Inuktitut - Wikipedia

Inuktitut - Wikipedia
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(Redirected from
Inuktitut language
Name of several Inuit languages spoken in Canada
"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut" redirects here. For Western Canadian Inuktitut, see
Inuvialuktun
Inuktitut
Eastern Canadian Inuktitut
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ
inuktitut
Native to
Canada
Region
Northwest Territories
Nunatsiavut
Newfoundland and Labrador
),
Nunavik
Quebec
),
Nunavut
Speakers
L1
: 38,000 (2021 census)
L1 +
L2
: 42,000 (2021 census)
Language family
Eskaleut
Eskimo
Inuit
Inuktut
Inuktitut
Early forms
Proto-Eskimo–Aleut
Proto-Eskimo
Proto-Inuit
Dialects
Qikiqtaaluk uannangani
(North Baffin)
Qikiqtaaluk nigiani
(South Baffin)
Nunavimmiutitut
(Quebec)
Inuttitut
(Labrador)
Inuktun
(Thule)
Writing system
Inuktitut syllabics
Inuktitut Braille
Latin
Official status
Official language in
Nunavut
Northwest Territories
Recognised minority
language in
Quebec
Nunavik
Newfoundland and Labrador
Nunatsiavut
Yukon
Inuvialuit Settlement Region
Regulated by
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
and various other local institutions.
Language codes
ISO 639-1
iu
Inuktitut
ISO 639-2
iku
Inuktitut
ISO 639-3
iku
– inclusive code Inuktitut
Individual codes:
ike
– Eastern Canadian Inuktitut
ikt
Inuinnaqtun
Glottolog
east2534
Eastern Canadian Inuktitut
ELP
Inuktitut
Linguasphere
60-ABB
Distribution of
Inuit languages
across the
Arctic
. East Inuktitut dialects are those coloured dark blue (on the south of
Baffin Island
), red, pink, and brown.
This article contains
IPA
phonetic symbols.
Without proper
rendering support
, you may see
question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of
Unicode
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
Help:IPA
Person
Inuk, ᐃᓄᒃ
Dual
Inuuk, ᐃᓅᒃ
People
Inuit
, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ
Language
Inuit languages
Inuit Sign Language
Country
Inuit Nunangat
, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ
This article contains
Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters
Without proper
rendering support
, you may see
question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of syllabics.
Inuktitut
ih-
NUUK
-tə-tuut
Inuktitut:
[inuktiˈtut]
syllabics
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ
note 1
), also known as
Eastern Canadian Inuktitut
, is one of the principal
Inuit languages
of Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the North American
tree line
, including parts of the provinces of
Newfoundland and Labrador
Quebec
, to some extent in northeastern
Manitoba
as well as the
Northwest Territories
and
Nunavut
. It is one of the aboriginal languages written with
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
It is recognized as an official language in Nunavut alongside
Inuinnaqtun
and both languages are known collectively as
Inuktut
. Further, it is recognized as one of eight official native tongues in the Northwest Territories.
It also has
legal recognition
in
Nunavik
—a part of Quebec—thanks in part to the
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
, and is recognized in the
Charter of the French Language
as the official language of instruction for Inuit school districts there. It also has some recognition in
Nunatsiavut
—the
Inuit
area in
Labrador
—following the ratification of its agreement with the
government of Canada
and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The
2016 Canadian census
reports that 70,540 individuals identify themselves as Inuit, of whom 37,570 self-reported Inuktitut as their mother tongue.
The term
Inuktitut
is also the name of a
macrolanguage
and, in that context, also includes
Inuvialuktun
, and thus nearly all Inuit dialects of Canada.
However,
Statistics Canada
lists all Inuit languages in the Canadian census as Inuktut.
History
edit
Inuktitut in the Canadian school system
edit
Before contact with Europeans, Inuit learned skills by example and participation. The Inuktitut language provided them with all the vocabulary required to describe traditional practices and natural features.
Up to this point, it was solely an
oral language
. However,
European colonialism
brought the schooling system to Canada. The missionaries of the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches were the first ones to deliver formal education to Inuit in schools. The teachers used the Inuktitut language for instruction and developed writing systems.
