Itō Hirobumi - Shinto Wiki

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arz:ايتو هيروبومى
az:İto Hirobumi
be_x_old:Хірабумі Іта
be:Іта Хірабумі
bg:Ито Хиробуми
cs:Hirobumi Itó
el:Ιτό Χιρομπούμι
eo:Ito Hirobumi
eu:Itō Hirobumi
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gl:Itō Hirobumi
he:איטו הירובומי
hy:Իտո Հիրոբումի
is:Itō Hirobumi
ka:იტო ჰირობუმი
kk:Ито Хиробуми
ky:Ито Хиробуми
lt:Ito Hirobumi
mg:Itō Hirobumi
min:Ito Hirobumi
mn:Ито Хиробүми
mr:हिरोबुमी इतो
no:Hirobumi Itō
pa:ਇਤੋ ਹੀਰੋਬੂਮੀ
pl:Hirobumi Itō
sco:Itō Hirobumi
su:Itō Hirobumi
th:อิโต ฮิโรบูมิ
tl:Itō Hirobumi
tt:Ито Хиробуми
war:Itō Hirobumi
wuu:伊藤博文
yo:Itō Hirobumi
zh-classical:伊藤博文
Itō Hirobumi
伊藤博文
Born
1841-10-16
October 16, 1841
Tsukari
Wikidata
Died
1909-10-26
October 26, 1909
\n

Harbin railway station
Wikidata
Resting place
Nishiōi
Wikidata
Occupations
Diplomat
Wikidata
Politician
Wikidata
Organization
Chōshū Five
Wikidata
Notable work
Kokuze Kōmoku
Wikidata
Q11495255
Wikidata
Title
Chairman of the Privy Council of Japan
Wikidata
Lord of Home Affairs
Wikidata
Prime Minister of Japan
Wikidata
governor of Hyōgo Prefecture
Wikidata
member of the House of Peers
Wikidata
Spouse(s)
Itō Umeko
Wikidata
Sumiko Ito
Wikidata
Children
Asako Nishi
Wikidata
Bunkichi Itō
Wikidata
Ikuko Suematsu
Wikidata
Father
Itō Jūzō
Wikidata
Awards
Collar of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum
Wikidata
Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
Wikidata
Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum
Wikidata
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor
Wikidata
Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
Wikidata
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Wikidata
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Wikidata
Knight grand cross of the order of the crown of Italy
Wikidata
Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
Wikidata
Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
Wikidata
Order of the Iron Crown (Kingdom of Italy)
Wikidata
Order of the Red Eagle
Wikidata
Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, 1st class
Wikidata
Order of the Rising Sun, 1st class
Wikidata
Order of Vasa
Wikidata
Silver Medal with Yellow Ribbon
Wikidata
First prime minister of Japan
Template:SHORTDESC:First prime minister of Japan
Not to be confused with
Hirofumi Itō
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Prince
Itō Hirobumi
Junior First Rank
伊藤 博文
President of the Privy Council
Wikidata
In office
14 June – 26 October 1909
Monarch
Meiji
Wikidata
Preceded by
Yamagata Aritomo
Wikidata
Succeeded by
Yamagata Aritomo
Wikidata
In office
13 July 1903 – 21 December 1905
Monarch
Meiji
Preceded by
Saionji Kinmochi
Wikidata
Succeeded by
Yamagata Aritomo
Wikidata
In office
1 June 1891 – 8 August 1892
Monarch
Meiji
Preceded by
Oki Takato
Succeeded by
Oki Takato
In office
30 April 1888 – 30 October 1889
Monarch
Meiji
Preceded by
Position established
Succeeded by
Oki Takato
Prime Minister of Japan
Wikidata
In office
19 October 1900 – 10 May 1901
Monarch
Meiji
Preceded by
Yamagata Aritomo
Wikidata
Succeeded by
Saionji Kinmochi
Wikidata
(Acting)
In office
12 January 1898 – 30 June 1898
Monarch
Meiji
Preceded by
Matsukata Masayoshi
Wikidata
Succeeded by
Ōkuma Shigenobu
Wikidata
In office
8 August 1892 – 31 August 1896
Monarch
Meiji
Preceded by
Matsukata Masayoshi
Wikidata
Succeeded by
Kuroda Kiyotaka
Wikidata
(Acting)
In office
22 December 1885 – 30 April 1888
Monarch
Meiji
Preceded by
Position established
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
(as
Shogun
Wikidata
Succeeded by
Kuroda Kiyotaka
Wikidata
Additional positions
President of the House of Peers
In office
24 October 1890 – 20 July 1891
Preceded by
Position established
Succeeded by
Hachisuka Mochiaki
Wikidata
Minister for Foreign Affairs
Wikidata
of Japan
In office
September 1887 – February 1888
Prime Minister
Himself
Preceded by
Inoue Kaoru
Wikidata
Succeeded by
Ōkuma Shigenobu
Personal details
Born
Hayashi Risuke
1841-10-16
16 October 1841
Tsukari
Wikidata
, Suō, Tokugawa shogunate (present-day
Yamaguchi Prefecture
Wikidata
, Japan)
Died
26 October 1909
(1909-10-26)
(aged 68)
Harbin
Wikidata
, Heilongjiang, Qing dynasty
Manner of death
Assassination by gunshot
Resting place
Hirobumi Itō Cemetery, Tokyo, Japan
Political party
Independent
(Before 1900)
Constitutional Association of Political Friendship
Wikidata
(1900–1909)
Spouse
Itō Umeko
(1848–1924)
Children
3 sons, 2 daughters
Parent
Itō Jūzō
Wikidata
(father)
Alma mater
University College London
Wikidata
Signature
Prince
Itō Hirobumi
伊藤 博文
; 16 October 1841 – 26 October 1909)
was a Japanese politician who served as the first
Prime Minister of Japan
Wikidata
from 1885 to 1888, and later from 1892 to 1896, in 1898, and from 1900 to 1901. He was a leading member of the
Genrō
Wikidata
, a group of senior statesmen that dictated policy during the
Meiji era
Wikidata
. Even out of office as
Head of government
Wikidata
, Itō continued to wield vast influence over Japan's policies as a permanent imperial adviser (
genkun
) and frequent president of the emperor's
Privy Council
Wikidata
. A staunch
monarchist
Wikidata
and leading proponent of Japan's
Westernization
Wikidata
