Hunsrik (an haife shi Hunsrik hrx, Hunsrückisch ko Hunsrickisch da Portuguese Hunsriqueano ko Hunsriqueano riograndense), wanda kuma ake kira Riograndese Hunsrik, Riograndenser Hunsrückisch ko Katharinensisch, yare ne na Moselle Franconian wanda aka samo asali daga Yaren Hunsrückisch na Yammacin Jamusanci na Tsakiya wanda ake magana da shi a wasu sassan Kudancin Amurka. Harshen hukuma ne a cikin garuruwan Brazil na Santa Catarina">Antônio Carlos, Santa Maria do Herval, da São João do Oeste, Ana magana da Hunsrik a jihohin Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, da Paraná, da kuma wasu yankuna na makwabta Paraguay da Argentina.[2] Ya kasance wani bangare ne na tarihin tarihi da al'adu na jihar Rio Grande do Sul ta Brazil tun daga shekara ta 2012, kuma an dauke shi al'adun al'adu marasa ganuwa na jihar Santa Catarina tun daga shekara de 2016.

Hunsrik ya samo asali ne daga yaren Hunsrück wanda baƙi daga yankin Hunsrück na Jamus (Rhineland-Palatinate, Saarland) ke magana wanda ya zauna a yankin kudanci Brazil kamar Rio Grande do Sul, wanda ya fara a ƙarƙashin Daular Brazil a 1824. Wannan shige da fice daga baya ya fada ƙarƙashin ikon jihohi daban-daban, sannan kuma na kamfanonin saka hannun jari na Turai masu zaman kansu. Duk da yake da farko ya dogara ne akan reshen Hunsrückisch na Harshen Jamusanci, wasu yarukan Jamusanci kamar su East Pomeranian da Plautdietsch da Portuguese, harshen ƙasa na Brazil sun rinjayi shi sosai. Harshen 'yan asalin kamar Kaingang da Guarani da kuma harsunan baƙi kamar Talian_language" id="mwfA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Italian language">Italiyanci da Talian sun rinjaye shi zuwa ƙarami.

Ana shigo da maganganu da Kalmomi na Portuguese a cikin Hunsrik, musamman dangane da fauna da flora (waɗanda suka bambanta da na Jamus) da kuma sababbin fasahohi waɗanda ba su wanzu ba lokacin da baƙi na asali suka zo Brazil, wanda ke haifar da kalmomi kamar Aviong don jirgin sama (Portuguese avião) maimakon Flugzeug, Kamiong (Pt. caminhão, Portuguese truck) maimakon Lastwagen, Tëlevisong (Put. televisão) maimakon Fernherse, da dai sauransu. Kalmomin yau da kullun sau da yawa calques ne (fassarar zahiri) na.

Also common are the use of German suffixes attached to Portuguese words, such as Canecache, "little mug", from Portuguese caneca, "mug", and German diminutive suffix -chen (-che in Hunsrik); hybrid forms such as Schuhloja, "shoe shop", from German Schuh and Portuguese loja, and Germanized forms of Portuguese verbs: lembreere, "to remember"; namoreere "to flirt"; respondeere, "to answer" (Portuguese lembrar, namorar, and responder). However, regardless of these borrowings, its grammar and vocabulary are still largely Germanic.

Kodayake Hunsrik shine harshen Jamusanci mafi yawanci a kudancin Brazil, amfani da wannan harshe - musamman a cikin ƙarni uku zuwa huɗu da suka gabata - yana ci gaba da raguwa. Glottolog ya rarraba harshe a matsayin "canji" a kan Matsayinsa na Hadari.[3]

Hunsrück_dialect" id="mwqA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Yaren Hunsrückisch, wanda Hunsrik ya samo asali, ya samo asali ne daga yarukan Moselle Franconian da ake magana a yankin Hunsrück, a bakin kogin Rhine da Moselle, a yammacin Jamus. Jamus, a matsayin ƙasa, kawai ta haɗa kai a 1871, don haka daidaitattun Jamusanci da ke akwai a yau, har zuwa karni na 19, harshe ne na wallafe-wallafen, wanda Martin Luther ya yi amfani da shi a cikin sanannen fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki. Mutanen Jamus, a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun, ba su yi amfani da Jamusanci na yau da kullun don sadarwa ba, amma harsuna da yawa na yanki.

Har zuwa kusan 1800, Jamusanci na yau da kullun shine harshen da aka rubuta a Jamus. Sau da yawa ana koyon Jamusanci na yau da kullun a matsayin harshen waje kuma yana da faɗar da ba ta da tabbas. Tare da tsarin hadin kan kasar da kuma yawan jama'a, daidaitattun Jamusanci ya zama harshen da masu magana da yare daban-daban ke amfani da shi don fahimtar juna, kodayake yarukan yanki sun kasance yaren da ake amfani da shi a gida.

