Honorary degree - Wikipedia

Honorary degree - Wikipedia
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Academic qualification awarded without usual requirements
Not to be confused with
Honours degree
The
honoris causa
doctorate
received by
Jimmy Wales
from the
University of Maastricht
in Netherlands (2015)
An
honorary degree
is an
academic degree
for which a
university
(or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements. It is also known by the
Latin
phrases
honoris causa
("for the sake of the honour") or
ad honorem
("to the honour"). The degree is typically a
doctorate
or, less commonly, a
master's degree
, and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution
or no previous postsecondary education. An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows: Doctorate in Business Administration (
Hon. Causa
).
The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor's contributions to a specific field or to society in general.
Honorary doctorates are purely titular degrees in that they confer no rights on the recipient and carry with them no formal academic qualification. As such, it is always expected that such degrees be listed in one's
curriculum vitae
(CV) as an
award
, and not in the education section.
With regard to the use of this honorific, the policies of institutions of higher education generally ask that recipients "refrain from adopting the misleading title"
and that a recipient of an honorary doctorate should restrict the use of the
title "Dr"
before their name to any engagement with the institution of higher education in question and not within the broader community.
Historical origins
edit
The practice dates back to the
Middle Ages
, when for various reasons a university might be persuaded, or otherwise see fit, to grant exemption from some or all of the usual statutory requirements for the award of a degree. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to
Lionel Woodville
in the late 1470s by the
University of Oxford
He later became
Bishop of Salisbury
In the late 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, especially on the occasion of royal visits to Oxford or
Cambridge
On the visit of
James I
to Oxford in 1605, for example, forty-three members of his retinue (fifteen of whom were
earls
or
barons
) received the degree of
Master of Arts
, and the Register of Convocation explicitly states that these were full degrees, carrying the usual privileges, such as voting rights in
Convocation
and
Congregation
There were also some special cases: for example the critic
John Ruskin
suffered a physical or mental breakdown in 1840 and dropped out of the
University of Oxford
. He returned to Oxford in 1842, and sat a single exam, and was awarded an honorary fourth-class degree.
In the United States, the
Doctor of Philosophy
(Ph.D.) degree was first conferred as an honorary degree at
Bucknell University
in 1852 and in 1861
Yale University
awarded the first earned Ph.D., becoming the first American university to do so.
Over one hundred institutions in the United States conferred honorary Ph.D. degrees in the 19th century, to more than seven hundred recipients.
10
However, the practice of awarding the Ph.D. as an honorary degree drew condemnation from organizations such as the
American Philological Association
and the
American Association for the Advancement of Science
, and the board of regents of the
University of the State of New York
prohibited any university in the state from conferring an honorary Ph.D. effective in 1897.
11
The number of honorary Ph.D. degrees awarded in the U.S. declined in the 20th century, and surveys by the
United States Office of Education
found none conferred in 1940 or later years.
12
One of the last known recipients of an honorary Ph.D. was singer
Bing Crosby
, from
Gonzaga University
in 1937.
12
13
14
By 2001, about 21 U.S. states had begun allowing public schools to grant honorary
high school diplomas
to military veterans under a program called "Operation Recognition".
15
In Ohio, it was unclear whether public schools had the legal authority to grant them until 12 July 2001, when Governor
Bob Taft
signed a bill allowing public school districts to grant them to honorably discharged veterans of
World War II
16
Lakota East High School
is believed to have awarded the first such diplomas to a group of 20 veterans in May of that year.
17
Modern practice
edit
Honorary degrees are usually awarded at regular
graduation
ceremonies, at which the recipients are often invited to make a speech of acceptance before the assembled
faculty
and graduates—an event which often forms the highlight of the ceremony. Generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees; these nominations usually go through several
committees
before receiving approval. Nominees are generally not told until a formal approval and invitation are made; often it is perceived that the system is shrouded in secrecy, and occasionally seen as political and controversial.
