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President of the United States from 2021 to 2025
"Joseph Biden" and "Biden" redirect here. For his first-born son, Joseph Biden III, see
Beau Biden
. For other uses, see
Biden (disambiguation)
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Joe Biden
Official portrait, 2021
46th
President of the United States
In office
January 20, 2021 – January 20, 2025
Vice President
Kamala Harris
Preceded by
Donald Trump
Succeeded by
Donald Trump
47th
Vice President of the United States
In office
January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
President
Barack Obama
Preceded by
Dick Cheney
Succeeded by
Mike Pence
United States Senator
from
Delaware
In office
January 3, 1973 – January 15, 2009
Preceded by
J. Caleb Boggs
Succeeded by
Ted Kaufman
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Senate positions
Chair of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
In office
January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009
Preceded by
Richard Lugar
Succeeded by
John Kerry
In office
June 6, 2001 – January 3, 2003
Preceded by
Jesse Helms
Succeeded by
Richard Lugar
In office
January 3, 2001 – January 20, 2001
Preceded by
Jesse Helms
Succeeded by
Jesse Helms
Chair of the
International Narcotics Control Caucus
In office
January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2009
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Succeeded by
Dianne Feinstein
Chair of the
Senate Judiciary Committee
In office
January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1995
Preceded by
Strom Thurmond
Succeeded by
Orrin Hatch
Member of the
New Castle County Council
from the 4th district
In office
January 5, 1971 – January 1, 1973
Preceded by
Lawrence T. Messick
Succeeded by
Francis Swift
Personal details
Born
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.
1942-11-20
November 20, 1942
(age 83)
Scranton, Pennsylvania
, U.S.
Party
Democratic
Spouses
Neilia Hunter
m.
1966
; died
1972
Jill Jacobs
m.
1977
Children
4, including
Beau
Hunter
, and
Ashley
Relatives
Biden family
Education
University of Delaware
BA
Syracuse University
JD
Awards
Full list
Signature
Website
Official website
Presidential library
White House archives
Biden's voice
Biden speaking on the
U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan
and the
fall of Kabul
Recorded August 16, 2021
This article is part of
a series about
Joe Biden
Personal
Early life and career
Eponyms
Family
Honors
Public image
Age and health concerns
SNL
parodies
The Onion
parody
Bibliography
U.S. Senator from Delaware
U.S. Senate career
Judiciary Committee
Bork hearings
Thomas hearings
1994 Crime Bill
Violence Against Women Act
Foreign Relations Committee
Elections
1972
1978
1984
1990
1996
2002
2008
47th Vice President of the United States
Transition
Tenure
Obama administration
Inaugurations
first
second
Economic policy
Great Recession response
2010 Tax Relief Act
2011 debt-ceiling crisis
fiscal cliff
Foreign policy
Task forces
Gun Violence
Protect Students from Sexual Assault
Buy a shotgun
Vice presidential campaigns
2008
election
selection
convention
debates
2012
election
convention
debates
46th President of the United States
Presidency
timeline
Transition
COVID-19 Advisory Board
Inauguration
Efforts to impeach
inquiry
Presidential library
Tenure
First 100 days
Executive actions
proclamations
Trips
international
Ukraine visit
Geneva summit
COVID-19 pandemic
Afghanistan withdrawal
Classified documents incident
2023 debt-ceiling crisis
Policies
COVID-19
WH Response Team
Economic
ARP
IIJA
CaSA
IRA
Electoral/ethics
Environment
Foreign
AUKUS
Camp David Principles
IPEF
War in Ukraine
War in Israel
Immigration
border crisis
Social issues
guns
cannabis
marriage
Appointments
Cabinet
Ambassadors
Federal judges
Jackson
Supreme Court candidates
Executive Office
U.S. attorneys
Presidential campaigns
1988
primaries
2008
primaries
2020
primaries
election
sexual misconduct allegation
Ukraine conspiracy theory
convention
debates
endorsements
VP selection
2024
primaries
debate
endorsements
opposition
withdrawal
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.
(born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who was the 46th
president of the United States
from 2021 to 2025. A member of the
Democratic Party
, he represented
Delaware
in the
United States Senate
from 1973 to 2009 and also served as the 47th
vice president
under President
Barack Obama
from 2009 to 2017.