In 1928 the first
residential school for Inuit
opened, and English became the language of instruction. As the government's interests in the north increased, it started taking over the education of Inuit. After the end of World War II, English was seen as the language of communication in all domains. Officials expressed concerns about the difficulty for Inuit to find employment if they were not able to communicate in English. Inuit were supposed to use English at school, work, and even on the playground.
10
Inuit themselves viewed Inuktitut as the way to express their feelings and be linked to their identity, while English was a tool for making money.
In the 1960s, the European attitude towards the Inuktitut language started to change. Inuktitut was seen as a language worth preserving, and it was argued that knowledge, particularly in the first years of school, is best transmitted in the mother tongue. This set off the beginning of bilingual schools. In 1969, most Inuit voted to eliminate federal schools and replace them with programs by the
General Directorate of New Quebec
fr
Direction générale du Nouveau-Québec, DGNQ
). Content was now taught in Inuktitut, English, and French.
10
Legislation
edit
Inuktitut became one of the official languages in the Northwest Territories in 1984. Its status is secured in the
Northwest Territories Official Language Act
. With the split of the territory into the NWT and Nunavut in 1999, both territories kept the Language Act.
The autonomous area
Nunatsiavut
in Labrador made Inuktitut the government language when it was formed in 2005. In Nunavik, the
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
recognizes Inuktitut in the education system.
11
Languages and dialects
edit
Nunavut
edit
Nunavut's basic law lists four official languages: English, French, Inuktitut, and
Inuinnaqtun
. It is ambiguous in state policy to what degree Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun can be thought of as separate languages. The words
Inuktitut
, or more correctly
Inuktut
('Inuit language') are increasingly used to refer to both Inuinnaqtun and Inuktitut together, or "Inuit languages" in English.
12
Nunavut is the home of some 24,000 Inuit, over 80% of whom speak Inuktitut. This includes some 3,500 people reported as monolinguals. The 2001 census data shows that the use of Inuktitut, while lower among the young than the elderly, has stopped declining in Canada as a whole and may even be increasing in Nunavut.
The South Baffin dialect (
Qikiqtaaluk nigiani
ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ ᓂᒋᐊᓂ
) is spoken across the southern part of
Baffin Island
, including the territorial capital
Iqaluit
. This has in recent years made it a much more widely heard dialect, since a great deal of Inuktitut media originates in
Iqaluit
. Some linguists also distinguish an
East Baffin
dialect from either South Baffin or
North Baffin dialect
, which is an Inuvialuktun dialect.
As of the early 2000s, Nunavut has gradually implemented early childhood, elementary, and secondary school-level immersion programs within its education system to further preserve and promote the Inuktitut language. As of 2012
[update]
, "Pirurvik,
Iqaluit
's Inuktitut language training centre, has a new goal: to train instructors from Nunavut communities to teach Inuktitut in different ways and in their own dialects when they return home."
13
Nunavik
edit
Quebec
is home to roughly 15,800 Inuit, nearly all of whom live in
Nunavik
. According to the 2021 census, 80.9% of Quebec Inuit speak Inuktitut.
14
The Nunavik dialect (
Nunavimmiutitut
ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ
) is relatively close to the South Baffin dialect, but not identical. Because of the political and physical boundary between Nunavik and Nunavut, Nunavik has separate government and educational institutions from those in the rest of the Inuktitut-speaking world, resulting in a growing standardization of the local dialect as something separate from other forms of Inuktitut. In the Nunavik dialect, Inuktitut is called
Nunavimmiutut
ᐃᓄᑦᑎᑐᑦ
). This dialect is also sometimes called
Tarramiutut
or
Taqramiutut
ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑐᑦ
or
ᑕᖅᕐᕋᒥᐅᑐᑦ
).
Sub dialects of Inuktitut in this region include Tarrarmiut and Itivimuit.
15
Itivimuit is associated with
Inukjuak
, Quebec, and there is an
Itivimuit River
near the town.