18
On occasion, organisations have been awarded honorary doctorates.
19
Honoris causa
degrees are not considered of the same standing as substantive degrees earned by the standard academic processes of courses and original research, except perhaps where the recipient has demonstrated an appropriate level of academic scholarship that would ordinarily qualify them for the award of a substantive degree.
20
Recipients of honorary degrees typically wear the same
academic dress
as recipients of substantive degrees, although there are a few exceptions: honorary graduates at the
University of Cambridge
wear the appropriate full-dress gown but not the hood, and those at the
University of St Andrews
wear a black
cassock
instead of the usual full-dress gown.
Although
higher doctorates
such as
Doctor of Science
Doctor of Letters
, etc. are often awarded
honoris causa
, in some countries (notably England and Scotland, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand) it is formally possible to earn such a degree as a substantive one.
21
This typically involves the submission of a portfolio of peer-refereed research, usually undertaken over a number of years, which has made a substantial contribution to the academic field in question. The university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong formal connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff, or graduates of several years' standing.
Some universities, seeking to differentiate between substantive and honorary doctorates, have a degree (often DUniv, or Doctor of the University) which is used for these purposes, with the other higher doctorates reserved for formally examined academic scholarship.
The
Archbishop of Canterbury
has the authority to award degrees. These "
Lambeth degrees
" are sometimes, erroneously, thought to be honorary; however the archbishops have for many centuries had the legal authority (originally as the representatives of the
Pope
, later confirmed by
a 1533 Act
of
Henry VIII
), to award degrees and regularly do so to people who have either passed an examination or are deemed to have satisfied the appropriate requirements.
22
Between the two extremes of honouring celebrities and formally assessing a portfolio of research, some universities use honorary degrees to recognise achievements of intellectual rigour. Some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy—see
below
. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the same way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities, for similar reasons.
Practical use
edit
Letter from
Ezra Stiles
to
George Washington
announcing the awarding of an honorary degree to Washington by the president and fellows of
Yale College
(1781)
A typical example of university regulations is, "Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters. It is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix 'Dr.
23
It is generally considered improper practice for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of "Doctor," regardless of the background circumstances for the award. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters "h.c." after the award to indicate that status.
The recipient of an honorary degree may add the degree title
postnominally
, but it should
citation needed
always be made clear that the degree is honorary by adding "honorary" or "honoris causa" or "h.c." in
parentheses
after the degree title. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title "Doctor"
prenominally
, abbreviated "Dr.h.c." or "Dr.(h.c.)". Sometimes, they use "Hon" before the degree letters, for example, "Hon DMus".
In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate postnominal titles for honorary degrees. This is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. For example, an honorary doctorate from the
Auckland University of Technology
takes the special title
HonD
since it is now common in certain countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD, as purely honorary. Some universities, including the
Open University
, grant Doctor of the University (DUniv) degrees to selected nominees, while awarding PhD or EdD degrees to those who have fulfilled the academic requirements.
Most American universities award the degrees of LLD (
Doctor of Laws
), LittD (
Doctor of Letters
), LHD (
Doctor of Humane Letters
), ScD (
Doctor of Science
), PedD (Doctor of Pedagogy) and DD (
Doctor of Divinity
) only as honorary degrees. American universities do not have the system of "higher doctorates" used in the UK and some other universities around the world.
Customary degrees (
ad eundem
or
jure officii
degrees)
edit
See also:
List of honorary degrees
An
ad eundem
or
jure officii
degree is sometimes considered honorary, although these are only conferred on an individual who has already achieved a comparable qualification at another university or attained an office requiring the appropriate level of scholarship.
Some universities and colleges have the custom of awarding a master's degree to every scholar appointed as a full professor, who had never earned a degree there. At the universities of Oxford,
Dublin
and Cambridge, many senior staff are granted the degree of Master of Arts after three years of service.
