Idaho - Wikipedia

Idaho - Wikipedia
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Coordinates
45°N
115°W
 / 
45°N 115°W
 /
45; -115
 (
State of Idaho
Checked
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the
latest accepted revision
reviewed
on
18 April 2026
U.S. state
This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see
Idaho (disambiguation)
"Idahoan" redirects here. For the train, see
List of named passenger trains of the United States (I–M)
"US-ID" redirects here. For identity documents, known colloquially by the initials ID, see
Identity documents in the United States
State in the United States
Idaho
State
Flag
Seal
Nicknames
The Gem State (official), The Potato State
Motto
Esto perpetua
Latin
for "Let it be perpetual")
Anthem:
Here We Have Idaho
Location of Idaho within the United States
Country
United States
Before statehood
Oregon Territory
Washington Territory
Idaho Territory
Admitted to the Union
July 3, 1890 (43rd)
Capital
and largest city
Boise
Largest county or equivalent
Ada
Largest metro
and
urban
areas
Boise
Government
Governor
Brad Little
Lieutenant Governor
Scott Bedke
(R)
Legislature
Legislature
Upper house
Senate
Lower house
House of Representatives
Judiciary
Idaho Supreme Court
U.S. senators
Mike Crapo
(R)
Jim Risch
(R)
U.S. House delegation
Russ Fulcher
(R)
Mike Simpson
(R) (
list
Area
• Total
83,569 sq mi (216,444 km
• Land
82,644 sq mi (214,046 km
• Water
926 sq mi (2,399 km
)  1.11%
• Rank
11th
Dimensions
• Length
479 mi (771 km)
• Width
305 mi (491 km)
Elevation
4,990 ft (1,520 m)
Highest elevation
Borah Peak
12,661 ft (3,859 m)
Lowest elevation
(Confluence of
Snake
and
Clearwater River
Lewiston
712 ft (217 m)
Population
(2025)
• Total
2,029,733
• Rank
37th
• Density
21.6/sq mi (8.33/km
• Rank
44th
Median household income
$74,900 (2
23)
• Income rank
24th
Demonym
Idahoan
Language
Official language
Time zones
primary
UTC−07:00
Mountain
• Summer (
DST
UTC−06:00
MDT
Idaho Panhandle
UTC−08:00
Pacific
• Summer (
DST
UTC−07:00
PDT
USPS abbreviation
ID
ISO 3166 code
US-ID
Latitude
42° N
to
49° N
Longitude
111°03′ W to 117°15′ W
Website
idaho
.gov
Idaho
aɪ
oʊ
EYE
-də-hoe
) is a landlocked
state
in the
Pacific Northwest
and
Mountain West
subregions of the
Western United States
. It borders
Montana
and
Wyoming
to the east,
Nevada
and
Utah
to the south, and
Washington
and
Oregon
to the west; the state shares a small portion of the
Canada–United States border
to the north with the Canadian province of
British Columbia
. Idaho's
state capital
and largest city is
Boise
. With an area of 83,569 square miles (216,440 km
), Idaho is the
14th-largest
state by land area. The state has a population of approximately two million people; it ranks as the
13th-least populous
and the
seventh-least densely populated
of the
50 U.S. states
For thousands of years, and prior to European colonization, Idaho had been inhabited by
natives
. In the early 19th century, Idaho was considered part of the
Oregon Country
, an area which was disputed between the U.S. and the
British Empire
. Idaho officially became
a U.S. territory
with the signing of the
Oregon Treaty of 1846
, but a separate
Idaho Territory
was not organized until 1863, instead being included for periods in
Oregon Territory
and
Washington Territory
. The state was eventually
admitted to the Union
on July 3, 1890, becoming the
43rd state
Forming part of the Pacific Northwest (and the associated
Cascadia bioregion
), Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions. The state's north, the relatively isolated
Idaho Panhandle
, is closely linked with
Eastern Washington
, with which it shares the
Pacific Time Zone
—the rest of the state uses the
Mountain Time Zone
. The state's south includes the
Snake River Plain
(which has most of the population and agricultural land), and the southeast incorporates part of the
Great Basin
. Idaho is quite mountainous and contains several stretches of the
Rocky Mountains
. The
United States Forest Service
holds about 38% of Idaho's land, the highest proportion of any state.
Industries significant for the state economy include manufacturing, agriculture, mining, forestry, science and technology, and tourism. Idaho has been a predominantly Republican state since statehood, with the
Republican Party
dominating in both state and national elections;
abortion
is severely restricted and the state retains the
death penalty
, including methods like the
firing squad
. The state contains the
Idaho National Laboratory
. Idaho's agricultural sector supplies many products, but the state is best known for its
potato crop
, which comprises around one-third of the nationwide yield. Its
official state nickname
is the "Gem State".
Etymology
edit
In the early 1860s, when the
U.S. Congress
was considering organizing a new territory around
Pikes Peak
in the
Rocky Mountains
, the name "Idaho" was popular among the Congressional committee, as they believed it to be derived from a
Shoshone
citation needed
term meaning "gem of the mountains."
10
Realizing in January 1861 the name was quite possibly a fabrication and not Native American at all,
11
the U.S. Congress ultimately decided to name the area
Colorado Territory
when it was created. But, by the time this decision was made in February 1861, the town of
Idaho Springs, Colorado
had already been named after their early frontrunner for a name, Idaho.
In 1863, the
Territory of Idaho
was formed, though “Montana” was nearly its name.
12
More than a decade after the name Idaho was first discussed for the eventual Colorado Territory,
George M. Willing
, a politician, claimed that he had been inspired by a little girl named
Ida
and that he coined the name in Washington at the time of the Congressional committee when he had been posing as an elected delegate to Congress.
12
The same year Congress created Colorado Territory, a county called
Idaho County
was created in eastern
Washington Territory
. The county was named after a
steamship
named
Idaho
, which was launched on the
Columbia River
in 1860. It is unclear whether the steamship was named before or after the legitimacy of the Native American origins of “Idaho” came into question. Regardless, part of Washington Territory, including Idaho County, was used to create
Idaho Territory
in 1863.
11
Idaho Territory would later change its boundaries to the area that became the U.S. state.