Born in
Scranton, Pennsylvania
, Biden graduated from the
University of Delaware
in 1965 and the
Syracuse University College of Law
in 1968. He was elected to the
New Castle County Council
in 1970 and the
U.S. Senate in 1972
As a senator
, Biden chaired the Senate
Judiciary Committee
and
Foreign Relations Committee
. He drafted and led passage of the
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
and the
Violence Against Women Act
. Biden oversaw six
U.S. Supreme Court
confirmation hearings, including contentious
hearings for Robert Bork
and
Clarence Thomas
. He opposed the
Gulf War
in 1991 but voted in favor of the
Iraq War Resolution
in 2002. Biden ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic presidential nomination in the
1988
and
2008
primaries. In 2008, Obama chose him as his running mate, and he served as a close advisor to Obama
while in office
. In the
2020 presidential election
, Biden chose
Kamala Harris
as his running mate, and they defeated
Republican
incumbents
Donald Trump
and
Mike Pence
As president, Biden signed the
American Rescue Plan Act
in response to the
COVID-19 pandemic
and
recession
. He signed bipartisan bills on
infrastructure
and
manufacturing
. Biden proposed the
Build Back Better Act
, part of which was incorporated into the
Inflation Reduction Act
passed in 2022. He
appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson
to the
Supreme Court of the United States
. In
his foreign policy
, the U.S. reentered the
Paris Agreement
and enacted the
New Atlantic Charter
. Biden oversaw the
total withdrawal of U.S. troops
that ended the
war in Afghanistan
, leading to
the Taliban seizing control
. He
responded
to the
Russian invasion of Ukraine
by imposing
sanctions on Russia
and authorizing
Ukrainian aid
. In 2022, Biden supported
Finland
and
Sweden
's bids to join
NATO
and formally approved their membership. During the
Gaza war
, Biden condemned the actions of
Hamas
strongly supported Israel
, sent limited humanitarian aid to the
Gaza Strip
, and backed a temporary
ceasefire proposal
before his presidency ended. Biden entered office with majority support, but his approval ratings declined significantly during his presidency, particularly over concerns about
inflation
Concerns about Biden's age and health
persisted throughout his presidency. Biden is the first president to turn 80 years old while in office. Biden initially
ran for reelection
in
2024
, winning the
Democratic primaries
and becoming the party's presumptive nominee. After his performance in the
first presidential debate
, intensifying scrutiny from across the political spectrum about his age and health led him to
withdraw his candidacy
During his time in office, Biden's administration was
ranked favorably
by historians and scholars, diverging from
unfavorable public assessments
of his tenure. He is the
oldest living former U.S. president
since the
second inauguration of Donald Trump
in 2025, the
oldest living former U.S. vice president
since the death of
Dick Cheney
in 2025, and the oldest person to have served as president.
Early life (1942–1965)
Main article:
Early life and career of Joe Biden
Biden in 1952, at age 10
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942,
at St. Mary's Hospital in
Scranton, Pennsylvania
to Catherine Eugenia "Jean" Biden (
née
Finnegan
and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.
He is the oldest child in a
Catholic
family of predominantly
Irish
descent. Biden has a sister,
Valerie
, and two brothers,
James
and Francis.
Joseph Sr. had been wealthy, and the family purchased a home in the affluent Long Island suburb of
Garden City, New York
, in 1946.
After he suffered business setbacks around the time Biden was seven years old,
the family lived with Jean's parents in Scranton for several years.
10
Scranton fell into economic decline during the 1950s, and Joseph Sr. could not find steady work.
11
Beginning in 1953, when Biden was ten,
12
the family lived in an apartment in
Claymont, Delaware
, before moving to a house in nearby
Mayfield, Delaware
Joseph Sr. later became a successful
used-car salesman
, maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle.
10
11
15
At
Archmere Academy
in Claymont,
16
Biden played baseball and was a standout
halfback
and
wide receiver
on the
high school football
team.
10
17
Though a poor student, he was
class president
in his junior and senior years.
18
19
He graduated in 1961.
18
At the
University of Delaware
in
Newark
, Biden briefly played freshman football
20
21
and received a Bachelor of Arts degree with a
double major
in history and
political science
in 1965.
22
23
To overcome a childhood stutter, he memorized lines from
Ralph Waldo Emerson
and
William Butler Yeats
24
Marriages, law school, and early career (1966–1973)
Main article:
Early career of Joe Biden
See also:
Family of Joe Biden
Biden married
Neilia Hunter
, a student at
Syracuse University
, on August 27, 1966,
22
25
after overcoming her parents' disinclination for her to wed a Catholic. Their wedding was held in a Catholic church in
Skaneateles, New York
26
They had three children:
Joseph R. "Beau" Biden III
Robert Hunter Biden
, and Naomi Christina "Amy" Biden.
22
Biden earned a
Juris Doctor
from
Syracuse University College of Law
in 1968. In his first year of law school, he failed a course because he
plagiarized
a law review article, but the failing grade was later stricken. His grades were relatively poor, and he graduated 76th in a class of 85.
27
He was
admitted
to the
Delaware bar
in 1969.
Biden clerked at a law firm headed by prominent local
Republican
William Prickett in 1968 and self-identified as a Republican.
28
29
He disliked incumbent
Democratic
Delaware governor
Charles L. Terry
's conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican,
Russell W. Peterson
, who defeated Terry in 1968.
28
Local Republicans attempted to recruit Biden, but he registered as an
independent
because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate
Richard Nixon
28
Law practices
Biden pictured by
Syracuse University
in 1968
In 1969, Biden resumed practicing law, first as a
public defender
in
Wilmington, Delaware
. Most of his clients were
African Americans
from Wilmington's east side.
30
31
Biden then joined a firm headed by Sid Balick, a locally active Democrat.
