Injiniyan kwamfuta - Wikipedia

Injiniyan kwamfuta - Wikipedia
Jump to content
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Samfuri:Infobox occupation
injiniya
kwamfuta
CE
CoE
CpE
, ko
CompE
) reshe ne na injiniya wanda ke da ƙwarewa wajen haɓaka kayan aikin kwamfuta da
sobtwe
lower-alpha 1
Ya haɗa fannoni da yawa na Injiniyan lantarki, injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ana iya kiran aikin injiniya na kwamfuta a matsayin
Injiniyan lantarki da Kwamfuta
ko
Kimiyya da Injiniya na Kwamfuta
a wasu jami'o'i.
Injiniyoyin kwamfuta suna buƙatar horo a cikin haɗin kayan aiki, ƙirar manhajan sobwe, da
Injiniyan sobtwe
. Zai iya kunshe da yankuna kamar electromagnetism, artificial intelligence (AI),
Robotics
" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Robotics">robotics, cibiyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta, gine-ginen kwamfuta da tsarin aiki. Injiniyoyin kwamfuta suna da hannu a fannoni da yawa na kayan aiki da sobtwe na lissafi, daga ƙirar microcontrollers, microprocessors, kwamfutocin mutum, da supercomputers, zuwa ƙirar da'ira. Wannan fagen injiniya ba wai kawai yana mai da hankali kan yadda Tsarin kwamfuta da kansu ke aiki ba ne kawai, har ma da yadda za a haɗa su cikin hoto mafi girma ta yadda za'a iya iya amfani dashi kuma ya amfanar.
Robotics yana daya daga cikin aikace-aikacen injiniyan kwamfuta.
Injiniyan kwamfuta yawanci suna hulɗa da yankuna ciki har da rubuce-rubuce sobtwe da firmware don microcontrollers da aka sakawa, tsara kwakwalwa VLSI,
na'urori masu auna sigina
, allon da aka haɗu da sigina, thermodynamics da tsarin sarrafawa. Injiniyoyin kwamfuta sun dace da binciken robotics, wato sakago wanda ya dogara sosai akan amfani da tsarin dijital don sarrafawa da saka idanu kan tsarin lantarki kamar motoci, sadarwa, da
na'urori masu auna sigina
A cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma da yawa, ana ba da damar Daliban injiniya kwamfuta su zaɓi wuraren zurfin karatu a cikin ƙarami da manyan shekarunsu saboda cikakken faɗin ilimin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙira da aikace-aikacen kwamfutoci ya wuce iyakar digiri na farko. Sauran cibiyoyin na iya bada buƙatar ɗaliban injiniya su kammala shekara ɗaya ko biyu na aikin
injiniya gaba ɗaya
kafin su ayyana aikin injiniya na kwamfuta a matsayin babban abin da suka fi mayar da hankali.
Wannan kwamfuta motherboard da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Kwamfuta ta mutum shine sakamakon kokarin injiniyan kwamfuta.
Tarihi
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Injin Bambanci, kwamfuta ta farko ta inji
ENIAC, kwamfutar lantarki ta farko
Injiniyan kwamfuta ya fara ne a shekar ta alif dari tara da talatinn da tara 1939 lokacin da John Vincent Atanasoff da Clifford Berry suka fara bunkasa kwamfutar lantarki ta farko a duniya ta hanyar kimiyyar
lissafi
, lissafi, da injiniyan lantarki. John Vincent Atanasoff ya taɓa zama malamin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a Jami'ar Jihar Iowa kuma Clifford Berry tsohon digiri ne a ƙarƙashin injiniyan lantarki da kimiyyar kimiyya. Tare, sun kirkiro kwamfutar Atanasoff-Berry, wanda aka fi sani da ABC wanda ya ɗauki shekaru biyar don kammalawa.
Yayinda aka rushe ABC na asali kuma aka watsar da shi a cikin shekarun alif dari tara da arba'in1940, an ba da haraji ga masu kirkiro; an yi kwatankwacin ABC a cikin shekaran alif dari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997, inda ya ɗauki ƙungiyar masu bincike da injiniyoyi shekaru huɗu da $ 350,000 don ginawa.
