January 6 United States Capitol attack - Wikipedia

January 6 United States Capitol attack - Wikipedia
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77°00′33″W
 / 
38.88972°N 77.00917°W
 /
38.88972; -77.00917
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2021 attack to stop election certification
"United States Capitol attack" redirects here. For other attacks that have happened, see
Timeline of violent incidents at the United States Capitol
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October 2025
January 6 United States Capitol attack
Part of the
attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election
American militia movement
political violence in the United States
, and
domestic terrorism in the United States
Crowd outside the Capitol during the attack (top);
bear spray
deployed against a line of policemen (bottom left); attackers breach a police line (bottom right)
Date
January 6, 2021
; 5 years ago
2021-01-06
c.
12:53
p.m.
– 5:40
p.m.
UTC−05:00
Location
The Capitol Building
, Washington, D.C., United States
38°53′23″N
77°00′33″W
 / 
38.88972°N 77.00917°W
 /
38.88972; -77.00917
Caused by
False claims of 2020 presidential election fraud
made by
Donald Trump
and his allies
Denial of the
2020 presidential election
results
Far-right extremism in the United States
conspiracy
intimidation
Incitement of insurrection
attacking a legislature
Goals
Disrupt and delay the
Electoral College vote count
Pressure Congress and Vice President
Mike Pence
to overturn the election of
Joe Biden
in favor of Trump
Resulted in
Attack mostly unsuccessful
Insurrection suppressed
Fatalities and injuries among the attackers and law enforcement
Assaults on at least 174 police officers
Delay of
counting electoral votes
by hours
10
Extensive physical damage;
11
12
13
offices and chambers vandalized and ransacked; property stolen;
14
more than $30
million for repairs and security measures
15
Second impeachment of Donald Trump
16
Third indictment of Donald Trump
17
18
Unsuccessful attempts to
declare Trump ineligible
for Colorado, Maine, and Illinois ballots
19
Trump pardons or commutes the sentences of all rioters in 2025
20
Parties
Pro-Trump
far-right
militias
and movements
Proud Boys
Oath Keepers
Factions of the
Three Percenters
QAnon
movement
White supremacists
neo-Fascists
neo-Nazis
, and
neo-Confederates
Various far-right movements
Full list
21
United States federal government
, D.C. and state governments
U.S. Capitol Police
D.C. Metropolitan Police
Montgomery County Police
22
23
Metro Transit Police
24
Prince George's County Police
25
Supreme Court Police
Virginia State Police
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Department of Homeland Security
U.S. Secret Service
Virginia Army National Guard
Maryland State Police
Maryland Army National Guard
New Jersey State Police
D.C. Army National Guard
Lead figures
President
Donald Trump
Enrique Tarrio
Joe Biggs
Stewart Rhodes
Vice President
Mike Pence
Speaker
Nancy Pelosi
Steven Sund
Casualties and criminal charges
Deaths
On January 6
1 rioter killed by gunshot
1 rioter died from drug overdose
2 rallygoers died from natural causes
26
Following January 6
1 police officer died of a stroke
4 police officers died by suicide
Injuries
Unknown number of rioters
At least 174 police officers,
including at least 15 hospitalized
31
Charged
1,500 or more, including Trump
see also
Criminal charges relating to the attack
and
2025 pardons
January 6 United
States Capitol attack
Timeline
Planning
Background
2020 presidential election
and other causes
Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump
in 2012
in 2016
Republican reactions
Michigan State Capitol storming
2020–21 presidential election protests
2021 Electoral College vote count
Attempts to overturn the presidential election
Trump fake electors plot
Chesebro memos
Eastman memos
Jeffrey Clark letter
Democratic backsliding in the US
Social media use by Donald Trump
Trumpism
QAnon
Donald Trump and fascism
Related groups and persons
Ali Alexander
Ray Epps
Nick Fuentes
Rudy Giuliani
Jericho March
Alex Jones
Sedition Caucus
Enrique Tarrio
Donald Trump
Donald Trump Jr.
Participants
Notable people
Ashli Babbitt
Joe Biggs
Richard Barnett
Jacob "QAnon Shaman" Chansley
Derrick Evans
Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet
Riley Williams
Simone Gold
Klete Keller
Ethan Nordean
Rick Saccone
Jon Schaffer
John Earle Sullivan
Organizations
Boogaloo movement
Groypers
Oath Keepers
Proud Boys
Three Percenters
NSC-131
Law enforcement response
Capitol Police
Harry Dunn
Aquilino Gonell
Eugene Goodman
Brian Sicknick
Howard Liebengood
Steven Sund
Department of Defense
Michael C. Stenger
Paul D. Irving
Christopher C. Miller
Ryan D. McCarthy
Walter E. Piatt
Charles A. Flynn
Daniel Hokanson
William J. Walker
D.C. National Guard
DC
Muriel Bowser
Robert Contee
Michael Fanone
Daniel Hodges
Jeffrey L. Smith
Virginia
Ralph Northam
Aftermath
Biden inauguration
2021 inauguration week protests
Security preparations
Investigations and charges
Justice Department investigation
Criminal proceedings
list
Fischer v. United States
January 6 commission
House Select Committee
public hearings
Smith special counsel investigation
federal prosecution of Donald Trump
Trump's pardon of defendants
Corporate actions
List of companies that halted political contributions
Social media suspensions of Donald Trump
permanent suspension
Suspensions of other social media accounts
shutdown of Parler
Reactions
Domestic
Antifa culpability conspiracy theory
International
Impeachment and
2024 presidential election
Second impeachment of Donald Trump
trial
Presidential eligibility of Donald Trump
Trump v. Anderson
This article is part of
a series about
Donald Trump
Life and business
Business career
The Trump Organization
wealth
tax returns
Media career
The Apprentice
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filmography
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Age and health
Foundation
Public image
In popular culture
"Trump always chickens out"
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Pseudonyms
SNL
parodies
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Epstein ties
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Handshakes
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On January 6, 2021, the
United States Capitol
in
Washington, D.C.
, was attacked by a mob
34
35
of supporters of President
Donald Trump
in an attempted
self-coup
36
two months after his defeat in the
2020 presidential election
. They sought to keep him in power by preventing a
joint session of Congress
from
counting the Electoral College votes
to formalize the victory of then
president-elect
Joe Biden
. The attack was unsuccessful in preventing the certification of the election results. According to the bipartisan
House select committee that investigated the incident
, the attack was the culmination of
a plan
by Trump to
overturn the election
37
38
Within 36 hours, five people died:
one was shot
by the
Capitol Police
, another died of a drug overdose, and three died of natural causes, including
a police officer who died
of a stroke a day after being assaulted by rioters and collapsing at the Capitol.
29
39
Many people were injured, including 174 police officers.
Four officers who responded to the attack
died by suicide
within seven months.
30
Damage caused by attackers exceeded $2.7
million.
40
It is the only attempted
coup d'état
directed towards the Federal government in the history of the United States.
Called to action by Trump on January
5 and
6, thousands of his supporters had gathered in Washington, D.C., to support
his false claims
that the 2020 election had been "stolen by emboldened radical-left
Democrats
",
41
and to demand that then–vice president
Mike Pence
and
Congress
reject Biden's victory.
42
Starting at noon on January 6, at a "Save America" rally on
the Ellipse
43
Trump gave a speech in which he repeated false claims of election irregularities
44
and said, "If you don't fight like hell, you're not going to have a country anymore". As Congress began the electoral vote count, thousands of attendees, some armed, walked to the Capitol, and hundreds breached police perimeters. Among the rioters were leaders of the
Proud Boys
and the
Oath Keepers
militia
groups.
The
FBI
estimates 2,000–2,500 people entered the Capitol during the attack.
45
46
47
Some vandalized and looted,
48
49
including in the offices of
House speaker
Nancy Pelosi
and other Congress members.
50
Rioters assaulted Capitol Police officers
51
and journalists.
52
Capitol Police evacuated and locked down both chambers of Congress and several buildings in the Complex. Rioters occupied the empty
Senate chamber
, while federal law enforcement officers defended the evacuated House floor.
Pipe bombs
were found at the
Democratic National Committee
and
Republican National Committee
headquarters, and
Molotov cocktails
were discovered in a vehicle near the Capitol. Trump resisted sending the
National Guard
to quell the mob. That afternoon, in a
video, he restated false claims about the election and told his supporters to "go home in peace".
53
54
The Capitol was cleared of rioters by mid-evening, and the electoral vote count was resumed and completed by the morning of January 7, concluding with Pence declaring the final electoral vote count in favor of President-elect Biden. Pressured by
his cabinet
, the threat of removal, and
resignations
, Trump conceded to an
orderly transition of power
in a televised statement.
A week after the attack, the House of Representatives
impeached Trump
for
incitement of insurrection
, making him the only U.S. president to be
impeached
twice. After Trump had left office, the Senate voted 57–43 in favor of conviction, but fell short of the required two-thirds, resulting in his acquittal. Senate
Republicans
blocked a bill to create a bipartisan
independent commission
to investigate the attack, so the House instead approved a select
investigation committee
55
56
They held
public hearings
57
58
voted to
subpoena
Trump, and recommended that the
Department of Justice
(DOJ) prosecute him. Following
a special counsel investigation
, Trump was
indicted on four charges
, all dismissed following
his reelection
to
the presidency
. Trump and elected Republican officials have promoted a
revisionist history
of the event by downplaying the severity of the violence, spreading
conspiracy theories
, and portraying those charged with crimes as hostages and martyrs.
59
Of the 1,424 people then charged with federal crimes relating to the event,
60
1,010 pled guilty,
60
and 1,060 were sentenced, 64% of them to jail time.
60
Some participants were linked to
far-right
extremist groups or
conspiratorial movements
, including the Oath Keepers, Proud Boys, and
Three Percenters
61
some of whom were convicted of
seditious conspiracy
62
Enrique Tarrio
, then chairman of the Proud Boys, received the longest sentence, a 22-year prison term.
63
On January 20, 2025, upon taking office,
Trump granted clemency to all January 6 rioters
, including those convicted of violent offenses but excluding himself.
20
Background
For a chronological guide, see
Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack
Attempts to overturn the presidential election
Main article:
Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election
Joe Biden, of the Democratic Party, defeated incumbent Republican Party president Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election.
64
Trump and other Republicans
attempted to overturn the election
, falsely claiming widespread
voter fraud
65
Trump's tweet shortly after polls had closed
Within hours after the polls closing, while votes were still being tabulated, Trump declared victory, demanding counting be halted.
66
He began a campaign to subvert the election, through
legal challenges
and extralegal effort. Trump's attorneys concluded there was neither a factual foundation nor valid legal argument for challenging the election results.
67
Despite those analyses, Trump sought to overturn the results by filing sixty lawsuits, including two that came before the
Supreme Court
. Those challenges were all rejected by the courts, for lack of evidence or
legal standing
65
Trump then mounted a campaign to pressure Republican governors, secretaries of state, and state legislatures to nullify results by replacing slates of Biden electors with slates pledged to Trump, or by manufacturing evidence of fraud; Trump's role in the
plot to use fake electors
led to prosecutions
in Georgia
and
in federal court
. He demanded lawmakers investigate ostensible election "irregularities", such as by conducting signature matches of
mailed-in ballots
, disregarding any prior analytic efforts. Trump made inquiries regarding the possibility of invoking
martial law
to "re-run" or reverse the election
65
68
and appointed a
special counsel
to find instances of fraud, despite conclusions by federal and state officials that such cases were few or non-existent. Trump ultimately undertook neither step.
65
Trump repeatedly urged Pence to alter the results and stop Biden from taking office despite none of those actions being within Pence's constitutional powers as vice president and
president of the Senate
. Trump repeated this call in his rally speech on the morning of January 6.
69
Numerous scholars, historians, political scientists, and journalists have characterized these efforts to overturn the election as an attempted
self-coup
by Trump and an implementation of the "
big lie
".
36
Planning of January 6 events
On December 18, Trump called for supporters to attend a rally before the January
6 Congressional vote count, writing on Twitter, "Big protest in D.C. on January 6th. Be there, will be wild!".
70
On December 28, far-right activist
Ali Alexander
described collaboration with the Proud Boys and explained the purpose of the January 6 event would be "to build momentum and pressure" to convince members of Congress to alter the election results.
71
He named three Republican members of the House as allies who were planning "something big":
Paul Gosar
Andy Biggs
and
Mo Brooks
72
"We're the four guys who came up with a January
6 event", Alexander said.
73
On December 23,
Roger Stone
's group
Stop the Steal
posted plans to "occupy just outside" the Capitol with promises to "escalate" if opposed by police.
74
Stone recorded a video for his "Stop The Steal Security Project" to raise funds "for the staging, the transportation and most importantly the security" of the event.
75
The event was largely funded by Trump donor
Julie Fancelli
, heiress to the
Publix
supermarket fortune, who budgeted $3
million for and spent at least $650,000.
76
Fancelli's funding, via conspiracy theorist
Alex Jones
, was used to reserve the Ellipse. With Fancelli's funding, a
robocall
campaign urged people to "march to the Capitol building and call on Congress to stop the steal".
77
Jones claimed the White House asked him to lead the march to the Capitol.
78
On January 2, Trump announced plans to speak at the "March to Save America" rally on January
6.
79
80
81
On January 4,
Steve Bannon
said he was part of "the bloodless coup".
82
83
Seditious conspiracy by Oath Keepers and Proud Boys
Main article:
Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack
On November 5, two days after the election, leaders of the Oath Keepers began communicating about a "civil war". On November 9, the leaders held a members-only online conference in which leader Stewart Rhodes outlined a plan to stop the transfer of power, including preparations for using force. The Oath Keepers planned to store "an arsenal" with a "Quick Reaction Force" (QRF) in nearby Alexandria, Virginia. The leaders planned to procure boat transportation so bridge closures could not prevent their entry into D.C.
On December 12, about 200 Proud Boys joined a march near
Freedom Plaza
and the
Trump International Hotel
dressed in combat fatigues and ballistic vests.
88
In scuffles between protesters and counter-protesters, four people were stabbed and at least 23 arrested.
89
Three days later, Proud Boy members were being photographed wearing apparel featuring the antisemitic, Neo-Nazi slogan "6MWE" (6
million wasn't enough),
90
referring to the number of Jewish
Holocaust victims
. The slogan was accompanied by an Eagle and
fasces
symbol used by the
Italian Fascists
90
The image, which spread on Twitter, prompted the
Anti-Defamation League
to declare that the "Proud Boys' Bigotry is on Full Display".
91
On December 19, Oath Keepers leader
Kelly Meggs
called Proud Boys leader
Enrique Tarrio
92
One Proud Boy leader posted a message saying, "I am assuming most of the protest will be at the capital [
sic
] building given what's going on inside".
93
The Proud Boys leadership encouraged members to attend the January 6 event. Leaders used a crowdfunding website to raise money and purchase paramilitary equipment such as concealed tactical vests and radio equipment in preparation for the attack. Chapter leadership spent the days prior to, and morning of January 6, planning the attack.
94
95
On December 29, leaders announced plans to be "incognito" on January 6, by not wearing their traditional black and yellow garb.
