in the Behavioral Sciences, located in
Jerusalem
, is named after her. The institute is Israel's foremost planner of behavioral science intervention and training programs.
19
Public School 134 on Manhattan's
Lower East Side
in New York City is also named after her.
20
In Israel,
Mother's Day
is celebrated on the day that Szold died, on the 30th of
Shevat
In the northwest corner of Szold's home city of Baltimore, Szold Drive, a short street in a residential neighborhood with homes built in the 1950s, is named after her as well.
21
The northernmost part of the street is in
Baltimore County
In
New York City
, Szold Place, formerly Dry Dock Street
22
runs from East 10th Street to East 12th Street in the
East Village
neighborhood of
Manhattan
In 2007, Szold was inducted into the
National Women's Hall of Fame
in Seneca Falls, New York.
10
See also
edit
Benjamin Szold
Robert Szold
Zip Szold
References
edit
Citations
edit
Film on Henrietta Szold looks beyond Hadassah
History
Archived
2011-10-06 at the
Wayback Machine
– Temple Oheb Shalom
"Blogaktion #femaleheritage (Teil 3) » Waldemar-Bonsels-Stiftung"
. December 26, 2020.
Henrietta Szold (1860-1945)
Archived
2007-10-10 at the
Wayback Machine
Hagshama
Shuly Rubin Schwartz (15 December 2010).
"Shuly Rubin Schwartz: Standing on Henrietta Szold's Shoulders - Opinion – Forward.com"
The Forward
. Retrieved
26 December
2015
"Henrietta Szold"
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Henrietta Szold: Her Life and Letters
Archived
2014-08-14 at the
Wayback Machine
, edited by Marvin Lowenthal (New York: Viking, 1942), pp.92-93.
"Women and the Mourners' Kaddish"
תשובות לימינו
. September 10, 2018.
Responsa in a Moment: Halakhic Responses to Contemporary Issues
, Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies
"Dateline World Jewry", April 2007,
World Jewish Congress
"Jewish Publication Society link"
. Archived from
the original
on 2015-08-14
. Retrieved
2015-08-13
"Szold, Henrietta"
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
"Seymour "Sy" Brody's"
. Archived from
the original
on 14 May 2013
. Retrieved
26 December
2015
Irving Moskowitz (December 20, 1996).
"To Jews, All of Jerusalem Is Home"
. Retrieved
May 28,
2024
Morton Landowne (June 6, 2017).
"Paying My Respects to a Beloved Ancestor at Jerusalem's Mount of Olives Cemetery"
Tablet
. Retrieved
May 28,
2024
Levin, Marlin (2002).
It Takes a Dream: The story of Hadassah
. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. p. 290.
ISBN
9652293008
"Ha'apalah Ship Henrietta Szold"
Palmach
Information Center. Archived from
the original
on 19 February 2012
. Retrieved
26 December
2015
"Hadassah presents first Henrietta Szold Award to Eleanor Roosevelt"
dead link
"Henrietta Szold"
. Archived from
the original
on 2008-04-18
. Retrieved
2008-05-11
"Welcome"
. 13 July 2015
. Retrieved
26 December
2015
See Szold Drive, Baltimore, Maryland on
Google Maps
. The years in which the houses on Szold Drive were constructed can be found in the real property records on the website of the Maryland Department of Assessments and Taxation, accessible
here
Archived
2013-10-04 at the
Wayback Machine
Forgotten New York
– Lost Streets of Manhattan
Bibliography
edit
Lowenthal, M.
Henrietta Szold: Life and Letters
(1942).
Shargel, B.R.
Lost Love: The Untold Story of Henrietta Szold
(1997).
Reinharz, S. and M. Raider (eds.),
American Jewish Women and the Zionist Enterprise
(2005).
Kessler, B. (ed.).
Daughter of Zion: Henrietta Szold and American Jewish Woman
(1995).
Hacohen, D.
To Repair a Broken World: The Life of Henrietta Szold, Founder of Hadassah
(2021).
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Henrietta Szold
Guide to the Hadassah Archives on Long-term Deposit
at the
American Jewish Historical Society
Henrietta Szold Biography at Jewish Virtual Library
Women of Valor exhibit on Henrietta Szold
at the
Jewish Women's Archive
The
Central Zionist Archives
in Jerusalem
site
. Office of Henrietta Szold (S48), Personal papers (A125)
Papers, 1889-1960.
Schlesinger Library
, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
Notable Maryland Women
Article on Henrietta Szold
Kustanowitz, Shulamit (1990).
Henrietta Szold : Israel's Helping Hand
. Viking.