, Itō favored a large, all-powerful
Bureaucracy
Wikidata
that answered solely to the emperor, and opposed the formation of
political parties
Born into a poor farming family in the
Chōshū Domain
Wikidata
, Itō and his father were adopted into a low-Ranking
Samurai
Wikidata
family. He joined the nationalist
sonnō jōi
movement after the
Opening of Japan
Wikidata
in 1854, and in 1863 was sent to England to study at
University College London
Wikidata
. After the
Shimonoseki campaign
Wikidata
of 1864, in which four Western powers bombed Chōshū, he resolved to set Japan on a path of Westernization. After the
Meiji Restoration
of 1868, Itō was appointed the junior councilor for foreign affairs in the new
Empire of Japan
Wikidata
. In 1870, he traveled to the
United States
Wikidata
to study Western currency, and in 1871 helped establish Japan's taxation system. He then set off on another overseas trip with the
Iwakura Mission
Wikidata
to the U.S. and Europe, and upon his return to Japan in 1873, became a full councilor and public works minister. Itō also served as home minister from 1878, and by 1881 he had become the
De facto
Wikidata
leader of the
Meiji oligarchy
Wikidata
After the advent of the
Freedom and People's Rights Movement
Wikidata
and political parties, in 1881 Itō promised a constitution and national assembly. In 1882, he embarked on a trip to Europe to study its constitutions; his preference was for
a Prussian-style one
Wikidata
which would retain considerable power for the emperor and limit party involvement in the cabinet. He replaced religious references with those rooted in the Japanese concept of
kokutai
("national polity"), which became the constitutional justification for imperial authority. In 1884, Itō reorganized
the peerage
to fill the seats in the anticipated
House of Peers
Wikidata
. In 1885, he replaced the
Daijō-kan
with
a cabinet
Wikidata
composed of ministry heads, and himself took up the new position of prime minister. When the draft constitution was ready in 1888, Itō established a supra-cabinet
Privy Council
Wikidata
to discuss and approve it on the emperor's behalf. He resigned as prime minister so he could head this new body. The
Meiji Constitution
Wikidata
was proclaimed in 1889, and the
Imperial Diet
was first assembled in 1890.
From 1892 to 1896, Itō was again prime minister. During his term, Japan defeated China in the
First Sino-Japanese War
Wikidata
of 1894–1895, and he was involved in the
Treaty of Shimonoseki
Wikidata
, which annexed
Taiwan
Wikidata
to the empire and freed Korea from the
Chinese tributary system
Wikidata
. During Itō’s third term as prime minister in 1898, his tax policies were opposed by political parties and he soon resigned. In 1900, he started his fourth term and formed his own pro-government party, the
Rikken Seiyūkai
Wikidata
, but continued to face opposition, and resigned in 1901. After Japan's victory in the
Russo-Japanese War
Wikidata
of 1904–1905, Itō became the
resident-general of Korea
Wikidata
, a nation which Japan desired to annex. Korea was declared a Japanese protectorate in 1905, and in 1907 Itō obliged
its emperor
Wikidata
to step down. Itō was made a prince that year and resigned as resident-general in 1909; later that year, he was assassinated while in
Manchuria
Wikidata
by
a Korean nationalist
Wikidata
Biography
edit
edit source
Early years
edit
edit source
Itō Hirobumi as a samurai in his youth
Hayashi Risuke (
林利助
) was born on 16 October 1841, in Tsukari,
Kumage
Wikidata
Suō Province
Wikidata
(present-day
Hikari
Wikidata
Yamaguchi Prefecture
Wikidata
), the eldest son of farmer
Hayashi Jūzō
Wikidata
and his wife Kotoko. After his father went bankrupt and left for
Hagi, Yamaguchi
Wikidata
in 1846, he went to live at his mother's parental home. In 1849, Jūzō invited the family to Hagi and the family reunited. There Risuke entered Kubo Gorō Saemon's school. Because the family was poor, when Risuke was 12, Jūzō was adopted by samurai servant Mizui Buhē. In 1854, Mizui Buhē was adopted by
Samurai
Wikidata
foot soldier (
Ashigaru
Wikidata
) Itō Yaemon from Aihata,
Saba
Wikidata
. Mizui Buhē was renamed Itō Naoemon, Jūzō took the name Itō Jūzō, and Hayashi Risuke was renamed Itō Shunsuke at first, then Itō Hirobumi. These adoptions allowed both Hirobumi and his father Jūzō to rise to the samurai class and become
ashigaru
Jūzō was the biological son of Hayashi Sukezaemon
林助左衛門
, a 5th generation descendant of Hayashi Nobuyoshi
林信吉
who was a member of the
Hayashi clan of Owari
Wikidata
尾張林氏
Clockwise from top left:
Endō Kinsuke
Wikidata
Nomura Yakichi
Itō Shunsuke
Yamao Yōzō
Wikidata
, and
Inoue Monta
Wikidata
, photographed in 1863
He was a student of
Yoshida Shōin
Wikidata
at the
Shōka Sonjuku
and later joined the
Sonnō jōi
movement ("to revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians"), together with
Katsura Kogorō
. Active in the movement, he took part in an incendiary attack of the British legation on 31 January 1863 led by
Takasugi Shinsaku
Wikidata
, and in the company of
Yamao Yōzō
Wikidata
attacked and mortally wounded the head of the
Wagakukōdansho
Wikidata
institute on 2 February 1863, believing a false report that the institute was looking into ways of toppling the Emperor.