94
96
On December 30, the leadership received a document titled "
1776 Returns
", which called for the occupation of "crucial buildings" on January 6 and argued for supporters to "Storm the
Winter Palace
" in a reference to an attack on the Capitol.
97
On January 3 and 4, Proud Boys leadership explicitly discussed "storming" the Capitol.
94
On January 3, Rhodes departed home, having spent $6,000 on a rifle and other firearms equipment in Texas, and $4,500 in Mississippi, en route to D.C. On January 5, leaders began unloading weapons for the "QRF". Leaders drove into D.C. on a "reconnaissance mission".
84
On January 4, Tarrio was arrested by D.C. police in connection with a prior destruction-of-property charge. Fearing the police would access Tarrio's messaging apps, leadership deleted the group chat and created a new one. Tarrio was released on January 5 and ordered to leave the city. Rather than immediately comply, he traveled to a parking garage to meet with Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes.
94
98
The night of January 5, Proud Boys leaders divided members into teams, passed out radios, and programmed them to specific channels in preparation. Orders were issued to assemble at 10
a.m. at the
Washington Monument
. Leadership warned members to avoid police and blend in with the public.
99
On January 6, about 100 plainclothes members assembled at the Washington Monument and were led to the Capitol to participate in the attack.
94
Predictions of violence
Main article:
Predictions of violence ahead of the January 6 United States Capitol attack
The weeks preceding January 6 were filled with predictions of violence by Trump supporters. The attack was later said to be "planned in plain sight", with postings on social media even planning for violence on January 6.
Commentators had long feared that Trump might provoke violence after an electoral loss.
100
For weeks before January 6, there were over one million mentions of storming the Capitol on social media, including calls for violence against Congress, Pence, and the police.
101
102
74
On December 28, a map was posted showing entrances and exits to the Capitol and tunnels that connect it to House and Senate office buildings. Black X's represented forces that would be "ready for action" if Congress tried to certify the election.
103
On January 1, the operator of a website about the tunnels noticed a traffic spike, prompting him to notify the
FBI
of a likely attack.
104
From December 29 to January 5, the FBI and its field offices warned of armed protests at every state capitol and reported plans by Trump supporters that included violence.
105
On December 30, one popular comment was posted, saying, "I'm thinking it will be literal war on that day. Where we'll storm offices and physically remove and even kill all the D.C. traitors and reclaim the country".
100
That comment was highlighted in a January 2 article by
The Daily Beast
which reported protesters were discussing bringing guns, breaking into federal buildings, and attacking law enforcement.
100
106
In the days leading up to the attack, organizations, including ones that monitor
online extremism
, issued warnings about the event.
107
On January 5, the media published stories about widespread predictions of violence, and D.C. mayor
Muriel Bowser
called for residents to avoid the downtown area where protesters would march.
108
Two D.C. food and lodging establishments with a history of being patronized by the Proud Boys announced temporary closures, citing safety concerns.
109
Members of Congress reached out to law enforcement charged with protecting the Capitol against violence and were assured Capitol Police were prepared.
110
Three days before the Capitol attack, the
Capitol Police
intelligence unit circulated a memo warning that Trump supporters see the day of the Electoral College vote count "as the last opportunity to overturn the results of the presidential election" and could use violence against "Congress itself" on that date.
111
Law enforcement and National Guard preparations
Main article:
Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Preparations for January 6
The Chain of Command to the
D.C. National Guard
at the time of the attack; from
Commander-in-Chief
Donald Trump
to the recently appointed
Acting-Secretary of Defense
Christopher C. Miller
, to
Acting-Secretary of the Army
Ryan D. McCarthy
to
General William Walker
the commander of the
District of Columbia National Guard
On November 9, Trump fired
Secretary of Defense
Mark Esper
and replaced him with
Christopher C. Miller
112
In response,
Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) director
Gina Haspel
told Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Mark Milley
"we are on the way to a right-wing coup".
113
On December 18, Miller unilaterally terminated the Department of Defense's transition to the
incoming administration
, falsely claiming it was a mutually-agreed pause for the holidays.
114
115
On January 2, Republican senator
Mitt Romney
– who himself had lost the
2012 presidential election
against
Barack Obama
, and conceded in an orderly manner – contacted Senate majority leader
Mitch McConnell
, predicting reinforcements would be denied, "... a senior official at the Pentagon... reports that they are seeing very disturbing social media traffic regarding the protests planned on the 6th. There are calls to burn down your home, Mitch; to smuggle guns into DC, and to storm the Capitol. I hope that sufficient security plans are in place, but I am concerned that the instigator—the President—is the one who commands the reinforcements the DC and Capitol police might require".
116
On January 3, all ten living former defense secretaries released an open letter in which they expressed concerns about a potential coup to overturn the election, mentioning Christopher Miller by name.
117
That day, Trump ordered Miller to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6.
118
The next day, Miller signed
a memo
severely limiting the ability of the D.C. National Guard to deploy without his permission. Since his appointment in 2018, D.C. National Guard commanding major general
William J. Walker
had standing orders to respond to civil disturbances in the district, but on January 5, Walker received new orders from Secretary of the Army
Ryan McCarthy
forbidding him to respond to a civil disturbance without explicit prior approval from McCarthy and Miller.
119
Previously, he had authority to respond without seeking permission.
119
120
After the attack, Walker described the order as "unusual", noting "It required me to seek authorization from the secretary of the Army and the secretary of defense to essentially protect my guardsmen".
119
On January
4, D.C. mayor Bowser announced that the
Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
(MPD) would lead law enforcement in the district, and would coordinate with the Capitol Police, the
U.S. Park Police
, and the
Secret Service
121
Jurisdictionally, the Metropolitan Police Department is responsible for city streets of the National Mall and Capitol area, whereas the Park Police are responsible for the Ellipse, the Secret Service is responsible for the vicinity of the
White House
, and the Capitol Police is responsible for the Capitol complex itself.
121
During a meeting with a representative of the Capitol Police, the Mayor asked, "[W]here does your perimeter start?" At that point, the individual left the room, and stopped participating in the conference. The mayor later recalled, "[T]hat should have been like a trigger to me. Like these people, they don't want to answer questions about their preparation".
122
On January 6, under "orders from leadership", the Capitol Police deployed without "less lethal" arms such as
sting grenades
. The Capitol Police armory was not properly maintained; riot shields had been improperly stored at the wrong temperature, rendering them ineffective, while ammunition stores were expired.
123
Trump supporters gather in D.C.
On January 5,
Michael Flynn
left
) and
Roger Stone
right
) spoke at a Trump rally near the Capitol. Both had received presidential pardons in the past month.
when?
On January 5, events related to overturning the election occurred on or near the
National Mall
in Washington, D.C., at places such as Freedom Plaza, the North Inner Gravel Walkway between 13th and 14th Streets, Area
9 across from the
Russell Senate Office Building
, and near the
United States Supreme Court
124
125
On the night of January
5 and into the morning of January 6, at least ten people were arrested, several on weapons charges.
126
On January 5,
Ray Epps
, an individual with a history in the Arizona Oath Keepers, was filmed during two street gatherings urging people to go into the Capitol the next day, "peacefully", he said at one of the gatherings.
127
128
Epps was filmed on January 6 telling people to "go to the Capitol".
127
Epps had texted his nephew that he was "orchestrating" the flow into the Capitol building.
129
Epps later claimed that he had been boasting about "directing" people towards the Capitol.
130
From 1:00 to 5:00
p.m. on January 5, a series of Trump rallies were held at Freedom Plaza.
124
Notable speakers included Alex Jones,
Michael Flynn
George Papadopoulos
, and Roger Stone.
131
Flynn and Stone had received presidential pardons in prior weeks. On December 8, Trump pardoned retired US
Army lieutenant general Michael Flynn, who had pleaded guilty to "willfully and knowingly"
making false statements
to the FBI about communications with the Russian ambassador. Flynn, a prominent
QAnon
proponent, participated in the D.C. events on January 5, while his brother, U.S. Army general
Charles Flynn
, would participate in a conference call on January 6 when he would refuse permission to deploy the
National Guard
after the breach of the Capitol.
132
On December 23, Trump pardoned Roger Stone, who had been found guilty at trial of
witness tampering
, making false statements to Congress, and obstruction. Stone, who had longtime ties to the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers, employed Oath Keepers as security on January 5.
133
Stone's Oath-Keeper driver,
Roberto Minuta
, was later convicted of seditious conspiracy for his role in plotting and executing the following day's attack.
134
January 5 meetings
In the evening of January 5, Trump's closest allies, including Michael Flynn,
Corey Lewandowski
, Alabama senator
Tommy Tuberville
, and Trump's sons
Donald
Jr.
and
Eric
, met at the
Trump International Hotel
in Washington, D.C.
135
136
Tuberville has since said that he did not attend the meeting,
137
despite having been photographed in the hotel's lobby.
135
138
According to
Charles Herbster
, who said he attended the meeting himself, attendees included Tuberville, Adam Piper, and
Peter Navarro
. Daniel Beck wrote that "Fifteen of us spent the evening with Donald Trump Jr.,
Kimberly Guilfoyle
, Tommy Tuberville,
Mike Lindell
, Peter Navarro, and
Rudy Giuliani
".
139
Herbster claimed to be standing "in the private residence of the President at Trump International with the following patriots who are joining me in a battle for justice and truth". He added
David Bossie
to the list of attendees.
135
Bombs placed
External image
FBI images of bomb suspect
FBI
compilation of bombs being placed
140
At 7:40
p.m. on January 5, someone was filmed carrying a bag through a neighborhood on South Capitol Street. At 7:52
p.m., the person was recorded sitting on a bench outside the DNC; the next day, a pipe bomb was discovered there, under a bush. In the footage, the suspect appears to zip a bag, stand and walk away. At 8:14, the suspect was filmed in an alley near the RNC, where a second pipe bomb was found the following day.
141
Both bombs were placed within a few blocks of the Capitol.
142
143
Nearing the second anniversary of the incident, a reward of $500,000 was offered.
144
In December 2025, a suspect in connection with the incident was arrested by the FBI
145
146
and told the FBI that he believed conspiracy theories about the 2020 election.
147
January 6 Trump rally
On January
6, the "Save America" rally (or "March to Save America", promoted as a "Save America March")
148
took place on
the Ellipse
within the National Mall just south of the White House. The permit granted to
Women for America First
scheduled a first amendment rally "March for Trump", with speeches running from 9:00
a.m. to 3:30
p.m., with an additional hour for the conclusion of the rally and dispersal of participants.
124
Speakers at the "Save America" rally included
Rudy Giuliani
top
) and
John Eastman
Trump supporters gathered on the Ellipse to hear speeches from Trump, Rudy Giuliani, and others, such as
Chapman University School of Law
professor
John Eastman
, who spoke, at least in part, based on
his memorandums
, which have been described as an instruction manual for a coup d'état.
149
150
In a February court filing,
Jessica Watkins
, a member of the Oath Keepers, claimed she had acted as "security" at the rally in collaboration with the Secret Service. The Secret Service denied this,
151
with Watkins later changing her story;
152
in 2023, she was sentenced to
years in prison.
153
Mo Brooks was a featured speaker at the rally and spoke around 9
a.m., where he said, "Today is the day American patriots start taking down names and kicking ass". And later, "Are you willing to do what it takes to fight for America? Louder! Will you fight for America?"
154
155
Representative
Madison Cawthorn
said, "This crowd has some fight".
156
Women for America First founder Amy Kremer told attendees, "it is up to you and I to save this Republic" and called on them to "keep up the fight".
81
Trump's sons, Donald Jr. and Eric, along with Eric's wife
Lara Trump
, also spoke, naming and verbally attacking Republican congressmen and senators who were not supporting the effort to challenge the Electoral College vote, and promising to campaign against them in future primary elections.
157
Donald Jr. said of Republican lawmakers, "If you're gonna be the zero and not the hero, we're coming for you".
158
159
Rudy Giuliani repeated conspiracy theories that voting machines used in the election were "crooked" and at 10:50 called for "
trial by combat
".
160
161
Eastman asserted that balloting machines contained "secret folders" that altered voting results.
162
At 10:58, a Proud Boys contingent left the rally and marched toward the Capitol Building.
43
On January 6, the "Wild Protest" was organized by Stop The Steal and took place in Area
8, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.
164
On January 6, the "Freedom Rally" was organized by Virginia Freedom Keepers,
Latinos for Trump
, and United Medical Freedom Super PAC at 300 First Street NE, across from the Russell Senate Office Building.
165
Trump's speech
An image of
Trump
delivering his rally speech from behind a bulletproof shield was projected onto this screen at the rally
Starting at 11:58, from behind a bulletproof shield,
President Trump gave a speech
, declaring that he would "never concede" the election, criticizing the media, and calling for Pence to overturn the election results.
69
166
His speech contained many falsehoods and misrepresentations that inflamed the crowd.
167
Trump did not call on his supporters to use violence or enter the Capitol,
168
but his speech was filled with violent imagery.
169
On social media, Trump was suggesting that his supporters had the power to prevent Biden from taking office.
168
One of his tweets, posted on January 6, 2021, at 5:43
a.m., was "Get smart Republicans. FIGHT".
170
The same afternoon, Pence released a letter to Congress, in which he said he could not challenge Biden's victory.
69
171
Although the initial plan for the rally called for people to remain at the Ellipse until the counting of electoral slates was complete, the White House said they should march to the Capitol, as Trump repeatedly urged during his speech.
67
Trump called for his supporters to "walk down to the Capitol" to "cheer on our brave senators and congressmen and women and we're probably not going to be cheering so much for some of them". He told the crowd that he would be with them, but he ultimately did not go to the Capitol. As to counting Biden's electoral votes, Trump said, "We can't let that happen" and suggested Biden would be an "illegitimate president".
168
169
Referring to the day of the elections, Trump said, "most people would stand there at 9:00 in the evening and say, 'I want to thank you very much,' and they go off to some other life, but I said, 'Something's wrong here. Something's really wrong. [It] can't have happened.' And we fight. We fight like Hell and if you don't fight like Hell, you're not going to have a country anymore".
172
: 01:11:44
He said the protesters would be "going to the Capitol and we're going to try and give [Republicans] the kind of pride and boldness that they need to take back our country".
173
Trump also said, "you'll never take back our country with weakness. You have to show strength and you have to be strong. We have come to demand that Congress do the right thing and only count the electors who have been lawfully slated".
168
169
Trump denounced Representative
Liz Cheney
, saying, "We've got to get rid of the weak Congresspeople, the ones that aren't any good, the Liz Cheneys of the world".
174
He called upon his supporters to "fight much harder" against "bad people"; told the crowd that "you are allowed to go by very different rules"; said that his supporters were "not going to take it any longer"; framed the moment as the
last stand
; suggested that Pence and other Republican officials put themselves in danger by accepting Biden's victory; and told the crowd he would march with them to the Capitol (but was prevented from doing so by his security detail).
168
169
175
In addition to the twenty times he used the term "fight", Trump once used the term "peacefully", saying, "I know that everyone here will soon be marching over to the Capitol building to peacefully and patriotically make your voices heard".
169
During Trump's speech, his supporters chanted "Take the Capitol", "Taking the Capitol right now", "Invade the Capitol", "Storm the Capitol" and "Fight for Trump".