Labrador
edit
The
Nunatsiavut
dialect (
Inuttitut
ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᕗᒻᒥᐅᑐᑦ
or, often in government documents,
Labradorimiutut
) was once spoken across northern
Labrador
. It has a distinct writing system, developed in Greenland in the 1760s by German missionaries from the
Moravian Church
. This separate writing tradition, the remoteness of Nunatsiavut from other Inuit communities, has made it into a distinct dialect with a separate literary tradition. The Nunatsiavummiut call their language
Inuttut
ᐃᓄᑦᑐᑦ
).
Although Nunatsiavut claims over 4,000 inhabitants of Inuit descent, only 550 reported Inuktitut to be their native language in the 2001 census, mostly in the town of
Nain
. Inuktitut is seriously endangered in Labrador.
Nunatsiavut also had a separate dialect reputedly much closer to western Inuktitut dialects, spoken in the area around
Rigolet
. According to news reports, in 1999 it had only three very elderly speakers.
16
Greenland
edit
Though often thought to be a dialect of
Greenlandic
Inuktun
or Polar Eskimo is a recent arrival in Greenland from the Eastern Canadian Arctic, arriving perhaps as late as the 18th century.
Inuit Nunaat and Inuit Nunangat
edit
Throughout
Inuit Nunaat
and
Inuit Nunangat
the
Inuktut
is used to refer to Inuktitut and all other dialects.
17
It is used by
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
, the
Inuit Circumpolar Council
, and the
Government of Nunavut
throughout
Inuit Nunaat
and
Inuit Nunangat
17
18
19
20
21
Phonology
edit
Main article:
Inuit phonology
Eastern dialects of Inuktitut have fifteen
consonants
and three
vowels
(which can be long or short). Consonants are arranged with six
places of articulation
bilabial
labiodental
alveolar
palatal
velar
and
uvular
; and three
manners of articulation
: voiceless
stops
, voiced
continuants
and
nasals
, as well as two additional sounds—voiceless
fricatives
Natsilingmiutut
has an additional consonant
/ɟ/
, a vestige of the
retroflex consonants
of
Proto-Inuit
Inuinnaqtun
has one less consonant, as
/s/
and
/ɬ/
have merged into
/h/
. All dialects of Inuktitut have only three basic vowels and make a phonological distinction between short and long forms of all vowels. In
Inuujingajut
—Nunavut standard Roman orthography—long vowels are written as a double vowel.
Inuktitut vowels
IPA
Inuujingajut
Notes
open front unrounded
Short
Long
aː
aa
closed front unrounded
Short
Short
is realized as
[e]
or
[ɛ]
before uvular consonants
[ʁ]
and
[q]
Long
iː
ii
closed back rounded
Short
Short
is realized as
[o]
or
[ɔ]
before uvular consonants
[ʁ]
and
[q]
Long
uː
uu
Inuktitut consonants in
Inuujingajut
and
IPA
notation
Labial
Coronal
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Glottal
Nasal
Stop
Fricative
plain
lateral
Approximant
The voiced palatal stop is absent from many dialects and is not written with a separate letter. If a distinction needs to be made between /j/ and /ɟ/, it is written as r̂.
In the
Siglitun
dialect, k is always pronounced as a fricative /x/. In other dialects, the fricative realization is possible between vowels or vowels and
approximants
In the
Siglitun
dialect, g is always pronounced as a fricative /ɣ/. In other dialects, the fricative realization is possible between vowels or vowels and approximants.
/ʁ/
assimilates
before nasals.
/h/ replaces /s/ in
Kivallirmiutut
and
Natsilingmiutut
, and replaces both /s/ and /ɬ/ in Inuinnaqtun.
All voiceless stops are unaspirated, like in many other languages. The voiceless uvular stop is usually written as q, but sometimes written as r. The voiceless lateral fricative is
romanized
as ɬ, but is often written as &, or simply as l.
/ŋ/ is spelt as ng, and geminated /ŋ/ is spelt as nng.
Grammar
edit
Main article:
Inuit grammar
Inuktitut, like other
Eskaleut languages
, has a very rich
morphological
system, in which a succession of different
morphemes
are added to root words to indicate things that, in languages like English, would require several words to express. (See also:
Agglutinative language
and
Polysynthetic language
.) All words begin with a root morpheme to which other morphemes are suffixed. Inuktitut has hundreds of distinct suffixes, in some dialects as many as 700. Inuktitut's morphological system is highly regular.