Itō was chosen as one of the
Chōshū Five
Wikidata
who studied at
University College London
Wikidata
in 1863, and the experience in
Great Britain
Wikidata
eventually convinced him Japan needed to adopt Western ways.
In 1864, Itō returned to Japan with fellow student
Inoue Kaoru
Wikidata
to attempt to warn Chōshū Domain against going to war with the foreign powers (the
Bombardment of Shimonoseki
) over the right of passage through the
Straits of Shimonoseki
. At that time, he met
Ernest Satow
for the first time, later a lifelong friend.
Political career
edit
edit source
Rise to power
edit
edit source
Photo of Itō (second from right, standing) alongside other members of the
Iwakura Mission
Wikidata
After the
Meiji Restoration
of 1868, Itō was appointed governor of
Hyōgo Prefecture
Wikidata
, junior councilor for Foreign Affairs, and sent to the United States in 1870 to study Western currency systems. Returning to Japan in 1871, he established Japan's taxation system. With the advice of
Edmund Morel
, a chief engineer of the railway department, Itō endeavored to found the
Public Works
Wikidata
together with
Yamao Yozo
. Later that year, he was sent on the
Iwakura Mission
Wikidata
around the world as vice-envoy extraordinary, during which he won the confidence of
Ōkubo Toshimichi
Wikidata
, one of the leaders of the
Government of Meiji Japan
Wikidata
In 1873, Itō was made a full councilor, Minister of Public Works, and in 1875 chairman of the first Assembly of Prefectural Governors. He participated in the
Osaka Conference of 1875
Wikidata
. After Ōkubo's assassination, he took over the post of
Home Minister
and secured a central position in the Meiji government. By 1881, he successfully pushed for the resignation of
Ōkuma Shigenobu
Wikidata
, thereby allowing him to emerge as the
De facto
Wikidata
leader of the Meiji government.
Itō went to Europe in 1882 to study the constitutions of those countries, spending nearly 18 months away from Japan. While working on a constitution for Japan, he also wrote the first
Imperial Household Law
Wikidata
and established the Japanese
Peerage
Wikidata
system (
kazoku
) in 1884.
In 1885, he negotiated the
Convention of Tientsin
Wikidata
with
Li Hongzhang
Wikidata
, normalizing Japan's diplomatic relations with
Qing-dynasty
Wikidata
China. In the same year, In 1885, Itō established a
cabinet system
of government based on European ideas, replacing the
Daijō-kan
as the nation's main policy-making organization.
As Prime Minister
edit
edit source
Itō Hirobumi as prime minister (c. 1880s)
On 22 December 1885, Itō became the first
Prime Minister of Japan
Wikidata
, as the head of
First Itō Cabinet
Wikidata
. The first Itō Cabinet endeavored to establish institutions preparatory to the promulgation of the Constitution, and in February 1886 established a system of government for each ministry, and in March, the Imperial University (now the University of Tokyo) was established, and in March of the following year, a national academic association was established and supported it. On the other hand, Inoue Kaoru was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs and was given responsibility for amending the treaty, but the amendment proposed by Inoue included the appointment of foreign judges, leading to the problem of appointing private officials. foreign legislation, leading to In July 1887, a revision meeting aimed at foreign countries was cancelled, and Inoue Kaoru resigned in September, leading to defeat. In June of the same year, he began studying the draft constitution with Itō Miyoji, Inoue Tsuyoshi, Kaneko Kentaro and others in Tsushima.
On 30 April 1888, Itō resigned as prime minister, but headed the new
Privy Council
to maintain power behind-the-scenes. In 1889, he also became the first
Genrō
Wikidata
. The
Meiji Constitution
Wikidata
was promulgated in February 1889. He had added to it the references to the
kokutai
or "national polity" as the justification of the emperor's authority through his divine descent and the unbroken line of emperors, and the unique relationship between subject and sovereign.
This stemmed from his rejection of some European notions as unfit for Japan, as they stemmed from European constitutional practice and Christianity.
He remained a powerful force while
Kuroda Kiyotaka
Wikidata
and
Yamagata Aritomo
Wikidata
, his political nemeses,
according to whom?
were prime ministers.
During
Itō's second term as prime minister
Wikidata
(8 August 1892 – 31 August 1896), he supported the
First Sino-Japanese War
Wikidata
and negotiated the
Treaty of Shimonoseki
Wikidata
in March 1895,
made Taiwan a Japanese colony
Wikidata
with his ailing foreign minister
Mutsu Munemitsu
Wikidata
. In the
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation
Wikidata
of 1894, he succeeded in removing some of the onerous
Unequal treaty
clauses that had plagued Japanese foreign relations since the start of the
Meiji era
Wikidata
During
Itō's third term as prime minister
Wikidata
(12 January – 30 June 1898), he was forced to contend with the rise of
political parties
Wikidata
. Both the
Liberal Party
Wikidata
and the
Shimpotō
Wikidata
opposed his proposed new land taxes, and in retaliation, Itō dissolved the
lower house
Wikidata
of the
Imperial Diet
Wikidata
and called for
general election
Wikidata
. As a result, both parties merged into the
Kenseitō
Wikidata
, won a majority of the seats, and forced Itō to resign. This lesson taught Itō the need for a pro-government political party, so he organized the
Rikken Seiyūkai
Wikidata
(Constitutional Association of Political Friendship) in 1900. Itō's womanizing was a popular theme in editorial cartoons and in parodies by contemporary comedians, and was used by his political enemies in their campaign against him.
