Hilary Blumberg, MD | Yale School of Medicine
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Titles
John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience and Professor of Psychiatry, and in the Child Study Center and of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
Director, Mood Disorders Research Program
Biography
Dr. Hilary Patricia Blumberg is the John and Hope Furth Professor of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Professor of Psychiatry, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging and in the Child Center, and Director of the Mood Disorders Research Program, at the Yale School of Medicine. She graduated summa cum laude in neuroscience from Harvard University and completed her medical degree, psychiatry training and specialty training in brain scanning research at Cornell University Medical College. Dr. Blumberg’s research is devoted to understanding the brain circuitry differences that underlie mood disorders across the lifespan, with a focus on bipolar disorder and on suicide prevention. She directs the Mood Disorders Research Program at Yale that brings together a multi-disciplinary group of scientists to study the genetic, developmental and environmental factors that cause mood disorders to develop new methods for early detection, more effective interventions, and prevention of the disorders and their associated high risk for suicide. This research includes the use of new state-of-the-art brain scanning methods. The program is also known for training young scientists to be new leaders in the field. Dr. Blumberg has served as principal investigator on awards from the National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Department of Veterans Affairs, BD
2,
American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, International Bipolar Disorder Foundation, For the Love of Travis Foundation, MQ Foundation, Stanley Medical Research Institute and Women’s Health Research at Yale.
She has received numerous awards including the 2021 International Society of Bipolar Disorders Mogens Schou Award for Research in Bipolar Disorder, 2021 Sethi Award, 2018 American Psychiatric Association Blanche F. Ittleson Award for outstanding and published research in child and adolescent psychiatry and 2017 Brain and Behavior Foundation Colvin Prize for Research Achievement in Mood Disorders. She is a fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology and a member of the Society of Biological Psychiatry.
September 28, 2023
Appointments
Psychiatry
Professor
Primary
Psychiatry
Child Study Center
Professor
Secondary
Child Study Center
Radiology & Biomedical Imaging
Professor
Secondary
Radiology & Biomedical Imaging
Other Departments & Organizations
All Institutions
Center for Brain & Mind Health
Child Study Center
Division of Women's Behavioral Health Research
Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program
Mood Disorders Research Program
MR Core
Neural Disorders
Neuroscience Research Training Program (NRTP)
Neuroscience Track
Obesity Research Working Group
Psychiatry
Psychotherapy Development Center
Radiology & Biomedical Imaging
Stress & Addiction Clinical Research Program
WHRY Pilot Project Program Investigators
Women's Health Research at Yale
Wu Tsai Institute
Yale Biomedical Imaging Institute
Yale Combined Program in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences (BBS)
Yale Medicine
Yale New Haven Health System
Yale Stress Center
Yale Ventures
Education & Training
Research Fellow
Cornell University, Weill Medical College (1998)
Internship and Residency
Cornell University Medical College/New York Hospital (1994)
MD
Cornell University Medical College (1990)
BA
Harvard University, Neuroscience (1986)
Overview
Dr. Blumberg is the Director of The Yale Mood Disorders Research Program (MDRP). The MDRP is dedicated to understanding the science of mood disorders, including bipolar disorder and depression, related disorders and suicide risk. The MDRP brings together a multi-disciplinary group of scientists from across the Yale campus in a highly collaborative research effort. The scientists use a wide variety of scientific methods to study how genetic and environmental factors affect the brain and influence the expression of mood disorders across the lifespan. Goals of the MDRP include the identification of biological markers for mood and related disorders and discovery of new treatment strategies. It is hoped that these research efforts will lead to new and improved methods for early detection and treatment, and prevention, of suffering and suicide risk of the disorders.
Current studies include:
MRI brain scanning studies of adolescents and adults with bipolar disorder and depression and at risk for suicide
MRI Brain Scanning Studies of Healthy Adolescents and Adults
Study of a non-medication psychobehavioral treatment Brain Emotion Targeted Self-Monitoring and Regulation Therapy "BE-SMART" to provide individuals healthy skills to regularize their sleep and other daily routines they can use to improve their emotion regulation, decrease symptoms of bipolar disorder and depression and reduce their suicide risk.