13
History
edit
Main article:
History of Idaho
Humans may have been present in the Idaho area as long as 14,500 years ago. Excavations at
Wilson Butte Cave
near
Twin Falls
in 1959 revealed evidence of human activity, including arrowheads, that rank among the oldest dated artifacts in North America.
American Indian
peoples predominant in the area included the
Nez Percé
in the north and the Northern and Western
Shoshone
in the south.
14
A Late
Upper Paleolithic
site was identified at Cooper's Ferry in western Idaho near the town of
Cottonwood
by archaeologists in 2019. Based on evidence found at the site, first people lived in this area 15,300 to 16,600 years ago, predating the
Beringia
land bridge by about a thousand years. The discoverers emphasized that they possess similarities with tools and artifacts discovered in
Japan
that date from 16,000 to 13,000 years ago.
14
15
The discovery also showed that the first people might not have come to
North America
by land, as previously theorized. On the contrary, they probably came through the water, using a
Pacific
coastal route.
16
The most parsimonious explanation we think is that people came down the Pacific Coast, and as they encountered the mouth of the Columbia River, they essentially found an off-ramp from this coastal migration and also found their first viable interior route to the areas that are south of the ice sheet.
15
An early presence of French-Canadian trappers is visible in names and
toponyms
Nez Percé, Cœur d'Alène, Boisé, Payette
. Some of these names appeared prior to the
Lewis and Clark
and
Astorian
expeditions, which included significant numbers of French and
Métis
guides recruited for their familiarity with the terrain.
citation needed
Idaho, as part of the
Oregon Country
, was claimed by both the United States and Great Britain until the United States gained undisputed jurisdiction in 1846. From 1843 to 1859, present-day Idaho was under the de facto jurisdiction of the
Provisional Government of Oregon
. When Oregon became a state in 1859, what is now Idaho was situated in what remained of the original Oregon Territory, designated as the Washington Territory.
Between 1849 and the creation of the
Idaho Territory
in 1863, parts of present-day Idaho were included in the
Oregon
Washington
, and
Dakota
Territories. The new Idaho territory included present-day Idaho,
Montana
, and most of
Wyoming
. The Lewis and Clark expedition crossed Idaho in 1805 on the way to the Pacific, and in 1806, on the return trip, largely following the
Clearwater River
in both directions, making it one the last states settled by
European Americans
. The first non-indigenous settlement was
Kullyspell House
, established on the shore of
Lake Pend Oreille
in 1809 by
David Thompson
of the
North West Company
for fur trading.
17
18
In 1812
Donald Mackenzie
, working for the
Pacific Fur Company
at the time, established a post on the lower Clearwater River near present-day Lewiston. This post, known as "MacKenzie's Post" or "Clearwater", operated until the Pacific Fur Company was bought out by the North West Company in 1813, after which the post was abandoned.
19
17
The first organized non-indigenous communities within the present borders of Idaho were established by
Mormon pioneers
in 1860.
20
21
The first permanent, substantial
incorporated
community was Lewiston, in 1861. Early in its history, Idaho saw a large influx of
Chinese immigrants
, who by 1870 made up about 28.5% of the territory's population.
22
Idaho achieved statehood in 1890, following a difficult start as a territory, including the transfer of the territorial capital from
Lewiston
to
Boise
23
disenfranchisement
of
Mormon
polygamists
upheld by the
U.S. Supreme Court
in 1890,
24
and a federal attempt to split the territory between Washington Territory, which gained statehood in 1889, a year before Idaho, and the state of
Nevada
which had been a state since 1864.
25
Idaho was one of the hardest hit of the
Pacific Northwest
states during the
Great Depression
26
Prices plummeted for Idaho's major crops: in 1932 a bushel of potatoes brought only ten cents compared to 1919 for $1.51, while Idaho farmers saw their annual income of $685 in 1929 drop to $250 by 1932.
27
Between 1991 and 2002, Idaho expanded its commercial base to include the science and technology sector which accounted for over 25% of its
gross state product
in 2001.
28
During the
COVID-19 pandemic
, Idaho enacted statewide crisis standards of care as COVID-19 patients overwhelmed hospitals.
29
The state had one of the lowest vaccination rates in the country as of mid-October 2021.
30
Geography
edit
Main article:
Geography of Idaho
This section
needs additional citations for
verification
Please help
improve this article
by
adding citations to reliable sources
in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Idaho shares a border with six U.S. states and one Canadian province. The states of
Washington
and
Oregon
are to the west,
Nevada
and
Utah
are to the south, and Montana and Wyoming are to the east. Idaho also shares a short border with the Canadian province of
British Columbia
to the north.
31
Shoshone Falls
The landscape is rugged, with some of the largest unspoiled natural areas in the United States. For example, at 2.3 million acres (930,000 ha), the
Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness Area
is the largest contiguous area of protected wilderness in the continental United States. Idaho is a
Rocky Mountain
state with abundant natural resources and scenic areas. The state has snow-capped mountain ranges, rapids, vast lakes and steep canyons. The waters of the
Snake River
run through
Hells Canyon
, the deepest gorge in the United States.
Shoshone Falls
falls down cliffs from a height greater than
Niagara Falls
32
By far, the most important river in Idaho is the Snake River, a major tributary of the Columbia River. The Snake River flows from
Yellowstone
in northwestern
Wyoming
through the
Snake River Plain
in southern Idaho before turning north, leaving the state at
Lewiston
before joining the Columbia in
Kennewick
. Other major rivers are the
Clark Fork
Pend Oreille River
, the
Spokane River
, and, many major tributaries of the Snake River, including the
Clearwater River
, the
Salmon River
, the
Boise River
, and the
Payette River
. The Salmon River empties into the Snake in Hells Canyon and forms the southern boundary of Nez Perce County on its north shore, of which Lewiston is the county seat. The Port of
Lewiston
, at the confluence of the
Clearwater
and the Snake Rivers is the farthest inland
seaport
on the West Coast at 465
river miles
from the Pacific at
Astoria, Oregon
33
The vast majority of Idaho's population lives in the Snake River Plain, a valley running from across the entirety of southern Idaho from east to west. The valley contains the major cities of
Boise
Meridian
Nampa
Caldwell
Twin Falls
Idaho Falls
, and
Pocatello
. The plain served as an easy pass through the Rocky Mountains for westward-bound settlers on the
Oregon Trail
, and many settlers chose to settle the area rather than risking the treacherous route through the
Blue Mountains
and the
Cascade Range
to the west. The western region of the plain is known as the
Treasure Valley
, bound between the
Owyhee Mountains
to the southwest and the
Boise Mountains
to the northeast. The central region of the Snake River Plain is known as the
Magic Valley
Edna Lake, Sawtooth Mountains
Idaho's highest point is
Borah Peak
, 12,662 ft (3,859 m), in the
Lost River Range
north of
Mackay
. Idaho's lowest point, 710 ft (216 m), is in
Lewiston
, where the
Clearwater River
joins the
Snake River
and continues into Washington. The
Sawtooth Range
is often considered Idaho's most famous mountain range.