citation needed
Template:DMC/core
Itō returned to office as
prime minister for a fourth term
Wikidata
from 19 October 1900, to 10 May 1901, this time facing political opposition from the
House of Peers
. Weary of political back-stabbing, he resigned in 1901, but remained as head of the Privy Council as the premiership alternated between
Saionji Kinmochi
Wikidata
and
Katsura Tarō
Wikidata
Itō in the later years of his political career
Toward the end of August 1901, Itō announced his intention of visiting the
United States
Wikidata
to recuperate. This turned into a long journey in the course of which he visited the major cities of the United States and
Europe
Wikidata
. He set off from
Yokohama
Wikidata
on 18 September, traveled through the U.S. to
New York City
Wikidata
, and received an honorary doctorate (
LL.D.
) from
Yale University
Wikidata
in late October.
He then sailed to
Boulogne
, reaching Paris on 4 November. On 25 November, he reached
Saint Petersburg
Wikidata
, having been asked by the new prime minister, Katsura Tarō, to sound out the Russians, entirely unofficially, on their intentions in the Far East. Japan hoped to achieve what it called
Man-Kan kōkan
, the exchange of a free hand for Russia in Manchuria for a free hand for Japan in Korea, but Russia, feeling greatly superior to Japan and unwilling to give up the use of Korean ports for its navy, was in no mood to compromise. Foreign minister
Vladimir Lamsdorf
Wikidata
"thought that time was on the side of his country because of the
[Trans-Siberian] railway
and there was no need to make concessions to the Japanese".
Itō left empty-handed for
Berlin
Wikidata
(where he received honors from
Kaiser Wilhelm
),
Brussels
Wikidata
, and London. Meanwhile, Katsura had decided that
Man-Kan kōkan
was no longer desirable for Japan, which should not renounce activity in Manchuria.
citation needed
Template:DMC/core
In Britain, Itō met with
Lord Lansdowne
Wikidata
, which helped lay the groundwork for the
Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Wikidata
announced early the following year. The failure of his mission to Russia was "one of the most important events in the run-up to the
Russo-Japanese War
Wikidata
".
10
While Prime Minister, Itō invited Professor
George Trumbull Ladd
Wikidata
of
Yale University
Wikidata
to serve as a diplomatic adviser to promote mutual understanding between Japan and the United States. Lectures delivered by Ladd in Japan revolutionized its educational methods; he was the first foreigner to receive the Third Class honor (conferred by the Emperor in 1899) and the Second Class honor (in 1907) in the
Orders of the Rising Sun
. He later wrote a book on his personal experiences in Korea and with Resident-General Itō.
11
12
13
When Ladd died, half his ashes were buried in a Buddhist temple in Tokyo and a monument was erected to him.
12
14
As Resident-General of Korea
edit
edit source
Prince Itō and the Crown Prince of Korea
Yi Un
Wikidata
On 9 November 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, Itō arrived in
Hanseong
Wikidata
and gave a letter from the Emperor of Japan to
Gojong
, Emperor of Korea, asking him to sign the
Japan–Korea Protectorate Treaty
Wikidata
, which would make Korea a Japanese
protectorate
Wikidata
. On 15 November 1905, he ordered Japanese troops to encircle the
Korean imperial palace
Wikidata
On 17 November 1905, Itō and Japanese Field Marshal
Hasegawa Yoshimichi
Wikidata
entered the Jungmyeongjeon Hall, a Russian-designed building that was once part of
Deoksu Palace
, to persuade Gojong to approve the treaty, but the Emperor refused. Itō then pressured the Emperor's ministers with the implied, and later stated, threat of bodily harm, to sign the treaty.
15
Five ministers
Wikidata
signed an agreement that had been prepared by Itō in the Jungmyeongjeon. The agreement gave Imperial Japan complete responsibility for Korea's foreign affairs,
16
and placed all trade through Korean ports under Imperial Japanese supervision.
After the treaty had been signed, Itō became the first
Resident-General of Korea
on 21 December 1905. In 1907, he urged
Emperor Gojong
to abdicate in favor of his son
Sunjong
and secured the
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
Wikidata
, thereby giving Japan authority to dictate Korea's internal affairs.
While Itō was firmly against Korea falling into China or Russia's
Sphere of influence
Wikidata
, he also opposed its annexation, advocating instead that the territory should be treated as a protectorate. When the cabinet voted in favor of annexing Korea, he proposed that the process be delayed in the hopes that the decision could eventually be reversed.
17
However, Itō ultimately changed his mind and approved plans to have the region annexed on 10 April 1909. Despite changing his position, he was forced to resign on 14 June 1909 by the
Imperial Japanese Army
Wikidata
(one of the foremost advocates for Korea's annexation).
18
His assassination is believed to have accelerated the path to the
Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
Wikidata
19
Assassination
edit
edit source
Last image of Itō arriving at Harbin Station shortly before his assassination on 26 October 1909
Itō arrived at the
Harbin railway station
Wikidata
on 26 October 1909 for a meeting with
Vladimir Kokovtsov
Wikidata
, a Russian representative in
Manchuria
Wikidata
. There
An Jung-geun
Wikidata
, a
Korean nationalist
Wikidata
19
and
independence activist
Wikidata
20
21
fired six shots, three of which hit Itō in the chest. He died shortly thereafter. His body was returned to Japan on the
Imperial Japanese Navy
Wikidata
cruiser
Script error: No such module "WPSHIPS utilities".