Tare da shige da fice na Jamusanci zuwa Brazil, a cikin ƙarni biyu da suka gabata, yarukan Jamusanci sun kuma kafa kansu a matsayin harshen yanki. Koyaya, wani abu mai ban sha'awa ya faru: yayin da a cikin Jamusanci misali ya yi aiki ga masu magana da yare daban-daban don sadarwa, a Brazil, saboda har yanzu karfafawa na Jamusanci daidai lokacin da ya fara shige da fice, Hunsrück_dialect" id="mwtw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Yaren Hunsrückisch ne ya taka wannan rawar. Akwai ra'ayoyi biyu game da wannan sabon abu. Na farko saboda yawancin baƙi sun zo ne daga Hunsrück, don haka yarensu ya fi yawa. Na biyu saboda Hunsrückisch yana da fasalulluka na tsakiya tsakanin yarukan Jamusanci daban-daban, don haka ya zama koiné tsakanin masu magana da yaruka daban-daban. Abin da aka sani shi ne cewa baƙi na Jamus a Brazil sun fito ne daga sassa daban-daban na Jamus, don haka 'yan Brazil masu magana da Hunsrik ba lallai ba ne su fito daga mutanen Hunsrück.[4] A cikin waɗannan al'ummomin Jamusanci, yaren Hunsrückisch ya kasance babban yaren sadarwa na shekaru da yawa. Yawancin lokaci ana kafa yankunan Jamus a Kudu a yankunan da ke cikin gandun daji da Indiyawa ke zaune, waɗanda aka kore su saboda isowar baƙi. Saboda wannan warewa, Jamusawa sun sami nasarar kirkirar "tsibiran harshe", wanda Jamusanci shine babban yare, ba Portuguese ba.[5] A farkon karni na 20, akwai daruruwan dubban Jamusanci-Brazil na ƙarni na biyu da na uku waɗanda ba za su iya magana da Portuguese ba. Wannan bambancin ya goyi bayan jin dadin ƙungiyar 'yan tsiraru, wanda ya haɗa kansa da kafa cibiyoyin kabilanci masu ƙarfi, kamar makarantu, majami'u, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da jaridar Jamusanci. Duk waɗannan abubuwa sun haɗu sun inganta jin daɗin "ƙungiyar al'adu".[6]

A cikin 1930, akwai makarantun kabilanci 2,500 a Brazil. Daga cikin wadannan, 1,579 sun fito ne daga baƙi na Jamus.[7] A cikin waɗannan makarantu, yara sun koyi daidaitattun Jamusanci wanda aka yada a Jamus. Wannan keɓewar harshe da al'adu ta yi yaƙi da karfi da gwamnatin kasa ta shugaban Brazil na lokacin Getúlio Vargas, ta hanyar kamfen ɗin mallakar ƙasa. Dukkanin makarantun Jamusanci a kasar sun rufe, suna lalata makarantar sakandare ta Jamusanci da Brazil. An kawar da daidaitattun Jamusanci da aka koya a makaranta, wanda ya raunana amfani da Jamusanci a cikin birane, wanda ya zama iyakance ga ƙauyuka. Ana tsananta wa mutane kuma ana yi musu duka idan sun yi magana da Jamusanci a kan titi. 'Yan sanda sun bincika rayuwar sirri ta mutane, sun shiga gidaje don ƙone littattafan da aka rubuta a Jamusanci, ko wasu harsuna ban da Portuguese. An kama mutane da yawa saboda gaskiyar cewa suna magana da Jamusanci. A cikin 1942, an daure kashi 1.5% na mazaunan Blumenau saboda suna magana da Jamusanci.[8][9] Rufe makarantu ya sa mutane su ƙara haɗuwa da yaren Jamusanci da ake amfani da shi a rayuwar yau da kullun, nesa da daidaitattun Jamusanci.[5]

Harshen yana da manyan sunaye guda biyu - Hunsrik da Hunsrückisch - saboda da farko ba shi da ƙamus na hukuma kuma ba a ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani abu na tsakiya ba. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin farko don daidaita harshe ya yi ta Adriano Steffler, wanda ya haɓaka "Hunsrik Grammar", "Hunsrick Dictionary", da haruffa. Harshen haruffa 45 shine haɗuwa da haruffa Latin (duk sai Q) da sauran haruffa na Latin, da Cyrillic, Armeniya, Coptic, da Girkanci.[10] Harshen da Steffler ya kirkira a halin yanzu ba a amfani da shi a kowane hanyar koyarwa ko shirin gwamnati.