34
Other mountain ranges in Idaho include the
Bitterroot Range
, the
White Cloud Mountains
, the
Lost River Range
, the
Clearwater Mountains
, and the
Salmon River Mountains
Salmon-Challis National Forest
is located in the east central sections of the state, with Salmon National Forest to the north and Challis National Forest to the south. The forest is in an area known as the Idaho Cobalt Belt, which consists of a 34 miles (55 km) long
geological formation
of
sedimentary rock
that contains some of the largest
cobalt
deposits in the U.S.
35
Idaho has two
time zones
, with the dividing line approximately midway between Canada and
Nevada
. Southern Idaho, including the
Boise metropolitan area
Idaho Falls
Pocatello
, and
Twin Falls
, are in the
Mountain Time Zone
. A legislative error (
15 U.S.C.
ch. 6
§264) theoretically placed this region in the
Central Time Zone
, but this was corrected with a 2007 amendment.
36
Areas north of the
Salmon River
, including
Coeur d'Alene
Moscow
Lewiston
, and
Sandpoint
, are in the
Pacific Time Zone
, which contains less than a quarter of the state's population and land area.
37
Climate
edit
Köppen climate types
of Idaho, using 1991–2020
climate normals
Idaho's
climate
varies widely. Although the state's western border is about 330 miles (530 km) from the Pacific Ocean, the maritime influence is still felt in Idaho; especially, in the winter when cloud cover,
humidity
, and
precipitation
are at their maximum extent. This influence has a moderating effect in the winter where temperatures are not as low as would otherwise be expected for a northern state with predominantly high elevations.
38
In the panhandle, moist air masses from the coast are released as precipitation over the
North Central Rockies forests
, creating the
North American inland temperate rainforest
39
The maritime influence is least prominent in the state's eastern part where the precipitation patterns are often reversed, with wetter summers and drier winters, and seasonal temperature differences are more extreme, showing a more semi-arid
continental climate
40
Idaho can be hot, although extended periods over 98 °F (37 °C) are rare, except for the lowest point in elevation,
Lewiston
, which correspondingly sees little snow. Hot summer days are tempered by the low relative humidity and cooler evenings during summer months since, for most of the state, the highest
diurnal
difference in temperature is often in the summer.
40
Winters can be cold, although extended periods of bitter cold weather below zero are unusual. Idaho's all-time highest temperature of 118 °F (48 °C) was recorded at
Orofino
on July 28, 1934; the all-time lowest temperature of −60 °F (−51 °C) was recorded at
Island Park Dam
on January 18, 1943.
Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Idaho cities. (°F)
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Boise
38/24
45/27
55/33
62/38
72/46
81/53
91/59
90/59
79/50
65/40
48/31
38/23
Lewiston
42/30
47/32
55/36
62/41
72/48
79/54
91/61
90/60
80/52
63/42
49/35
41/30
Pocatello
33/16
38/19
49/27
59/33
68/40
78/46
88/52
88/51
76/42
62/33
45/24
33/16
Orofino
38/25
46/28
55/32
64/38
72/44
80/50
89/54
90/53
79/45
63/36
46/31
37/26
41
Lakes and rivers
edit
See also:
List of rivers of Idaho
Lake Coeur d'Alene
in North Idaho
Redfish Lake
in central Idaho
Priest River
winding through Whitetail Butte
Clark Fork River
Alturas Lake
Bear River
Bear Lake (Idaho–Utah)
Boise River
Clearwater River
Hayden Lake
Henry's Lake
Kootenai River
Lake Cascade
Lake Cleveland
Lake Coeur d'Alene
Lake Lowell
Lake Walcott
Pend Oreille
- Largest in Idaho
Little Redfish Lake
Lucky Peak Lake
Moyie River
North Fork Clearwater River
Pack River
Payette Lake
, (McCall)
Pettit Lake
Priest Lake
Perkins Lake
Portneuf River
Redfish Lake
Salmon River
Sawtooth Lake
Snake River
- Longest
Stanley Lake
St. Joe River
Warm Lake
Protected areas
edit
See also:
National Parks in Idaho
As of 2018:
42
National parks, reserves, monuments and historic sites
edit
Salmon-Challis National Forest
California National Historic Trail
City of Rocks National Reserve
Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve
Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail
Minidoka National Historic Site
Nez Perce National Historical Park
Oregon National Historic Trail
Yellowstone National Park
Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail
National recreation areas
edit
Hells Canyon National Recreation Area
Sawtooth National Recreation Area
National wildlife refuges and Wilderness Areas
edit
Bear Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Camas National Wildlife Refuge
Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge
Frank Church—River of No Return Wilderness Area
Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Kootenai National Wildlife Refuge
Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge
National conservation areas
edit
Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area
Bear Lake
viewed from
Bear Lake State Park
State parks
edit
Bruneau Dunes State Park
See also:
List of Idaho state parks
Bear Lake State Park
Bruneau Dunes State Park
Castle Rocks State Park
City of Rocks National Reserve
Coeur d'Alene Parkway State Park
Dworshak State Park
Eagle Island State Park
Farragut State Park
Harriman State Park
Hells Gate State Park
Henrys Lake State Park
Heyburn State Park
Lake Cascade State Park
Lake Walcott State Park
Land of the Yankee Fork State Park
Lucky Peak State Park
Massacre Rocks State Park
McCroskey State Park
Old Mission State Park
Ponderosa State Park
Priest Lake State Park
Round Lake State Park
Thousand Springs State Park
Three Island Crossing State Park
Trail of the Coeur d'Alenes
Winchester Lake State Park
Demographics
edit
Population
edit
Idaho population density map
Historical population
Census
Pop.