, and he was accorded a
state funeral
Wikidata
on 4 November 1909 at Hibiya Park.
22
An Jung-geun later listed "
15 reasons
why Itō should be killed" at his trial.
23
24
On 14 February 1910, Ahn was sentenced to death by hanging, Yu to two years in prison, and Cao and Liu to one year and six months in prison for murder and crimes against the Imperial Japanese Government.
Legacy
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This section
may be
unbalanced
toward certain viewpoints
Please
improve the article
by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
talk page
March 2015
In Japan
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A Series C 1,000 yen note of Japan, with a portrait of Itō Hirobumi
A portrait of Itō Hirobumi was on the obverse of the Series C
1,000 yen note
Wikidata
from 1963 until a new series was issued in 1984.
The publishing company
Hakubunkan
Wikidata
takes its name from
Hakubun
, an alternate pronunciation of Itō's
Given name
Wikidata
Itō Hirobumi former residence in Hagi
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The house where Itō lived from age 14 in Hagi after his father was adopted by Itō Naoemon still exists, and is preserved as a museum. It is a one-story house with a thatched roof and a gabled roof, with a total floor area of 29
tsubo
and is located 150 meters south of the
Shōkasonjuku Academy
Wikidata
. The adjacent villa is a portion of a house built by Itō in 1907 in Oimura, Shimoebara-gun, Tokyo (currently
Shinagawa, Tokyo
). It was a large Western-style mansion, of which three structures, a part of the entrance, a large hall, and a detached room, were transported Hagi. The large hall has a mirrored ceiling and its wooden paneling uses 1000-year old cedar trees from
Yoshino
Wikidata
25
The buildings were collectively designated a
National Historic Site
in 1932.
26
In Korea
edit
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The
Annals of Sunjong
record that
Gojong
Wikidata
held a positive view of Itō's governorship. In an entry for 28 October 1909, almost three years after being forced to abdicate his throne, the former emperor praised Itō, who had died two days earlier, for his efforts to develop Japanese civilization in Korea. However, the integrity of Joseon
silloks
dated after the
Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
Wikidata
is considered dubious by Korean scholars due to the influence exerted over record-keeping by the Japanese.
Itō has been portrayed several times in
Korean cinema
Wikidata
. His assassination was the subject of North Korea's
An Jung-gun Shoots Itō Hirobumi
in 1979 and South Korea's
Thomas Ahn Joong Keun
in 2004; both films made his assassin
An Jung-geun
Wikidata
the protagonist. The 1973 South Korean film
Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja
Wikidata
is a biopic of Itō's alleged adopted Korean daughter
Bae Jeong-ja
(1870–1952).
Itō argued the
Pan-Asian
view that if East Asians did not co-operate closely with one another, Japan, Korea and China would all fall victim to Western imperialism. Initially, Gojong and the Joseon government shared that belief and agreed to collaborate with the Japanese military.
27
Korean intellectuals had predicted that the victor of the Russo-Japanese War would assume hegemony over their peninsula, and as an Asian power, Japan enjoyed greater public support in Korea than Russia. However, policies such as land confiscation and the drafting of forced labor turned Korean popular opinion against the Japanese, a trend exacerbated by the arrest or execution of those who resisted.
27
An Jung-geun
Wikidata
was also a proponent of what was later called Pan-Asianism. He believed in a union of the three East Asian nations to repel Western imperialism and restore peace in the region.
Itō memorial temple built
edit
edit source
On 26 October 1932, the Japanese unveiled in Seoul the Hakubun-ji
博文寺
Buddhist Temple dedicated to Prince Itō. Full official name "Prince Itō Memorial Temple (伊藤公爵祈念寺院)". Situated in then Susumu Tadashidan Park on the north slope of Namsan, which after liberation became Jangchungdan Park 장충단 공원. From October 1945, the main hall served as student home, ca. 1960 replaced by a guest house of the Park Chung-Hee administration, then reconstructed and again a student guest house. In 1979 it was incorporated into the grounds of the Shilla Hotel then opened. Several other parts of the temple are still at the site.