32
28
Balick named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party,
33
and Biden switched his registration to Democratic.
28
He also started his own firm, Biden and Walsh.
32
Corporate law
, however, did not appeal to him, and
criminal law
did not pay well.
10
He supplemented his income by managing properties.
34
Biden ran for the fourth district seat on the
New Castle County Council
in 1970 on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.
35
36
Biden won the general election, defeating Republican Lawrence T. Messick, and took office on January 5, 1971.
37
38
He served until January 1, 1973.
39
40
During his time on the county council, Biden opposed large highway projects, which he argued might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.
40
Biden had not openly supported or opposed the
Vietnam War
until he ran for Senate and opposed
Richard Nixon
's conduct of the war.
41
While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University, Biden obtained five student
draft
deferments. Based on a physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment in 1968; in 2008, a spokesperson for Biden said his having had "
asthma
as a teenager" was the reason.
42
1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware
Main article:
1972 United States Senate election in Delaware
Neilia Hunter, Joe, Hunter, Naomi Christina and Beau Biden,
c.
1972
Biden defeated Republican incumbent
J. Caleb Boggs
to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware in 1972. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs and, with minimal campaign funds, was thought to have no chance of winning.
43
10
Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers,
44
an approach made feasible by Delaware's small size.
34
He received help from the
AFL-CIO
and Democratic pollster
Patrick Caddell
43
His platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit, equitable taxation, health care and public dissatisfaction with "politics as usual".
43
44
A few months before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points,
43
but his energy, young family, and ability to connect with voters' emotions worked to his advantage,
15
and he won with 50.5% of the vote.
44
Death of first wife and daughter
A few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident in
Hockessin, Delaware
, on December 18, 1972.
22
45
Their sons Beau (aged 3) and Hunter (aged 2) were in the car and were taken to hospital with non-life-threatening injuries.
46
He considered resigning to care for them,
15
but
Senate Majority Leader
Mike Mansfield
persuaded him not to.
47
Biden contemplated suicide and was filled with anger and religious doubt.
48
49
He wrote that he "felt God had played a horrible trick" on him
50
and had trouble focusing on work.
51
52
Second marriage
Biden and his second wife,
Jill
, met in 1975 and married in 1977.
Biden met teacher
Jill Tracy Jacobs
in 1975 on a
blind date
53
They married at the
United Nations chapel
in New York on June 17, 1977,
54
55
and spent their honeymoon at
Lake Balaton
in the
Hungarian People's Republic
56
57
Biden credits her with the renewal of his interest in politics and life.
58
In 1981, the couple had a daughter,
Ashley Biden
22
who is a social worker, activist, and fashion designer.
59
Jill helped raise her stepsons, Hunter and Beau, who were seven and eight respectively at the time of her marriage. Hunter has worked as a Washington lobbyist and investment adviser; his business dealings,
personal life
, and
legal troubles
came under
significant scrutiny
during his father's presidency. In December 2024, Biden pardoned Hunter following his conviction on gun and tax charges despite repeated promises that he would not do so.
Beau became an Army
judge-advocate
in Iraq and later
Delaware attorney general
64
before dying of brain cancer in 2015.
65
66
Teaching
From 1991 to 2008, as an
adjunct professor
, Biden co-taught a
seminar
on
constitutional law
at
Widener University School of Law
67
68
U.S. Senate (1973–2009)
Main article:
US Senate career of Joe Biden
Elected to the U.S. Senate in
1972
, Biden was reelected in
1978
1984
1990
1996
2002
, and
2008
, regularly receiving about 60% of the vote.
69
Aged 30 when first elected, he was the
seventh-youngest senator in U.S. history
70
He was junior senator to
William Roth
until Roth was defeated in 2000.
71
He remains one of the
longest-serving senators
in U.S. history.
72
For 36 years, he commuted from Washington to Wilmington via
Amtrak
, earning him the nickname "Amtrak Joe".
73
Senate activities
Biden with President
Jimmy Carter
, 1978
Biden addresses the
September 11 attacks
on the Senate floor; September 12, 2001.
During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability.
74
In 1974, he described himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens' concerns, and healthcare, but conservative on other issues, including abortion and
military conscription
75
Biden was the first U.S. senator to endorse Governor
Jimmy Carter
for president in the
1976 Democratic primary
. Carter won the Democratic nomination and the
1976 election
76
Biden also worked on
arms control
77
78
After Congress failed to ratify the
SALT II
Treaty signed in 1979 by
Soviet general secretary
Leonid Brezhnev
and President Carter, Biden met with Soviet foreign minister
Andrei Gromyko
and secured changes that addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's objections.
79
He received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State
George Shultz
at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration's support of
South Africa
despite its policy of
apartheid
28
In a congressional hearing in 1984, he objected to the
Strategic Defense Initiative
plan to construct autonomous systems of ICBM defense.
80
81
Biden was an advocate for Delaware military installations, including
Dover Air Force Base
and
New Castle Air National Guard Base
82
In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate's strongest opponents of
race-integration busing
. His Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly abandon school integration policies.