176
177
Before Trump had finished speaking at 1:12
p.m., the Proud Boys had begun their attack on the Capitol and breached the outer perimeter of the Capitol grounds; the two pipe bombs had been discovered nearby.
178
Attack on the Capitol
Police radio
traffic during the attack
Just before the
Proud Boys
attacked the Capitol,
pipe bombs
were discovered nearby.
179
Proud Boys, Oath Keepers, and other attackers besieged and breached the Capitol. Members of Congress barricaded themselves in the chamber, and one unarmed woman, airforce veteran Ashli Babbitt, was fatally shot by police while attempting to breach a barricade.
180
After officials at the Pentagon delayed deployment of the National Guard, citing concerns about optics, D.C. mayor
Muriel Bowser
requested assistance from Virginia governor
Ralph Northam
. By 3:15,
Virginia State Police
began arriving in D.C.
181
After Vice President Pence and Congress were evacuated to secure locations, law enforcement cleared and secured the Capitol.
Proud Boys march to Capitol as mob assembles
Map of major events by order; in blue are events generally considered to be prior to the attack, and in red are events that pertain to the attack itself. Highlighted events mark actions led by pro-Trump
paramilitary groups
, with unaffiliated Trump supporters surrounding the
Capitol
but concentrated on the west side.
(1) Beginning at 9
a.m., a rally was held at the
White House Ellipse
(2)
Proud Boys
assembled at the
Washington Monument
at 10
a.m. and departed for the Capitol around 10:30.
(3) About 12:40
p.m., a bomb was discovered outside the
RNC
(4) Minutes later, at 12:53
p.m., a crowd of Trump supporters, encouraged by the Proud Boys, breached a barricade on the outer perimeter in the west, gaining entry to Capitol grounds. Similar breaches on the same front would happen within minutes of each other.
(5) At 1:07
p.m., a second bomb was discovered outside the
DNC
(6) At 2:10
p.m., the Proud Boys–led mob breach the Capitol by breaking through windows on the west terrace with a stolen police riot shield and wooden beams.
(7)
Oath Keepers
marched up Capitol steps in a stack formation, amidst a crowd of Trump supporters attempting to enter on the east side; at 2:39
p.m., the mob breached the Capitol through a door to the
rotunda
At 10:30, over a hundred Proud Boys left the Washington Monument, led by
Ethan Nordean
and
Joe Biggs
. By 11:52, the group reached the Capitol and walked around it before doubling back to the west side, which allowed them to assess building defenses and look for weaknesses.
182
57
183
En route, comments from a Proud Boy served as an indicator of a plan to attack the Capitol, according to a documentary filmmaker on scene:
There's only one moment where that – the sort of facade of marching and protesting might have fallen, which is there was a – one of the Proud Boys called Milkshake and Eddie Block on his livestream catches Milkshake saying, well, let's go storm the Capitol with Nordean – Rufio – one of the leaders of the Proud Boys saying, you could keep that quiet, please, Milkshake. And then we continued on marching.
184
Around 12:30, a crowd of about 300 assembled east of the Capitol. Senator
Josh Hawley
, a leader of the group of lawmakers who vowed to challenge the Electoral College vote, greeted these protesters with a
raised fist
as he passed on his way to Congress's joint session.
185
186
At 12:52, a group of Oath Keepers, wearing black
hoodies
with prominent logos, left the rally at the Ellipse and changed into
Army Combat Uniforms
, with helmets, on their way to the Capitol.
43
Shortly before 12:53, Nordean and Biggs marched the group of 200–300 Proud Boys to a barricade on the west side of the Capitol grounds near the
Peace Monument
. Biggs used a megaphone to lead the crowd in chants.
94
Bombs discovered near Capitol Complex
This section is an excerpt from
Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Bombs discovered near Capitol Complex
edit
One of two pipe bombs discovered adjacent to the Capitol on January 6
Around 12:45 p.m., a bomb was discovered next to a building containing
Republican National Committee
(RNC) offices by a woman using the shared alleyway to access her apartment building's laundry room.
187
She alerted RNC security, which investigated and summoned law enforcement; U.S. Capitol Police, FBI agents and the
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
(ATF) all responded to the RNC bomb.
188
About thirty minutes later, while officers were still responding at the RNC, they were informed a second pipe bomb had been discovered under a bush at the
Democratic National Committee
(DNC) headquarters.
189
190
Vice President-elect
Kamala Harris
was inside the DNC headquarters at the time the pipe bomb was discovered.
191
Capitol Police began investigating the DNC pipe bomb at 1:07
p.m., and Harris was evacuated at approximately 1:14
p.m.
191
The devices were of a similar design – about one foot (30 cm) in length.
190
192
They were rendered safe by
bomb squads
189
the pipe bomb at the RNC was neutralized at 3:33
p.m. and the pipe bomb at the DNC was neutralized at 4:36
p.m., according to a Capitol Police timeline.
191
The bombs were fully functional and constructed of
galvanized steel
pipes, homemade
black powder
, and kitchen timers.
193
194
The FBI stated that the bombs "were viable and could have been detonated, resulting in serious injury or death".
193
Sund told
The Washington Post
on January 10 that he suspected the pipe bombs were intentionally placed to draw police away from the Capitol;
195
Representative
Tim Ryan
(D-Ohio) echoed the sentiment in a virtual news conference on January 11, saying, "[W]e do believe there was some level of coordination
... because of the pipe bombs
... that immediately drew attention away from the breach that was happening".
196
197
The Inspector General of the Capitol Police later concluded, "If those pipe bombs were intended to be diversion... it worked".
198
As the mob of Trump supporters attacked the Capitol, the discovery of the pipe bombs diverted a large number of already-outnumbered law enforcement officers from the Capitol.
191
Capitol Police Inspector General Michael Bolton testified before Congress that "the bombs drew three teams to investigate" and left only one squad at the Capitol.
193
On January 7, 2025, Trump claimed that the FBI had identified a suspect.
199
In February, podcaster
Dan Bongino
, who was about to step into the role of deputy director of the FBI, claimed the attempted pipe bomb had been "an inside job" and that "the F.B.I. knows who this person is".
200
201
Ten months later, on December 4, 2025, Brian Cole, Jr. was arrested in Virginia.
202
203
Investigators said there is no evidence that Cole has any connections to the US government, foreign countries, or political organizations. While he reportedly told the FBI that he believed conspiracy theories that claimed the
2020 election was rigged
in Biden's favor, Cole began purchasing components of the bombs in 2019, and the FBI has not ascribed to him any specific motive.
204
205
206
Cole told investigators that he "was going to a protest in support of [then President] Trump", but when asked why he planted bombs outside of both the RNC and DNC buildings, Cole said "I really don't like either party at this point" and claimed that the planned attack was unrelated to the
certification of the 2020 election results
207
Bongino officially left his FBI position on January 3, 2026,
208
and Cole was indicted on January 6,
209
after which Cole's lawyers argued for his freedom under Trump's
mass pardon of the rioters
210
Attack begins near Peace Monument, led by Proud Boys
External videos
Reneau, Natalie; Cooper, Stella; Feuer, Alan; Byrd, Aaron (June 17, 2022).
"How the Proud Boys Breached the Capitol on Jan. 6: Rile Up the Normies"
. Visual Investigations.
The New York Times
The Proud Boys contingent reached the west perimeter of the Capitol grounds, which was protected only by a sparse line of police in front of a temporary fence. Other Trump supporters arrived, adding to a growing crowd. The Proud Boys coordinated their attacks "from the first moment of violence to multiple breaches of the Capitol while leaving the impression that it was just ordinary protesters leading the charge".
211
Proud Boys targeted an access point and riled up the previously peaceful crowd.
211
In a "tipping point", a man later identified as
Ryan Samsel
approached Joe Biggs and talked with him, even embracing him. Samsel told the FBI that Biggs "encouraged him to push at the barricades and that when he hesitated, the Proud Boys leader flashed a gun, questioned his manhood and repeated his demand to move upfront and challenge the police".
212
Proud Boy Dominic Pezzola recalled seeing Biggs flash a handgun and goading Samsel, telling him to "defend his manhood" by attacking the police line, but later tried to retract this statement.
213
Samsel talked to Oath Keeper Ray Epps in the same time frame, with Samsel and Epps stating that Epps was attempting to calm Samsel down and dissuade him from attacking police as Biggs was encouraging him to do. Samsel later changed his story.
214
215
Shortly after speaking to Epps and Biggs, Samsel became the first to violently attack police. Officer
Caroline Edwards
described the attack:
Ms. Edwards described how a Proud Boys leader named
Joseph Biggs
encouraged another man to approach the bike rack barricade where she was posted. That man, Ryan Samsel, she said, pushed the bike rack over, causing her to hit her head and lose consciousness.
But before she blacked out, Ms. Edwards recalled seeing "a war scene" playing out in front of her. Police officers were bleeding and throwing up, she recalled. "It was carnage", she said. "It was chaos".
216
Video showed Edwards being pushed back behind a bicycle rack as Proud Boys pushed barricades towards her, knocking her off her feet and causing her to hit her head on the steps.
217
Bodycam video taken at the
U.S. Capitol
on January 6
The Proud Boys led the charge toward the Capitol, to the next police line,
211
repeating the same tactics: identifying access points, riling up protesters, and sometimes joining in the violence. When met with resistance, leaders reassessed, and teams of Proud Boys targeted new entry points.
218
Around 1pm, hundreds of Trump supporters clashed with a line of officers and pushed through barriers along the Capitol perimeter.
47
219
The crowd swept past barriers and officers, with members of the mob spraying officers with
chemical agents
or hitting them with lead pipes.
11
220
Many rioters walked up the external stairways, while some resorted to ropes and makeshift ladders.
221
Police blocked the entrance to a tunnel at the lower west terrace, where rioters waged a three-hour fight to enter.
222
To gain access to the Capitol, several rioters scaled the west wall.
223
Representative
Zoe Lofgren
, aware rioters had reached the Capitol steps, could not reach Capitol police chief
Steven Sund
by phone. House sergeant-at-arms
Paul D. Irving
told Lofgren the doors to the Capitol were locked and "nobody can get in".
110
Telephone logs show Sund had been coordinating additional resources from various agencies. Sund's first call was to the D.C. Metropolitan Police, who arrived within 15 minutes.
224
Sund called Irving and Stenger at 12:58 and asked for an emergency declaration required to call in the
National Guard
; they told Sund they would "run it up the chain", but approval was withheld for over an hour.
225
After his speech concluded at 1:00
p.m. Trump ordered his Secret Service detail to drive him to the Capitol. When they refused, Trump reportedly assaulted his Secret Service driver, lunging for the man's throat.
226
On January 6,
Joe Biggs
and other
Proud Boys
led the "tip of the spear" to breach the
Capitol building
. The
LA Times
noted that "whether by sheer luck, real-time trial and error, or advance knowledge", attackers ran past 15 reinforced windows, "making a beeline" for the recessed area near the Senate where two unreinforced windows and two doors with unreinforced glass were the only protection from attack.
227
211
Around 1:12
p.m., reinforcements from the MPD, equipped with crowd control gear, arrived on the lower west terrace.
228
From 1:25 to 1:28, three different groups of Proud Boys leaders were recorded marching in stack formations away from the newly reinforced police line.
211
After about fifteen minutes of observing, the Proud Boys went back on the attack, targeting new access points that were poorly defended.
211
Ronald Loehrke and other Proud Boys led a contingent to the east side of the Capitol. Proud Boys again used distraction and teamwork to remove barricades, prompting the previously peaceful crowd on the east side to overrun barriers along the police line.
211
On the west side, Joe Biggs led a team of Proud Boys that targeted the stairs covered by temporary scaffolding.
211
Within minutes of Biggs's arrival, a team of Proud Boys approached the entrance to the scaffolding and attacked police.
211
Proud Boy Daniel "Milkshake" Scott led the charge, and a 20-minute battle for the scaffolding ensued.
122
211
At 1:50
p.m., the on-scene MPD incident commander declared a riot.
224
At 1:58, Capitol Police officers removed a barricade on the northeast side of the Capitol, allowing hundreds of protestors to stream onto the grounds.
229
Attackers on west terrace breach Senate Wing hallway
Proud Boy
leader
Dominic Pezzola
top
) using a stolen police
riot shield
to breach the Capitol at 2:11, allowing attackers including Pezzola, Doug Jensen,
Joe Biggs
and others to stream into the building (
middle
).
A lone Capitol Police officer (
bottom
),
Eugene Goodman
, realizing he was steps away from the still-unsealed Senate chamber doors, shoved attacker Doug Jensen, leading the mob away from the Senate and towards a line of waiting Capitol Police reinforcements.
Just before 2:00
p.m., attackers reached the doors and windows of the Capitol and attempted to break in. The
Los Angeles Times
observed that "whether by sheer luck, real-time trial and error, or advance knowledge", the first attackers to break through the police line onto the upper west terrace ran past 15 reinforced windows, "making a beeline" for the recessed area near the Senate where unreinforced windows and doors with unreinforced glass were the only protection from attack.
227
At 2:11, Proud Boy leader Dominic Pezzola used a police riot shield to smash an un-reinforced window on the west side of the Capitol, breaching the building. By 2:13, the Capitol was breached.
Although most of the Capitol's windows had been reinforced, attackers targeted those that remained as single-pane glass and could be broken easily.
227
Joe Biggs and other Proud Boy leaders had entered the Capitol by 2:14.
94
news crew
from
ITV
followed the rioters into the Capitol, the only broadcaster to do so.
232
233
At 2:13, Pence was removed from the Senate chamber by a Secret Service agent, who brought him to an office about 100 feet (30 m) from the landing. Pence's wife
Karen Pence
, daughter
Charlotte Pence Bond
, and brother, Representative
Greg Pence
, were in the Capitol.
234
As Pence and his family were escorted from the Senate chamber to a nearby hideaway, they came within a minute of being visible to rioters on a staircase 100 feet (30 m) away.
235
Unaccompanied by other officers, Capitol Police officer
Eugene Goodman
confronted the mob. He has been cited for heroism in baiting and diverting the rioters away from the Senate chamber in the minutes before the chamber could be safely evacuated. As the crowd of rioters reached a landing from which there was an unimpeded path to the chamber, Goodman pushed the lead attacker, Doug Jensen, and then deliberately retreated away from the chamber, enticing the crowd to chase him in another direction.
236
One media report described his actions as follows:
In short, he tricked them, willingly becoming the rabbit to their wolf pack, pulling them away from the chambers where armed officers were waiting, avoiding tragedy and saving lives. Lives which include their own.
237
Those present, including legislators and members of the press, praised Goodman for his quick thinking and brave actions.
238
239
Senator
Ben Sasse
credited Goodman with having "single-handedly prevented untold bloodshed".
239
240
Goodman's actions were captured in video footage.
241
The footage of Goodman went
viral
on the internet, receiving more than 10
million views.
242
243
A second video of Goodman's confrontation with the crowd was published.
243
Goodman was awarded the
Presidential Citizens Medal
244
Evacuation of leadership amid Capitol lockdown
C-SPAN broadcast of the Senate going into recess after Capitol is breached
Surveillance video of
Mike Pence
being evacuated from the Capitol
Congressional staffers removed the Electoral College certificates from the Senate floor as it was evacuated.