Genealogy
edit
edit source
Hayashi family
∴Hayashi Awajinokami
Michioki
┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┓
┃　　　　┃　　　　┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃　　　　　┃　　　　　┃　　　　┃　　　　　┃
Michimoto　Michiyo　Michisige　　　　　Michiyoshi　Michisada　Michikata　Michinaga　Michisue
┃Hayasi Magosaburō
Nobukatsu
┃Hayasi Magoemon
Nobuyoshi
┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┓
┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃　　　　　┃　　　　┃
Nobuaki　　　　　　Sakuzaemon　Sojyurō　 Matazaemon
┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
┃Hayasi Hanroku　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
Nobuhisa　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Genzō
┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
┣━━━━━━━━━┓　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
┃　　　　　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
Sōzaemon　　Heijihyōe　　　　　　　　　　Yoichiemon
┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
┏━━━━━━━━━┻━━━━━━┓　　　　　　┏━━━━━┫
┃Hayasi Hanroku　┃　　　　　　┃　　　┃
Rihachirō　　　　　Riemon　　　　Masuzō　Sukezaemon
┃adopted son of Hayasi Rihachirō
┏━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
┃Itō ┃Hayasi Shinbei's wife ┃Morita Naoyoshi's wife
Jyuzō　woman　　　　　　　　　　woman
┃'''Itō
Hirobumi'''
┏━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┓
┃Itō 　　┃Kida　　┃Itō 　　┃　　　┃
Hirokuni　Humiyoshi　Shinichi　woman　woman
┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━┓
┃Itō 　　┃Shimizu ┃Itō　　　　 ┃Itō　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　　 ┃　　　┃　　┃
Hirotada　 Hiroharu　Hiromichi　 Hiroya　Hirotada　Hiroomi　Hironori　Hirotsune　Hirotaka　Hirohide　woman　woman　woman
┣━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━┓
┃Itō　　 ┃　　　┃　　┃　　　┃　　┃
Hiromasa　 woman　woman　woman　woman　woman
┣━━━━━━━┓
┃Itō　　 ┃
Tomoaki　　woman
Itō family
Itō Yaemon
Itō Naoemon (Mizui Buhei)Yaemon's adopted son
Itō Jyuzō (Hayashi Jyuzo)Naoemon's adopted son
Itō Hirobumi (Hayashi Risuke)
Honours
edit
edit source
From the Japanese Wikipedia article
Japanese
edit
edit source
Peerages
edit
edit source
Count (7 July 1884)
Marquess (5 August 1895)
Prince (21 September 1907)
Decorations
edit
edit source
Grand Cordon of the
Order of the Rising Sun
Wikidata
(2 November 1877)
Grand Cordon of the
Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
Wikidata
(11 February 1889)
Grand Cordon of the
Order of the Chrysanthemum
Wikidata
(5 August 1895)
Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (1 April 1906)
Court Ranks
edit
edit source
Fifth Rank, junior grade (1868)
Fifth Rank (1869)
Fourth Rank (1870)
Senior fourth Rank (18 February 1874)
Third Rank (27 December 1884)
Second Rank (19 October 1886)
Senior second Rank (20 December 1895)
Junior First Rank
(26 October 1909; posthumous)
Foreign
edit
edit source
German Empire
Knight 1st Class of the
Order of the Crown
Wikidata
(1886)
Grand Cross of the
Order of the Red Eagle
Wikidata
(22 December 1886); in Brilliants (December 1901)
28
29
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Grand Cross of the
Order of the White Falcon
Wikidata
(29 September 1882)
Russian Empire
Knight of the
Order of the White Eagle
Wikidata
(17 September 1883)
Knight of the
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
(19 March 1896); in Brilliants (28 November 1901)
30
29
Sweden-Norway
: Commander Grand Cross of the
Order of Vasa
Wikidata
(25 May 1885)
29
Austria-Hungary
Knight 1st Class of the
Order of the Iron Crown
(27 September 1885)
29
\n

Siam
: Grand Cross of the
Order of the Crown of Siam
Wikidata
(24 January 1888)
31
Spain
Grand Cross of the
Order of Charles III
Wikidata
(26 October 1896)
29
Belgium
Grand Cordon of the
Royal Order of Leopold
(4 October 1897)
29
France
Grand Cross of the
Legion of Honour
Wikidata
(29 April 1898)
29
Qing dynasty
Order of the Double Dragon
Wikidata
, Class I Grade III (5 December 1898)
31
United Kingdom
: Honorary Grand Cross of the
Order of the Bath
Wikidata
(civil division) (14 January 1902)
32
29
Kingdom of Italy
Knight of the
Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
Wikidata
(16 January 1902)
33
29
Korean Empire
: Grand Cordon of the
Order of the Golden Ruler
Wikidata
(18 April 1904)
31
Popular culture
edit
edit source
Year
Title
Portrayed by
1980
The Battle of Port Arthur
Wikidata
Hisaya Morishige
Wikidata
2001–02
Empress Myeongseong
Wikidata
Yoon Joo-sang
Wikidata
2009–11
Clouds Above the Slope
Wikidata
Gō Katō
Wikidata
2010
Ryōmaden
Wikidata
Hiroyuki Onoue
Wikidata
2014
Rurouni Kenshin: The Legend Ends
Wikidata
Yukiyoshi Ozawa
Wikidata
2015
Burning Flower
Wikidata
Hitori Gekidan
2018
Segodon
Wikidata
Kenta Hamano
Wikidata
2018
Mr. Sunshine
Wikidata
Kim In-woo
ko
simple
2022
Hero
Wikidata
Kim Seung-rak
ko
simple
2024
Harbin
Wikidata
Lily FRanky
See also
edit
edit source
Lua error: bad argument #2 to 'title.new' (unrecognized namespace name 'Portal').
Japanese students in Britain
References
edit
edit source
"Famous Alumni"
UCL
. 11 January 2018.
Itō, Yukio; 伊藤之雄 (2009).
Itō Hirobumi : kindai Nihon o tsukutta otoko
. 之雄 伊藤. Kōdansha. pp.
22–
25.
ISBN
978-4-06-215909-8
OCLC
466068077
Takii, Kazuhiro (2014).
Itō Hirobumi - Japan's First Prime Minister and Father of the Meiji Constitution
. trans. Takeshi Manabu. Routledge.
ISBN
978-0415838863
"Itō Hirobumi"
. Britannica
. Retrieved
28 April
2021
Perez, Louis G. (8 January 2013).
"Itō Hirobumi"
. In Perez, Louis G. (ed.).
Japan at War:An Encyclopedia
. ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 149.
ISBN
9781598847420
. Retrieved
11 September
2022
Grunden, Walter E. (8 January 2013).
"Ōkuma Shigenobu"
. In Perez, Louis G. (ed.).
Japan at War:An Encyclopedia
. ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 295.
ISBN
9781598847420
. Retrieved
16 April
2023
In 1878, Ōkuma was placed in charge of the bureau for land tax revision, where he attempted to enforce a series of unsuccessful programs geared toward financial retrenchment. Despite economic setbacks, his public popularity grew because he favored the immediate adoption of a British-style constitution and parliamentary government. Consequently, Ōkuma found himself the chief political rival and competitor of Itō Hirobumi, who championed the Prussian-style constitutional monarchy. In 1881, as the popular rights movement was gaining momentum, Ōkuma publicly advocated the immediate establishment of a national assembly. That stand placed him in direct opposition to Itō, and as a result, he was forced out of office in 1881.