83
In his first Senate campaign, Biden had expressed support for busing to remedy
de jure
segregation, as in the South, but opposed its use to remedy
de facto
segregation arising from racial patterns of neighborhood residency, as in Delaware; he opposed a proposed constitutional amendment banning busing entirely.
84
Biden supported a 1976 measure forbidding the use of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them.
83
He co-sponsored a 1977 amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.
85
Biden shaking hands with President
Ronald Reagan
, 1984
Biden became
ranking minority member
of the
Senate Judiciary Committee
in 1981. He was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the
Comprehensive Crime Control Act
in 1984. His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law's worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment to that time.
86
In 1994, Biden helped pass the
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
, which included
a ban on assault weapons
87
88
and the
Violence Against Women Act
89
which he has called his most significant legislation.
90
The 1994 crime law was unpopular among progressives and criticized for resulting in mass incarceration;
91
92
Biden later expressed regret for passing the bill.
93
Biden meeting with attorney general
Janet Reno
, 1993
Biden voted for a 1993 provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning
gay people
from serving in the armed forces.
94
95
In 1996, he voted for the
Defense of Marriage Act
, which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring people in such marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing states to do the same.
96
In 2015, the act was ruled unconstitutional in
Obergefell v. Hodges
97
Biden was critical of
Independent Counsel
Ken Starr
during the 1990s
Whitewater controversy
and
Clinton–Lewinsky scandal
investigations, saying "it's going to be a cold day in hell" before another independent counsel would be granted similar powers.
98
He voted to acquit during the
impeachment of Bill Clinton
99
During the 2000s, Biden sponsored bankruptcy legislation sought by credit card issuers (such as
MBNA
, one of Delaware's largest companies).
100
15
Bill Clinton
vetoed the bill in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the
Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act
15
with Biden being one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights organizations opposed it.
101
As a senator, Biden strongly supported increased
Amtrak
funding and rail security.
69
102
Brain surgeries
In February 1988, after several episodes of severe neck pain, Biden underwent surgery to correct a leaking
intracranial berry aneurysm
103
104
While recuperating, he suffered a
pulmonary embolism
104
A second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May.
104
105
His recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.
106
Senate Judiciary Committee
Biden speaking at the signing of the
1994 Crime Bill
with President
Bill Clinton
Biden was a longtime member of the
Senate Committee on the Judiciary
. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a
ranking minority member
from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997.
107
As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious
U.S. Supreme Court
confirmation hearings.
15
When
Robert Bork was nominated
in 1988, Biden reversed his approval—given in an interview the previous year—of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered,
108
but at the hearings' close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.
108
109
Rejecting the arguments of some Bork opponents,
15
Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork's strong
originalism
and the view that the
U.S. Constitution
provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text.
109
Bork's nomination was rejected in the committee by a 5–9 vote
109
and then in the full Senate, 42–58.
110
During
Clarence Thomas's nomination hearings
in 1991, Biden's questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,
111
and Thomas later wrote that Biden's questions were akin to "
beanballs
".
112
After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that
Anita Hill
had accused Thomas of
making unwelcome sexual comments
when they had worked together.
113
114
Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.
15
The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.
115
The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.
15
Liberal legal advocates and women's groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.
115
In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.
116
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Senator Biden accompanies President Clinton and other officials to
Bosnia and Herzegovina
in December 1997.
Biden was a longtime member of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
. He became its ranking minority member in 1997, and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.
117
His positions were generally
liberal internationalist
77
118
He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.
117
118
During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.
119
Biden voted against authorization for the
Gulf War
in 1991.
118
He became interested in the
Yugoslav Wars
after hearing about Serbian abuses during the
Croatian War of Independence
in 1991.
77
Once the
Bosnian War
broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the "
lift and strike
" policy.
77
117
George H. W. Bush
and
Bill Clinton
were both reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement.
77
118
In April 1993, Biden had a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader
Slobodan Milošević
120
Biden worked on several versions of legislative language urging the U.S. toward greater involvement.
120
He has called his role in affecting Balkan policy in the mid-1990s his "proudest moment in public life" related to foreign policy.
118
In 1999, during the
Kosovo War
, Biden supported the
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
77
He and Senator
John McCain
co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions toward
Kosovo Albanians
118
121
Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
Main article:
War on terror
Biden addresses the press after meeting with Prime Minister
Ayad Allawi
in
Baghdad
in 2004.
Biden was a strong supporter of the
War in Afghanistan
, saying, "Whatever it takes, we should do it."
122
As head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he said in 2002 that Iraqi president
Saddam Hussein
was a threat to national security and there was no other option than to "eliminate" that threat.
123
In October 2002, he voted in favor of the
Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq
, approving the
U.S. invasion of Iraq
118
As chair of the committee, he assembled witnesses to testify in favor of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting the intent, history, and status of Saddam and his government, and touted Iraq's fictional possession of
weapons of mass destruction
124
Biden eventually became a critic of the war, calling his vote a "mistake" by 2005,
125
126
but did not push for withdrawal.