At 2:13, the Senate recessed,
245
and the doors were locked. A minute later, the rioters reached the doors to the gallery above the chamber.
110
246
Banging could be heard from outside as rioters attempted to break through the doors.
Speaker Pelosi
was escorted out of the House chamber.
247
248
A police officer carrying a
semi-automatic weapon
appeared on the floor and stood between Senate majority leader
Mitch McConnell
and minority leader
Chuck Schumer
249
Senator Mitt Romney exasperatedly threw up his hands and criticized fellow Republicans challenging Biden's electoral votes, yelling to them, "This is what you've gotten, guys".
250
Members of
Senate Parliamentarian
Elizabeth MacDonough
's staff carried the boxes of Electoral College votes and documentation out of the chamber to hidden safe rooms.
251
252
Due to security threat inside: immediately, move inside your office, take emergency equipment, lock the doors, take shelter.
— Capitol Police alert
110
At 2:26, Pence's Secret Service detail evacuated him and his family from their hideaway near the Senate downstairs, towards a secure location. After his evacuation, Pence's detail wanted to move him from the Capitol building, but Pence refused to get in the car. Addressing the agent in charge of his detail, Tim Giebels, Pence said, "I trust you, Tim, but you're not driving the car. If I get in that vehicle, you guys are taking off. I'm not getting in the car".
253
254
All buildings in the complex were subsequently locked down, with no entry or exit allowed. Capitol staff were asked to
shelter in place
; those outside were advised to "seek cover".
255
As the mob roamed the Capitol, lawmakers, aides, and staff took shelter in offices and closets. Aides to Mitch McConnell, barricaded in a room just off a hallway, heard a rioter outside the door "praying loudly", asking for "the evil of Congress [to] be brought to an end".
110
The rioters entered and ransacked the office of the Senate Parliamentarian.
256
With senators still in the chamber, Trump called Senator Tommy Tuberville and told him to do more to block the counting of Biden's electoral votes, but the call had to be cut off when the Senate chamber was evacuated at 2:30.
After evacuation, the mob took control of the chamber, with armed men carrying plastic handcuffs and others posing with raised fists on the Senate dais Pence had left minutes earlier.
11
261
Staff and reporters were taken by secure elevators to the basement, to a bunker constructed following the
attempted attack on the Capitol
in 2001. Evacuees were redirected en route after the bunker was infiltrated by the mob.
259
The Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate,
Michael C. Stenger
, accompanied a group of senators, including
Lindsey Graham
and
Joe Manchin
, to a secure location in a Senate office building. Once safe, the lawmakers were "furious" with Stenger; Graham asked him, "How does this happen? How does this happen?" and added that they "[are] not going to be run out by a mob".
110
Meanwhile, the House recessed at 2:18.
262
Amid the security concerns, Representative
Dean Phillips
yelled, "This is because of you!" at his Republican colleagues.
263
According to her book,
Oath and Honor
, "[t]he
C-SPAN
cameras captured [Representative Cheney] as [she] pointed at [Representative
Jason Smith
] and said 'You did this.' [She] was angry. 'You did this.
264
The House resumed debate at 2:26.
262
After Gosar finished, the House again went into recess at 2:29
262
after rioters entered the House wing and attempted to enter the Speaker's Lobby just outside the chamber. Lawmakers were still inside and being evacuated, with Pelosi,
Kevin McCarthy
, and others taken to a secure location.
265
266
With violence breaking out, Capitol security advised members of Congress to take cover.
267
268
Members of Congress inside the House chamber were told to don
gas masks
as law enforcement began using
tear gas
within the building.
ABC News
reported that shots were fired within the Capitol.
269
170
An armed standoff took place at the front door of the chamber of the House of Representatives: as the mob attempted to break in, federal law enforcement officers inside drew their guns
11
and pointed them toward the doors, which were barricaded with furniture.
272
In a stairway, one officer fired a shot at a man coming toward him.
273
Photographer
Erin Schaff
said that, from the
Capitol Rotunda
, she ran upstairs, where rioters grabbed her press badge. Police found her, and because her pass had been stolen, held her at gunpoint before colleagues intervened.
250
The chief of staff for Representative
Ayanna Pressley
claimed that when the congresswoman and staff barricaded themselves in her office and attempted to call for help with
duress buttons
they had used during safety drills, "[e]very panic button...had been torn out – the whole unit".
274
A Democratic aide to the
House Administration Committee
emailed Greg Sargent of
The Washington Post
claiming the missing buttons were due to a "clerical screw-up" resulting from Pressley's swapping offices.
275
Representative
Jamaal Bowman
tweeted that there were no duress buttons in his office, but acknowledged he was only three days into his term and the buttons were installed a week later.
276
Multiple rioters, using the cameras on their cell phones, documented themselves occupying the Capitol and the offices of representatives,
277
vandalizing the offices of Speaker Pelosi,
278
279
accessing secure computers
, and stealing a laptop.
280
Oath Keepers arrive and breach Rotunda
Shortly after 2:00, Oath Keepers leader Stewart Rhodes arrived on the restricted Capitol grounds. At 2:30, a team of Oath Keepers ("Stack One", which included Meggs, Harrelson, Watkins, Hackett, and Moerschel), clad in paramilitary clothing, marched in a stack formation up the east steps to join the mob already besieging the Capitol. At 2:38, those doors to the Capitol Rotunda were breached, and "Stack One" entered the building alongside other attackers. A second group ("Stack Two") entered the Capitol through those same doors at 3:15.
84
Throughout the attack, Oath Keepers maintained a "Quick reaction Force" ready to deliver an arsenal to the group if called upon.
84
281
282
Meanwhile, also at 2:38, Proud Boy founder Enrique Tarrio made a social media post writing, "Don't fucking leave". In response to a member who asked "Are we a militia yet?", Tarrio replied, "Yep... Make no mistake... We did this..."
94
Ashli Babbitt killed by police while attempting to breach Speaker's Lobby
Main article:
Killing of Ashli Babbitt
External videos
After Zachary Jordan Alam (circled in red, bottom right) smashed the window with his helmet, Ashli Babbitt (circled in red, top left) attempted to breach the Speaker's Lobby by climbing through a window toward the fleeing congress.
Footage
of attempted breach of the Speaker's Lobby and subsequent shooting of Babbitt.
At 2:44
p.m., law enforcement near the House Chamber was trying to "defend two fronts", and "a lot of members [of Congress] and staff that were in danger".
283
284
While some lawmakers remained trapped in the House gallery,
285
House members and staff from the floor were being evacuated by Capitol Police, protected from the attackers by a barricaded door with glass windows.
265
As lawmakers evacuated, an attacker smashed a glass window beside the barricaded door.
286
287
Lieutenant Michael Byrd aimed his weapon, prompting attackers to repeatedly warn "he's got a gun".
288
Police and Secret Service warned "Get back! Get down! Get out of the way!".
289
Ashli Babbitt
, wearing a Trump flag as a cape, began to climb through the shattered window, prompting Byrd to fire a single shot, hitting the attacker in the shoulder.
290
291
Mob members immediately began to leave the scene, making room for a police emergency response team to administer aid. Babbitt had entered the building through the breach on the upper west terrace.
292
She was evacuated to
Washington Hospital Center
where she died.
265
Footage of the shooting circulated.
293
Attack on the tunnel
Officer
Daniel Hodges
crushed in doorway of the Tunnel,
c.
3:15
294
Around 3:15, MPD officer
Daniel Hodges
was crushed in a door while defending the Capitol tunnel from attackers. One of his attackers was sentenced to 7.5
years in prison.
294
295
At 3:21, MPD officer
Michael Fanone
was pulled into the mob and assaulted—dragged down the Capitol steps, beaten with pipes, stunned with a
Taser
, sprayed with chemical irritants, and threatened with his own sidearm.
296
Fanone was carried unconscious back into the tunnel.
297
He suffered burns, a
heart attack
, traumatic brain injuries, and
post-traumatic stress disorder
298
299
300
One of the men who attacked Fanone with a stun gun was sentenced to 12.5
years in prison.
301
By 3:39
p.m., fully-equipped riot officers from Virginia had arrived and began defending the tunnel,
302
using flashbang munitions to clear the area of attackers.
Police clear the Capitol and Congress reconvenes
Reinforcements guard the Capitol after rioters were pushed out of the building.
A combined force of Capitol and Metropolitan police began an operation to clear the Capitol. By 2:49, the Crypt was cleared, and the mob outside the Speaker's Lobby was cleared by 2:57. At 3:25, law enforcement, including a line of MPD officers in riot gear, proceeded to clear the Rotunda; and by 3:40, rioters had mostly been pushed out onto West Plaza.
122
: ch 8
At 4:22
p.m., Trump issued a video message to supporters on social media, "We have to have peace. So go home. We love you. You're very special".
53
260
At 5:08, Army senior leaders relayed to Major General Walker the secretary of defense's permission to deploy the DC National Guard to the Capitol; The first contingent of 155 Guard members, dressed in riot gear, began arriving at the Capitol at 5:20.
284
119
By 6
p.m., the building was cleared of rioters, and bomb squads swept the Capitol.
At 8:06
p.m., Pence called the Senate back into session, and at 9:02, Pelosi did the same in the House. Biden's victory was confirmed by Pence shortly before 03:40
a.m. on January 7, and the joint session was dissolved at 03:44.
262
Federal officials' conduct
Trump's conduct
Further information:
Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack § President Trump
See also:
False or misleading statements by Donald Trump § January 6 attack
Statement by Donald Trump during the conflict, two hours after the building had been breached
Trump was in the
West Wing
of the White House at the time of the attack.
303
He was "initially pleased" and refused to intercede when his supporters breached the Capitol.
304
Staffers reported that Trump had been "impossible to talk to throughout the day".
305
Concerned that Trump may have committed treason through his actions,
White House Counsel
Pat Cipollone
reportedly advised administration officials to avoid contact with Trump and ignore any illegal orders that could further incite the attack, in order to limit their prosecutorial liability under the
Sedition Act of 1918
306
Shortly after 2:00
p.m. EST, as the attack was ongoing and after senators had been evacuated, Trump placed calls to Republican senators (first
Mike Lee
of Utah, then
Tommy Tuberville
of Alabama), asking them to make more objections to the counting of the electoral votes.
258
Pence was evacuated by the Secret Service from the Senate chamber around 2:13.
258
307
At 2:47
p.m., as Trump's supporters violently clashed with police at the Capitol, Trump's account tweeted, "Please support our Capitol Police and Law Enforcement. They are truly on the side of our Country. Stay peaceful!"
260
The Washington Post
later reported that Trump did not want to include the words "stay peaceful",
303
and it later emerged that this message was sent by Deputy Chief of Staff
Dan Scavino
308
During the attack, Chief of Staff
Mark Meadows
received messages from
Donald Trump Jr.
, as well as
Fox News
hosts
Sean Hannity
Laura Ingraham
, and
Brian Kilmeade
, urging him to tell Trump to condemn the mayhem, or risk destroying his legacy.
309
By 3:10, pressure was building on Trump to condemn supporters engaged in the attack. By 3:25, Trump tweeted, "I am asking for everyone at the U.S. Capitol to remain peaceful. No violence! Remember, WE are the Party of Law & Order – respect the Law and our great men and women in Blue", but he refused to call upon the crowd to disperse.
260
By 3:40, several congressional Republicans called upon Trump to more specifically condemn violence and to tell his supporters to end the occupation of the Capitol.
310
311
At some point on January 6, Trump formally withdrew his nomination of acting DHS secretary
Chad Wolf
, transmitting his withdrawal to the Senate.
312
By 3:50
p.m., White House Press Secretary
Kayleigh McEnany
said that the National Guard and "other federal protective services" had been deployed.
260
At 4:06
p.m. on national television, President-elect Biden called for President Trump to end the attack. At 4:22
p.m., Trump issued a video message on social media that Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube later took down. In it, he repeated his claims of electoral fraud, praised his supporters, and told them to "go home".
53
260
At 6:25
p.m., Trump tweeted: "These are the things and events that happen when a sacred landslide election victory is so unceremoniously & viciously stripped away from great patriots who have been badly & unfairly treated for so long" and then issued a call: "Go home with love & in peace. Remember this day forever!"
54
260
313
At 7:00, Rudy Giuliani placed a second call to Lee's number and left a voicemail intended for Tuberville, urging him to make more objections to the electoral votes as part of a bid "to try to just slow it down".
258
Inflammatory speech while knowing of weapons
During the "Save America" rally, Trump delivered a speech filled with violent imagery while knowing that some of his supporters were armed. He demanded that armed supporters be allowed to enter the rally, and later instructed the crowd to march on the US Capitol.
169
314
In a December 21, 2021, statement, Trump falsely called the attack a "completely unarmed protest". The Department of Justice said in a January 2022 official statement that over 75 people had been charged, in relation to the attack, with entering a restricted area while armed with "a dangerous or deadly weapon", including some armed with guns, stun guns, knives, batons, baseball bats, axes, and chemical sprays.
315
According to testimony from Trump White House aide
Cassidy Hutchinson
, a Secret Service official had warned Trump that protestors were carrying weapons, but Trump wanted the
magnetometers
used to detect metallic weapons removed so armed supporters could enter the rally.
316
According to Hutchinson, when warned, Trump said:
I don't fucking care that they have weapons, they're not here to hurt me. They're not here to hurt me. Take the fucking mags away. Let my people in. They can march to the Capitol from here, let the people in and take the mags away.
314
Allegation of assaulting a Secret Service driver
In June 2022, Cassidy Hutchinson testified that she was told by then-
White House deputy chief of staff
Anthony Ornato
that after Trump got into the
presidential SUV
following his rally, hoping to drive to the Capitol as his supporters marched there, his lead Secret Service agent, Robert Engel, told him it was too dangerous and informed him they were returning to the White House. Hutchinson said Ornato told her Trump became irate, attempted to grab the steering wheel of the vehicle, and lunged at Engel's
clavicle
317
She testified Engel was present with Ornato as he related the incident but never contradicted the account.
318
Three days after Hutchinson's testimony,
CNN
reported that it had spoken with two Secret Service agents who had heard accounts of the incident from multiple other agents since February 2021, including Trump's driver. Although details differed, agents confirmed there was an angry confrontation, with one agent relating that Trump "tried to lunge over the seat – for what reason, nobody had any idea", but no one asserted Trump attacked Engel. A separate Secret Service official told CNN that Engel denied that Trump grabbed at the steering wheel or lunged toward an agent on his detail, and that Ornato denied telling Hutchinson that.
319
The same day,
Politico
reported that during an early 2022 deposition Engel told the committee that he had kept his full account of the incident from his Secret Service colleagues for at least fourteen months.
320
On July 14, 2022, CNN published a corroborating account by a Metropolitan Police officer in the motorcade, who told of the "heated exchange" Trump had with his Secret Service detail when they refused to take him to the Capitol following his rally on January 6.
321
Endangering Mike Pence
On January 5, after Vice President Mike Pence refused to participate in the fake electors plot, Trump warned that he would have to criticize him publicly. This prompted Pence's chief of staff to become concerned for Pence's safety and to alert Pence's Secret Service detail to the perceived threat.