Note
%±
1870
14,999
1880
32,610
117.4%
1890
88,548
171.5%
1900
161,772
82.7%
1910
325,594
101.3%
1920
431,866
32.6%
1930
445,032
3.0%
1940
524,873
17.9%
1950
588,637
12.1%
1960
667,191
13.3%
1970
712,567
6.8%
1980
943,935
32.5%
1990
1,006,749
6.7%
2000
1,293,953
28.5%
2010
1,567,582
21.1%
2020
1,839,106
17.3%
2025 (est.)
2,029,733
10.4%
Source: 1910–2020
43
2024
44
Idaho
population pyramid
The
United States Census Bureau
determined Idaho's population was 1,900,923 on July 1, 2021, a 21% increase since the
2010 US census
45
Idaho had an estimated population of 1,754,208 in 2018, an increase of 37,265 from the prior year and an increase of 186,626 (11.91%) since 2010. This included a natural increase since the last census of 58,884 (111,131 births minus 52,247 deaths) and an increase due to net
migration
of 75,795 people into the state. There are large numbers of Americans of English and German ancestry in Idaho.
Immigration
from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 14,522 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 61,273 people.
According to the American Immigration Council, in 2018, the top countries of origin for Idaho's immigrants were Mexico, Canada, the Philippines, China, and Germany.
46
Idaho's population increased by 17.3% from 2010 to 2020, the second fastest rate of growth of any state that decade.
47
Nampa, about 20 miles (30 km) west of downtown Boise, became the state's second-largest city in the late 1990s, passing Pocatello and Idaho Falls. Nampa's population was under 29,000 in 1990 and grew to over 81,000 by 2010. Located between Nampa and Boise, Meridian also experienced high growth, from fewer than 10,000 residents in 1990 to more than 75,000 in 2010, and is now Idaho's third-largest city. Growth of 5% or more over the same period has also been observed in
Caldwell
Coeur d'Alene
Post Falls
, and Twin Falls.
48
From 1990 to 2010, Idaho's population increased by over 560,000 (55%). The
Boise metropolitan area
(officially known as the Boise City-Nampa, ID, Metropolitan Statistical Area) is Idaho's largest. Other metropolitan areas, in order of size, are
Coeur d'Alene
Idaho Falls
Pocatello
and
Lewiston
49
According to
HUD
's 2022
Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress
, there were an estimated 1,998
homeless
people in Idaho.
50
51
Idaho – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity
NH = Non-Hispanic
Pop 2000
52
Pop 2010
53
Pop 2020
54
% 2000
% 2010
% 2020
White
alone (NH)
1,139,291
1,316,243
1,450,523
88.05%
83.97%
78.87%
Black or African American
alone (NH)
4,889
8,875
14,785
0.38%
0.57%
0.80%
Native American
or
Alaska Native
alone (NH)
15,789
17,556
18,903
1.22%
1.12%
1.03%
Asian
alone (NH)
11,641
18,529
26,036
0.90%
1.18%
1.42%
Pacific Islander
alone (NH)
1,200
2,153
3,401
0.09%
0.14%
0.18%
Other race
alone (NH)
1,192
1,539
8,243
0.09%
0.10%
0.45%
Mixed race or Multiracial
(NH)
18,261
26,786
77,808
1.41%
1.71%
4.23%
Hispanic or Latino
(any race)
101,690
175,901
239,407
7.86%
11.22%
13.02%
Total
1,293,953
1,567,582
1,839,106
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
Ethnic origins in Idaho
Idaho historical racial composition
Racial composition
1970
55
1990
55
2000
56
2010
57
2020
58
White or European American
98.1%
94.4%
90.1%
89.1%
82.1%
Indigenous
0.9%
1.4%
1.4%
1.4%
1.4%
Asian
0.5%
0.9%
0.9%
1.2%
1.5%
Black
0.3%
0.3%
0.4%
0.6%
0.9%
Native Hawaiian
and
other Pacific Islander
0.1%
0.1%
0.2%
Other race
0.2%
3.0%
4.2%
5.1%
5.6%
Two or more races
2.0%
2.5%
8.3%
There are large numbers of Americans of German and English ancestry in Idaho.
According to the 2017
American Community Survey
, 12.2% of Idaho's population was of
Hispanic or Latino
origin of any race:
Mexican
(10.6%),
Puerto Rican
(0.2%),
Cuban
(0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.3%).
The five largest ancestry groups were:
German
(17.5%),
(16.4%),
Irish
(9.3%),
American
(8.1%), and
Scottish
(3.2%).
59
new archival link needed
The majority of Idaho's population is of European descent. Most of Idaho's white residents trace their ancestry to the United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland, France, Italy, or Poland. There are also small numbers of Native Americans, Asians, and African Americans in the state.
60
In 2018, the top countries of origin for Idaho's immigrants were
Mexico
Canada
, the
Philippines
China
, and
Germany
46
Native American tribes
edit
Largest Non-Hispanic Native American ancestry by county and numbers of people reporting "Native American Alone"
Historically Idaho has been inhabited by several Native American tribes, namely the Nez Perce, the Skitswish (Coeur d'Alene), the Kootenai, northern Paiute (especially their major subdivision known as the Bannock), western and northern Shoshone, the Salish (Flathead), the Palouse and the Kalispel.
61
Nowadays there are five federally recognized Native American tribes in the state. These tribes include the
Shoshone-Bannock
, the
Shoshone-Paiute
, the
Coeur d’Alene
, the
Kootenai
, and the
Nez Perce
62
Birth data
edit
Map of counties in Idaho by racial plurality, per the 2020 census
Legend
Non-Hispanic White
50–60%
60–70%
70–80%
80–90%
90%+
Note: Births in the table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.
Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race
2013
63
2014
64
2015
65
2016
66
2017
67
2018
68
2019
69
2020
70
2021
71
2022
72
2023
73
White
17,951 (80.2%)
18,188 (79.5%)
18,087 (79.2%)
17,543 (78.0%)
17,151 (77.3%)
16,574 (77.4%)
16,959 (76.9%)
16,463 (76.4%)
17,039 (76.0%)
16,894 (75.4%)
16,649 (74.3%)
Asian
491 (2.2%)
501 (2.2%)
516 (2.3%)
363 (1.6%)
366 (1.7%)
348 (1.6%)
350 (1.6%)
327 (1.5%)
380 (1.7%)
378 (1.7%)
398 (1.8%)
Black
225 (1.0%)
250 (1.1%)
287 (1.2%)
217 (1.0%)
243 (1.1%)
233 (1.1%)
261 (1.2%)
265 (1.2%)
271 (1.2%)
258 (1.2%)
291 (1.3%)
American Indian
421 (1.9%)
429 (1.9%)
406 (1.8%)
261 (1.2%)
337 (1.5%)
285 (1.3%)
291 (1.3%)
206 (0.9%)
232 (1.0%)
194 (0.9%)
174 (0.8%)
Hispanic
(any race)
3,422
(15.3%)
3,651
(16.0%)
3,645
(16.0%)
3,614
(16.1%)
3,598
(16.2%)
3,549
(16.6%)
3,702
(16.8%)
3,687
(17.1%)
3,887
(17.3%)
4,002
(17.9%)
4,265
(19.0%)
Total
22,383
(100%)
22,876
(100%)
22,827
(100%)
22,482
(100%)
22,181
(100%)
21,403
(100%)
22,063
(100%)
21,533
(100%)
22,427
(100%)
22,391
(100%)
22,397
(100%)
Since 2016, data for births of
White Hispanic
origin have not been collected but are included in one
Hispanic
group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Religion
edit
The
Idaho Falls Idaho Temple
of
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
, 2006
Religious self-identification, per
Public Religion Research Institute
's 2022
American Values Survey
74
Protestantism
(37.0%)
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
(24.0%)
Catholicism
(9.00%)
Jehovah's Witness
(2.00%)
Unaffiliated
(26.0%)
New Age
(3.00%)
According to the
Pew Research Center
on Religion & Public Life, the self-identified religious affiliations of Idahoans over the age of 18 in 2008 and 2014 were:
Denomination
2008
75
2014
76
77
Christian, including:
81%
67%
Evangelical Protestant
22%
21%
Mainline Protestant
16%
16%
Catholic
18%
10%
Eastern Orthodox
< 0.5%
1%
Historically Black Protestant
< 0.5%
< 1%
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
23%
19%
* Other
Mormon
churches
n/d
1%
Jehovah's Witnesses
1%
< 1%
* Other Christian
< 0.5%
< 1%
Unaffiliated, including:
18%
27%
* Nothing in particular
n/d
22%
Agnostic
n/d
3%
Atheist
n/d
2%
Non-Christian faiths, including:
n/d
4%
Muslim
< 0.5%
1%
Jewish
< 0.5%
< 1%
Buddhist
< 0.5%
< 1%
Hindu
< 0.5%
< 1%
* Other world religions
< 0.5%
< 1%
* Other faiths (e.g.,
New Age
beliefs,
Native American religion
, etc.)
n/d
2%
Don't know/refused
< 0.5%
1%
Elevation adjusted to
North American Vertical Datum of 1988
Figure for all adherents of
Mormonism
; 2008 survey did not distinguish LDS from other Mormons
According to the
Association of Religion Data Archives
, the largest denominations by number of members in 2010 were
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
with 409,265; the
Catholic Church
with 123,400; non-denominational Protestants with 62,637; and the
Assemblies of God
with 22,183.
78
In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives revealed Mormons remained the largest with 462,069, followed by Catholics (203,790), and non-denominational Protestants (98,996).
79
In 2022, the
Public Religion Research Institute
's
American Values Survey
estimated that 72% of the population was Christian, 26% were religiously unaffiliated, and 3% were New Agers. Of its Christian population, 37% were Protestant, 24% Mormon, 9% Catholic, and 2%
Jehovah's Witnesses
Language
edit
See also:
Native American languages of Idaho
English is the state's predominant language. Minority languages include
Spanish
80
and various
Native American languages
Economy
edit
See also:
Economy of Idaho
and
Idaho locations by per capita income
This section needs to be
updated
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
May 2025
The
gross state product
(state
GDP
) for Idaho was $128.1 billion in 2024,
81
and the state's
per capita income
that year was $61,836.
82
Idaho has the 46th highest
GDP per capita
in the United States of America.
83
As of 2016, Idaho's total employment was 562,282, and the total employer establishments were 45,826.
84
In 2025,
small businesses
made up 99.2% and employed 56.0% of the state's work force.
85
As of May 2025
[update]
, the state's unemployment rate was 3.6%.
86
Idaho is the top potato producing state in the United States and almost one-third of the nation's potatoes are grown in the
Snake River Plain
, a belt of low-lying land that extends across southern Idaho.
87
Important industries in Idaho are food processing, lumber and wood products, machinery, chemical products, paper products, electronics manufacturing, silver and other mining, and tourism. The world's largest factory for barrel cheese, the raw product for
processed cheese
, is in
Gooding, Idaho
. It has a capacity of 120,000 metric tons per year of barrel cheese and belongs to the
Glanbia
group.
88
As Idaho neared statehood, mining and other extractive industries played a significant role in its economy. Although the state's reliance on mining has diminished over time, Idaho remains renowned as "The Gem State" due to its production of seventy-two varieties of precious and semi-precious stones. Idaho is a leading national producer of potatoes, trout, Austrian winter peas, and lentils. The state's primary industries include manufacturing, agriculture, food processing, timber, and mining. Tourism is another way that Idaho capitalizes on its natural resources. The same tracts of wilderness that attracted
Ernest Hemingway
to the region in the early 1960s, continue to attract outdoor enthusiasts with camping, hunting, fishing, as well as whitewater kayaking and rafting, and skiing.
89
Idaho introduced a
state gambling lottery
in 1989, which has contributed over $1.2 billion to
public schools
infrastructure
, and state owned buildings as of July, 2025.
90
American Falls Dam
Wheat harvest on the
Palouse
Taxation
edit
Tax is collected by the
Idaho State Tax Commission
91
The state personal
income tax
is a flat 5.8%. Idahoans may apply for state
tax credits
for taxes paid to other states, as well as for donations to Idaho state educational entities and some nonprofit youth and rehabilitation facilities.
citation needed
The state
sales tax
is 6% with a very limited, selective local option up to 6.5%. Sales tax applies to the sale, rental or lease of tangible personal property and some services. Food is taxed, but
prescription drugs
are not. Hotel,
motel
, and
campground
accommodations are taxed at a higher rate (7% to 11%). Some jurisdictions impose local option sales tax.