Kwamfuta ta zamani ta fito ne a cikin shekarun alif dari tara da saba'in 1970s, bayan nasarori da yawa a cikin fasahar semiconductor. Wadannan sun hada da
transistor
na farko da William Shockley, John Bardeen da Walter Brattain suka yi a Bell Labs a cikin shekara alif dari tara da arba'in da bakwai 1947,
10
a cikin shekarar alid dari tara da hamsin da biyar 1955, silicon dioxide surface passivation da Carl Frosch da Lincoln Derick suka yi, transistors na farko na silicon dioxide da Frosch and Derick a cikin shekarar alif dari tara da hamsin da bakwai 1957,
11
tsarin tsarin tsarin da Jean Hoerni, da aka haɗa da Robert Noyce a Fairchild Semiconductor a cikin chip Fairchild, da Mas Mas Mas MasatosHET da Stanley suka nuna a filin tasirin transistor (MOS) a cikin Ford, ko MOS)
12
Tarihin ilimin injiniyan kwamfuta
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Shirin digiri na farko na injiniyan kwamfuta a Amurka an kafa shi ne a shekarar alif dari tara da sabain da daya 1971 a Jami'ar Case Western Reserve da ke
Cleveland
Ohio
ABET="#mwt74" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-20","html":"
quot;name
quot;:
quot;templatestyles
quot;,
quot;attrs
quot;:{
quot;src
quot;:
quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css
quot;},
quot;body
quot;:{
quot;extsrc
quot;:
quot;
quot;},
quot;parts
quot;:[{
quot;template
quot;:{
quot;target
quot;:{
quot;wt
quot;:
quot;cite web
quot;,
quot;href
quot;:
quot;./Template:Cite_web
quot;},
quot;params
quot;:{
quot;title
quot;:{
quot;wt
quot;:
quot;History
quot;},
quot;url
quot;:{
quot;wt
quot;:
quot;https://engineering.case.edu/about/history
quot;},
quot;website
quot;:{
quot;wt
quot;:
quot;engineering.case.edu
quot;},
quot;date
quot;:{
quot;wt
quot;:
quot;January 5, 2017
quot;},
quot;publisher
quot;:{
quot;wt
quot;:
quot;Case School of Engineering
quot;}},
quot;i
quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAww\">&
nbsp;

\"History\"
engineering.case.edu
. Case School of Engineering. January 5, 2017.

"}}' id="cite_ref-20" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Computer_engineering#cite_note-20
Ya zuwa shekara dubu biyu da sha biyar 2015, akwai shirye-shiryen injiniyan kwamfuta 250 da aka amince da su a Amurka.
13
A Turai, hukumomi da yawa suna ba da izini ga makarantun injiniyan kwamfuta a matsayin wani ɓangare na cibiyar sadarwa ta EQANIE. Saboda karuwar buƙatun aiki ga injiniyoyi waɗanda zasu iya tsara kayan aiki,
software
, firmware, da sarrafa duk nau'ikan tsarin kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da su a masana'antu, wasu cibiyoyin sakandare a duniya suna ba da digiri na farko da ake kira injiniyan kwamfuta. Dukkanin shirye-shiryen injiniyan kwamfuta da na Injiniyan lantarki sun haɗa da ƙirar kewayon analog da dijital a cikin tsarin karatun su. Kamar yadda yake tare da mafi yawan fannonin injiniya, samun cikakken ilimin
lissafi
da kimiyya ya zama dole ga injiniyoyin kwamfuta.
Ilimi
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Ana kiran aikin injiniya na kwamfuta a matsayin kimiyyar kwamfuta da injiniya a wasu sanannu da shahararun jamio'i a duniya tun daga wa'incan lokutan. Yawancin ayyukan injiniyan kwamfuta na matakin shigarwa suna buƙatar aƙalla digiri na farko a cikin injiniyan kwamfutar, injiniyan lantarki ko kimiyyar kwamfuta. Yawanci dole ne mutum ya koyi jerin
lissafi
kamar
lissafi
, lissafin layi da daidaitattun bambance-bambance, tare da kimiyyar kwamfuta.