322
323
At 3:23
a.m. on the morning of January 6,
QAnon
leader
Ron Watkins
posted a tweet accusing Pence of orchestrating a coup against Trump and linked to a blog post which called for "the immediate arrest of [Pence], for treason".
324
325
326
At 2:24, while Pence was in hiding in the Capitol, Trump tweeted that Pence "didn't have the courage to do what should have been done".
327
328
Trump followers on far-right social media called for Pence to be hunted down, and the mob began chanting, "Where is Pence?" and "Find Mike Pence!"
329
Outside, the mob chanted, "Hang Mike Pence!", which some crowds continued to chant as they stormed the Capitol.
328
At least three rioters were overheard by a reporter as saying that they wanted to find Pence and
execute
him as a "traitor" by
hanging
him from a tree outside the building.
330
One official recalled that: "The members of the [Vice President's Secret Service detail] at this time were starting to fear for their own lives... they're screaming and saying things like 'say goodbye to the family'".
331
Alerted by a staffer to the threat against Pence, Trump reportedly replied "So what?"
332
Witnesses report that White House chief of staff Mark Meadows told colleagues that Trump expressed frustration about Pence being taken to safety and implying that Pence should be hanged.
333
334
Pence later argued that Trump's "reckless words endangered my family and everyone at the Capitol that day".
335
On April 3, 2025, the
John F. Kennedy Library Foundation
announced Pence as the recipient of the JFK
Profile in Courage Award
"for putting his life and career on the line to ensure the constitutional transfer of presidential power on Jan. 6, 2021".
336
Failure to end the attack
In a televised
January 6 Attack congressional hearing
on June 9, 2022, congresspersons
Bennie Thompson
and Liz Cheney stated that Trump did nothing to stop the attack despite numerous urgent requests that he intervene. They described Trump's inaction as a "
dereliction of duty
".
337
Cheney said that Trump had attempted to overturn a
free and fair
democratic election by promoting a seven-part conspiracy.
338
339
According to Representative Thompson, "Jan. 6 was the culmination of an attempted coup, a brazen attempt, as one rioter put it shortly after Jan. 6, to overthrow the government... The violence was no accident. It represents Trump's last stand, most desperate chance to halt the transfer of power". Trump, according to the committee, "lied to the American people, ignored all evidence refuting his false fraud claims, pressured state and federal officials to throw out election results favoring his challenger, encouraged a violent mob to storm the Capitol and even signaled support for the execution of his own vice president".
338
339
After the June 9 hearing, Congressman
Tom Rice
reiterated his long-held view of Trump's conduct, saying, "He watched it happen. He reveled in it. And he took no action to stop it. I think he had a duty to try to stop it, and he failed in that duty".
340
Capitol Police leadership's failure to prepare
Main article:
Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack
On January 6, the Capitol police were led by
Michael C. Stenger
top left
) the
Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate
Paul D. Irving
top right
) the
Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives
, and
Steven Sund
bottom
), the Chief of the Capitol Police. All three resigned in the wake of January 6.
Capitol Police leadership had not planned for a riot or attack,
341
and on January 6, under "orders from leadership", the force deployed without riot gear, shields, batons, or "less lethal" arms such as
sting grenades
. Before the riot, they were seen taking selfies with the rioters.
342
Department riot shields had been improperly stored, causing them to shatter upon impact.
123
Hundreds more Capitol Police could have been used, but they were not.
230
Concerned about the approaching mob, Representative
Maxine Waters
called Capitol Police Chief Steven Sund, who was not on the Capitol grounds but at the police department's headquarters. When asked what the Capitol Police were doing to stop the rioters, Sund told Waters, "We're doing the best we can" and then hung up on her.
110
343
It was not until 2:10
p.m. that the Capitol Police board granted Chief Sund permission to formally request deployment of the Guard.
122
In a February 2021
confidence vote
organized by the U.S. Capitol Police Labor Committee, the union representing Capitol Police officers, 92 percent voted that they had no confidence in leadership, writing: "Our leaders did not properly plan for the protest nor prepare officers for what they were about to face. This despite the fact they knew days before that the protest had the potential to turn violent. We still have no answers why leadership failed to inform or equip us for what was coming on January 6th".
344
Department of Defense leadership's refusal to send Guard
Acting-Secretary Christopher Miller (
top left
), whose appointment had prompted concerns of a right-wing military coup, failed to authorize the National Guard to deploy until after the Capitol had been secured and Trump had called for supporters to "go home". Walter E. Piatt (
top right
) and Charles Flynn (
bottom left
) participated in a 2:26
p.m. call denying deployment of the guard, though the military did not admit Flynn's role for weeks after the attack. Daniel R. Hokanson (
bottom right
) placed calls to ensure the Virginia and Maryland National Guard would not move until given explicit permission by
the Pentagon
On January 3, acting defense secretary Miller had been ordered by Trump to "do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators" on January 6.
118
The following day, Miller issued orders which prohibited deploying D.C. Guard members with weapons, helmets, body armor, or riot control agents without his personal approval.
120
Prior to the attack, Trump had floated the idea with his staff of deploying 10,000 National Guardsmen, though not to protect the Capitol, but rather "to protect him and his supporters from any supposed threats by left-wing counterprotestors".
345
At 1:34 p.m., D.C. mayor
Muriel Bowser
had a telephone call with Army Secretary
Ryan D. McCarthy
in which she requested that they deploy the Guard. At 2:10
p.m., the Capitol Police board permitted Chief Sund to formally request deployment of the Guard.
122
At 2:26
p.m., D.C.'s
homeland security
director Chris Rodriguez coordinated a conference call with Bowser, the chiefs of the Capitol Police (Sund) and Metropolitan Police (Contee), and D.C. National Guard (DCNG) commander Walker. As the DCNG does not report to a governor, but to the president, Walker patched in the Office of the Secretary of the Army, noting that he would need Pentagon authorization to deploy. Lt. Gen.
Walter E. Piatt
, director of the Army Staff, noted that the Pentagon needed Capitol Police authorization to step onto Capitol grounds. Metro Police Chief
Robert Contee
asked for clarification from Capitol Police Chief Sund: "Steve, are you requesting National Guard assistance at the Capitol?" to which Sund replied, "I am making urgent, urgent, immediate request for National Guard assistance". According to Sund, Piatt stated, "I don't like the visual of the National Guard standing a police line with the Capitol in the background". Sund pleaded with Piatt to send the Guard, but Piatt stated that only Army Secretary McCarthy had the authority to approve such a request, and he could not recommend that Secretary McCarthy approve the request for assistance directly to the Capitol. The D.C. officials were subsequently described as "flabbergasted" at this message. McCarthy would later state that he was not on this conference call because he was already entering a meeting with senior department leadership.
225
General
Charles A. Flynn
, brother of General
Michael Flynn
, a Trump and QAnon supporter, participated in the call.
346
347
By 3:37
p.m., the Pentagon dispatched its own security forces to guard the homes of senior defense leaders, "even though no rioters or criminal attacks are occurring at those locations". Sund later opined, "This demonstrates to me that the Pentagon fully understands the urgency and danger of the situation even as it does nothing to support us on the Hill".
343
284
In response to the reluctance expressed by Department of Defense leaders during the 2:26 conference call, D.C. officials contacted the State of Virginia. Public Safety Secretary of Virginia Brian Moran dispatched the Virginia State Police to the U.S. Capitol, as permitted by a mutual aid agreement with D.C.
181
At 3:46
p.m., after leaders of the Department of Defense learned that the Virginia National Guard may have mobilized, the head of the
National Guard Bureau
General Hokanson
, called the Virginia commander to verify that the Virginia Guard would not move without prior permission from the Pentagon. At 3:55, Hokanson made a similar call to the commander of the Maryland National Guard.
348
On January 6, Secretary Miller ultimately withheld permission to deploy the National Guard until 4:32
p.m., after assets from Virginia had already entered the district, FBI tactical teams had arrived at the Capitol, and Trump had instructed rioters to "go home".
349
350
Miller's permission would not actually be relayed to the commander of the National Guard until 5:08.
351
Sund recalls a comment from the DC National Guard commander General Walker, who said:
Steve, I felt so bad. I wanted to help you immediately, but I couldn't. I could hear the desperation in your voice, but they wouldn't let me come. When we arrived, I saw the
New Jersey State Police
. Imagine how I felt.
New Jersey
got here before we did!
352
343
: Ch. 2
The Army falsely denied for two weeks that Lt. Gen. Charles A. Flynn, the Army deputy chief of staff for operations, plans, and training, was on the call requesting the National Guard. Flynn's role drew scrutiny due to his brother Michael's recent calls for martial law and an election do-over overseen by the military.
346
Flynn testified that "he never expressed a concern about the visuals, image, or public perception of" sending the Guard to the Capitol; Col.
Earl Matthews
, who participated in the call and took contemporaneous notes, called Flynn's denial "outright perjury".
353
Department of Defense leaders claim they called the D.C. National Guard commander at 4:30 to relay permission to deploy—leaders of the Guard deny this call ever took place.
354
Congressional conduct
During the attack, Representative
Lauren Boebert
(R-CO) posted information about the police response and the location of members on Twitter, including the fact that Speaker Pelosi had been taken out of the chamber, for which Boebert has faced calls to resign for endangering members.
355
356
Boebert responded that she was not sharing private information since Pelosi's removal was also broadcast on TV.
276
Representative
Ayanna Pressley
(D-MA) left the congressional safe room for fear of other members there "who incited the mob in the first place".
276
While sheltering for hours in the "safe room", a cramped, windowless room where people sat within arm's reach of each other, some Republican Congress members refused to wear face masks, even when their Democratic colleagues begged them to do so. During the following week, three Democratic members tested positive for COVID-19 in what an environmental health expert described as a "superspreader" event.
357
Deletion of Secret Service and Homeland Security text messages
As part of its investigation into the events of January 6, the
Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General
requested text messages from the Secret Service. In response, the messages were deleted.
358
359
Text messages from Department of Homeland Security leaders Chad Wolf and
Ken Cuccinelli
"are missing from a key period leading up to the January 6 attack".
360
Wolf's nomination had been withdrawn by the White House sometime on January 6.
361
A criminal investigation was opened into the deletion.
362
Participants, groups, and criminal charges
Main article:
Criminal proceedings in the January 6 United States Capitol attack
By November 2023, over 1,200 defendants had been charged for their role in the attack.
33
The attackers included some of Trump's longtime and most fervent supporters from across the United States.
363
The mob included Republican Party officials, current and former state legislators and political donors, far-right militants,
white supremacists
363
conservative
evangelical Christians
and participants of the "Save America" Rally.
364
According to the FBI, dozens of people on its
terrorist watchlist
were in D.C. for pro-Trump events on the 6th, with the majority being "suspected white supremacists".
365
Some came heavily armed and some were convicted criminals, including a man who had been released from a Florida prison after serving a sentence for
attempted murder
363
Last Sons of Liberty
366
Rod of Iron Ministries
367
Groypers
368
Nationalist Social Club-131
369
and
Super Happy Fun America
370
were allegedly involved in the attack.
371
Multiple factions of the
Three Percenters
also participated in the attack, including "DC
Brigade", "Patriot Boys of North Texas",
372
and "B Squad". The B
Squad and DC
Brigade conspired with the Proud Boys and Oath Keepers.
373
Proud Boys
Main article:
Proud Boys § Participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack
See also:
Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Proud Boys
Proud Boys
leaders who were guilty of leading a
seditious conspiracy
to stop the transfer of power: Chairman
Enrique Tarrio
of Florida (
top left
),
Ethan "Rufio" Nordean
of Washington State (
top center
),
Joe Biggs
top right
) of Florida, Zachary Rehl of Pennsylvania (
bottom left
) and
Jeremy Bertino
of South Carolina (
bottom right
). Bertino pleaded guilty, while the other four were found guilty at trial.
The Proud Boys played a much greater role in planning and coordinating the attack than was publicly known in 2021. In 2022, new information appeared in testimony to the
January 6 Committee
and in a
New York Times
investigative video.
218
Another key revelation about the Proud Boys' plans came from an informant and concerned Mike Pence:
According to an F.B.I. affidavit the panel highlighted ... a government informant said that members of the far-right militant group the Proud Boys told him they would have killed Pence 'if given the chance.' The rioters on January 6th almost had that chance, coming within forty feet of the Vice-President as he fled to safety.
374
On July 7, 2023, Barry Bennet Ramey was sentenced to 5
years in prison. He was connected to the Proud Boys and pepper-sprayed police in the face.
375
Proud Boys leaders Joseph Biggs and Zachary Rehl were sentenced to 17 and 15
years respectively.
376
Proud Boy
Dominic Pezzola
, who breached the Capitol with a stolen police riot shield, was sentenced to 10
years.
377
Proud Boys founder Enrique Tarrio, described as the "ultimate leader" of the conspiracy, was sentenced to 22
years in prison.
63
Oath Keepers
Main article:
Oath Keepers § Participation in the January 6 United States Capitol attack
See also:
Planning of the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Oath Keepers
The
Oath Keepers
are an
American far-right
378
anti-government militia
378
379
whose leaders have been convicted of violently opposing the government of the
United States
, including the transfer of presidential power as prescribed by the
United States constitution
. It was incorporated in 2009 by founder
Elmer Stewart Rhodes
, a lawyer and former paratrooper. In 2023, Rhodes was sentenced to 18
years for
seditious conspiracy
for his role in the attack; another Oath Keepers leader, Kelly Meggs, was sentenced to 12
years for the same crime.
380
On January 13, 2022, 10 members of the Oath Keepers, including founder Stewart Rhodes, were arrested and charged with seditious conspiracy.
381
On November 29, a jury convicted Rhodes and Florida chapter Oath Keepers leader Kelly Meggs of seditious conspiracy. Three other members of the Oath Keepers were found not guilty of seditious conspiracy, but were convicted on other, related charges.
382
383
On May 23, 2023, Rhodes, age 57, was sentenced to 18
years in prison.
384
The Department of Justice announced plans to appeal to the
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
for longer prison terms for Rhodes and his co-defendants.
384
At sentencing, the court described Rhodes as dangerous, noting "The moment you are released, whenever that may be, you will be ready to take up arms against your government".
385
Eight of Rhodes's militiamen were convicted for seditious conspiracy, among other charges. Meggs was sentenced to 12
years in prison.
386
Jessica Marie Watkins
was sentenced to 8
years and six months, and Kenneth Harrelson was sentenced to four years in prison. Both convicts were members of the Oath Keepers, with Watkins's crimes including merging her local Ohio armed group with the Oath Keepers in 2020, and Harrelson's as serving as the right-hand man to Kelly Meggs, leader of the Florida chapter.
387
QAnon
Main article:
QAnon § Attempts to overturn the 2020 U.S. election
Jacob Chansley
, the "QAnon Shaman", in the US Senate during the attack. He was later sentenced to 41 months in prison,
388
being released from halfway house in May 2023.
389
QAnon is an
American political conspiracy theory
and
political movement
that originated in the
American far-right
political sphere in 2017.