92
The sales tax was introduced at 3% in 1965, easily approved by voters,
93
where it remained at 3% until 1983.
94
Energy
edit
See also:
List of power stations in Idaho
Idaho has a regulated electricity market, with the
Idaho Public Utilities Commission
regulating the three major utilities of
Avista Utilities
Idaho Power
, and
Rocky Mountain Power
95
Idaho consumes almost four times more energy than it produces. In 2022, renewable energy sources accounted for 75% of the total electricity generated in the state, the fourth-highest share of renewable electricity for any state.
96
In 2022, half of Idaho's utility-scale (1 megawatt or larger) electricity generating capacity is at hydroelectric power plants, 25% from natural gas, 17% of the state's total in-state electricity net generation came from wind facilities, 4% from solar and 1% from geothermal.
97
Washington State provides most of the natural gas used in Idaho through one of the two major pipeline systems supplying the state.
citation needed
Idaho has an upper-boundary estimate of development potential to generate 44,320 GWh/year from 18,076 MW of wind power, and 7,467,000 GWh/year from
solar power
using 2,061,000 MW of photovoltaics (PV), including 3,224 MW of rooftop photovoltaics, and 1,267,000 MW of
concentrated solar power
98
Idaho had 973 MW of installed wind power as of 2020.
99
Transportation
edit
The
Idaho Transportation Department
is the
government agency
responsible for Idaho's transportation infrastructure, including
operations and maintenance
, as well as planning for future needs. The agency is also responsible for overseeing the disbursement of
federal
, state, and
grant
funding
for the transportation programs of the state.
100
Highways
edit
Main article:
List of state highways in Idaho
I-15
shield
US-95 shield
Major federal aid highways in Idaho:
North/South
US 89
US 91
US 93
US 95
West/East
US 2
US 12
US 20
US 26
US 30
Interstates
I-15
I-84
I-86
I-90
I-184
Airports
edit
Major airports include the
Boise Airport
which serves the southwest region of Idaho and the
Spokane International Airport
(in
Spokane, Washington
) which serves northern Idaho. Other airports with scheduled service are the
Pullman-Moscow Regional Airport
serving the
Palouse
; the
Lewiston-Nez Perce County Airport
, serving the Lewis-Clark Valley and
north central
and west central Idaho; The
Magic Valley Regional Airport
in Twin Falls;
Friedman Memorial Airport
in Hailey; the
Idaho Falls Regional Airport
; and the
Pocatello Regional Airport
101
Railroads
edit
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does not
cite
any
sources
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improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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Idaho is served by three transcontinental railroads. The
Burlington Northern Santa Fe
(BNSF) connects the
Idaho Panhandle
with
Seattle
Portland
, and
Spokane
to the west, and
Minneapolis
and Chicago to the east. The
BNSF
travels through
Kootenai
Bonner
, and
Boundary
counties. The
Union Pacific Railroad
crosses North Idaho, entering from Canada through
Boundary
and
Bonner
, and proceeding to Spokane.
Canadian Pacific Railway
uses
Union Pacific Railroad
tracks in North Idaho, carrying products from
Alberta
to
Spokane
and
Portland, Oregon
Amtrak
's Empire Builder crosses northern Idaho, with its only stop being in
Sandpoint
Montana Rail Link
also operates between
Billings, Montana
, and
Sandpoint, Idaho
The
Union Pacific Railroad
also crosses southern Idaho traveling between Portland, Oregon, Green River,
Wyoming
, and
Ogden, Utah
, and serves
Boise
Nampa
Twin Falls
, and Pocatello.
Ports
edit
The Port of Lewiston is the farthest inland Pacific port on the west coast. A series of dams and locks on the Snake River and Columbia River facilitate barge travel from Lewiston to Portland, where goods are loaded on ocean-going vessels.
102
Law and government
edit
The
Idaho State Capitol
in
Boise
State constitution
edit
See also:
Idaho Constitutional Convention
Logo for the State of Idaho.
The Constitution of Idaho is roughly modeled after the national Constitution, with several additions. The constitution defines the form and functions of the state government, and may be amended through
plebiscite
. The state constitution presently requires the state government to maintain a
balanced budget
103
Idaho Code and Statutes
edit
All of Idaho's state laws are contained in the Idaho Code and Statutes. The code is amended through the legislature with the governor's approval. Idaho still operates under its original (1889) state constitution.
103
Idaho has one of the
strictest abortion laws in the nation
104
In April 2023, Idaho became the first state to restrict interstate travel for abortion services.
105
106
Nearly all abortions are banned and private citizens can sue abortion providers. The Idaho Supreme Court has ruled there is no constitutional right to abortion. A federal judge ruled in 2022 that doctors cannot be punished for performing an abortion to protect a patient's health.
107
The state abortion laws have led to an outmigration of physicians who specialize in maternal/fetal care.
108
State government
edit
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does not
cite
any
sources
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improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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The constitution of Idaho provides for three branches of government: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Idaho has a
bicameral
legislature, elected from 35 legislative districts, each represented by one senator and two representatives.
Since 1946, statewide elected constitutional officers have been elected to four-year terms. They include:
Governor
Lieutenant Governor
Secretary of State
Idaho state controller
(Auditor before 1994), Treasurer,
Attorney General
, and Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Last contested in 1966, the office of Inspector of Mines was originally an elected constitutional position. Afterward, it was an appointed position and ultimately done away with entirely in 1974.
Idaho's government has an
alcohol monopoly
; the
Idaho State Liquor Division
Executive branch
edit
Further information:
List of Governors of Idaho
Lieutenant Governor of Idaho
, and
Secretary of State of Idaho
The governor of Idaho serves a four-year term and is elected during what is nationally referred to as midterm elections. As such, the governor is not elected in the same election year as the president of the United States. The current governor is
Republican
Brad Little
, who was first elected in 2018 and re-elected in 2022. Idaho is one of 13 states that has no term limits for its governor.