14
Digiri a cikin Injiniyan lantarki ko lantarki sun isa saboda kamanceceniyar filayen biyu. Saboda injiniyoyin kayan aiki suna aiki tare da tsarin software na kwamfuta, tushen tushe mai ƙarfi a cikin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta ya zama dole. A cewar BLS, "babban injiniyan kwamfuta yayi kama da injiniyan lantarki amma tare da wasu darussan kimiyyar kwamfuta da aka kara a cikin tsarin karatun".
15
Wasu manyan kamfanoni ko ayyuka na musamman suna buƙatar digiri na biyu.
Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci sosai ga injiniyoyin kwamfuta su ci gaba da sauri a cikin
fasahar zamani
. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa suna ci gaba da koyo a duk lokacin da suke aiki. Wannan na iya taimakawa, musamman idan ya zo ga koyon sabbin ƙwarewa ko inganta waɗanda ke akwai. Misali, yayin da farashin dangi na gyara kwari ke ƙaruwa yayin da yake cikin tsarin ci gaban software, ana iya samun adadi mai yawa wanda aka danganta shi da haɓaka da gwaji don lambar inganci da wuri-wuri a cikin tsari, musamman kafin a saki.
16
Ayyuka
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Mutumin da ke da sana'a a aikin injiniya na kwamfuta ana kiransa injiniyan kwamfuta.
Taken
Gabatarwa
Suffix
Abubuwan da ake bukata
Injiniyan kwamfuta
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
CpE
Ya sami digiri a fannin injiniyan kwamfuta
Cibiyar: Cibiyar Ilimi (kamar kwalejoji, jami'o'i)
Injiniyan kwamfuta mai ƙwarewa
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
CCpE
Ya wuce jarrabawar takardar shaidar a cikin injiniyan kwamfuta Cibiyar: Cibiyar masu zaman kansu (kamar kungiyoyin injiniyan kwamfutar da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu)
Cibiyar: Cibiyar masu zaman kansu (kamar kungiyoyin injiniyan kwamfuta da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu)
Injiniyan kwamfuta mai rijista
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
RCpE
Ya wuce jarrabawar lasisi a cikin aikin injiniya na kwamfuta
Cibiyar: Cibiyar Jama'a (kamar Hukumar Kula da Kasa)
Kwararren injiniyan kwamfuta
[Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9]
PCpE
Ya wuce jarrabawar kwararru a aikin injiniya na kwamfuta, ko kwarewar aiki
Cibiyar: Cibiyar Jama'a ko Masu zaman kansu
*yana iya bambanta a yankin da ƙasa.
Aikace-aikace da aiki
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Akwai manyan abubuwan da aka mayar da hankali a cikin injiniyan kwamfuta: kayan aiki da software.
Injiniyan kayan aikin kwamfuta
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Dangane da Amurka BLS, aikin hangen aiki ga injiniyoyin kayan aikin kwamfuta, haɓakar shekaru goma daga shekarabta dubu biyu da sha tara 2019 zuwa ta dubu biyu da ashirin da tara 2029 don injiniyan kayan aikin kwamfuta an kiyasta 2% da jimillar ayyuka 71,100. ("
Slower fiye da matsakaita
" a nasu kalmomin idan aka kwatanta da sauran sana'o'i)"
17
Wannan shi ne raguwa daga shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu 2014 zuwa 2024 BLS injiniya hardware kiyasin na 3% da jimillar 77,700 jobs; "
kuma ya ragu daga 7% na 2012 zuwa 2022 BLS kimanta kuma yana cikin 1% zuwa 902 BLS kimanta kuma yana cikin 002002 BLS kimanta.
17
A yau, kayan aikin kwamfuta sun ɗan yi daidai zuwa lantarki da injiniyan kwamfuta (ECE) kuma an raba shi zuwa sassa da yawa, mafi mahimmanci. ana shigar da tsarin ƙirar .