LCCN
89070656
Works by Henrietta Szold
at
Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Henrietta Szold
at the
Internet Archive
Works by Henrietta Szold
at
LibriVox
(public domain audiobooks)
Maryland Women's Hall of Fame
1980s
1985
Margaret Brent
Rachel Carson
Rita C. Davidson
Gladys Spellman
Harriet Tubman
1986
Lillie Mae Carroll Jackson
Elizabeth Ann Seton
Henrietta Szold
Jeanette Rosner Wolman
Hiltgunt Zassenhaus
1987
Clara Barton
Frances Ellen Watkins Harper
Juanita Jackson Mitchell
Mary Shaw Shorb
Helen B. Taussig
1988
Barbara Mikulski
Sadie Kneller Miller
Mary Eliza Risteau
Martha Carey Thomas
Verda Welcome
1989
Bertha Adkins
Eugenie Clark
Lavinia Engle
Lena King Lee
Estelle R. Ramey
1990s
1990
Lucille Maurer
Enolia McMillan
Pauli Murray
Adele Hagner Stamp
Mary Lemist Titcomb
1991
Rita R. Colwell
Mary Elizabeth Lange
Claire McCardell
Bessie Moses
Alta Schrock
1992
Annie Armstrong
Anna Ella Carroll
Rose Kushner
Margaret Collins Schweinhaut
Carmen Delgado Votaw
1993
Rosalyn Blake Bell
Lucille Clifton
Elizabeth King Ellicott
Jean Spencer
Martha Ellicott Tyson
1994
Rosalie Silber Abrams
Mary Elizabeth Banning
Harriet Elizabeth Brown
Connie Morella
Mary Adelaide Nutting
1995
Jill Moss Greenberg
Mary L. Nock
Amanda Taylor Norris
Nettie Barcroft Taylor
Euphemia Mary Goldsborough Willson
1996
Madeleine L. Ellicott
Ethel Ennis
Mary Digges Lee
Brigid G. Leventhal
Barbara A. Robinson
1997
Diane L. Adams
Sol del Ande Mendez Eaton
Catherine R. Gira
Helen L. Koss
Rosa Ponselle
1998
Constance Ross Beims
Mary Katharine Goddard
Elaine Ryan Hedges
Mary Carter Smith
1999
Florence Riefle Bahr
Lillian C. Compton
Edith Houghton Hooker
Elizabeth Fran Johnson
Bernice Smith White
2000s
2000
Constance Uriolo Battle
Lois Green Carr
Sonia Pressman Fuentes
Josephine Jacobsen
Rosetta Stith
2001
Kathleen Feeley
Misbah Khan
Charmaine Krohe
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
Sandra W. Tomlinson
2002
Mabel Houze Hubbard
Florence P. Kendall
Mary Young Pickersgill
Lorraine Sheehan
2003
Virginia Walcott Beauchamp
Edith Clarke
Kathryn J. DuFour
Ruth L. Kirschstein
Etta Haynie Maddox
Debbie Yow
2004
Edmonson sisters
Nancy Grasmick
Esther McCready
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2005
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2006
Susan Pardee Baker
Liebe Sokol Diamond
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Grace Snively
2007
Annette M.Deener
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Prasanna Nair
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2008
Ramona McCarthy Hawkins
Ellen Moses Heller
Billie Holiday
Pauline Menes
Toby Orenstein
Emily Wilson Walker
2009
Ilia Fehrer
Diane Griffin
Harriet Legum
Allyson R. Solomon
Anne St. Clair Wright
2010s
2010
Claire M. Fraser
Anne Catherine Hoof Green
Irene Morgan Kirkaldy
Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps
Bernice R. Sandler
Lillie D. Shockney
2011
Carol W. Greider
Barbara Holdridge
Ligia Peralta
Gertrude Poe
Lucy Diggs Slowe
June A. Willenz
2012
Maureen Black
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Nancy Kopp
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2013
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Ellen Sauerbrey
Linda A. Shevitz
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2014
Dorothy F. Bailey
Agnes Kane Callum
Renee E. Fox
Susan K. Goering
Henrietta Lacks
Ann Cipriano Rees
2015
Beverly B. Byron
E. Gail de Planque
Mary S. Feik
Katherine O'Brien
Linda L. Singh
Sue Fryer Ward
2016
Sophia Arabatzis Balis
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Joanne Katz
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2017
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2018
Sandra I. Barnes
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2019
Marielsa A. Bernard
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Virginia Hall
Rosa Gumataotao Rios
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2021
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2022
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1983
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1984
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1986
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1988
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1991
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1993
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1994
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1995
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1996
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2001
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2002
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2003
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2005
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2007
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Swanee Hunt
Winona LaDuke
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2009
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