109
Legislative branch
edit
Main article:
Idaho Legislature
Chamber of the House of Representatives in 2018
Idaho's
legislature
is part-time. Because of this, Idaho's legislators are considered "citizen legislators", meaning their position as a legislator is not their main occupation. However, the session may be extended if necessary, and often is.
Terms for both the
Senate
and
House of Representatives
are two years. Legislative elections occur every even-numbered year.
Both of Idaho's state legislative chambers have been continuously controlled by Republicans since 1960. However, Democratic legislators are routinely elected from Boise, Pocatello,
Blaine County
, and the northern Panhandle.
Judicial branch
edit
Main article:
Courts of Idaho
The highest court in Idaho is the
Idaho Supreme Court
. There is also an intermediate
appellate court
, the
Idaho Court of Appeals
, which hears cases assigned to it from the Supreme Court. The state's District Courts serve seven judicial districts.
110
Politics
edit
See also:
Political party strength in Idaho
and
United States presidential elections in Idaho
This section
needs additional citations for
verification
Please help
improve this article
by
adding citations to reliable sources
in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
November 2020
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Party registration by Idaho county (January 2023):
Republican >= 40%
Republican >= 50%
Republican >= 60%
Republican >= 70%
Republican >= 80%
Unaffiliated >= 40%
Voter Registration Totals as of October 1, 2025:
111
Party
Number of Voters
Percentage
Republican
626,417
61.71%
Unaffiliated
254,542
25.07%
Democratic
119,759
11.79%
Libertarian
10,262
1.01%
Constitution
4,114
0.40%
Total
1,015,094
100.00%
After the
Civil War
, many Midwestern and Southern
Democrats
moved to the
Idaho Territory
. As a result, the early territorial legislatures were solidly controlled by Democrats. In contrast, most of the territorial governors were appointed by
Republican
presidents and were Republicans. This led to sometimes-bitter clashes between the two parties, including a range war with the Democrats backing the sheepherders and the Republicans backing the cattlemen, which ended in the
"Diamondfield" Jack Davis
murder trial. In the 1880s, Republicans gained prominence in local politics.
In 1864, Clinton DeWitt Smith removed the territorial seal and the state constitution from a locked safe and took them to Boise. This effectively moved the capital from where they were stored (
Lewiston, Idaho
) to the current capital, Boise.
112
Since Idaho's statehood, the Republican Party has typically been the dominant party in the state. At one time, Idaho had two Democratic parties, one being the mainstream and the other called the Anti-Mormon Democrats, lasting into the early 20th century. In the 1890s and early 1900s, the
Populist Party
enjoyed prominence, while the Democratic Party maintained a brief dominance in the 1930s during the
Great Depression
. Since World War
II, most statewide-elected officials have been Republicans, though the Democrats did hold the majority in the House (by one seat) in 1958 and the governorship from 1971 to 1995.
Idaho's congressional delegation has also been generally Republican since statehood. Several Idaho Democrats have had electoral success in the
U.S. House of Representatives
over the years, but the
Senate
delegation has been a Republican stronghold for decades. Several Idaho Republicans, including current Senators
Mike Crapo
and
Jim Risch
, have won reelection to the Senate, but only
Frank Church
has won reelection as a Democrat. Church's
1974
victory was the last win for his party for either Senate seat, and
Walt Minnick
's 2008 victory in the
1st congressional district
was the last Democratic win in any congressional race.
In modern times, Idaho has been a reliably Republican state in presidential politics. It has not supported a Democrat for
president
since
1964
. Even in that election,
Lyndon B. Johnson
defeated
Barry Goldwater
in the state by fewer than two percentage points, compared to a landslide nationally. In the
2004 United States presidential election
, Republican
George W. Bush
carried Idaho by a margin of 38 percentage points and with 68.4% of the vote, winning in 43 of 44 counties. Only
Blaine County
, which contains the
Sun Valley
ski resort, supported
John Kerry
, who owns a home in the area. In
2008
Barack Obama
's 36.1 percent
113
showing was the best for a Democratic presidential candidate in Idaho since
1976
. However, Republican margins were narrower in
1992
and
1976
In the 2006 elections, Republicans, led by gubernatorial candidate
Butch Otter
, won all the state's constitutional offices and retained both of the state's seats in the House. However, Democrats picked up several seats in the Idaho Legislature, notably in the Boise area.
114
Idaho retains the
death penalty
. Pending the outcome of a legal challenge on a bill passed on March 20, 2023, authorized methods of execution include the
firing squad
115
Abortion
is severely restricted in Idaho.
116
Education
edit
This section
needs additional citations for
verification
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improve this article
by
adding citations to reliable sources
in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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K–12
edit
See also:
List of school districts in Idaho
List of high schools in Idaho
, and
List of colleges and universities in Idaho
As of January 2020, the State of Idaho contains 105
school districts
117
and 62
charter schools
118
The school districts range in enrollment from two to 39,507 students.
119
Idaho school districts are governed by elected school boards, which are elected in November of odd-numbered years,
120
except for the
Boise School District
, whose elections are held in September.
121
Colleges and universities
edit
The Jacob Spori Building at
Brigham Young University-Idaho
in Rexburg
Idaho State University
in
Pocatello
University of Idaho
Arboretum
in
Moscow
The Idaho State Board of Education oversees three comprehensive universities.
122
The
University of Idaho
in
Moscow
was the first university in the state (founded in 1889). It opened its doors in 1892 and is the
land-grant institution
and primary research university of the state.
Idaho State University
in Pocatello opened in 1901 as the Academy of Idaho, attained four-year status in 1947 and university status in 1963.
Boise State University
is the most recent school to attain university status in Idaho. The school opened in 1932 as Boise Junior College and became Boise State University in 1974.
Lewis-Clark State College
in
Lewiston
is the only public, non-university four-year college in Idaho. It opened as a
normal school
in 1893.
123
Idaho has four regional community colleges:
North Idaho College
in
Coeur d'Alene
College of Southern Idaho
in
Twin Falls
College of Western Idaho
in
Nampa
, which opened in 2009,
College of Eastern Idaho
in
Idaho Falls
, which transitioned from a
technical college
in 2017.