15
Injiniyan software na kwamfuta
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
A cewar Ofishin Labaran Ayyuka na Amurka (BLS), "an tsara injiniyoyin software na aikace-aikacen kwamfuta da injiniyoyin software ɗin tsarin kwamfuta su kasance daga cikin masu saurin girma fiye da matsakaicin ayyukan da ke girma". Ci gaban da ake tsammani na shekaru goma tun daga shekarar dubu biyu da sha hudu 2014 don injiniyan software na kwamfuta an kiyasta kashi goma sha bakwai kuma akwai jimlar ayyuka 1,114,000 a wannan shekarar.
18
Wannan ya sauka daga shekara ta dubu biyu da sha biyu 2012 zuwa ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 BLS kimantawa na 22% ga masu haɓaka software.
18
19
Kuma, ya kara sauka daga ƙididdigar BLS ta 30% zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020.
20
Bugu da kari, karuwar damuwa game da tsaro na yanar gizo ya kara da sanya aikin injiniya na software na kwamfuta sama da matsakaicin ƙaruwa ga dukkan fannoni. Koyaya, wasu ayyukan za a fitar da su a ƙasashen waje. Saboda wannan, ci gaban aiki ba zai kasance da sauri kamar yadda ya kasance a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ba, kamar yadda ayyukan da za su je ga injiniyoyin software na kwamfuta a Amurka za su je zuwa ga injiniyoyin kwamfuta a ƙasashe kamar Indiya.
21
Bugu da kari, hangen nesa na aikin BLS ga masu shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu 2014-24 yana da -8% (ƙetare, a cikin kalmomin su), sannan hangen nesa na aiki, shekara ta dubu biyu da da sha tara 2019-29 na -9% (Retare), sannan raguwar 10% don shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da daya 2021-2031 kuma yanzu raguwar 11% don waɗanda ke tsara kwamfutoci (watau tsarin da aka saka) waɗanda ba masu haɓaka aikace-aikacen kwamfuta ba.
21
22
23
24
Bugu da ƙari, mata a fannonin software suna raguwa a tsawon shekaru har ma da sauri fiye da sauran fannonin injiniya.
25
Yankunan musamman
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Akwai fannoni masu yawa na musamman a fagen injiniyan kwamfuta.
Tsarin mai sarrafawa
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Tsarin ƙirar Mai sarrafawa ya haɗa da zaɓar saitin umarni da wani tsarin kisa (misali VLIW ko RISC) kuma yana haifar da microarchitecture, wanda za'a iya bayyana shi a misali VHDL ko Verilog. Tsarin CPU ya kasu kashi biyu: datapaths (kamar ALU da bututun mai), sashin sarrafawa: dabaru wanda ke sarrafa datapathes, abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kamar fayilolin rajista, ɓoyewa, kewayon agogo kamar direbobi na agogo, PLLs, cibiyoyin rarraba agogo, kewayen mai karɓa, ɗakin karatu na ƙofar ƙira wanda ake amfani dashi don aiwatar da ma'anar.
Coding, cryptography, da kariya ta bayanai
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
na tushe da aka rubuta a cikin harshen shirye-shiryen C
Injiniyoyin kwamfuta suna aiki a cikin ƙididdiga, aikace-aikacen cryptography, da kariya ta bayanai don haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin don kare bayanai daban-daban, kamar hotuna da kiɗa na dijital, raguwa,
keta haƙƙin mallaka
da sauran nau'ikan lalatawa ta hanyar, alal misali, Alamar ruwa ta dijital.
26
Sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwa marasa waya
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Wadanda ke mai da hankali kan sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwar, ci gaban aiki a cikin tsarin sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwa, gyare-gyare da sarrafa kuskure, da ka'idar bayanai. Tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai saurin gudu, murkushe tsangwama da gyare-gyare, ƙira, da nazarin Tsarin jure kuskuren, da adanawa da watsawa duk wani ɓangare ne na wannan ƙwarewa.
26
Masu tarawa da tsarin aiki
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Windows 10, misali na tsarin aiki
Wannan ƙwarewar tana mai da hankali kan
masu tarawa
da tsarin aiki da ƙirar da ci gaba. Injiniyoyi a wannan fagen suna haɓaka sabbin tsare-tsare da aiki, dabarun nazarin shirye-shirye, da sabbin dabarun don tabbatar da inganci. Misalan aiki a wannan fagen sun haɗa da ci gaban algorithm na sauyawar lambar-lokaci da ci gaban sabon tsarin aiki.