A halin yanzu, yaren yana da shawarwari biyu na tsarawa. Na farko, daga SIL International, farfesa da likita Ursula Wiesemann ne ke jagoranta kuma yana da hanyar da ta fi mayar da hankali kan amfani da tsarin rubuce-rubuce da masu magana da shi ke amfani da shi a cikin ayyukan yau da kullun, kamar hulɗar mutum da amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa. Tare da tasiri mai karfi na haruffa Latin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Portuguese, yana da sunan asalin Hunsrik, tare da manufar rarrabe shi a matsayin harshen Jamusanci na musamman kuma ba kawai a matsayin yaren Jamusanci ba. Ana amfani da wannan tsarin a cikin koyarwar makarantun birni a Santa Maria do Herval, Estância Velha, da Nova Hartz, da kuma a wasu kananan hukumomi a Rio Grande do Sul. Ana iya amfani da sunan Hunsrik a hukumance don komawa ga harshen a Turanci da Portuguese, ana kiransa "harshe na Hunsrik" ta hanyar yawancin ƙungiyoyin tarayya waɗanda suka gane shi a Brazil.[11] Har ila yau, aikin ya yarda da rubutun da aka fassara zuwa Portuguese a matsayin "Brazilian Hunsrückisch", duk da haka fifiko shine don amfani da tsohon don samar da bambancin harshen.[12]

The second coding project, from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, is led by doctor and professor Cléo Vilson Altenhofen and has a more unionist approach to the German language, characterized by the preservation of the writing of the German Hunsrückisch dialect with few variations.[13] This project recommends the spelling Hunsrückisch to refer to the dialect in its native form, with Hunsrickisch being an alternative as a way to emphasize the pronunciation of the word. At the same time, the project states that it refers to the same language denoted by Hunsrik in other projects and also accepts it as a spelling. The term Hunsrückisch is also used officially in statements by some federal entities.[14] To differentiate the dialect used in Brazil from that used in Germany, Altenhofen called the Brazilian dialect Riograndenser Hunsrückisch (with reference to the state of Rio Grande do Sul). This nomenclature, however, is criticized by other scholars, since there are also considerable numbers of native speakers in other Brazilian states, as well as in other countries.[15]

A halin yanzu, UNESCO a hukumance tana amfani da rubutun Hunsrik don komawa ga yaren a cikin asalinsa, wanda aka sanya shi hukuma tare da wannan sunan bayan binciken da Ethnologue, cibiyar ba da shawara ta hukuma ta hukumar kasa da kasa kuma SIL International ke jagoranta. Har ila yau, Glottolog yana amfani da rubutun Hunsrik a cikin bayanan littattafansa na harsunan da ba a san su ba a duniya, kundin Cibiyar Max Planck don Nazarin Juyin Halitta. Sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke amfani da wannan rubutun asali don fahimtar Hunsrik a matsayin yare sune Open Language Archives Community (OLAC) daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a Philadelphia da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don daidaitawa; ƙarshen ya ba da lambar hrx a matsayin ISO 639-3 don harshen Hunsrik. [16][17] A wasu kananan hukumomi a cikin babban birnin Porto Alegre, ana kiran yaren Deitsch (Altenhofen) ko Taytx (Wiesemann), a bayyane yake game da tushensa a cikin Jamusanci.

Dan takarar Roman Katolika na baya-bayan nan Odilo Scherer na Cerro Largo (wanda ke arewa maso yammacin Rio Grande do Sul) ya girma tare da Hunsrik kamar yadda mutane da yawa daga yankin nasa suka yi, ta amfani da shi gefe-gefe tare da Portuguese, harshen ƙasa.

Roman Katolika Cardinal Cláudio Hummes na Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul (a yankin Altkolonie na jihar), ya girma yana magana da Portuguese tare da Hunsrik . [18]

A cewar supermodel Gisele Bündchen, yayin da iyayenta da 'yan uwan iyayenta har yanzu suna magana da Hunsrik, ta manta da duk wannan kanta.

A lokacin wata hira a shekara ta 2011, sanannen marubucin Brazil, mai fassara, kuma farfesa na alaƙar duniya Aldyr Schlee ya yi magana dalla-dalla game da kasancewa mai shaida ga zalunci na Hunsrik a cikin asalinsa na Rio Grande do Sul a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.