Studies using recently developed non-invasive brain scanning techniques (near infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) that use light to assess the brain
Studies of novel mechanisms implicated in bipolar disorder from blood testing that includes research on mitochondria and brain organoids
Study of brain changes related to genetic variations that are associated with bipolar disorder and suicide
Studies using digital technologies including wearable actigraphy devices (to assess activity and rest patterns) and smartphone app
Medical Research Interests
Adolescent Psychiatry; Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mood Disorders; Neuropsychiatry; Psychiatry; Suicide
ORCID
0000-0002-6363-4698
Mood Disorders Research Program
View Lab Website
Research at a Glance
Yale Co-Authors
Frequent collaborators of Hilary Blumberg's published research.
Publications Timeline
A big-picture view of Hilary Blumberg's research output by year.
Research Interests
Research topics Hilary Blumberg is interested in exploring.
Danielle Goldman, MS
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Dustin Scheinost, PhD, BS
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Todd Constable, PhD
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Anjali Sankar
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Erin Carrubba
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Wendy Silverman, PhD, ABPP
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97
Publications
3,998
Citations
Bipolar Disorder
6 YSM Researchers
View 41 Related Publications
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
37 YSM Researchers
View 22 Related Publications
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
3 YSM Researchers
View 4 Related Publications
Suicide
8 YSM Researchers
View 2 Related Publications
Mood Disorders
21 YSM Researchers
View 2 Related Publications
Psychiatry
61 YSM Researchers
View Related Publication
Publications
2026
BPS2026 – ATP synthase C-subunit leak channel activity in bipolar disorder
Shen L, Kim J, Kumar A,
Mnatsakanyan N
Blumberg H
Park I
Jonas E
BPS2026 – ATP synthase C-subunit leak channel activity in bipolar disorder
. Biophysical Journal 2026, 125: 348a.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2025.11.2176
Peer-Reviewed Original Research
2025
Antidepressant use in older age bipolar disorder (OABD): Results from the GAGE-BD international consortium
Rigas C, Lavin P, Chen P, Torres-Platas S, Su C, Eyler L, Olagunju A, Teixeira A, Dols A, Alda M, Almeida O, Altinbas K, Balanzá-Martínez V, Barbosa I,
Blumberg H
, Briggs F, Calkin C, Forester B, Forlenza O, Hajek T, Haarman B, Jimenez E, Lafer B, Mulsant B, Oluwaniyi S, Patrick R, Radua J, Sarna K, Schouws S, Simhandl C, Soares J, Sutherland A, Tsai S, Vieta E, Villa L, Fiorelli N, Nunes P, Yala J, Sajatovic M, Rej S, Investigators O.
Antidepressant use in older age bipolar disorder (OABD): Results from the GAGE-BD international consortium
. Journal Of Affective Disorders 2025, 395: 120704.