118
120
He supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the
American people
" about its cost and length.
117
121
By late 2006, Biden's stance had shifted considerably. He opposed the
troop surge of 2007
118
120
saying General
David Petraeus
was "dead, flat wrong" in believing the surge could work.
127
Biden, through a plan developed with
Council on Foreign Relations
president
Leslie H. Gelb
, instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose
federation of three ethnic states
In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing the plan passed the Senate,
132
but the idea failed to gain traction.
127
1988 and 2008 presidential campaigns
1988 campaign
Main article:
Joe Biden 1988 presidential campaign
Biden speaks at a campaign event in 1987.
Biden declared his candidacy for the
1988 Democratic presidential nomination
on June 9, 1987.
133
He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming
Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination
hearings, and his appeal to
Baby Boomers
28
134
135
He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.
134
135
By August, Biden's campaign messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,
136
and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by
British Labour Party
leader
Neil Kinnock
137
Biden had credited Kinnock on previous occasions,
138
139
but did not on two occasions in August.
140
: 230–232
139
Earlier that year, Biden had also used passages from a speech by
Robert F. Kennedy
(for which his aides took blame) and the
inaugural address of John F. Kennedy
. Two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by
Hubert Humphrey
141
Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination,
Jesse Jackson
, had called him to point out that Jackson had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.
15
27
A few days later, it was publicized that, while in law school, Biden had taken text from a
Fordham Law Review
article with inadequate citations.
27
At Biden's request the Delaware Supreme Court's Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.
142
Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended
law school
on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,
143
144
and that he had marched in the
civil rights movement
145
The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures,
146
and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy.
147
2008 campaign
Main article:
Joe Biden 2008 presidential campaign
Biden campaigns at a house party in
Creston, Iowa
, in July 2007.
After exploring running in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared
his candidacy in the 2008 elections
69
148
149
Biden focused on the
Iraq War
, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience.
150
Biden was noted for his
one-liners
during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate
Rudy Giuliani
, "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and
9/11
."
151
Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of
Barack Obama
and
Hillary Clinton
152
He never rose above single digits in
national polls of the Democratic candidates
. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the
Iowa caucuses
, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates.
153
He withdrew from the race that evening.
154
Despite its lack of success, Biden's 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world.
155
: 336
In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
, they had not been close: Biden resented Obama's quick rise to political stardom,
127
156
while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.
155
: 28, 337–338
Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden's campaign style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was "the real deal".
156
155
: 28, 337–338
2008 and 2012 vice presidential campaigns
2008 campaign
Main articles:
Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign
and
2008 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
Biden speaks at the August 23, 2008, vice presidential announcement at the
Old State Capitol
in
Springfield, Illinois
In August 2008, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility of a place for Biden in the Obama administration,
157
and developed a strong personal rapport.
156
On August 22, Obama announced that Biden would be his
running mate
158
The New York Times
reported that the choice reflected a desire for someone with
foreign policy
and
national security
experience.
159
Others pointed out Biden's appeal to middle-class and
blue-collar
voters.
160
161
Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 at the
2008 Democratic National Convention
in
Denver
162
Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee and then-
governor of Alaska
Sarah Palin
163
164
Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks.
165
166
Privately, Biden's remarks frustrated Obama. "How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?", he once angrily asked.
155
: 411–414, 419
Obama campaign staffers called Biden's blunders "Joe bombs" and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which irked Biden.
167
Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.
155
: 411–414
As the
2008 financial crisis
reached a peak in September 2008, and the proposed
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed in the Senate.
168
On October 2, he participated in the
vice-presidential debate
with Palin at
Washington University in St. Louis
. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Biden had still won the debate overall.
169
On November 4, Obama and Biden
were elected
170
171
172
As Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the Senate,
173
as permitted by Delaware law.
69
Having been
reelected
to the Senate as well as the vice presidency,
174
Biden made a point of not resigning from the Senate before he was sworn in for his seventh term in January 2009.
175
He
resigned from the Senate
on January 15.
176
177
2012 campaign
Main article:
Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign
Obama watching Biden debate Paul Ryan in the vice-presidential debate on
Air Force One
In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the
2012 presidential election
178
but with Obama's popularity declining,
White House Chief of Staff
William M. Daley
conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden with Hillary Clinton.
179
The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement,
179
and White House officials later said Obama himself never entertained the idea.
180
Biden's May 2012 statement that he was "absolutely comfortable" with
same-sex marriage
gained considerable public attention in comparison to Obama's position, which had been described as "evolving".
181
Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were irked, since Obama had planned to shift position in the build-up to the party convention.
167
182
183
Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden's statement,
182
and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden's remarks.
184
Biden had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the reelection campaign began in earnest in spring 2012.
185
186
An August 2012 remark before a mixed-race audience that Republican proposals to relax Wall Street regulations would "put y'all back in chains" again drew attention to Biden's propensity for colorful remarks.