24
25
In the United States, at Amherst, Wesleyan, and Yale, the AM
ad eundem
degree is conferred upon those who rise to the rank of
full professor
. At Brown and Harvard the degrees are awarded to those faculty who are granted
tenure
and the rank of associate professor, usually after approximately eight years of service to the university as an assistant professor or for a shorter amount of time for a professor with prior service at another university.
Similarly, a
jure dignitatis
degree is awarded to someone who has demonstrated eminence and scholarship by being appointed to a particular office. Thus, for example, a DD (Doctor of Divinity) might be conferred upon a bishop on the occasion of his consecration, or a judge created
LLD
(Legum Doctor) or
DCL
(Doctor of Civil Law) upon their appointment to the judicial bench.
Honorary Degree in Brazil
edit
The title of
Doctor Honoris Causa
is one of the highest distinctions an educational institution can grant, intended to recognize outstanding individuals in scientific, cultural, social, artistic, or humanitarian fields. However, in
Brazil
, this title is honorary rather than academic in nature, meaning it does not confer rights or responsibilities equivalent to those of a
stricto sensu
doctorate obtained through research and thesis defense.
There is no specific law in the Brazilian legal system regulating the awarding of the title of Doctor Honoris Causa. Because it is not a formal academic degree, its conferral does not require approval by the
Ministry of Education (MEC)
. Therefore, any
educational institution
can establish its own regulations and criteria for awarding honors, as long as it operates within the university autonomy in Brazil guaranteed by
Article 207 of the Federal Constitution
, which ensures universities freedom in teaching, science, administration, and financial and asset management.
Higher education institutions such as
Faculdade do Bico (FABIC)
Faculdade União de Goyazes Formosa (FUG)
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)
, and
Faculdade Intervale
have already awarded Doctor Honoris Causa (Dr. HC) degrees on various occasions.
Thus, by granting honorary degrees, Brazilian institutions exercise their freedom to recognize significant contributions to society and the advancement of knowledge, strengthening their institutional mission and reaffirming the symbolic and cultural value of the distinction.
Institutions not awarding honorary degrees
edit
Some US universities such as the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT),
26
Cornell University
27
Stanford University
28
29
and
Rice University
30
do not award honorary degrees as a matter of policy. The
University of Virginia
(founded in 1819) was probably the first US university to explicitly have a policy of not awarding honorary degrees at the request of its founder,
Thomas Jefferson
26
31
In 1845,
William Barton Rogers
, then chairman of the faculty, vigorously defended this policy; in 1861, he founded MIT in Boston and continued this practice.
26
32
The University of Virginia does annually award Thomas Jefferson Medals in Architecture and in Law, as the highest honours accorded by that institution.
31
33
The Stanford Alumni Association occasionally awards the
Degree of Uncommon Man/Woman
to individuals who have given "rare and exceptional service" to the university.
34
Though
UCLA
has imposed a moratorium on awarding honorary degrees, it honours notable people with the UCLA Medal instead.
35
St. John's College
has not granted honorary degrees since 1936, but its
alumni association
occasionally offers honorary membership to retiring faculty, staff, and other close associates of the college.
36
Controversy
edit
Elena Ceauşescu
becoming
Doctor
Honoris Causa of the
University of Manila
Philippines
, in 1975
Some universities and colleges have been accused of granting honorary degrees in exchange for large donations.
37
Honorary degree recipients, particularly those who have no prior academic qualifications, have sometimes been criticized if they insist on being called "Doctor" as a result of their award, as the
honorific
may mislead the general public about their qualifications.
In 1985, as a deliberate
snub
, the University of Oxford voted to refuse
Margaret Thatcher
an honorary degree in protest against her cuts in funding for higher education.
38
This award had previously been given to all
prime ministers
who had been educated at Oxford.