7.0
7.1
W. G. Beasley,
The Rise of Modern Japan
, pp. 79–80
ISBN
0-312-04077-6
"United States".
The Times
. No. 36594. 24 October 1901. p. 3.
Ian Nish,
The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War
(Longman, 1985;
ISBN
0582491142
), p. 118.
Nish,
The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War
, p. 116.
Topics of the Week: "George Trumbull Ladd"
The New York Times
. 22 February 1908.
12.0
12.1
"Business: Japanese Strip"
Time
. 8 May 1939.
"American Honored by the Japanese"
The New York Times
. 22 October 1899.
"Great Head Temple Sôjiji"
. 2007
. Retrieved
29 July
2009
McKenzie, F.A.
(1920).
Korea's Fight for Freedom
Fleming H. Revell Company
United States. Dept. of State. (1919).
Catalogue of treaties: 1814–1918
, p. 273, at
Google Books
Umino, Fukuju (2004).
Hirobumi Itō and Korean Annexation (Itō hirobumi to kankoku heigou)
(in Japanese). Aoki Shoten.
ISBN
978-4-250-20414-2
Ogawara, Hiroyuki (2010).
伊藤博文の韓国併合構想と朝鮮社会
(in Japanese). 岩波書店.
ISBN
978-4000221795
19.0
19.1
Keene, Donald
(2002).
Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912
Columbia University Press
. pp.
662–667
ISBN
0-231-12340-X
"What Defines a Hero?"
. Japan Society. Archived from
the original
on 4 October 2007
. Retrieved
29 January
2008
"안중근"
terms.naver.com
Nakamura, Kaju (2010) [1910].
Prince Ito – The Man and Statesman – A Brief History of His Life
. Lulu Press (reprint).
ISBN
978-1445571423
"The Harbin Tragedy"
The Straits Times
. 2 December 1909
. Retrieved
3 July
2017
"Why Did Ahn Jung-geun Kill Hirobumi Ito?"
The Korea Times
Wikidata
. 24 August 2009.
Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012).
(国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia
. 学生社.
ISBN
978-4311750403
(in Japanese)
"伊藤博文旧宅"
(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs
. Retrieved
20 August
2021
27.0
27.1
Lee Jeong-sik (이정식) (May 2001).
긴급대특집, 일본 역사교과서 왜곡파문
[Special report on Japan's history textbook issue.].
New DongA
(in Korean)
. Retrieved
1 May
2012
... initially many Koreans supported Japanese against Russians, and helped Japanese military. ... Many intellectuals had predicted that whoever wins the
Russo-Japanese War
Wikidata
, Joseon would be controlled by a victor. Still, they had hoped for the Asian power's victory. .... On 14 April 1904, Japan demanded unrestricted fishing rights all across Korean peninsular. On 28 June, Japan asked for the right to use every unclaimed land in Korea. Many Japanese gangsters had beaten Korean citizens in numerous occasions. ... —1904, U.S. diplomatic cable by Horace Allen, then U.S. representative in Korea. [...러·일전쟁 때 많은 조선인이 일본측에 동조했고, 일본군을 도왔다... 많은 지식인이 전쟁이 끝난 후에 조선은 승자에게 굴(屈)하고 주권을 상실할 것이라 예측했음에도, 러시아보다는 '동족(同族)'인 일본이 승리하기를 바랐다. ... (1) 1904년 4월14일. 일본은 조선반도 전역에서 거의 무제한적인 어업권을 요구했다. (2) 6월28일. 그들은 지금 조선 내 모든 황무지를 점거하고 사용할 수 있는 권리를 요구했다. (3) 많은 수의 일본인 불량배 노동자들이 조선 사람들을 괴롭히고 있다. ...
1904 년 주한미국공사 호레스 앨런의 보고서
"Latest intelligence – Germany".
The Times
. No. 36639. London. 16 December 1901. p. 6.
29.0
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
Clark, Samuel (2016).
"Status Consequences of State Honours"
Distributing Status: The Evolution of State Honours in Western Europe
. Canada: McGill-Queens University Press. p. 322.
doi
10.1515/9780773598560
(inactive 2 December 2024).
ISBN
9780773598577
JSTOR
j.ctt1c99bzh
OCLC
947837811
. Retrieved
14 May
2024
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (
link
"Latest intelligence – Russia and Japan".
The Times
. No. 36626. London. 30 November 1901. p. 7.
31.0
31.1
31.2
JAPAN, 独立行政法人国立公文書館 | NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF.
"枢密院文書・枢密院高等官転免履歴書 明治ノ二"
国立公文書館 デジタルアーカイブ
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
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"No. 27397"].
The London Gazette
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). 14 January 1902. p.
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"Court circular".
The Times
. No. 36667. London. 17 January 1902. p. 8.
Sources
edit
edit source
Nish, Ian
Wikidata
(1998).
The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment
. Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library.
ISBN
9781873410844
OCLC
40410662
Further reading
edit
edit source
Edward, I. "Japan's Decision to Annex Taiwan: A Study of Itō-Mutsu Diplomacy, 1894–95".
Journal of Asian Studies
37#1 (1977): 61–72.
Hamada Kengi (1936).
Prince Ito
. Tokyo: Sanseido Co.
Johnston, John T.M. (1917).
World Patriots
. New York: World Patriots Co.
Kusunoki Sei'ichirō (1991).
Nihon shi omoshiro suiri: Nazo no satsujin jiken wo oe
. Tokyo: Futami bunko.