185
187
188
Following the first presidential debate of the general election, in which Obama's performance was considered surprisingly lackluster,
189
his lead over Romney collapsed,
190
putting pressure on Biden to stop the bleeding with a strong showing against the Republican vice-presidential nominee,
Paul Ryan
191
192
Some political analysts considered Biden's performance in the October 11 vice-presidential debate one of the best of his career
193
194
and a key factor in Obama's rebound in the polls and eventual victory.
195
196
The debate also became memorable for the popularization of Biden's use of the phrase "a bunch of malarkey" in response to an attack by Ryan on the administration's response to the
attacks on the U.S. embassy in Benghazi
in September.
197
198
Biden reused the phrase during his 2020 presidential campaign.
199
On November 6, Obama and Biden were reelected.
200
Vice presidency (2009–2017)
Main article:
Vice presidency of Joe Biden
See also:
Presidency of Barack Obama
First term (2009–2013)
See also:
First inauguration of Barack Obama
Biden being sworn in as vice president by Supreme Court Justice
John Paul Stevens
on January 20, 2009
Biden said he intended to eliminate some explicit roles assumed by
George W. Bush
's vice president,
Dick Cheney
, and did not intend to emulate any previous vice presidency.
201
He was sworn in on January 20, 2009.
202
He was the first vice president from
Delaware
203
and the first
Roman Catholic
vice president.
204
205
Members of the Obama administration said Biden's role in the White House was to be a contrarian and force others to defend their positions.
206
White House chief of staff
Rahm Emanuel
said Biden helped counter
groupthink
207
The Bidens maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their
official residence
in Washington, often entertaining their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.
208
Biden's official portrait as vice president, 2009
Biden oversaw
infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus package
intended to help counteract the
ongoing recession
209
Confronted with rising unemployment through July 2009, Biden acknowledged that the administration had "misread how bad the economy was", but maintained confidence the stimulus package would create many more jobs once the pace of expenditures picked up.
210
When he completed that role in February 2011, he said the number of fraud incidents with stimulus monies had been less than one percent.
211
Biden's off-message response to a question in April 2009, during the beginning of the
swine flu outbreak
, led to a swift retraction by the White House.
212
The remark revived Biden's reputation for
gaffes
213
214
215
hot mic
picked up Biden telling Obama that his signing the
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
was "a big fucking deal" on March 23, 2010.
216
Despite their different personalities, Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama's daughter Sasha and Biden's granddaughter Maisy, who attended
Sidwell Friends School
together.
167
Biden visited
Kosovo
in May 2009 and affirmed the U.S. position that its "independence is irreversible".
217
He lost an internal debate to Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton
about
sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan
218
219
but his skepticism was valued,
220
and his views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy.
214
Obama delegated Biden to oversee Iraq policy, and he became the administration's point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership before the exit of U.S. troops in 2011.
President Obama congratulates Biden for his role in shaping the
debt ceiling
deal which led to the
Budget Control Act of 2011
Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the
2010 midterm elections
, maintaining an attitude of optimism in the face of predictions of large-scale losses for the party.
178
After big Republican gains in the elections and Emanuel's departure, Biden's past relationships with Republicans in Congress became more important.
223
224
He led the successful administration effort to gain Senate approval for the
New START treaty
223
224
In December 2010, Biden's advocacy for a middle ground, followed by his negotiations with Senate minority leader
Mitch McConnell
, were instrumental in producing the administration's compromise tax package that included a temporary
extension of the Bush tax cuts
224
225
The package passed as the
Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010
Biden, Obama and the national security team gathered in the
White House Situation Room
to monitor the progress of the May 2011
mission
to kill
Osama bin Laden
Obama delegated Biden to lead negotiations with Congress during the
2011 U.S. debt ceiling crisis
226
Biden's relationship with McConnell brought about the
Budget Control Act of 2011
that solved the crisis.
227
228
229
Some reports suggest that Biden opposed proceeding with the May 2011
U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden
186
230
lest failure adversely affect Obama's reelection prospects.
231
232
In 2012, Biden made the case for Obama's reelection: "Osama bin Laden is dead and General Motors is alive."
233
Obama named Biden to head the
Gun Violence Task Force
, created to address the causes of
school shootings
and consider possible
gun control
measures in the aftermath of the
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
, in December 2012.
234
Later that month, during the final days before the United States fell off the "
fiscal cliff
", Biden's relationship with McConnell again proved important as the two negotiated a deal that led to the
American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012
being passed at the start of 2013.
235
236
Second term (2013–2017)
See also:
Second inauguration of Barack Obama
Biden's official portrait as vice president, 2013
Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony at
Number One Observatory Circle
, his official residence, with Justice
Sonia Sotomayor
presiding (a public ceremony took place on January 21).
237
He played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the
Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014
, which resolved the
federal government shutdown of 2013
and the
debt-ceiling crisis of 2013
. Senate Majority Leader
Harry Reid
and other Democratic leaders cut him out of direct talks with Congress, feeling Biden had given too much away during previous negotiations.