One example is the word
qangatasuukkuvimmuuriaqalaaqtunga
ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᕕᒻᒨᕆᐊᖃᓛᖅᑐᖓ
) meaning 'I'll have to go to the airport:
22
Morpheme
Meaning
Morphophonological
changes
ᖃᖓᑕ
qangata
verbal root
to raise/to be raised in the air
ᓲᖅ
suuq
verb-to-noun suffix
one who habitually performs an action;
thus
qangatasuuq
: airplane
-q is deleted
ᒃᑯᑦ
kkut
noun-to-noun suffix
group
-t is deleted
ᕕᒃ
vik
noun-to-noun suffix
enormous;
thus
qangatasuukkuvik
(ᖃᖓᑕᓲᒃᑯᕕᒃ): airport
-k changes to -m
ᒧᑦ
mut
noun ending
dative
singular
to
-t+a changes to -u
ᐊᖅ
aq
noun-to-verb suffix
arrival at a place; to go
-q+ja is deleted
ᔭᕆᐊᖅ
jariaq
verb-to-noun suffix
the obligation to perform an action
-q is deleted
ᖃᖅ
qaq
noun-to-verb suffix
to have
-q is deleted
ᓛᖅ
laaq
verb-to-verb suffix
future tense
will
-q+j changes to -q+t
ᔪᖓ
junga
verb ending
participle
first person
singular
Writing
edit
Latin alphabets
edit
The western part of Nunavut and the
Northwest Territories
use a Latin alphabet usually called
Inuinnaqtun
or
Qaliujaaqpait
, reflecting the predispositions of the missionaries who reached this area in the late 19th century and early 20th.
Moravian
missionaries, with the purpose of introducing Inuit to
Christianity
and the
Bible
, contributed to the development of an Inuktitut alphabet in
Greenland
during the 1760s that was based on the Latin script. (This alphabet is distinguished by its inclusion of the letter
kra
, ĸ.) They later travelled to Labrador in the 1800s, bringing the Inuktitut alphabet with them.
The Alaskan
Yupik
and
Inupiat
(who additionally developed
their own syllabary
) and the
Siberian Yupik
also adopted Latin alphabets.
Qaliujaaqpait
edit
In September 2019, a unified orthography called Inuktut Qaliujaaqpait, based on the Latin alphabet without diacritics, was adopted for all varieties of Inuktitut by the national organization
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
, after eight years of work. It was developed by Inuit to be used by speakers of any dialect from any region, and can be typed on electronic devices without specialized keyboard layouts. It does not replace syllabics, and people from the regions are not required to stop using their familiar writing systems. Implementation plans are to be established for each region. It includes letters such as
ff
ch
, and
rh
, the sounds for which exist in some dialects but do not have standard equivalents in syllabics. It establishes a standard alphabet but not spelling or grammar rules.
23
24
Long vowels are written by doubling the vowel (e.g.,
aa
ii
uu
). The apostrophe represents a
glottal stop
when after a vowel (e.g.,
maꞌna
), or separates an
from an
ng
(e.g.,
avin'ngaq
) or an
from an
rh
(e.g.,
qar'rhuk
).
25
Inuktut Qaliujaaqpait
24
IPA
Consonant
pa
pi
pu
ta
ti
tu
ka
ki
ku
qa
qi
qu
sa
si
su
hl
hla
hli
hlu
shr
shra
shri
shru
ha
hi
hu
va
vi
vu
la
li
lu
rh
rha
rhi
rhu
ja
ji
ju
ga
gi
gu
ra
ri
ru
ma
mi
mu
na
ni
nu
ng
nga
ngi
ngu
ŋŋ
nng
nnga
nngi
nngu
aꞌ
iꞌ
uꞌ
The syllabary used to write Inuktitut (
titirausiq nutaaq
). The extra characters with the dots represent long vowels; in the Latin transcription, the vowel would be doubled.
In April 2012, with the completion of the
Old Testament
, the first complete Bible in Inuktitut, translated by native speakers, was published.