390
QAnon centers on fabricated claims made by an anonymous individual or individuals known as "Q". Those claims have been relayed and developed by
online communities
and
influencers
. Their core belief is that a
cabal
of
Satanic
391
392
393
cannibalistic
child molesters
are operating a global child
sex trafficking
ring that conspired against Donald Trump.
394
Watchdogs studied QAnon posts and warned of the potential for violence ahead of January 6, 2021.
395
396
397
Multiple QAnon-affiliated protesters participated in the attack.
398
399
One participant, whose attire and behavior attracted worldwide media attention, was
Jacob Chansley
, a QAnon supporter nicknamed the "QAnon Shaman".
400
Ashli Babbitt, a rioter who was shot dead by police as she was trying to break into the Speaker's Lobby, was a committed follower of QAnon.
401
402
The day before the attack, she had tweeted: "the storm is here and it is descending upon DC in less than 24 hours".
403
White supremacists, neo-Nazis, and neo-Confederates
Far-right emblematic gear was worn by some participants, including
neo-Confederate
Holocaust deniers
neo-Nazi
and
Völkisch
-inspired
neopagan
apparel, as well as a shirt emblazoned with references to the
Auschwitz concentration camp
and its motto,
Arbeit macht frei
("Work sets you free").
The anti-Semitic, neo-Nazi group NSC-131 was at the event, although it is unknown to what extent.
406
407
Following the event, members of the group detailed their actions and claimed they were the "beginning of the start of White Revolution in the United States".
409
After the attack, two
white nationalists
known for
racist
and
anti-Semitic
rhetoric streamed to their online followers a video posted on social media showing a man harassing an
Israeli
journalist seeking to conduct a live report outside the building.
404
A Confederate battle flag was displayed inside the Capitol for the first time in U.S. history.
410
411
Some of the rioters carried
American flags
Confederate battle flags
or
Nazi
emblems.
414
A group of
Indian American
Trump supporters held an
Indian flag
415
Varun Gandhi
, a senior parliamentarian from India's ruling
BJP
, expressed surprise and disapproval of the prominent display of the Indian flag by some of the protestors in one of his
tweets
; opposition
Indian National Congress
leader
Shashi Tharoor
equated the mentality of some Indians with that of Trump supporters.
416
The laptop computer taken from Pelosi's office was taken by 22-year-old Capitol rioter
Riley Williams
, a member of the
Atomwaffen Division
and the
Order of Nine Angles
Williams' boyfriend, who tipped off police, said that she had intended to send the stolen laptop to a friend in Russia for sale to Russian intelligence.
419
421
Williams was sentenced to three years in prison.
422
The National Capital Region Threat Intelligence Consortium, a
fusion center
that aids the DHS and other federal national security and law enforcement groups, wrote that potentially violent individuals were joining the protest from the neo-Nazi group
Atomwaffen Division
and
Stormfront
. Despite this information, the Secret Service released an internal memo that stated there was no concern.
423
Others
Although the anti-government
Boogaloo movement
mostly were opposed to Trump, a Boogaloo follower said groups under his command helped attack the Capitol, taking the opportunity to strike against the federal government.
424
Also present during the attack were parts of the
National Anarchist Movement
and the
Blue Lives Matter
movement, supporters of the
America First Movement
, the Stop the Steal movement and the
Patriot Movement
, remnants of the
Tea Party movement
, the Three Percenters, the Groypers,
Christian nationalists
, and other far-right organizations and groups.
21
Shirts with references to the internet meme
Pepe the Frog
were also seen, alongside "1776" and "MAGA civil war 2021" shirts, NSC-131 stickers, and the
valknut
symbol.
425
Rioters were seen using the
OK gesture
, a gesture that had been famously co-opted as an
alt-right
symbol. Christian imagery, including a large "Jesus saves" banner, was seen in the crowd of demonstrators. Various other iconography was also on display, such as flags of other countries.
Anti-vaccine activists
and conspiracy theorists were also present at the rally.
428
Members of the right-wing Tea Party Patriots–backed group
America's Frontline Doctors
, including founder
Simone Gold
and its communications director, were arrested.
429
430
She was later sentenced to 60 days in prison by a US federal court in Washington, D.C., for illegally entering the Capitol building.
431
West Virginia delegate
Derrick Evans
, a state lawmaker, filmed himself entering the Capitol alongside rioters. On January
8, he was charged by federal authorities with entering a restricted area;
432
he resigned from the House of Delegates the next day and was ultimately sentenced to 90 days in jail.
433
Amanda Chase
was censured by the Virginia State Senate for her actions surrounding the event.
434
Police and military connections
Politico
reported that some rioters briefly showed their police badges or military identification to law enforcement as they approached the Capitol, expecting to be let inside; a Capitol Police officer told
BuzzFeed News
that one rioter had told him "[w]e're doing this for you" as he flashed a badge.
341
One former police officer, Laura Steele, was convicted for breaching the Capitol with fellow Oath Keepers.
435
A number of
U.S. military
personnel participated in the attack;
363
the
Department of Defense
is investigating members on active and reserve duty who may have been involved.
436
437
Nearly 20% of defendants charged in relation to the attack, and about 12% of the participants in general, were current or former members of the U.S. military.
438
439
A report from
George Washington University
and the
Combating Terrorism Center
said that "if anything
... there actually is a very slight underrepresentation of veterans among the January 6 attackers".
439
Police officers and a police chief from departments in multiple states are under investigation for their alleged involvement in the attack.
440
Two Capitol Police officers were suspended, one for directing rioters inside the building while wearing a
Make America Great Again
hat, and the other for taking a selfie with a rioter.
441
442
Analysis
A row of flags lining the
Capitol
grounds
In February 2021, an academic analysis in
The Atlantic
found that of the 193 persons so far arrested for invading the Capitol, 89 percent had no clear public connection to established far-right militias, known white-nationalist gangs, or any other known militant organizations. "The overwhelming reason for action, cited again and again in court documents, was that arrestees were following Trump's orders to keep Congress from certifying Joe Biden as the presidential-election winner". They were older than participants in previous far-right violent demonstrations and more likely to be employed, with 40% being business owners. The researchers concluded that these "middle-aged, middle-class insurrectionists" represented "a new force in American politics – not merely a mix of right-wing organizations, but a broader mass political movement that has violence at its core and draws strength even from places where Trump supporters are in the minority".
443
The
Associated Press
reviewed public and online records of more than 120 participants after the attack and found that many of them shared conspiracy theories about the election on social media and had believed other QAnon and "deep state" conspiracy theories. Several had threatened Democratic and Republican politicians before the attack.
363
The event was described as "
extremely online
", with "pro-Trump internet personalities" and fans streaming live footage while taking
selfies
444
445
According to the University of Maryland's
National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
The "ordinary people" argument misses, or at least obscures, the extent to which the Capitol rioters were linked to dangerous groups and ideas.... at least 280 of the individuals charged with committing crimes on Jan. 6 were associated with extremist groups or conspiratorial movements. This includes 78 defendants who had links to the Proud Boys, a group with a history of violence; 37 members of the anti-government Oath Keepers militia; 31 individuals who embraced the similarly anti-government and militant views of the Three Percenters movement; and 92 defendants who promoted aspects of QAnon....
These 280 individuals make up approximately 35 percent of the Capitol defendants. While it is true that they do not represent a majority of the more than 800 people who have been charged in connection with the riot, ... A 35 percent rate of participation in extremism among a collective of apparently "ordinary" individuals is an astounding number – one that should shake us to our core.
61
Rioters outside the
Capitol
shortly after
Congress
was evacuated
Federal officials estimate that about ten thousand rioters entered the Capitol grounds,
446
and the
Secret Service
and FBI have estimated that from 2,000 to 2,500 ultimately entered the building.
45
46
47
As of May 2024, about 1,400 people had been charged with federal crimes relating to the event,
60
and 884 of those defendants had been sentenced,
60
in many cases for nonviolent offenses.
447
448
Those who went inside the Capitol but were peaceful have been called "MAGA tourists".
449
More than 800 video and audio files—including D.C. Metropolitan Police radio transmissions, Capitol Police
body-worn camera
footage, and Capitol surveillance camera footage—were later obtained as evidence in Trump's impeachment trial. The evidence showed that the assailants launched a large and coordinated attack. For example, "Security camera footage near the House chamber shows the rioters waving in reinforcements to come around the corner. Another video shows more than 150 rioters charging through a breached entrance in just a minute-and-a-half".
450
While assaulting the Capitol, the crowd chanted "Fight, Fight"; "Stop the steal"; and "Fight for Trump".
451
As they were overrun by a violent mob, the police acted with restraint and pleaded for backup.
450
Many of the attackers employed tactics, body armor, and technology (such as two-way radio headsets) similar to those of the very police they were confronting.
452
Some rioters wore riot gear, including helmets and military-style vests. A pair of rioters carried
plastic handcuffs
, which they found on a table inside the Capitol.
453
454
In an analysis of later court documents, it was reported that at least 85 participants in the riot were charged with carrying or using a weapon—such as guns, knives, axes, chemical sprays, police gear, and
stun guns
—in the riots to assault others or break objects. It is illegal to possess weapons at the Capitol.
455
Results
Casualties and suicides
Further information:
Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Casualties
, and
Law enforcement response to the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Suicides
See also:
Killing of Ashli Babbitt
and
Death of Brian Sicknick
Capitol Police officer
Brian Sicknick
died the day after the attack.
Ashli Babbitt
, a 35-year-old
Air Force
veteran, was fatally shot in the upper chest by Lt. Michael Leroy Byrd while attempting to climb through the shattered window of a barricaded door.
456
Brian Sicknick
, a 42-year-old responding Capitol Police officer, was pepper-sprayed during the attack and had two
thromboembolic
strokes the next day,
461
462
after which he was placed on life support
463
and soon died.
464
465
The D.C. chief medical examiner found he died from a stroke, classifying his death as natural,
466
and said that the designation of natural causes is "used when a disease alone causes death. If death is hastened by an injury, the manner of death is not considered natural".
29
The coroner commented that "all that transpired played a role in his condition".
39
462
467
While some accounts maintain he was struck in the head during the riots, he was not found to have died from blunt-force trauma. No signs of any injuries were found during medical examination.
468
Rosanne Boyland, 34, died of an
amphetamine
overdose during the attack, rather than, as was initially reported, from injuries sustained from being crushed beneath other rioters.
469
When the crowd of rioters moved from on top of her, she was found dead. Her death was ruled as
accidental
by the D.C. medical examiner's office.
29
Her mother, Cheryl Boyland, told
NBC News
: "She was not doing drugs. The only thing they found was her own
prescription medicine
".
470
Kevin Greeson, 55; and Benjamin Philips, 50, died naturally from
coronary heart disease
and
hypertensive heart disease
, respectively. There was no indication that they participated in the riot.
29
26
Four officers, from various police departments, who responded to the attack committed suicide in the days and months that followed.
30
471
Capitol Police officer
Howard Charles Liebengood
died by suicide three days after the attack.
472
D.C. Metropolitan Police officer
Jeffrey Smith
, who was injured in the attack, died by suicide from a gunshot wound to the head at
George Washington Memorial Parkway
on January 15, after a misdiagnosed concussion;
473
his death was found to be in line of duty.
474
In July, two more officers who responded to the attack died by suicide: Metropolitan Police officer Kyle Hendrik DeFreytag was found on July 10, and Metropolitan Police officer Gunther Paul Hashida was found on July 29.
475
Some rioters
and 174 police officers were injured, of whom 15 were hospitalized, some with severe injuries.
31
All had been released from the hospital by January 11.
477
Damage
A damaged window in the
Capitol
Rioters stormed the offices of Pelosi, flipping tables and ripping photos from walls;
278
279
the office of the Senate Parliamentarian was ransacked;
256
art was looted;
11
and feces were tracked into hallways.
478
13
479
Windows were smashed throughout the building, leaving the floor littered with glass and debris.
11
480
Rioters damaged, turned over, or stole furniture.
480
One door had "Murder the Media" scribbled onto it in all-caps.
481
Rioters damaged Associated Press recording and broadcasting equipment outside the Capitol after chasing away reporters.
482
Rioters also destroyed a display honoring the life of congressman and
civil rights
leader
John Lewis
483
484
A photo of Representative
Andy Kim
cleaning up the litter in the rotunda after midnight
went viral
485
The rioters caused extensive physical damage.
11
13
Architect of the Capitol
J. Brett Blanton
, who then led the office charged with maintaining the Capitol and preserving its art and architecture, reported in congressional testimony from late February 2021 that the combined costs of repairing the damage and post-attack security measures (such as erecting temporary perimeter fencing) already exceeded $30
million and would continue to increase.
15
In May 2021, U.S. prosecutors estimated that the damage would cost almost $1.5
million.
486
Interior damage from the attack included broken glass, broken doors, and
graffiti
; some statues, paintings, and furniture were damaged by
pepper spray
, tear gas, and fire extinguishing agents deployed by rioters and police.
12
15
The historic bronze
Columbus Doors
were damaged.
15
487
Items, including portraits of
John Quincy Adams
and
James Madison
, as well as a
marble statue of Thomas Jefferson
, were covered in "corrosive gas agent residue"; these were sent to the
Smithsonian
for assessment and restoration.
427
A 19th-century marble
bust
of President
Zachary Taylor
was defaced with what seemed to be blood, but the most important works in the Capitol collection, such as the
John Trumbull
paintings, were unharmed.
12
480
On the Capitol's exterior, two 19th-century bronze light fixtures designed by
Frederick Law Olmsted
were damaged.
12
Because the Capitol has no
insurance against loss
, taxpayers will pay for damage suffered during the siege.
481
Rare
old-growth
mahogany wood, stored in Wisconsin for more than one hundred years by the
Forest Products Laboratory
, was used to replace damaged wood fixtures and doors at the Capitol.
488
489
Laptop theft and cybersecurity concerns
A laptop owned by Senator
Jeff Merkley
was stolen.
490
A laptop taken from Pelosi's office was a "laptop from a conference room
... that was only used for presentations", according to Pelosi's deputy chief of staff. After the thief,
Riley Williams
, was arrested, her house and car were searched by police but they were unable to recover the laptop.
14
491
The device has not been found to this day.
492
Representative
Ruben Gallego
said, "we have to do a full review of what was taken, or copied, or even left behind in terms of
bugs and listening devices
".
341
Military news website
SOFREP
reported that "several"
secret
‑level laptops were stolen, some of which had been abandoned while still logged in to
SIPRNet
, causing authorities to temporarily shut down SIPRNet for a security update on January
7 and leading the
United States Army Special Operations Command
to re-authorize all SIPRNet-connected computers on January 8.
493
494
Representative
Anna Eshoo
said in a statement that "[i]mages on social media and in the press of vigilantes accessing congressional computers are worrying" and she had asked the
Chief Administrative Officer of the House
(CAO) "to conduct a full assessment of threats based on what transpired".
495
The CAO said it was "providing support and guidance to House offices as needed".
14
Aftermath
Political, legal, and social repercussions
Biden
being inaugurated
president on January 20, 2021, despite the attack
Trump
returns to power
on
January 20, 2025
. Hours later, he
granted clemency
to all rioters.