238
239
240
Biden's Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in 2013. The act led to related developments, such as the
White House Council on Women and Girls
, begun in the first term, as well as the
White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault
, begun in January 2014 with Biden and
Valerie Jarrett
as co-chairs.
241
242
He talked about sexual violence while introducing
Lady Gaga
at the
88th Academy Awards
in 2016, receiving a
standing ovation
from the audience.
243
Biden receiving the
Presidential Medal of Freedom
on January 12, 2017, four years prior to his presidential inauguration in 2021, the first U.S. president to do so
Biden favored arming
Syria's rebel fighters
244
As the
ISIL
insurgency in Iraq
intensified in 2014, renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers suggesting Biden had been right all along.
245
246
He had close relationships with several Latin American leaders and visited the region 16 times during his vice presidency, the most of any president or vice president.
247
In August 2016, Biden visited
Serbia
, where he met with the Serbian Prime Minister
Aleksandar Vučić
and expressed condolences for civilian victims of the bombing campaign during the Kosovo War.
248
Biden never
cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate
, making him the longest-serving vice president with this distinction.
249
During his second term, Biden was often said to be preparing for a bid for the
2016 Democratic presidential nomination
250
With his family, friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to enter the race, and with
Hillary Clinton
's favorability ratings in decline at that time, Biden was reported to be seriously considering the prospect and a "
Draft
Biden 2016"
Political action committee
(PAC) was established.
250
251
252
During 2015, Biden was uncertain about running, particularly due to the recent death of his son Beau,
253
before announcing his decision not to run that October.
254
255
256
Between tenures (2017–2021)
Biden attending the
state funeral of George H. W. Bush
in December 2018
Biden left office on January 20, 2017, and was succeeded by the 48th
vice president of the United States
Mike Pence
. After leaving the vice presidency, Biden became an honorary professor at the
University of Pennsylvania
, developing the
Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement
. Biden remained in that position until 2019.
257
258
In 2017, Biden wrote a memoir,
Promise Me, Dad
, and went on a book tour.
259
By 2019, he and his wife reported that they had earned over $15 million since the end of his vice presidency from speaking engagements and book sales.
260
Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the
presidency of Donald Trump
261
262
263
He also continued to speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice presidency.
264
265
In 2018, he gave a eulogy for Senator
John McCain
266
Biden continued to support
cancer research
267
2020 presidential campaign
Main article:
Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign
See also:
List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements
Speculation and announcement
Biden at his presidential kickoff rally in
Philadelphia
, May 2019
Between 2016 and 2019, media outlets often mentioned Biden as a likely candidate for
president in 2020
268
When asked if he would run, he gave varied and ambivalent answers, saying "never say never".
269
political action committee
known as
Time for Biden
was formed in January 2018.
270
Biden launched his campaign on April 25, 2019,
271
saying he was worried by the
Trump administration
and felt a "sense of duty".
272
Campaign
Further information:
2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
and
2020 United States presidential debates
Public polling showed Biden as one of the best-performing Democratic candidates head-to-head against Trump.
273
274
275
With Democrats keenly focused on "electability" for defeating Trump,
276
this boosted his popularity among Democratic voters.
277
It also made Biden a frequent target of Trump.
278
279
In September 2019, it was reported that Trump had pressured Ukrainian president
Volodymyr Zelenskyy
to investigate
alleged wrongdoing
by Biden and his son
Hunter Biden
280
No evidence was produced of any wrongdoing by the Bidens.
281
282
283
Trump was perceived by many as attempting to hurt Biden's chances of winning the presidency,
284
resulting in
a political scandal
285
and
Trump's impeachment
286
In March 2019 and April 2019, eight women accused Biden of inappropriate physical contact, such as embracing, touching or kissing.
287
Biden had previously called himself a "tactile politician" and admitted this behavior had caused trouble for him.
288
Journalist
Mark Bowden
described Biden's lifelong habit of talking close, writing that he "doesn't just meet you, he engulfs you... scooting closer" and leaning forward to talk.
289
In April 2019, Biden pledged to be more "respectful of people's personal space".
290
Biden at a rally on the eve of the Iowa caucuses, February 2020
Throughout 2019, Biden stayed generally ahead of other Democrats in national polls.
291
292
Despite this, he finished fourth in the
Iowa caucuses
and fifth in the
New Hampshire primary
293
294
He performed better in the
Nevada caucuses
, reaching the 15% required for delegates, but still finished 21.6 percentage points behind
Bernie Sanders
295
Making strong appeals to Black voters on the campaign trail and in the South Carolina debate, Biden won the
South Carolina primary
by more than 28 points.
296
After the withdrawals and subsequent endorsements of candidates
Pete Buttigieg
and
Amy Klobuchar
, he made large gains in the
Super Tuesday
primaries. Biden won
18 of the next 26 contests
, putting him in the lead.
297
Elizabeth Warren
and
Michael Bloomberg
soon dropped out, and Biden expanded his lead with victories over Sanders in four states on March 10.