PMID: 41276138
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2025.120704
Peer-Reviewed Original Research
MeSH Keywords and Concepts
MeSH Keywords
Adult
Age Factors
Aged
Antidepressive Agents
Bipolar Disorder
Cross-Sectional Studies
Female
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Severity of Illness Index
Concepts
Older age bipolar disorder
Higher depression severity
Bipolar disorder
Antidepressant use
Depression severity
GAGE-BD
Characteristics of antidepressant use
Type II BD
BD type II
Antidepressant monotherapy
Mania scores
YMRS scores
II BD
Antidepressant prescribing
Female sex
Antidepressants
Associated with female sex
AD use
Disorders
Multivariate logistic regression
Clinical correlates
Lower education
Geriatric experiences
Clinical variables
Clinical severity
Transdiagnostic alterations in white matter microstructure associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviours in the ENIGMA Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours consortium
van Velzen L, Colic L, Ceja Z, Dauvermann M, Villa L, Savage H, Toenders Y, Dehestani N, Zhu A, Campos A, Salminen L, Alda M, Agartz I, Alexander N, Ayesa-Arriola R, Ballard E, Banaj N, Barkhau C, Başgöze Z, Bauer J, Benedetti F, Berger K, Besteher B, Brosch K, Canal-Rivero M, Cervenka S, Colle R, Connolly C, Corruble E, Courtet P, Couvy-Duchesne B, Crespo-Facorro B, Cullen K, Dannlowski U, Deverdun J, Diaz-Zuluaga A, Dietze L, Evans J, Fani N, Flinkenflügel K, Friedman N, Gotlib I, Groenewold N, Grotegerd D, Hajek T, Hatoum A, Hermesdorf M, Hickie I, Hirano Y, Ho T, Ikemizu Y, Iorfino F, Ipser J, Isobe Y, Jackowski A, Jollant F, Kircher T, Klug M, Koopowitz S, Kraus A, Krug A, Le Bars E, Leehr E, Li M, Lippard E, Lopez-Jaramillo C, Maximov I, McIntosh A, McLaughlin K, McWhinney S, Meinert S, Melloni E, Mitchell P, Mwangi B, Nenadić I, Nerland S, Olie E, Ortiz-García de la Foz V, Pan P, Pereira F, Piras F, Piras F, Poletti S, Reineberg A, Roberts G, Romero-García R, Sacchet M, Salum G, Sandu A, Sellgren C, Shimizu E, Smolker H, Soares J, Steele J, Stein F, Stein D, Straube B, Teutenberg L, Thomas-Odenthal F, Usemann P, Valabregue R, Valencia-Echeverry J, Wagner G, Waiter G, Walter M, Whalley H, Wu M, Yang T, Zarate C, Zugman A, Zunta-Soares G, van Heeringen K, van Rooij S, van der Wee N, van der Werff S, Thompson P,
Blumberg H
, van Harmelen A, Rentería M, Jahanshad N, Schmaal L.
Transdiagnostic alterations in white matter microstructure associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviours in the ENIGMA Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours consortium
. Translational Psychiatry 2025, 15: 429.
PMID: 41136374
PMCID: PMC12552667
DOI: 10.1038/s41398-025-03602-1
Peer-Reviewed Original Research
Altmetric
MeSH Keywords and Concepts
MeSH Keywords
Adult
Anisotropy
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Female
Humans
Male
Mental Disorders
Middle Aged
Suicidal Ideation
Suicide, Attempted
White Matter
Concepts
History of suicide attempts
Psychiatric diagnosis
Suicidal ideation
Suicide attempts
Suicidal thoughts
Diffusion tensor imaging
Lifetime history
Lifetime history of suicide attempts
Mega-Analysis
Effects of psychiatric diagnosis
Superior longitudinal fasciculus
Associated with STB
Findings of diffusion tensor imaging
Transdiagnostic alterations
Fornix/stria terminalis
Suicidal behavior
White matter
WM microstructure
WM alterations
WM tracts
Thalamic radiation
Longitudinal fasciculus
Ideation
Effect size
Tensor imaging
Relationship Between Smoking and Psychiatric and Somatic Comorbidities in Older Age Bipolar Disorder: Lien entre le tabagisme et les affections psychiatriques et somatiques concomitantes chez les personnes âgées atteintes de trouble bipolaire.
Howland M, Mahajan A, Chen P, Almeida O, Altınbaş K,
Blumberg H
, Dols A, Fiorelli N, Forlenza O, Lafer B, Olagunju A, Orhan M, Rej S, Sajatovic M, Schurr M, Simhandl C, Soares J, Sutherland A, Tsai S, Weisenbach S, Yala J, Briggs F.
Relationship Between Smoking and Psychiatric and Somatic Comorbidities in Older Age Bipolar Disorder: Lien entre le tabagisme et les affections psychiatriques et somatiques concomitantes chez les personnes âgées atteintes de trouble bipolaire.
The Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry 2025, 7067437251387658.