Ladd, George T. (1908).
In Korea with Marquis Ito
Nakamura Kaju (1910).
Prince Ito: The Man and the Statesman: A Brief History of His Life
New York: Japanese-American commercial weekly and Anraku Pub. Co.
Palmer, Frederick (1901). "Marquis Ito: The Great Man of Japan".
Scribner’s Magazine
30
(5), 613–621.
External links
edit
edit source
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Itō Hirobumi
Script error: No such module "Internet Archive".
About Japan: A Teacher's Resource
Ideas about how to teach about Ito Hirobumi in a K–12 classroom
Ito, Hirobumi, Prince
".
Encyclopædia Britannica
(11th ed.). 1911.
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\n

Newspaper clippings about Itō Hirobumi
in the
20th Century Press Archives
of the
ZBW
Political offices
Preceded by
Ōkubo Toshimichi
Wikidata
Lord of Home Affairs
1874
Succeeded by
Ōkubo Toshimichi
Wikidata
Lord of Home Affairs
1878–1880
Succeeded by
Matsukata Masayoshi
Wikidata
New office
Prime Minister of Japan
Wikidata
1885–1888
Succeeded by
Kuroda Kiyotaka
Wikidata
Preceded by
Inoue Kaoru
Wikidata
Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)
Wikidata
1887–1888
Succeeded by
Ōkuma Shigenobu
Wikidata
New office
President of the Privy Council
Wikidata
1888–1889
Succeeded by
Oki Takato
President of the
House of Peers
Wikidata
1890–1891
Succeeded by
Hachisuka Mochiaki
Wikidata
Preceded by
Oki Takato
President of the Privy Council
Wikidata
1891–1892
Succeeded by
Oki Takato
Preceded by
Matsukata Masayoshi
Wikidata
Prime Minister of Japan
Wikidata
1892–1896
Succeeded by
Kuroda Kiyotaka
Wikidata
as Acting Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Japan
Wikidata
1898
Succeeded by
Ōkuma Shigenobu
Wikidata
Preceded by
Yamagata Aritomo
Wikidata
Prime Minister of Japan
Wikidata
1900–1901
Succeeded by
Saionji Kinmochi
Wikidata
as Acting Prime Minister
Preceded by
Saionji Kinmochi
Wikidata
President of the Privy Council
Wikidata
1903–1905
Succeeded by
Yamagata Aritomo
Wikidata
New office
Resident General of Korea
1905–1909
Succeeded by
Sone Arasuke
Wikidata
Preceded by
Yamagata Aritomo
Wikidata
President of the Privy Council
Wikidata
1909
Succeeded by
Yamagata Aritomo
Wikidata
Prime ministers of Japan
list
Empire of Japan
(1868–1947)
Meiji era
(1868–1912)
H. Itō
Kuroda
Sanjō
(caretaker)
Yamagata
Matsukata
H. Itō
Kuroda
(acting)
Matsukata
H. Itō
Ōkuma
Yamagata
H. Itō
Saionji
(acting)
Katsura
Saionji
Taishō era
(1912–1926)
Katsura
Saionji
Katsura
Yamamoto
Ōkuma
Terauchi
Hara
Uchida
(acting)
Takahashi
To. Katō
Uchida
(acting)
Yamamoto
Kiyoura
Ta. Katō
Wakatsuki
Shōwa era
(1926–1947)
G. Tanaka
Hamaguchi
Shidehara
(acting)
Hamaguchi
Wakatsuki
Inukai
Takahashi
(acting)
Saitō
Okada
Gotō
(acting)
Okada
Hirota
Hayashi
Konoe
Hiranuma
N. Abe
Yonai
Konoe
Tōjō
Koiso
K. Suzuki
Higashikuni
Shidehara
Yoshida
State of Japan
(1947–present)
Shōwa era
(1947–1989)
Katayama
Ashida
Yoshida
I. Hatoyama
Ishibashi
Kishi
Ikeda
Satō
K. Tanaka
Miki
T. Fukuda
Ōhira
M. Itō
(acting)
Z. Suzuki
Nakasone
Takeshita
Heisei era
(1989–2019)
Uno
Kaifu
Miyazawa
Hosokawa
Hata
Murayama
Hashimoto
Obuchi
Aoki
Mori
Koizumi
S. Abe
Y. Fukuda
Asō
Y. Hatoyama
Kan
Noda
S. Abe
Reiwa era
(2019–present)
Suga
Kishida
Ishiba
Category
Former residence of Itō Hirobumi in Hagi
arz:ايتو هيروبومى
az:İto Hirobumi
be:Іта Хірабумі
bg:Ито Хиробуми
cs:Hirobumi Itó
el:Ιτό Χιρομπούμι
eo:Ito Hirobumi
eu:Itō Hirobumi
fi:Itō Hirobumi
gl:Itō Hirobumi
he:איטו הירובומי
hy:Իտո Հիրոբումի
ka:იტო ჰირობუმი
kk:Ито Хиробуми
ky:Ито Хиробуми
lt:Ito Hirobumi
mg:Itō Hirobumi
min:Ito Hirobumi
mn:Ито Хиробүми
mr:हिरोबुमी इतो
no:Hirobumi Itō
pa:ਇਤੋ ਹੀਰੋਬੂਮੀ
pl:Hirobumi Itō
sco:Itō Hirobumi
su:Itō Hirobumi
th:อิโต ฮิโรบูมิ
tl:Itō Hirobumi
tt:Ито Хиробуми
war:Itō Hirobumi
wuu:伊藤博文
yo:Itō Hirobumi
zh-classical:伊藤博文
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Wikidata
(Q174971)
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Itō Hirobumi
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