26
Noted literature in Inuktitut has included the novels
Harpoon of the Hunter
by
Markoosie Patsauq
27
and
Sanaaq
by
Mitiarjuk Nappaaluk
28
The Canadian syllabary (
Qaniujaaqpait
edit
Main article:
Inuktitut syllabics
Most Inuktitut in Nunavut and Nunavik is written using a scheme called
Qaniujaaqpait
(ᖃᓂᐅᔮᖅᐸᐃᑦ) or
Inuktitut syllabics
, based on
Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
In the 1860s, missionaries imported this system of
Qaniujaaqpait
, which is based on the
Cree syllabary
devised by the missionary
James Evans
29
The
Netsilik Inuit
in
Kugaaruk
and north
Baffin Island
adopted
Qaniujaaqpait
by the 1920s.
The present form of the syllabary for Canadian Inuktitut was adopted by the
Inuit Cultural Institute
in Canada in the 1970s. Inuit in Alaska,
Inuvialuit
, Inuinnaqtun speakers, and Inuit in
Greenland
and
Labrador
use Latin alphabets.
Though conventionally called a
syllabary
, the writing system has been classified by some observers as an
abugida
, since syllables starting with the same consonant have related
glyphs
rather than unrelated ones.
All of the characters needed for the Inuktitut syllabary are available in the
Unicode
block
Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
. The territorial government of
Nunavut
, Canada, has developed
TrueType
fonts
called
Pigiarniq
30
31
ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓂᖅ
[pi.ɡi.aʁ.ˈniq]
),
Uqammaq
30
32
ᐅᖃᒻᒪᖅ
[u.qam.maq]
), and
Euphemia
30
33
ᐅᕓᒥᐊ
[u.vai.mi.a]
) for computer displays. They were designed by
Vancouver
-based Tiro Typeworks. Apple Macintosh computers include an Inuktitut IME (Input Method Editor) as part of keyboard language options.
34
Linux
distributions provide locale and language support for
Iñupiaq
Kalaallisut
and Inuktitut.
Braille
edit
Main article:
Inuktitut Braille
In 2012 Tamara Kearney, Manager of Braille Research and Development at the Commonwealth Braille and Talking Book Cooperative, developed a Braille code for the Inuktitut language syllabics. This code is based on representing the syllabics' orientation. Machine translation from Unicode
UTF-8
and
UTF-16
can be performed using the Liblouis Braille translation system
35
which includes an
Inuktitut Braille
translation table. The book
ᐃᓕᐊᕐᔪᒃ ᓇᓄᕐᓗ
The Orphan and the Polar Bear
) became the first work ever translated into Inuktitut Braille, and a copy is held at the headquarters of the
Nunavut Public Library Services
at
Baker Lake
See also
edit
Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
Canada portal
Indigenous languages of the Americas
Thule people
Notes
edit
from
inuk
person
-titut
like, in the manner of
References
edit
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Statistics Canada
. 17 August 2022.
"Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions"
Statistics Canada
. 17 August 2022.
"Inuktitut"
Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
. Merriam-Webster.
OCLC
1032680871
"field to show translation -> 10 facts about Canadian Aboriginal Languages"
. Wintranslation.com. 12 February 2014. Archived from
the original
on 12 September 2019
. Retrieved
15 July
2015
Dorais, Louis-Jacques (2010).
The language of the Inuit: syntax, semantics, and society in the Arctic
. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
ISBN
9780773544451
OCLC
767733303
"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Comprehensive download files, Canada, provinces and territories"
(CSV)
Statistics Canada
. 5 August 2022
. Retrieved
7 January
2023
"Inuktitut | Ethnologue Free"
Ethnologue (Free All)
. Retrieved
30 August
2023
Dorais, Louis-Jacques (1995).
"Language, culture and identity: some Inuit examples"
(PDF)
Canadian Journal of Native Studies
15
(2):
129–
308.
Fabbi, Nadine (2003).
"Inuktitut – the Inuit Language"
(PDF)
K12 Study Canada
. Retrieved
15 March
2018
Patrick, Donna (1999).
"The roots of Inuktitut-language bilingual education"
(PDF)
The Canadian Journal of Native Studies
. XIX, 2:
249–
262.
Compton, Richard.