PMID: 41129665
PMCID: PMC12549600
DOI: 10.1177/07067437251387658
Peer-Reviewed Original Research
Citations
Concepts
Older age BD
Substance use disorders
Bipolar disorder
Antipsychotic medication
Use disorder
Somatic comorbidities
Lifetime substance use disorder
Older age bipolar disorder
Never smokers
Cardiorespiratory comorbidity
Former smokers
Cardiovascular comorbidity
Clinical variables
Current smokers
Smoking status
Depression relationship
BD course
Current depression
Multivariate model
Relationship of smoking
Depression
Baseline cross-sectional data
Non-statistically significant relationship
ResultsOur study sample
Comorbidity
Anticonvulsant Use in Older Age Bipolar Disorder in a Global Sample from the Global Aging and Geriatric Experiments in Bipolar Disorder Project: Utilisation d'anticonvulsivants pour le traitement des troubles bipolaires du sujet âgé auprès d'un échantillon mondial provenant du projet GAGE-BD.
Bodenstein K, Lesage M, Lavin P, Schouws S, Orhan M, Beunders A, Almeida O, Altinbas K, Balanzá-Martínez V, Barbosa I,
Blumberg H
, Briggs F, Calkin C, Forlenza O, Forester B, Gildengers A, Haarman B, Hajek T, Lafer B, Nunes P, Mulsant B, Olagunju A, Patrick R, Radua J, Sarna K, Simhandl C, Soares J, Sutherland A, Fiorelli N, Teixeira A, Tsai S, Vieta E, Yala J, Eyler L, Dols A, Sajatovic M, Rej S.
Anticonvulsant Use in Older Age Bipolar Disorder in a Global Sample from the Global Aging and Geriatric Experiments in Bipolar Disorder Project: Utilisation d'anticonvulsivants pour le traitement des troubles bipolaires du sujet âgé auprès d'un échantillon mondial provenant du projet GAGE-BD.
The Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry 2025, 7067437251372190.
PMID: 40984046
PMCID: PMC12460282
DOI: 10.1177/07067437251372190
Peer-Reviewed Original Research
Concepts
Older age bipolar disorder
Global age
Anticonvulsant use
Geriatric experiences
Bipolar disorder
Global sample
Linear mixed models
Prescribing data
Antidepressant use
Generalized linear mixed models
Secondary analysis
Anticonvulsant users
Global
Prescribing patterns
Clinical correlates
Geriatric
Mood episodes
GAGE-BD
Mixed models
Cardiovascular comorbidities
Brain White Matter Microstructure in Middle and Older Aged Adults With Bipolar Disorder: A 2-Site Study
Sankar A
, Colic L, Marks R, Rajashekar N,
Pittman B
Constable R
, Sajatovic M, Eyler L,
Blumberg H
Brain White Matter Microstructure in Middle and Older Aged Adults With Bipolar Disorder: A 2-Site Study
. American Journal Of Geriatric Psychiatry 2025, 34: 580-590.
PMID: 41107198
PMCID: PMC12553490
DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2025.09.013
Peer-Reviewed Original Research
Concepts
Bipolar disorder
Emotion regulation
Fractional anisotropy
Uncinate fasciculus
WM microstructure
Corpus callosum
WM fractional anisotropy
Brain white matter microstructure
White matter microstructure
Anterior corpus callosum
Two-site study
Posterior corpus callosum
Older aged adults
Mood symptoms
Consistent with findings
White matter
Neurodevelopmental alterations
Older adulthood
Study of adults age
WM tracts
Cognitive impairment
Low FA
Effect size
Age interaction
Older adults
Retinal thickness: A window into cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder
Chart-Pascual J, Cano-Escalera G, Graña M, Zorrilla I, Lopez-Peña P, Requena C, Ceballos A, Landaluce I, Urcola H, Alvarez-Mon M,
Blumberg H
, Radua J, Gonzalez-Pinto A.