These paragraphs are an excerpt from
Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack
edit
The attack had political, legal, and social repercussions. The
second impeachment of Donald Trump
, who was charged for incitement of
insurrection
for his conduct, occurred on January 13. At the same time,
Cabinet
officials were pressured to
invoke the 25th Amendment
for removing Trump from office.
496
Trump was subsequently acquitted in the
Senate trial
, which was held in February after Trump had already left office. The result was a 57–43 vote in favor of conviction, with every Democrat and seven Republicans voting to convict, but two-thirds of the Senate (67 votes) are required to convict.
497
Many in the Trump administration resigned. Several large companies
498
announced they were
halting all political donations
, and others have suspended funding the
lawmakers who had objected to certifying Electoral College results
499
A bill was introduced to form an
independent commission
, similar to the
9/11 Commission
, to investigate the events surrounding the attack; it passed the House but was blocked by Republicans in the Senate.
500
The House then approved a House "
select committee
" to investigate the attack.
501
In June, the Senate released the results of its own investigation of the attack. The event led to strong
criticism of law enforcement agencies
. Leading figures within the United States Capitol Police resigned.
502
503
large-scale criminal investigation was undertaken
, with the FBI opening more than 1,200 case files. Federal law enforcement undertook a nationwide manhunt for the perpetrators, with
arrests
and indictments following within days. Over 890 people had been found guilty of federal crimes.
504
Trump was
suspended
from various social media sites for his involvement in inciting the attack, at first temporarily and then
indefinitely
. In response to posts by Trump supporters in favour of the attempts to overturn the election, the social networking site
Parler was shut down
by its service providers.
Corporate suspensions of other accounts and programs
associated with participating groups also took place.
505
506
507
The inauguration week was marked by
nationwide security concerns
. Unprecedented
security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden
were undertaken, including the deployment of 25,000 National Guard members. In May, the House passed a $1.9 billion Capitol security bill in response to the attack.
508
In the days following the attack on the Capitol, Republican politicians in at least three states introduced legislation creating new prohibitions on protest activity.
509
Trump has publicly embraced and celebrated the January 6 Capitol attack.
510
Trump and elected officials within the Republican Party have since promoted a
revisionist history
of the event by downplaying the severity of the violence, spread conspiracy theories about the attack, called those charged "hostages" and portrayed them as martyrs.
After being elected president in the
2024 United States presidential election
Donald Trump pardoned about 1,500 people convicted of offenses related to the attack on January 20, 2025.
520
Within days of the attack on the Capitol, a significant number of corporations and political donors financially distanced themselves from
The Trump Organization
. The
Professional Golf Association
was one of the first major organizations to do so, announcing on January 11, 2021, that they would move their 2022 PGA Championship from Trump's club to New Jersey.
Deutsche Bank
and
Signature Bank
both announced that week that they would be cutting ties with Trump, with the latter closing two of Trump's personal bank accounts collectively worth $5.3 million USD.
New York City
previously had contracts with the organization to run several properties but terminated them, a decision that
Eric Trump
claimed was not within their right to do.
521
Cushman & Wakefield
, one of the United States' largest
real estate
companies, cut ties with The Trump Organization in the week following the attack. The firm had previously worked with the organization on
Trump Tower
and
the Trump Building
, two of the organization's most profitable assets.
522
It had also managed
leasing
for several of the organization's properties, including Trump Tower.
523
Trump's nephew,
Fred Trump III
, was asked to leave Cushman & Wakefield due to his familial ties with Trump.
522
524
Fred Trump III, while he had sued Trump along with his sister
Mary L. Trump
between 1999 and 2001 over the estate of
Fred Trump
, had not yet released his 2024 allegations against Trump and was not yet a vocal critic of him.
523
524
At the time of being asked to leave, he was an executive director for the firm and had been working for there for nearly four years.
523
A joint federal investigation known as the
Arctic Frost investigation
was opened in April 2022 involving the FBI, DOJ Office of Inspector General, U.S. Postal Inspection Service, National Archives and Office of Inspector General into efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election results.
The
117th Congress
passed and President
Joe Biden
signed legislation related to the Capitol attack, including the
Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act of 2021
, the
Electoral Reform Act
, and a bill granting awards to Capitol Police officers for their bravery during the insurrection.
525
On August 1, 2023,
Fitch Ratings
downgraded
the U.S. credit rating from AAA to AA+, making it the second time in U.S. history the government's credit rating was downgraded since
Standard & Poor's
downgrade in 2011. Fitch Ratings directly cited the attack as a factor in its decision to downgrade, privately telling Biden officials that the event "indicated an unstable government". It also cited rising debt at the federal, state, and local levels, a "steady deterioration in standards of governance" over the last two decades, worsening political divisions around spending and tax policy, and "repeated debt limit standoffs and last-minute resolutions". Fitch Ratings did note in a previous report that while government stability declined from 2018 to 2021, it had increased since Biden assumed the presidency.
526
On July 16, 2023, Trump was notified that he was officially a target in the
Smith special counsel investigation
527
On August 1, 2023, Trump was
indicted on four charges
. These were
conspiracy to defraud the United States
under
Title 18 of the United States Code
obstructing an official proceeding
and conspiracy to obstruct an official proceeding under the
Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002
, and
conspiracy against rights
under the
Enforcement Act of 1870
. Trump pleaded not guilty,
528
while his attorney
Sidney Powell
later pleaded guilty to conspiring to interfere with the election.
529
Following Trump's reelection to the
presidency
in November 2024, Smith filed a motion to dismiss the case without prejudice, citing the DOJ's policy of not prosecuting sitting presidents. Judge
Chutkan
approved the request and dismissed all charges. Smith submitted his final 137-page report to the Justice Department on January 7, 2025, and resigned three days later.
530
531
The part of the report about election obstruction was made public on January 14. The part about the mishandling of government records was not released at the same time because it was related to an ongoing criminal case.
532
Although a few evangelical leaders supported the attack,
533
most condemned the violence and criticized Trump for inciting the crowd. This criticism came from liberal Christian groups such as the
Red-Letter Christians
, as well as evangelical groups who were generally supportive of Trump.
533
534
This criticism did not noticeably affect evangelical support for Trump; investigative journalist
Sarah Posner
, author of
Unholy: Why White Evangelicals Worship at the Altar of Donald Trump
, argued that many white evangelical Christians in the U.S. create an
echo chamber
whereby Trump's missteps are blamed on the Democratic Party, leftists, or the
mainstream media
, the last of which
is viewed as especially untrustworthy
535
In February 2025, during
Donald Trump's second presidential term
The Washington Post
reported that candidates for top intelligence and law enforcement positions were being screened with yes-or-no questions about whether January 6 was "an inside job" and whether the 2020 presidential election was "stolen".
536
State-level legislation has been introduced in New York and passed in Maine and Nevada to preserve the history of the U.S. Capitol riot and counter what Nevada State Assemblymember
Steve Yeager
describes as "misinformation about Jan. 6".
537
On December 4, 2025, Brian Cole, who was suspected of placing pipe bombs at both the Democratic National Committee and Republican National Committee headquarters in Washington, D.C., on the eve of the January 6, 2021, attack, would be arrested by
FBI
agents in Virginia.
538
On the fifth anniversary of the attack, the
second Trump administration
published a website with a false telling of events, which
The Washington Post
described as a part of "Trump’s years-long effort to reshape the narrative surrounding the day when a mob of his supporters violently overran the U.S. Capitol."
539
Domestic reactions
Donald Trump made another statement after the riot on January 7, 2021.
These paragraphs are an excerpt from
Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack
edit
In the aftermath of the attack, after drawing widespread condemnation from the
U.S. Congress
, members of
his administration
, and the media, 45th
U.S. president
Donald Trump
released a video-recorded statement on January
7, reportedly to stop the resignations of his staff and the threats of impeachment or removal from office. In the statement, he condemned the violence at the
U.S. Capitol
, saying that "a new administration will be inaugurated", which was widely seen as a concession, and his "focus now turns to ensuring a smooth, orderly, and seamless transition of power" to the
Joe Biden administration
540
Vanity Fair
reported that Trump was at least partially convinced to make the statement by
U.S. senator
Lindsey Graham
(R-SC), who told Trump a sufficient number of Senate Republicans would support removing him from office unless he conceded.
541
Kayleigh McEnany
, the
White House press secretary
, had attempted to distance the administration from the rioters' behavior in a televised statement earlier in the day.
542
On January 9,
The New York Times
reported that Trump had told
White House
aides he regretted committing to an orderly transition of power and would never resign from office.
543
In a March 25 interview on
Fox News
, Trump defended the Capitol attackers, saying they were patriots who posed "zero threat", and he criticized law enforcement for "persecuting" the rioters.
544
The
Joint Chiefs of Staff
issued a statement on January 12 condemning the attack and reminding military personnel everywhere that incoming president
Joe Biden
was about to become their commander-in-chief, saying "...
the rights of freedom of speech and assembly do not give anyone the right to resort to violence, sedition, and insurrection".
545
The statement also said, "As we have done throughout our history, the U.S. military will obey lawful orders from civilian leadership, support civilian authorities to protect lives and property, ensure public safety in accordance with the law, and remain fully committed to protecting and defending the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic".
546
547
U.S. senator
Mitch McConnell
KY
), then the
Senate majority leader
, called it a "failed insurrection",
548
549
that "the mob was fed lies", and "they were provoked by the president and other powerful people".
548
Christopher Wray
, the director of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) since 2017, later characterized the incident as
domestic terrorism
550
551
President Biden, who described the rioters as "terrorists" aimed at "overturning the will of the American people" later shared this opinion.
552
In early 2021, the
RAND Corporation
released a framework to reduce the risk of extremist activity in the U.S. military.
553
House speaker
Nancy Pelosi
had the flags at the Capitol lowered to
half-staff
in honor of
Brian Sicknick
, a
United States Capitol Police
officer who died following the attacks.
554
555
Trump initially declined to lower flags at the White House or other federal buildings under his control, before changing his mind four days later.
556
557
558
Biden,
Mike Pence
, and Pelosi offered condolences to Sicknick's family; Trump did not.
554
559
After Sicknick's death, Senator
Ted Cruz
R-TX
) received backlash for previous speeches that were perceived as calls for violence.
560
A survey by the Hobby School of Public Affairs at the
University of Houston
taken January 12–20 showed that nearly a third (32%) of Texas Republicans supported the attack, although overall 83% of all Texans who expressed an opinion were opposed to it.
561
In a poll of Americans just after the attack, 79% of those surveyed said America is "
falling apart
".
562
563
In February 2022, the
Republican National Committee
called the events of January 6 "legitimate political discourse".
564
The US art world reacted through the chronicling of the day as well as the creation of new work. Starting January 7, 2021, the
Smithsonian Museum
enacted its "rapid-response protocol" to gather rally signs, posters, flags, and weapons abandoned on the
National Mall
and began work on a digital arts exhibit.
565
Visual artist
Paul Chan
created his "A drawing as a recording of an insurrection", a 163-inch (4.1 m) double-sided drawing
566
exhibited at the
Greene Naftali Gallery
in New York.
567
In December 2022,
literary press
Whiskey Tit
released
Tell Me What You See
, the first fiction published about the attack.
568
At the one-year anniversary, One Six Comics published graphic novel series
1/6
569
with an accompanying education and action guide by the Western States Center.
570
The Society of Classical Poets
website posted various poems about the day,
571
including one glorifying deceased rioter
Ashli Babbitt
572
Biden, Harris, civil rights groups and celebrities immediately criticized the Capitol Police for a perceived "double standard" in the treatment of the protesters and rioters, who were mostly white. Biden stated, "No one can tell me that if it had been a group of Black Lives Matter protesting yesterday they wouldn't have been treated very, very differently than the mob of thugs that stormed the Capitol. We all know that's true and it is unacceptable". Harris stated, "We witnessed two systems of justice when we saw one that let extremists storm the United States Capitol and another that released tear gas on peaceful protestors (
Black Lives Matter
) last summer".
573
Michelle Obama
wrote, "Yesterday made it painfully clear that certain Americans are, in fact, allowed to denigrate the flag and symbols of our nation. They've just got to look the right way".
574
575
Capitol Police chief Steven Sund, who later resigned, explained they had prepared for a peaceful protest but were overwhelmed by an "angry, violent mob".
576
Later in the year, at a White House ceremony to thank officers who responded to the attack that day, Biden and Harris congratulated the police on their response, calling them "heroes".
577
578
International reactions
These paragraphs are an excerpt from
International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack
edit
More than seventy countries and international organizations expressed their concerns over the attack and condemned the violence, with some specifically condemning President
Donald Trump
's own role in inciting the attack.
579
580
Foreign leaders, diplomats, politicians, and institutions expressed shock, outrage, and condemnation of the events.
581
582
Multiple world leaders made a call for peace, describing the assault as "an attack on democracy".
583
The leaders of some countries, including
Brazil
Poland
, and
Hungary
, declined to condemn the situation, and described it as an internal U.S. affair.
584
As early as January 2021, a few European security officials described the events as an attempted coup.
585
14th Amendment disqualification
Main article:
2024 presidential eligibility of Donald Trump
In late 2022 Trump
announced his candidacy
for the
2024 presidential election
. Some legal scholars argued that Trump should be
barred from presidential office
under
section 3
of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
because of his apparent support for the attack.
586
Three states,
Maine
Colorado
, and
Illinois
, issued rulings to disqualify Trump from appearing on election ballots, with Trump appealing in
Trump v. Anderson
. The
Supreme Court
unanimously ruled on March 4, 2024, that states could not remove Trump from the ballot.
19
Following
Biden's withdrawal from the race
in July, Trump ultimately defeated Kamala Harris the election in November, being
inaugurated
for a
second term
on January 20, 2025, with
JD Vance
as his vice president.
Other public officials involved in the January 6 attack have also faced disqualification under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Otero County
, New Mexico, commissioner
Couy Griffin
was disqualified and removed from office while Congressional representative
Marjorie Taylor Greene
survived a similar challenge.
587
Sarbanes–Oxley Act prosecutions
Over 350 defendants, including Trump, were charged with obstructing an official proceeding under the 2002
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
. Prior to the January 6 prosecutions, such charges had never been brought in cases that did not involve evidence tampering. In
Fischer v. United States
, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 on non-ideological lines in favor of defendant Joseph Fischer and found that the obstruction charges in the case were overbroad, as they did not apply to evidence tampering, although charges against Trump could potentially proceed.
588
589
590
Soon after the ruling, other January 6 criminal cases were reopened to adhere to the
Fischer
ruling and further usage of obstruction charges against January 6 defendants was stopped.
588
591
In 2025, the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia initiated an internal review of its prosecutions of January 6 defendants under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
592
591
2025 pardons and commutations
Main article:
Pardon of January 6 United States Capitol attack defendants
On January 20, 2025, U.S. president Donald Trump signed executive order granting pardons and commutations to over 1,500 individuals involved in the January 6 attack.
On January 20, 2025, on his last day in office, U.S. president Joe Biden granted pardons to all members of the
House Select Committee
that had investigated the January 6 attack, as well as their staff and the officers who testified.