Magana (Wiesemann) A AA AY AU E EE Ni EY Na Na biyu O OO Ya ce U UU
Spelling (Altenhofen et al.) A OO EI AU E E, EE, EH E EE Na I, I. O O, OH Tarayyar Turai U U, UH
Rubutun (Boll) [19] A AA EI AU E E, EE, EH Ni, Ä E, EE Na I, IH, IE O O, OH, OO Tarayyar Turai U U, UH, UU
Yadda ake furta shi /a/ /ɔː/~/aː/ /ai̯/ /au̯/ /ə/ /eː/ /e/~/ɛ/ ei̯ /i/ /iː/ /o~ɔ/ /oː/ /ɔi̯/ /u/ /uː/
Labari Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Gishiri
Hanci An yi amfani da shi a matsayin⟨m⟩ An yi amfani da shi a matsayin⟨n⟩ Sukiya, Sukiya⟨ng, n⟩
Plosive fortis An yi amfani da shi a matsayin⟨b⟩ An yi amfani da shi a matsayin⟨d⟩ Ƙasashen waje⟨g⟩
lenis An tsara shi ne a matsayin⟨p⟩ An yi amfani da ita a cikin⟨t⟩ Ƙasashen waje⟨k⟩
Rashin lafiya Sinanci⟨z, tz⟩ Sashen⟨tsch⟩
Fricative voiceless An yi amfani da shi a matsayin⟨f, v⟩ Shin, Shin⟨s, ss⟩ Sashen⟨sch⟩ An yi amfani da shi a matsayin⟨ch⟩ Sashen⟨ch⟩ Sunubiyar Sunubi⟨h⟩
voiced An yi amfani da shi a matsayin⟨w⟩
Kusanci Sunubiyar⟨l⟩ Za a yi amfani da shi a matsayin⟨j⟩
Rhotic An yi amfani da shi a matsayin⟨r⟩

Orthography tsakanin sassan kusurwa masu sauƙi suna bin rubutun Wiesemann kuma tsakanin sassan sassan italic suna bin rubutun Altenhofen et al.

Bambanci tsakanin plosives ba na murya ba ne, amma na ƙarfin magana, abin da aka lura a wasu yarukan Jamusanci.

Sassan Luka 23:1-5 a cikin Hunsrik, bisa ga rubutun Dr. Ursula Wiesemann :

23 Too sin ti kanse layt uf kextii, hon Yeesus pis Pilatos kenom un hon aan kefang aan se këwe un saare: 2 Mëyer hon too te man aan ketrof unser folek am uf hëtse. Tee is te keeche em Khayser xtayer petsaale un saat wëyer te Mësiias un Kheenich. 3 Too hot te Pilatos kefroot: Pixt tu te Yute sayne Kheenich? Is woer, hot Yeesus keantwort. 4 Too hot Pilatos fer te hooche priister un tsum folek kesaat: Ich khan khee xult an tëm man fine! 5 Awer tii hon aan kehal un hon kesaat: Tee tuut unortnung aan richte unich em folek mit sayn untricht iweraal in Yuteeya. In Kalileeya hot er aan kefang, un yëts is er too pay uns!

Wannan ɓangaren Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin Hunsrik, bisa ga rubutun Dr. Altenhofen :

23 Zunubi ya mutu a cikin kurma, Honn Yesu bis Bilatus genomm Honn ongefang onzegewwe Honn soohte: 2 Mea Honn do der Mann ongetroff unser Vollek om Uffhetze. Der is degeche'm Kaiser Steier bezoohle unn sooht weer der Messias unn Keenich. 3 Do hot der Pilatos gefroht: Bist du der Judde seine Keenich? Shi ne wohr, mai zafi Yesu giantwott. 4 Do hot Pilatos fer der hoche Priester unn zum Vollek gesooht: Ich kann kee Schuld on dem Mann finne! 5 Awer ya mutu honn ongehall unn honn gesooht: Der tut Unoddnung onrichte unninch'em Vollek mit sein Untricht iwerall a Yahudiya. A cikin Galili hot er ongefang, jetz shine er do bei uns!

Sashe ɗaya na Littafi Mai-Tsarki a cikin Luxembourgish:[lower-alpha 1]

23 Du si si alleguer opgestanen an hunn hie virun de Pilatus bruecht. 2 Si hunn ugefaangen, hien unzekloen: Mir hu festgestallt, datt hien d’Vollek opgestëppelt huet: Hien huet hinne verbueden, fir dem Caesar Steieren ze bezuelen, a vu sech selwer seet hien, datt hien de Messias ass, e Kinnek. 3 Bass du de Kinnek vun de Judden? Huet de Pilatus hie gefrot. Du sees et, huet hien him geäntwert. 4 Doropshi sot de Pilatus zu deniewescht Priister an dem Vollek: Ech fanne keng Schold un dësem Mann. 5 Mee si hu sech drop behaapt: Hien hetzt d’Vollek mat senger Léier uechter ganz Judea op. Hien huet a Galilea ugefaangen an elo ass hien hei![20]