26
Kimiyya da injiniya na kwamfuta
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Kimiyya da injiniya na lissafi na zamin. A cewar Cibiyar "Sloan Career Cornerstone", mutane da ke aiki a wannan yanki, "an yi amfani da hanyoyin lissafi don tabbatar da tsarawa da warware matsalolin lissafi masu rikitarwa a cikin injiniya da kimiyyar jiki da zamantakewa. Misalan sun haɗa da ƙirar jirgin sama, sarrafa plasma na siffofin nanometer a kan wafers na semiconductor, ƙirar da'irar "VLSI", tsarin gano radar, jigilar ion ta hanyar tashoshin halittu, da sauransu. "
26
Cibiyoyin sadarwa na kwamfuta, kwamfuta mai kwakwalwa, da tsarin rarraba
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
A cikin wannan ƙwarewa, injiniyoyi suna gina mahalli masu haɗin kai don lissafi, sadarwa, da samun damar bayanai. Misalan sun haɗa da cibiyoyin sadarwar mara waya na tashar, Gudanar da albarkatun daidaitawa a cikin tsarin daban-daban, da inganta ingancin sabis a cikin yanayin wayar hannu da katin ciran kudi wato da ake amfani da shi gun cire kudi a wajen banaki ATM sanna kuma a yau an kawo lokacin da akwai POS naurar da ake amfani dashi kun cire kudi a mafi saukin hanya. Wasu wasu misalai sun haɗa da aiki a kan Tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mara waya da tsarin waya mai sauri na Ethernet.
26
Tsarin kwamfuta: gine-gine, aiki tare, da dogaro
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Misali na CPU na kwamfuta
Injiniyoyi da ke aiki a akan tsarin kwamfuta suna aiki a kan ayyukan bincike waɗanda ke ba da dama amintacce, amintaccen tsarin kwamfuta mai inganci. Ayyuka irin su tsara masu sarrafawa don Multi-threading da aiki tare an haɗa su a cikin wannan fagen. Sauran misalai na aiki a wannan fagen sun haɗa da ci gaban sabbin ra'ayoyi, algorithms, da sauran kayan aikin da ke ƙara aiki ga tsarin kwamfuta.
26
Gine-gine na kwamfuta ya haɗa da ƙirar fasahar kwakwalwar kwamfuta da ake kira da "CPU", tsarin matsayi na cache, Ƙungiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, da daidaita nauyin kaya.
Ra'ayi na kwamfuta da robotics
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Misali na mutum-mutumi
A cikin wannan fannin na ƙwarewa, injiniyoyin kwamfuta suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka fasahar jin gani don jin yanayin, wakiltar muhalli, da sarrafa muhalli. Ana aiwatar da bayanan da aka tattara na uku don yin ayyuka daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da ingantaccen samfurin mutum da ake kira "Robot" mutum-mutumi, sadarwa ta hoto, da kuma haɗin mutum da kwamfuta, da kuma na'urori kamar kyamarori masu amfani na musamman tare da na'urorin gani masu amfani.
26
Tsarin da aka saka
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Misalan na'urorin da ke amfani da tsarin da aka saka
Mutanen da ke aiki a wannan yanki fasahar ƙira don haɓaka saurin da ake bukata kwamfuta yayi, amintacce, da aikin tsarin. Ana samun tsarin da aka saka a cikin na'urori da yawa daga ƙaramin rediyo na FM wanda keda saukin amfani da komwa domin jamaa su saurari shirin gidan redio zuwa jirgin dake zuwa sararin samaniya. A cewar Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Sloan Cornerstone, ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin tsarin da aka saka sun haɗa da "
motoci da kayan aiki na atomatik don gudanar da bincike da ceto, tsarin sufuri na atomatik, da daidaitawar mutum-robot don gyara kayan aiki a sararin samaniya.
26
Ya zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018 , ƙwarewar tsarin da aka sanya na kwamfuta sun haɗa da tsarin tsarin-a-chip, gine-ginen ƙididdigar gefen da Intanet na abubuwa.