Retinal thickness: A window into cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder
. Spanish Journal Of Psychiatry And Mental Health 2025
PMID: 40081818
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpmh.2025.01.001
Peer-Reviewed Original Research
Altmetric
Concepts
Retinal nerve fiber layer
Macular ganglion cell layer
Ganglion cell layer
Optical coherence tomography
Inner plexiform layer
Bipolar disorder
Coherence tomography
Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer
Nerve fiber layer
Measure retinal thickness
Cognitive impairment
Marker of BD
Associated with CI
Peripapillary RNFL
Retinal thickness
Retinal thinning
Retinal changes
Fiber layer
Healthy controls
Associated with worse cognitive performance
Quality of life
Plexiform layer
Biological markers
Functional deficits
Thickness alterations
Chronotherapeutic intervention targeting emotion regulation brain circuitry, symptoms, and suicide risk in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder: a pilot randomised trial
Kim J
Sankar A
, Marks R,
Carrubba E
Lecza B
, Quatrano S, Spencer L,
Constable R
Pittman B
Lebowitz E
Silverman W
, Swartz H,
Blumberg H
Chronotherapeutic intervention targeting emotion regulation brain circuitry, symptoms, and suicide risk in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder: a pilot randomised trial
. BMJ Mental Health 2025, 28: e301338.
PMID: 39971594
PMCID: PMC11840897
DOI: 10.1136/bmjment-2024-301338
Peer-Reviewed Original Research
Citations
MeSH Keywords and Concepts
MeSH Keywords
Adolescent
Adult
Amygdala
Bipolar Disorder
Brain
Emotional Regulation
Feasibility Studies
Female
Humans
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Male
Pilot Projects
Prefrontal Cortex
Single-Blind Method
Suicide
Suicide Prevention
Young Adult
Concepts
Bipolar disorder
Emotion regulation
Suicide risk
Brain circuitry
Chronotherapeutic interventions
Emotional face stimuli
Left amygdala response
Risk of bipolar disorder
Targeting emotion regulation
Reduce suicide risk
Higher suicide risk
Young adults
Functional MRI data
Post-treatment improvement
Amygdala response
Potential intervention targets
Emotion dysregulation
Mania symptoms
Mood episodes
Face stimuli
Circuitry dysfunction
Regulation therapy
Daily rhythms
Weekly sessions
Self-Monitoring
PREDICTING DEPRESSED AND ELEVATED MOOD SYMPTOMATOLOGY IN BIPOLAR DISORDER USING BRAIN FUNCTIONAL CONNECTOMES
Sankar *
Shen X
, Colic L,
Goldman D
, Villa L,
Kim J
Pittman B
Scheinost D
Constable R
Blumberg H
PREDICTING DEPRESSED AND ELEVATED MOOD SYMPTOMATOLOGY IN BIPOLAR DISORDER USING BRAIN FUNCTIONAL CONNECTOMES
. The International Journal Of Neuropsychopharmacology 2025, 28: i15-i15.
PMCID: PMC11814904
DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyae059.027
Peer-Reviewed Original Research
Concepts
Connectome-based predictive modeling
Bipolar disorder
Mood symptomatology
Mood symptoms
Functional connectome
Young Mania Rating Scale
Functional magnetic resonance imaging data
Predictors of functional impairment
Emotion processing task
Mania Rating Scale
Mood symptom severity
Mood symptom scores
Brain functional connectome
Magnetic resonance imaging data
Brain function disturbances
Hamilton Depression
Predicting Depression
Symptom severity
Rating Scale
Functional impairment
Disorders
Mood
Symptomatology
Processing tasks
Depression
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Bipolar Disorder
McClung C,
Blumberg H
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Bipolar Disorder
. 2025, 301-316.