"Inuktitut"
The Canadian Encyclopedia
. Retrieved
15 March
2018
"Consolidation of (S.Nu. 2008, c.10) (NIF) Official Languages Act"
(PDF)
and
"Consolidation of Inuit Language Protection Act"
(PDF)
. Archived from
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(PDF)
on 16 May 2017
. Retrieved
7 March
2019
Dawson, Samantha (17 January 2013).
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NunatsiaqOnline
. Archived from
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on 8 February 2013
. Retrieved
24 January
2013
"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table, Quebec15800"
Statistics Canada
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. Retrieved
7 January
2023
"Review"
. Arctic.synergiesprairies.ca. Archived from
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on 24 February 2014
. Retrieved
15 July
2015
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. Nunatsiaq News. 7 May 1999. Archived from
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on 29 October 2007
. Retrieved
13 June
2012
"Inuktut"
www.itk.ca
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
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17 June
2024
"The Inuit Circumpolar Council Political Universe"
www.inuitcircumpolar.com
Inuit Circumpolar Council
. 14 August 2021
. Retrieved
17 June
2024
"Fun Facts"
www.inuitcircumpolar.com
. Inuit Circumpolar Council. 11 August 2022
. Retrieved
17 June
2024
"Information"
www.langcom.nu.ca
. Office of the Languages Commissioner of Nunavut.
"Your Linguistic Rights"
www.langcom.nu.ca
. Office of the Languages Commissioner of Nunavut
. Retrieved
17 June
2024
Dench, Catherine; Cleave, Patricia L.; et al. (2011).
"The Development of an Inuktitut and English Language Screening Tool in Nunavut"
(PDF)
Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
35
(2):
168–
177.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 22 September 2015
. Retrieved
3 August
2015
Weber, Bob (6 October 2019).
"Inuit combine nine different scripts for writing Inuktitut into one"
The Globe and Mail
. Retrieved
7 October
2019
"National Inuit org approves new unified writing system"
Nunatsiaq News
. 27 September 2019
. Retrieved
7 October
2019
"Inuktut Qaliujaaqpait"
(PDF)
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
Hebrew Bible published in Eskimo language
Archived
8 November 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
News/North
Nunavut, 23 April 2012
"MARKOOSIE, 1942-: LMS-0017"
Archived
15 October 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
Collections Canada
Martin, Keavy (17 January 2014).
"Southern readers finally get a chance to read Mitiarjuk Nappaaluk, the accidental Inuit novelist"
The Globe and Mail
. Retrieved
18 October
2014
Aboriginal syllabic scripts
Library and Archives Canada
"Tiro Typeworks: Syllabics Resources"
. Archived from
the original
on 14 August 2024
. Retrieved
16 April
2019
"Pigiarniq Font Download"
. Archived from
the original
on 2 December 2024
. Retrieved
16 April
2019
"Uqammaq Font Download"
. Archived from
the original
on 2 December 2024
. Retrieved
16 April
2019
"Euphemia Font Download"
. Archived from
the original
on 5 December 2023
. Retrieved
16 April
2019
"Inuktitut Syllabic Fonts – Download"
. Archived from
the original
on 14 October 2018
. Retrieved
2 October
2015
"Liblouis"
. Retrieved
27 January
2025
Bibliography
edit
Mallon, Mick.
"Inuktitut Linguistics for Technocrats"
. Inuktitutcomputing.ca.
Mallon, Mick (1991).
Introductory Inuktitut
. Arctic College-McGill University Inuktitut Text Project.
ISBN
0-7717-0230-2
Mallon, Mick (1991).
Introductory Inuktitut Reference Grammar
. Arctic College-McGill University Inuktitut Text Project.
ISBN
0-7717-0235-3
Spalding, Alex (1998).
Inuktitut: A multi-dialectal outline dictionary (with an Aivilingmiutaq base)
. Nunavut Arctic College.
ISBN
1-896204-29-5
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
Spalding, Alex (1992).
Inuktitut: a Grammar of North Baffin Dialects
. Wuerz.
ISBN
0-920063-43-8
"The Inuktitut Language"
Project Naming | the identification of Inuit portrayed in photographic collections at Library and Archives Canada
. Collectionscanada.ca.