The Philosophy Faculty at Cambridge courted controversy among the academic community in March 1992, when three of its members posed a temporary veto against the awarding of an honorary doctorate to
Jacques Derrida
39
they and other non-Cambridge proponents of
analytic philosophy
protested against the granting on the grounds that Derrida's work "did not conform with accepted measures of academic rigor." Although the university eventually passed the motion, the episode did more to draw attention to the continuing antipathy between the analytic (of which Cambridge's faculty is a leading exponent) and the post-
Hegelian
continental
philosophical traditions (with which Derrida's work is more closely associated).
In 1996,
Southampton College
at
Long Island University
(now a campus of
Stony Brook University
) awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Amphibious Letters to
Muppet
Kermit the Frog
. Although some students objected to awarding a degree to a Muppet, Kermit delivered an enjoyable commencement address and the small college received considerable press coverage.
40
The degree was conferred in recognition of efforts in the area of
environmentalism
. The university stated: "His theme song, '
It's Not Easy Bein' Green
,' has become a rallying cry of the environmental movement. Kermit has used his celebrity to spread positive messages in public service announcements for the
National Wildlife Federation
National Park Service
, the Better World Society, and others."
41
new archival link needed
The awarding of an honorary degree to political figures can prompt protests from faculty or students. In 2001,
George W. Bush
received an honorary degree from
Yale University
, where he had earned his bachelor's degree in history in 1968. Some students and faculty chose to boycott the university's 300th
commencement
42
Andrew Card
, who served as Bush's
Chief of Staff
from 2001 to 2006, ultimately chose not to speak when the
University of Massachusetts Amherst
awarded him an honorary degree in 2007, in response to protests from students and faculty at the commencement ceremonies.
43
In 2005 at the
University of Western Ontario
Henry Morgentaler
, a gynecologist involved in a legal case decriminalizing abortion in Canada (
R. v. Morgentaler
), was made an honorary Doctor of Laws. Over 12,000 signatures were acquired asking the UWO to reverse its decision to honor Morgentaler.
44
Several protest rallies were held, including one on the day the honorary degree was bestowed (a counter petition to support Morgentaler's degree gained 10,000 signatures).
45
In 2007, protesters demanded that the
University of Edinburgh
revoke an honorary degree awarded to
Zimbabwean
leader
Robert Mugabe
in 1984. The university subsequently revealed plans to review its honorary degree policy and strip certain figures of their honorary degrees who did not deserve them. When considering revoking the honorary degree of a political figure, such reasons as
human rights abuse
or
political corruption
would be considered. As a result, it was announced that Mugabe had been stripped of his honorary degree. The university also planned to have a more rigorous selection procedure regarding potential recipients of honorary degrees, in an attempt to rectify the trend of awarding degrees to celebrities.
46
Students at the
University of Massachusetts Amherst
also
asked the university to revoke the honorary degree that was awarded to Mugabe over twenty years ago, and on 12 June 2008 the trustees unanimously rescinded Robert Mugabe's honorary degree.
47
48
Michigan State University
has also rescinded its honorary degree.
49
In April 2009, Arizona State University's president,
Michael M. Crow
, refused to give an honorary degree to US President
Barack Obama
for his lack of adequate qualifying achievements thus far.
50
Also, controversy
51
was ignited about Notre Dame awarding Obama an honorary degree, as the institution is Roman Catholic and Obama holds
pro-choice
views on abortion and supports
embryonic stem cell
research.
52
In February 2012,
Rosmah Mansor
, the wife of the
Prime Minister of Malaysia
Najib Razak
was controversially awarded an honorary doctorate by the
Curtin University
for "services to childhood education".
53
The university honored Rosmah for founding and driving the Permata early childhood centres in Malaysia although some alumni and students contended that the government-funded centres are "an abuse of taxpayers' money".
54
Over 50 honorary degrees awarded to
Bill Cosby
have been
rescinded
due to allegations and lawsuits of sexual assault.