A cikin Jamusanci na yau da kullun:

23 Und die ganze Versammlung stand auf, und sie führten ihn vor Pilatus. 2 Sie fingen aber an, ihn zu verklagen und sprachen: Wir haben gefunden, dass dieser das Volk verführt und es davon abhalten will, dem Kaiser die Steuern zu zahlen. Er behauptet, er sei Christus, der König. 3 Da fragte ihn Pilatus und sprach: Bist du der König der Juden? Er antwortete ihm und sprach: Du sagst es! 4 Da sprach Pilatus zu den obersten Priestern und der Volksmenge: Ich finde keine Schuld an diesem Menschen! 5 Sie aber bestanden darauf und sprachen: Er wiegelt das Volk auf, indem er in ganz Judäa lehrt, angefangen in Galiläa bis hierher![21]

Kuma a Turanci:

23 Kuma dukan taron suka tashi, suka kai shi ga Bilatus. 2 Kuma suka fara zarge shi, suna cewa, "Mun sami wannan mutumin yana lalata al'umma, kuma yana hana ya ba da haraji ga Kaisar, yana cewa shi da kansa Kristi ne. " 3 Kuma Bilatus ya tambaye shi, yana cewa, "Kai ne Sarkin Yahudawa?" Kuma ya amsa masa ya ce, "Kana faɗin hakan". 4 Sa'an ce Bilatus ga manyan firistoci da mutane, "Ba ni da laifi a cikin wannan mutumin. " 5 Kuma sun fi tsananin, suna cewa: "Ya sa mutane su fusata, suna koyar da dukan wannan wuri daga Galili".

  • Yankin rarraba masu magana da Jamusanci
  • Jamusanci na Brazil
  • 'Yan Brazil na Jamus
  • Heimat (jerin fina-finai)
  • Transylvanian Saxon, wani yare mai kama da Moselle Franconian
  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Hunsrik". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ "IPOL realizará formação de recenseadores para o censo linguístico do município de Antônio Carlos-SC". Instituto de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Política Linguística (in Harshen Potugis). February 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  3. ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll: Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense – Português. 2021
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Meyer
  5. 1 2 Spinassé, Karen Pupp (2008). "Os imigrantes alemães e seus descendentes no Brasil:a lìngua como fator identitário e inclusivo". Revista Conexão Letras (in Harshen Potugis). 3 (3). doi:10.22456/2594-8962.55637. ISSN 2594-8962. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Frederick C. Luebke (1985). "Images of German Immigrants in the United States and Brazil, 1890 - 1918: Some Comparisons". University of Nebraska -Lincoln.
  7. ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll: Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense – Português. 2021
  8. ↑
  9. ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll: Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense – Português. 2021
  10. ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll: Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense – Português. 2021
  11. ↑ Mateusz Maselko, Alter und Dialektgebrauch: Zu (jugend-)altersspezifischen Markern im mundartlichen Bereich: Fallbeispiel (Morpho-)Syntax des Hunsrückischen in Südbrasilien (with an English abstract), in: edited by Arne Ziegler with assistance by Melanie Lenzhofer and Georg Oberdorfer, Jugendsprachen / Youth Languages: Aktuelle Perspektiven internationaler Forschung / Current Perspectives of International Research, vol. 2, 2018, p. 647ff., here p. 647
  12. ↑
  13. ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll: Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense – Português. 2021
  14. ↑ "IPOL realizará formação de recenseadores para o censo linguístico do município de Antônio Carlos-SC". Instituto de Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Política Linguística (in Harshen Potugis). February 7, 2015. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll: Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense – Português. 2021
  17. ↑ Mateusz Maselko, Alter und Dialektgebrauch: Zu (jugend-)altersspezifischen Markern im mundartlichen Bereich: Fallbeispiel (Morpho-)Syntax des Hunsrückischen in Südbrasilien (with an English abstract), in: edited by Arne Ziegler with assistance by Melanie Lenzhofer and Georg Oberdorfer, Jugendsprachen / Youth Languages: Aktuelle Perspektiven internationaler Forschung / Current Perspectives of International Research, vol. 2, 2018, p. 647ff., here p. 647
  18. ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll: Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense – Português. 2021
  19. ↑ "A ortografia do Hunsriqueano Riograndense segundo Boll*, Primeira Parte". July 30, 2018.
  20. ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll: Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense – Português. 2021
  21. ↑ Piter Kehoma Boll: Dicionário Hunsriqueano Riograndense – Português. 2021