593
Later that day, on the first day of
his second term
, U.S. president Donald Trump issued a proclamation granting
clemency
to approximately 1,200 individuals convicted for their involvement in the January 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol, and dismissing the cases of the remaining approximately 300 charged individuals. The pardon extended to those charged with vandalism and assaults on law enforcement officers, including members of the
Proud Boys
and the
Oath Keepers
20
Following the pardons, Trump ordered the DOJ to purge previously published press releases about the arrests and convictions of those pardoned.
594
Soon after, video evidence of the attack likewise began being purged from government databases.
595
Analysis and terminology
See also:
Description of the attempts to overturn the election as an attempted coup
This section is an excerpt from
Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack § Contemporary analysis and terminology
edit
A week following the attack, journalists were searching for an appropriate word to describe the event.
596
According to the Associated Press, U.S. media outlets first described the developments on January 6 as "a rally or protest", but as the events of the day escalated and further reporting and images emerged, the descriptions shifted to "an assault, a riot, an insurrection, domestic terrorism or even a
coup
attempt".
597
It was variably observed that the media outlets were settling on the terms "riot" and "insurrection".
597
598
According to
NPR
, "By definition, 'insurrection', and its derivative, 'insurgency', are accurate. 'Riot' and 'mob' are equally correct. While these words are not interchangeable, they are all suitable when describing Jan. 6."
599
The New York Times
assessed the event as having brought the United States "hours away from a full-blown constitutional crisis".
600
Brian Stelter
in
CNN Business
wrote that the events of the Capitol attack "will be remembered as an act of domestic terrorism against the United States".
601
The attack was widely described as an attempted
coup d'état
602
603
604
or
self-coup
605
606
607
Federal judge
David Carter
described Trump's actions as "a coup in search of a legal theory".
608
Naunihal Singh
of the U.S.
Naval War College
, and author of
Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups
, wrote that the attack on the Capitol was "an insurrection, a violent uprising against the government" and "sedition", but not a coup because Trump did not order the military "to seize power on his behalf".
609
610
The Coup D'état Project of the Cline Center for Advanced Social Research at the
University of Illinois
, which tracks coups and coup attempts globally, classified the attack as an "attempted dissident coup", defined as an unsuccessful coup attempt "initiated by a small group of discontents" such as "ex-military leaders, religious leaders, former government leaders, members of a legislature/parliament, and civilians [but not police or the military]". The Cline Center said the "organized, illegal attempt to intervene in the presidential transition" by displacing Congress met this definition.
611
612
Some political scientists identified the attack as an attempted
self-coup
, in which the
head of government
attempts to strong-arm the other branches of government to entrench power.
613
Academic
Fiona Hill
, a former member of Trump's
National Security Council
, described the attack, and Trump's actions in the months leading up to it, as an attempted self-coup.
614
The FBI classified the attack as domestic terrorism.
615
616
At the Senate Judiciary Committee meeting on March 2, 2021, Wray testified:
I was appalled, like you, at the violence and destruction that we saw that day. I was appalled that you, our country's elected leaders, were victimized right here in these very halls. That attack, that siege was criminal behavior, plain and simple, and it's behavior that we, the FBI, view as domestic terrorism. It's got no place in our democracy and tolerating it would make a mockery of our nation's rule of law.
617
618
The
Congressional Research Service
also concluded that the attack met the federal definition of domestic terrorism.
619
620
Republican senator
Ted Cruz
characterized it as terrorism at least eighteen times over the ensuing year, though he was among the Senate Republicans who blocked a bipartisan
January 6 commission
to investigate it.
621
622
On January 4, 2021, Steve Bannon, while discussing the planning for the upcoming events and speech by Trump on January 6 at The Ellipse, described it as a "bloodless coup".
82
83
A March 2023 poll found that 20.5 percent of respondents believed that violence to achieve a political goal is sometimes justified. Nearly 12 percent expressed their willingness to use force to restore Trump to power.
623
A June 2023 poll found that about 12
million American adults, or 4.4 percent of the adult population, believed violence is justified in returning Trump to the White House.
624
Historians' perspectives
For broader coverage of this topic, see
Timeline of violent incidents at the United States Capitol
See also:
List of incidents of political violence in Washington, D.C.
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
List of rebellions in the United States
; and
List of attacks on legislatures
A commemorative plaque
625
honoring those who protected the US Capitol on January 6 sat for years out of sight in the Capitol basement, surrounded by maintenance equipment.
626
A 2022 law mandating the plaque stated it must be placed "at a permanent location on the western front".
626
In March 2026, more than five years after the attack, it was placed on a wall inside the Capitol, in an area closed to all tours and accessible by visitors only if they are escorted.
626
While there have been other instances of violence at the Capitol in the 19th and 20th centuries, this event was the most severe assault on the building since the 1814
burning of Washington
by
British
forces during the
War of 1812
. The last attempt on the life of the vice president was a bomb plot against
Thomas Marshall
in July 1915.
627
For the first time in U.S. history, a Confederate battle flag was flown inside the Capitol. The
Confederate States Army
had never reached the Capitol, nor come closer than 6 miles (10 km) from the Capitol at the
Battle of Fort Stevens
, during the
American Civil War
411
Douglas Brinkley
, a historian at
Rice University
630
remarked on how January 6 would be remembered in
American history
: "Now every Jan. 6, we're going to have to remember what happened... I worry if we lose the date that it will lose some of its wallop over time". He also wrote about Trump's responsibility during the attack: "There are always going to be puzzle pieces added to what occurred on January 6, because the president of the United States was sitting there watching this on television in the White House, as we all know, allowing it to go on and on".
631
On the first anniversary of the attack, historians
Doris Kearns Goodwin
and
Jon Meacham
warned that the U.S. remained at "a crucial turning point". Meacham commented, "What you saw a year ago today was the worst instincts of both human nature and American politics and it's either a step on the way to the abyss or it is a call to arms figuratively for citizens to engage".
632
Robert Paxton
considered the attack to be evidence that Trump's movement was an example of
fascism
, a characterization that Paxton had resisted up to that point. Paxton compared the event to the French
6 February 1934 crisis
633
Richard J. Evans
said that it was not a coup, but that it did represent a danger to democracy in the U.S.
634
Other scholars expressed concern about how history would portray the attack and its aftermath.
635
Larry Sabato
, director of the University of Virginia's Center for Politics, stated that reframing the insurrection as a "sightseeing tour" by the GOP has given "the far-right extremists, the neo-Nazi white supremacists who are obsessed with January 6, the counter reality they've been looking for of a bunch of patriots taking a tour in the Capitol".
636
memorial plaque
honoring Capitol police officers who were injured that day was installed at 4 a.m. on Saturday morning March 7, 2026.
637
638
See also
1983 United States Senate bombing
– Terror attack in Washington, DC, US
Brooks Brothers riot
– 2000 U.S. political demonstration
Democratic backsliding in the United States
Demonstrations in support of Donald Trump
Enough
– A memoir by Cassidy Hutchinson
Newburgh Conspiracy
– 1783 planned Continental Army coup
Pre-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election
Protests against Donald Trump's presidential inauguration
Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election
Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud
Right-wing terrorism
– Form of terrorism motivated by right-wing or far-right beliefs
United Airlines Flight 93
– A hijacked plane intended to be flown into the U.S. Capitol
Wilmington massacre
– 1898. A municipal-level coup d'état took place in Wilmington, NC that has been described as "America's Only Coup D'État" & "The Lost History of an American Coup D'État"
Notes
See
Casualties and suicides
section for a full set of details.
1 dead from a stroke
27
28
29
4 officers died by suicides
within seven months of the attack
30
Attributed to multiple sources.
32
33
17
18
The coroner listed the manner of Sicknick's death as "natural", defined as a term "used when a disease alone causes death. If death is hastened by an injury, the manner of death is not considered natural." The coroner also stated that "All that transpired played a role in his condition". The coroner said there was no "evidence of internal or external injuries".
Pelosi offered a committee makeup of seven Democrats and six Republicans; however House Minority Leader
Kevin McCarthy
refused to appoint any Republicans unless they included some who had voted to overturn Electoral College results.
Multiple notes:
Amy Kremer
of
Women for Trump
had been granted a permit the day prior.
Other organizations taking part in the event included: Black Conservatives Fund, Eighty Percent Coalition, Moms For America, Peaceably Gather, Phyllis Schlafly Eagles, Rule of Law Defense Fund, Stop The Steal,
Turning Point Action
Tea Party Patriots
, Women For America First, and Wildprotest.com.
Attributed to multiple sources.
84
85
86
87
In 2019,
Kara Swisher
speculated Trump might encourage supporters to "rise up in armed insurrection to keep him in office".
A week later, he retired.
163
Attributed to multiple sources.
43
11
230
231
Attributed to multiple sources.
257
258
259
260
Attributed to multiple sources.
247
268
269
270
271
Before the demonstrators entered the building, activist
Jacob Chansley
called out for them to pause and join him in prayer.
364
Attributed to multiple sources.
404
365
21
405
The group is more radical than other
patriot movement
groups who attended the rally. "NSC members consider themselves soldiers fighting a war against a hostile, Jewish-controlled system that is deliberately plotting the
extinction of the white race.
" states the
ADL
408
Attributed to multiple sources.
11
410
412
413
Attributed to multiple sources.
417
418
419
420
421
Witnesses reported seeing the national flags of Cuba, Romania, India, Israel,
South Vietnam
, Australia, Japan, Iran, Georgia, South Korea, Tonga, Mexico, Canada, and the United States (including an upside-down version); a
U.S. Marines flag
; the flag of the fictional country of "
Kekistan
"; Trump campaign flags such as "Release the
Kraken
", Second Amendment and America First flags; Pine tree, III Percenters and
VDARE
flags; altered versions of confederate, Gadsden, state, national and
Gay Pride
flags; as well as old American and Army flags such as the Betsy Ross flag, Irish Brigade flags, and others.
426
427
Some media reports have described Babbitt as "unarmed" at the time of the shooting;
456
457
however, according to a January 11, 2021, crime scene examination report by the D.C. Department of Forensic Sciences, the police "recovered a 'Para Force' folding knife in Ms. Babbitt's pants pocket" after she was shot.
458
459
460
Only sporadic instances of injured rioters have been publicly recorded;
476
injuries in general (such as a total number) among this group have not.
Attributed to multiple sources.
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
However, from 1894 to 2020, the
flag of Mississippi
contained a Confederate battle flag in its design and had been displayed in the Capitol building.
628
The flag was carried during the attack by
Kevin Seefried
, who traveled from his home in Delaware to hear Trump speak, bringing the flag he had displayed outside his house. Seefried and his son, who helped clear a broken window for them to gain access into the Capitol, were indicted by a grand jury.
629
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As with the Beer Hall Putsch, a would-be leader tried to take advantage of an already scheduled event (in Hitler's case, Kahr's speech; in Trump's, Congress's tallying of the electoral votes) to create a dramatic moment with himself at the center of attention, calling for bold action to upend the political order. Unlike Hitler's coup attempt, Trump already held top of office, so he was attempting to hold onto power, not seize it (the precise term for Trump's intended action is a 'self-coup' or 'autogolpe'). Thus, Trump was able to plan for the event well in advance, and with much greater control, including developing the legal arguments that could be used to justify rejecting the election's results.
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...
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The attack, which some historians called the most severe assault on the Capitol since the British sacked the building in 1814
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Trump's rally speech
Capitol riot arrests: See who's been charged across the U.S.
– U.S.-wide tracker database created and updated by
USA Today
"CNN Special Report: American Coup: The January 6th Investigation"
CNN
. September 13, 2022.
Show can be found on
CNN Live TV
"Transcript: CNN Special Report: American Coup: The January 6th Investigation"
. CNN. September 18, 2022.
Federal government
Final Report
(December 22, 2022) of the
United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack
(845 pages)
Supporting Material
from the January 6 Select Committee
Capitol Breach Cases
Archived
November 4, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine
– list of defendants charged in federal court in the District of Columbia related to the January 6 attack (list maintained by the
U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia
"Examining the U.S. Capitol Attack: A Review of the Security, Planning, and Response Failures on January 6: Staff Report"
. United States Senate; Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs; Committee on Rules and Administration. June 8, 2021.
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Class Number Y 4.G 74/9:C 17.
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FBI
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(video).
C-SPAN
. February 9, 2021. Event occurs at 13:24.
Archived
from the original on February 10, 2021 – via YouTube.
House Impeachment Manager Rep.
Jamie Raskin
presents a video montage of the January 6, 2021, Attack on the U.S. Capitol during his opening statement during the
Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump
See also:
Elliott, Philip (February 10, 2021).
"This Video of Jan. 6's Insurrection Should Be Mandatory"
Time
Archived
from the original on February 10, 2021.
H. Res. 24 – Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors
(article of impeachment adopted by the House on January 13, 2021)
H.Res.31 – Condemning and censuring Representative Mo Brooks of Alabama
(censure resolution introduced on January 11, 2021, by Representative
Tom Malinowski
, with two cosponsors)
The full text of
Article of Impeachment against Donald J. Trump (2021)
at Wikisource
Video
Jan. 6, 2021: A visual archive of the Capitol attack
NPR
What Parler Saw During the Attack on the Capitol
(video archive from
ProPublica
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PBS
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PBS
Plot to Overturn the Election
PBS
Michael Flynn's Holy War
PBS
American Insurrection
PBS
United States of Conspiracy
PBS
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PBS
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The New York Times
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US Capitol stormed
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January 6 United States Capitol attack
Background
U.S. Capitol
United States Capitol Police
Harry Dunn
Caroline Edwards
Aquilino Gonell
Eugene Goodman
Yogananda Pittman
Steven Sund
Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia
Robert Contee
Michael Fanone
Daniel Hodges
Timeline of prior security incidents
Election
Previous claims of election fraud by President Trump
in 2012
in 2016
Republican reactions
2020–21 presidential election protests
2021 Electoral College vote count
predictions of violence
1776 Returns
Attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election
fake electors plot
Chesebro memos
Eastman memos
lawsuits
Texas v. Pennsylvania
Jeffrey Clark letter
Other
Democratic backsliding in the United States
Michigan State Capitol storming
Trumpism
false or misleading statements by Donald Trump
conspiracy theories
social media use by Donald Trump
QAnon
Donald Trump and fascism
Trump derangement syndrome
Involved
Christina Bobb
Kenneth Chesebro
Jeffrey Clark
Joseph diGenova
John Eastman
Jenna Ellis
Rudy Giuliani
John McEntee
Mark Meadows
Cleta Mitchell
Peter Navarro
Sidney Powell
Victoria Toensing
Jim Troupis
Donald Trump
Donald Trump Jr.
Events
Planning
Timeline of attack
Law enforcement response
killing of Ashli Babbitt
Death of Brian Sicknick
Participants
Proud Boys
Enrique Tarrio
Joe Biggs
Ethan Nordean
Dominic Pezzola
Oath Keepers
Stewart Rhodes
Kelly Meggs
Jeremy Bertino
Ray Epps
Roberto Minuta
Jessica Marie Watkins
Others
Richard Barnett
Jacob Chansley
Cameron Clapp
Isabella DeLuca
Derrick Evans
Nick Fuentes
Tim "Baked Alaska" Gionet
Simone Gold
Couy Griffin
Pamela Hemphill
Alan Hostetter
Adam Christian Johnson
Jay Johnston
Klete Keller
Edward Kelley
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