55
56
failed verification
In December 2022, the
School of the Art Institute of Chicago
rescinded an honorary doctorate degree awarded to rapper
Kanye West
after
a series of racist and antisemitic remarks made by West
57
Use of title associated with honorary doctorates
edit
By convention, recipients of honorary doctorates do not use the title "Dr" in general correspondence. Recipients are not addressed orally or in writing as "Dr" by other academic institutions – and not correctly addressed as "Dr" in their professional/personal life. They continue to be addressed orally and in writing with the form of address to which they entitled prior to receiving the honor. E.g., Mr./Ms./Mrs.
58
59
However, this
social convention
is not always scrupulously observed.
60
Notable people who have used the honorary prefix include:
Maya Angelou
, a memoirist and poet, had no earned degrees, but she received dozens of honorary ones and she preferred to be called "Dr. Angelou" by people other than family and close friends.
61
Stephen Colbert
, who received an honorary doctorate in fine arts from
Knox College
in 2006, frequently made light of the concept of an "honorary doctor" by offering up scurrilous medical advice in a segment called "Cheating Death With Dr. Stephen Colbert, D.F.A." on his television program
The Colbert Report
after being awarded a D.F.A.
62
Benjamin Franklin
received an honorary master's degree from
The College of William and Mary
in 1756, and doctorates from the
University of St. Andrews
in 1759 and the University of Oxford in 1762 for his scientific accomplishments. He thereafter referred to himself as "Doctor Franklin".
63
Alan García
, former Peruvian president and politician, for many years used the title of "Dr." in official presentations as head of state and as a civilian throughout his political career. Heavily criticized by the media when discovering his last degree to be a master's in economic development and not completing his doctoral studies in law, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the
University of Delhi
in 1987, while making an official visit to
India
in his first term as president.
64
Samuel Johnson
, an author and lexicographer, who had some years earlier been unable (due to financial considerations) to complete his undergraduate studies at
Pembroke College, Oxford
, was awarded the degree of Master of Arts by diploma in 1755, in recognition of his scholarly achievements.
65
In 1765,
Trinity College, Dublin
awarded him the degree of Doctor of Laws
66
and in 1775 Oxford bestowed upon him the degree of Doctor of Civil Law by diploma.
67
Although Johnson's doctorates were honorary, he was commonly referred to as "Dr. Johnson".
Edwin H. Land
, who invented the
Land Camera
instant camera
, and was a co-founder of the
Polaroid Corporation
, received an honorary doctorate from Harvard University and was often referred to as "Dr. Land", though he did not have any earned degree.
68
Richard Stallman
, the founder of the
Free Software Foundation
in the field of
information technology
, has been awarded fourteen honorary doctorates from various international educational institutions from 1996 through 2014 including the North American
Lakehead University
in 2009, and now refers to himself as "Dr. Richard Stallman" in speeches, talks, videos, and email.
69
70
71
Sukarno
, the first president of
Indonesia
, was awarded 26 honorary doctorates from various international universities including
Columbia University
, the
University of Michigan
, the
University of Berlin
, the
Al-Azhar University
, the
University of Belgrade
, the
Lomonosov University
and many more; and also from domestic universities, including the
Universitas Gadjah Mada
, the
Universitas Indonesia
, the
Bandung Institute of Technology
, and the
Universitas Padjadjaran
. He had often been referred to by the
Indonesian Government
at the time as "Dr. Ir. Sukarno",
72
combined with his
engineer's degree
Ir.
) from
Bandung Institute of Technology
See also
edit
Academic degree
Freedom of the City
Homage
Latin honors
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edit
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"UMass faculty, students boo Card"
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28 March
2015
Martin, Sandra (29 May 2013).
"Abortion rights crusader Henry Morgentaler, revered and hated, dead at 90"
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28 March
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The Scotsman
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Archived
from the original on 31 October 2016
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30 October
2016
Vaznis, James (6 April 2007).
"UMass students aim to revoke honorary degree for Mugabe"
The Boston Globe
Archived
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15 May
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. Retrieved
11 July
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11 July
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19 November
2014
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