Archived
from the original on 23 January 2018.
"Arctic Languages: An Awakening"
(PDF)
(2.68 MB)
, ed: Dirmid R. F. Collis.
ISBN
92-3-102661-5
Although as many of the examples as possible are novel or extracted from Inuktitut texts, some of the examples in this article are drawn from
Introductory Inuktitut
and
Inuktitut Linguistics for Technocrats
Further reading
edit
Allen, Shanley
Aspects of Argument Structure Acquisition in Inuktitut
. Language acquisition & language disorders, v. 13. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub, 1996.
ISBN
1-55619-776-4
Balt, Peter.
Inuktitut Affixes
. Rankin Inlet? N.W.T.: s.n, 1978.
Fortescue, Michael
, Steven Jacobson, and Lawrence Kaplan.
Comparative Eskimo Dictionary with Aleut Cognates – second edition.
Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2011.
ISBN
1555001092
Kalmar, Ivan
Case and Context in Inuktitut (Eskimo)
. Mercury series. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1979.
Nowak, Elke.
Transforming the Images Ergativity and Transitivity in Inuktitut (Eskimo)
. Empirical approaches to language typology, 15. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996.
ISBN
3-11-014980-X
Schneider, Lucien.
Ulirnaisigutiit An Inuktitut–English Dictionary of Northern Québec, Labrador, and Eastern Arctic Dialects (with an English-Inuktitut Index)
. Québec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1985.
Spalding, Alex, and Thomas Kusugaq.
Inuktitut A Multi-Dialectal Outline Dictionary (with an Aivilingmiutaq Base)
. Iqaluit, NT: Nunavut Arctic College, 1998.
ISBN
1-896204-29-5
Swift, Mary D.
Time in Child Inuktitut A Developmental Study of an Eskimo–Aleut Language
. Studies on language acquisition, 24. Berlin: M. de Gruyter, 2004.
ISBN
3-11-018120-7
Thibert, Arthur.
Eskimo–English, English–Eskimo Dictionary = Inuktitut–English, English–Inuktitut Dictionary
. Ottawa: Laurier Books, 1997.
ISBN
1-895959-12-8
External links
edit
Inuktitut edition
of
Wikipedia
, the free encyclopedia
Inuktitut repository
of
Wikisource
, the free library
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for
Inuktitut
Dictionaries and lexica
edit
"Inuktitut Morphology List"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 30 September 2005.
(133 KB)
Webpages
edit
A Brief History of Inuktitut Writing Culture
Inuktitut Syllabarium (Languagegeek)
Our Language, Our Selves
Archived
11 November 2005 at the
Wayback Machine
Government of Nunavut font download
Inuktitut-friendly website hosting and development
Tusaalanga
("Let me hear it"), a website with Inuktitut online lessons with sound files
Utilities
edit
NANIVARA – Inuktitut Search Engine
. – NANIVARA means "I've found it!" in Inuktitut.
Eskaleut languages
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See also
Proto-Eskaleut
Proto-Eskimoan
Inuktitut syllabics
Inuit phonology
Inuit grammar
Iñupiaq Braille
Kaktovik numerals
Yugtun script
Italics
indicate
extinct languages
1: The Inuit language 'family' is a continuum of dialects
2: Some linguists classify Sirenik as under a separate branch
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?itemwiki
Q36806
Southern Quechua
qu:Urin Qichwa
qu:Qhichwa
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6000000
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gn
4850000
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4000000
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arn
300000
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nv
169369
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kl
56200
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1 National
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iu:Inuktitut
iu
39770
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chr:ᏣᎳᎩ
chr
12300
4 severely endangered
8a Moribund
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cr:ᐃᔨᔨᐤ ᐊᔨᒧᐎᓐ'
cr:nēhiyawēwin
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10875
8040
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cho:Chahta
cho
9200
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atj:Atikamekw Nehiromowin
atj:Atikamekw
atj
6160
2 vulnerable
5 Developing
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Q27183
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ik:Iñupiatun
ik
5580
4 severely endangered
Inupiat Wikipedia
Q523014
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mus:Mvskoke
mus
4300
3 definitely endangered
7 Shifting
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Q33265
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chy
2400
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