DOI: 10.1093/med/9780197640654.003.0024
Peer-Reviewed Original Research
Concepts
Bipolar disorder
Mechanisms of bipolar disorder
Mood-stabilizing medications
Brain circuit abnormalities
Bipolar disorder pathophysiology
Circadian rhythm disruption
Circuit abnormalities
Disorder pathophysiology
Human studies
Sleep-wake
Contribution of environmental influences
Genetic findings
Cellular basis
Environmental influences
Rhythm disruption
Cellular mechanisms
See All Publications
Clinical Trials
Current Trials
Reducing Suicide Risk in Adolescents and Young Adults with Bipolar Disorder and Depression via a Psychobehavioral Intervention
IRB ID
2000032361
Role
Principal Investigator
Primary Completion Date
03/31/2025
Recruiting Participants
Gender
Both
Age
16 years - 29 years
Mental Health & Behavioral Research
Impact of Reward and Frustration on Early Attention: Associations with Irritability in Young Adults
IRB ID
2000031088
Role
Sub Investigator
Primary Completion Date
10/31/2023
Recruiting Participants
Gender
Both
Age
18 years - 25 years
Mental Health & Behavioral Research
Imaging mGluR5 and synaptic density in psychiatric disorders
IRB ID
2000020186
Role
Sub Investigator
Primary Completion Date
01/31/2018
Recruiting Participants
Gender
Both
Age
18 years - 80 years
Mental Health & Behavioral Research
Examination of Glutamate and mGluR5 in Psychiatric Disorders
IRB ID
1101007933
Role
Sub Investigator
Primary Completion Date
08/31/2022
Recruiting Participants
Gender
Both
Age
18 years - 65 years
Brain, Spinal Cord & Nervous System
Mental Health & Behavioral Research
Brain Emotion Circuitry-Targeted Self-Monitoring and Regulation Therapy (BE-SMART)
IRB ID
0407026910
Role
Principal Investigator
Primary Completion Date
06/30/2022
Recruiting Participants
Gender
Both
Age
16 years - 24 years
Mental Health & Behavioral Research
Genetics
Brain, Spinal Cord & Nervous System
Activities
activity
National Institute of Mental Health
10/01/2009 - 06/30/2013
Peer Review Groups and Grant Study Sections
Member
Details
National Institute of Mental Health, Study Section Member, Interventions Committee for Disorders Involving Children and Their Families (ITVC) Study Section
Honors
honor
Gerald L. Klerman Award Senior Investigator Award
05/18/2025
International Award
Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA)
honor
Mood Disorders Award
03/02/2023
National Award
American College of Psychiatrists
honor
V. Sagar Sethi, MD Mental Health Research Award
10/03/2021
Regional Award
Psychiatric Foundation of North Carolina
Details
United States
honor
2021 Mogens Schou Award for Research
05/18/2021
International Award
International Society for Bipolar Disorders
Details
United States
honor
Blanche F. Ittleson Award in recognition of outstanding and published research in child and adolescent psychiatry
05/08/2018
National Award
American Psychiatric Association (APA)
Details
United States
View full list of honors
Overview
Clinical Specialties
Psychiatry
Fact Sheets
Bipolar Disorder
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These images, from Johnston et al, American Journal of Psychiatry, 2017, display regions of the brain important in emotional regulation where adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder who made suicide attempts showed decreases, compared to adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder who did not make attempts. The top left image shows a region of decreased gray matter in ventral prefrontal cortex, the top right image shows a region of decreased functioning in ventral prefrontal cortex and the lower image shows regions of decreases in the structural integrity of white matter in connections from the ventral prefrontal cortex.
News
March 26, 2026
Blumberg, Kaya Attend BD2 Funded Investigators Community Meeting
about Blumberg, Kaya Attend BD2 Funded Investigators Community Meeting
September 06, 2025
What Are ‘Bipolar Eyes’?
Source:
Everyday Health
about What Are ‘Bipolar Eyes’?
June 24, 2025
Announcing the Center for Brain & Mind Health 2025 Pilot Grant Program Awardees
about Announcing the Center for Brain & Mind Health 2025 Pilot Grant Program Awardees
May 12, 2025
Cabrera-Mendoza Awarded MQ Mental Health Research Grant
about Cabrera-Mendoza Awarded MQ Mental Health Research Grant
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Contacts
Email
hilary.blumberg@yale.edu
Academic Office
Number
203.785.6180
Mailing Address
Mood Disorders Research Program
60 Temple Street
New Haven, Connecticut 06510
United States
Administrative Support
Erin Carrubba
Research Associate 2 HSS
Susan Quatrano
Program Manager 2 Psychiatry
Locations
Mood Disorders Research Program
Academic Office
Temple Medical Center (60 Temple)
60 Temple Street, Fl 6, Ste 6B
New Haven, CT 06510
General Information
203.785.6180
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