Da'irori masu hadin kai, ƙirar VLSI, gwaji da CAD
gyara sashe
gyara masomin
Wannan ƙwarewar injiniyan kwamfuta tana buƙatar isasshen ilimin lantarki da tsarin yadda ake sarrafa lantarki. Injiniyoyi da ke aiki a wannan fanni suna aiki akan inganta saurin na'urar da samun amincewa, da ingancin makamashi na ƙarni na gaba da keɓaɓɓen ƙira (VLSI) da kuma microsystems. Misali na wannan ƙwarewa shine aikin da aka yi akan rage amfani da wutar lantarki na algorithms na VLSI da gine-gine.
26
Before the era of computers, C.E. could also mean "
Chartered
Engineer"; "inst. CE" would have meant "
Institution of Civil Engineers
".
Cite error:

tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding

tag was found
Association for Computing Machinery; IEEE Computer Society.
Missing
author1=
help
);
Missing or empty
title=
help
Association for Computing Machinery; IEEE Computer Society.
Missing
author1=
help
);
Missing or empty
title=
help
Trinity College Dublin.
"What is Computer System Engineering"
. Retrieved
April 21,
2006
"Computer engineers need not only to understand how computer systems themselves work but also how they integrate into the larger picture. Consider the car. A modern car contains many separate computer systems for controlling such things as the engine timing, the brakes, and the airbags. To be able to design and implement such a car, the computer engineer needs a broad theoretical understanding of all these various subsystems & how they interact.
"Changing Majors @ Clemson"
. Clemson University
. Retrieved
September 20,
2011
"Declaring a College of Engineering Major"
. University of Arkansas. Archived from
the original
on October 12, 2014
. Retrieved
September 20,
2011
"Degree Requirements"
. Carnegie Mellon University
. Retrieved
September 20,
2011
"Programas de Materias"
(in Sifaniyanci). Universidad Católica Argentina.
"John Vincent Atanasoff - the father of the computer"
www.columbia.edu
. Retrieved
2017-12-05
"Iowa State replica of first electronic digital computer going to Computer History Museum - News Service - Iowa State University"
www.news.iastate.edu
(in Turanci). Archived from
the original
on 2019-04-21
. Retrieved
2017-12-05
"1947: Invention of the Point-Contact Transistor"
The Silicon Engine
Computer History Museum
. Retrieved
9 October
2019
Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957).
"Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon"
Journal of the Electrochemical Society
(in Turanci).
104
(9): 547.
doi
10.1149/1.2428650
"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip"
Computer History Museum
. Retrieved
22 July
2019
"Find an ABET-Accredited Program | ABET"
main.abet.org
. Retrieved
2015-11-29
"Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science"
The University of Texas at Dallas
. January 8, 2024.
"Computer Hardware Engineers"
. Bureau of Labor Statistics. January 8, 2014
. Retrieved
July 20,
2012
"Feabhas_Infographic_FINAL"
(PDF)
feabhas
"Computer Hardware Engineers: Occupational Outlook Handbook"
. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
"Software Developers: Occupational Outlook Handbook"
. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
"Computer Software Engineer"
. Bureau of Labor Statistics. March 19, 2010. Archived from
the original
on July 26, 2013
. Retrieved
July 20,
2012
"Software Developers"
. Bureau of Labor Statistics. January 8, 2014
. Retrieved
July 21,
2012
"Computer Programmers: Occupational Outlook Handbook"
. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
"Computer Programmers
: Occupational Outlook Handbook:
: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
www.bls.gov
"Archive By Publication
: Beyond the Numbers: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
www.bls.gov
"The Soon-to-Be-Extinct Embedded Software Engineer"
designnews.com
. May 10, 2018.
"hp's Developer Portal
HP International Women's Week: Women in Computer Science dropping since 1980s"
developers.hp.com
"Computer Engineering Overview"
(PDF)
. Sloan Career Cornerstone Center. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on September 16, 2012
. Retrieved
July 20,
2012
Daga "
Rukunoni
CS1 errors: missing name
Pages with citations lacking titles
CS1 Sifaniyanci-language sources (es)
CS1 Turanci-language sources (en)
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Pages with reference errors
Injiniyan kwamfuta
Sabon sashe