Private institutions in Idaho are
Boise Bible College
, affiliated with congregations of the
Christian churches and churches of Christ
Brigham Young University-Idaho
in
Rexburg
, which is affiliated with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a
sister college
to
Brigham Young University
; The
College of Idaho
in
Caldwell
, which still maintains a loose affiliation with the Presbyterian Church
specify
Northwest Nazarene University
in
Nampa
; and
New Saint Andrews College
in
Moscow
, of
Reformed Christian
theological background.
McCall College
is a non-affiliated two-year private college in
McCall
that was founded in 2011 and later opened in 2013.
Boise Bible College
Boise State University
Brigham Young University-Idaho
(formerly Ricks College)
College of Idaho
(formerly Albertson College of Idaho)
College of Southern Idaho
College of Western Idaho
College of Eastern Idaho
Idaho State University
Lewis-Clark State College
McCall College
New Saint Andrews College
North Idaho College
Northwest Nazarene University
University of Idaho
Health
edit
Ban on COVID-19 vaccines
edit
In October 2024, a health department in Idaho voted 4–3 to stop providing
COVID-19 vaccines
to residents in six counties. Opposite mainstream healthcare providers' and epidemiologists' pleas against the decision were more than 290 public comments, many of which called for an end to vaccine mandates or taxpayer funding of the vaccines, neither of which was happening in the district.
124
Sports
edit
This section
needs additional citations for
verification
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improve this article
by
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in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Central Idaho is home to one of North America's oldest
ski resorts
Sun Valley
, where the world's first
chairlift
was installed in 1936.
125
Other noted outdoor sites include
Hells Canyon
, the
Salmon River
, and its embarkation point of
Riggins
Club
Sport
League
Boise Hawks
Baseball
Pioneer League
Boise State Broncos
NCAA
Div I FBS
MWC
Idaho Vandals
NCAA
Div I FCS
Big Sky
Idaho State Bengals
NCAA
Div I FCS
Big Sky
Idaho Falls Chukars
Baseball
Pioneer League
Idaho Steelheads
Ice hockey
ECHL
Idaho Horsemen
Indoor football
National Arena League
Idaho Falls Spud Kings
Ice hockey
USPHL
Athletic Club Boise
Soccer
USL League 1
The
Boise Open
professional golf tournament has been played at
Hillcrest Country Club
since
1990
as part of the
Korn Ferry Tour
. The Open has been part of the
Korn Ferry Tour Finals
since
2016
High school sports are overseen by the
Idaho High School Activities Association
(IHSAA).
In 2016,
Meridian's
Michael Slagowski ran
800 meters
in 1:48.70, one of the 35 fastest times ever run by a high school boy in the United States.
126
In popular culture
edit
The 1980 movie
Bronco Billy
was filmed in
Boise
for two months.
93
Pale Rider
(1985) was primarily filmed in the
Boulder Mountains
and the
Sawtooth National Recreation Area
in central Idaho, just north of
Sun Valley
93
River Phoenix
and
Keanu Reeves
starred in the 1991 movie
My Own Private Idaho
, portions of which take place in Idaho.
127
128
The 1997 film
Dante's Peak
was shot on location in
Wallace
129
The 2004
cult film
Napoleon Dynamite
takes place in
Preston
; the film's director,
Jared Hess
, attended
Preston High School
130
The 2013
coming-of-age film
The To Do List
is set in Boise, the hometown of its director
Maggie Carey
131
See also
edit
Idaho portal
Pacific Northwest portal
History of Chinese Americans in Idaho
Index of Idaho-related articles
Outline of Idaho
USS
Idaho
, five ships
Explanatory notes
edit
References
edit
"United States Census Quick Facts Idaho"
. Retrieved
January 9,
2025
"Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
January 12,
2025
"Idaho Statutes (73-121)"
. State of Idaho. 2017. Archived from
the original
on December 8, 2017
. Retrieved
December 7,
2017
"Facts & Symbols"
The Official Website of the State of Idaho
. Access Idaho
. Retrieved
May 8,
2023
[1]
United States Census Bureau—Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010
"Beauty Reset"
NGS Data Sheet
National Geodetic Survey
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
United States Department of Commerce
. Retrieved
October 20,
2011
"Elevations and Distances in the United States"
United States Geological Survey
. 2001. Archived from
the original
on October 15, 2011
. Retrieved
October 21,
2011
"Western States Data Public Land Acreage"
wildlandfire.com
. Archived on July 27, 2011. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
Wells, Merle W.
"Origins of the Name "Idaho" and How Idaho Became a Territory in 1863"
(PDF)
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on April 6, 2019
. Retrieved
January 16,
2019
"Idaho"
Encarta
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[2]
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Further reading
edit
Schwantes, Carlos A.
In mountain shadows: A history of Idaho
(U of Nebraska Press, 1991).
online
Schwantes, Carlos A.
The Pacific Northwest: an interpretive history
(U of Nebraska Press, 1996).
Sims, Robert C.; Hope A. Benedict (1992).
Idaho's Governors
. Boise, Idaho: College of Social Sciences and Public Affairs, Boise State University.
ISBN
0-932129-13-7
Stapilus, Randy.
Idaho Myths and Legends: The True Stories Behind History's Mysteries
(Rowman & Littlefield, 2020)
online
External links
edit
Idaho
at Wikipedia's
sister projects
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State of Idaho government
Idaho State Guide, from the Library of Congress
Energy Profile for Idaho
US
: DoE, archived from
the original
on November 17, 2010
, retrieved
December 1,
2018
Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation
"Idaho Newspapers",
US newspapers
, archived from
the original
on June 20, 2012
Idaho State Databases
, Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association, archived from
the original
(wiki)
on May 15, 2008
, retrieved
June 12,
2008
—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Idaho state agencies.
Idaho State Facts
dead link
—USDA
Log Cabins in America: The Finnish Experience
(teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan), National Park Service
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
The History of Idaho
, State government, archived from
the original
on May 9, 2008
"States",
Quick facts
, US: Census Bureau, archived from
the original
on June 11, 2012
Real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Idaho
, USGS, archived from
the original
on December 9, 2016
, retrieved
January 18,
2007
Visit Idaho
(official state tourism website)
Idaho population of 2019
Geographic data related to
Idaho
at
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45°N
115°W
 / 
45°N 115°W
 /
45; -115
 (
State of Idaho
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Idaho
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