298
In March 2019, Biden said, "I view myself as a bridge, not as anything else. There's an entire generation of leaders you saw stand behind me. They are the future of this country."
299
In late March 2020, Tara Reade, one of the eight women who in 2019 had accused Biden of inappropriate physical contact,
accused
Biden of having sexually assaulted her in 1993.
300
There were inconsistencies between Reade's 2019 and 2020 allegations.
300
301
Biden and his campaign denied the sexual assault allegation.
302
303
When Sanders suspended his campaign on April 8, 2020, Biden became the Democratic Party's
presumptive nominee
304
On April 13, Sanders endorsed Biden.
305
Barack Obama
endorsed Biden the next day.
306
There was a great deal of interest in who his running mate would be, in part because of "the expectation, downplayed but not exactly denied by the Biden campaign, that the 77-year-old would be a one-term president".
307
Biden said, "I view myself as a transition candidate."
307
On August 11, Biden announced
Kamala Harris
as his running mate, making her the first African American and first
South Asian American
vice-presidential nominee on a major-party ticket.
308
On August 18, at the
2020 Democratic National Convention
, Biden officially became the Democratic Party nominee for president in the
2020 election
309
310
Presidential election and transition
Main articles:
2020 United States presidential election
and
Presidential transition of Joe Biden
2020 electoral vote results. Biden won 306–232.
Biden was
elected
the 46th president in November 2020, defeating the incumbent,
Donald Trump
311
Trump and numerous other Republicans repeatedly made
false claims
that widespread
electoral fraud
had occurred and that only he had legitimately won the election.
Biden's transition was delayed by several weeks as the White House ordered federal agencies not to cooperate.
314
On November 23,
General Services Administrator
Emily W. Murphy
formally recognized Biden as the apparent winner of the 2020 election and authorized the start of a transition process to the Biden administration.
315
Although most resulting lawsuits were either dismissed or ruled against by numerous courts,
Trump nonetheless
conspired
312
: 33–53
with his
campaign
team to
submit documents in several states
(all of which Biden had won) that
falsely claimed
to be legitimate electoral votes for President Trump and Vice President
Mike Pence
After the submission of these documents, the Trump campaign intended that the
presiding officer of the United States Senate
, either
President of the Senate
Pence or
President pro tempore
Chuck Grassley
, would claim the unilateral power to reject
electors
during the
January 6, 2021, vote counting session
; the presiding officer would reject all electors from the several states for which the Trump campaign had submitted false documents, leaving 232 votes for Trump and 222 votes for Biden, thereby
overturning the election results
in Trump's favor.
This plan failed after Pence refused to cooperate with it.
Trump nevertheless urged his supporters on January 6 to march to the
Capitol
while the joint session of Congress was assembled there to count electoral votes and formalize Biden's victory, whereupon
hundreds of people stormed
the building and interrupted the count. During the attack, Biden addressed the nation, calling the events "an unprecedented assault unlike anything we've seen in modern times".
333
334
After the Capitol was cleared, Congress officially counted the election results, with Pence, in his role as president of the Senate, announcing Biden and Harris as the winners.
335
On January 7, Trump acknowledged the incoming administration without mentioning Biden's name.
336
Presidency (2021–2025)
Main article:
Presidency of Joe Biden
For a chronological guide, see
Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency
Inauguration
Main article:
Inauguration of Joe Biden
Biden takes
the oath of office
administered by
Chief Justice
John Roberts
at
the Capitol
, on January 20, 2021.
Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States on January 20, 2021.
337
338
At 78, he was then the oldest person to assume the office up to that point.
337
340
Biden was the second
Catholic
U.S. president, after
John F. Kennedy
341
342
and the first president elected from the state of
Delaware
343
He was also the first person since
George H. W. Bush
to have been both vice president and president,
344
and the only president to date from the
Silent Generation
345
346
Biden's inauguration was "a muted affair unlike any previous inauguration" due to COVID-19 precautions as well as massively increased security measures because of the
January 6 United States Capitol attack
347
First 100 days
Main article:
First 100 days of the Biden presidency
In his first two days as president, Biden signed 17
executive orders. By his third day, orders had included rejoining the
Paris Climate Agreement
, ending the state of national emergency at the
border with Mexico
, directing the government to rejoin the
World Health Organization
face mask requirements
on
federal property
, measures to combat
hunger in the United States
and revoking permits for the construction of the
Keystone XL pipeline
352
353
354
Biden with
his Cabinet
, July 2021
On March 11, Biden signed into law the
American Rescue Plan Act of 2021
, a $1.9 trillion
economic stimulus
and relief package that he had proposed to support the United States' recovery from the
economic
and health effects of the
COVID-19 pandemic
355
The package included direct payments to most Americans, an extension of increased unemployment benefits, funds for vaccine distribution and school reopenings, and expansions of health insurance subsidies and the
child tax credit
. Biden's initial proposal included an increase of the
federal minimum wage
to $15 per hour, but after the
Senate parliamentarian
determined that including the increase in a
budget reconciliation
bill would violate Senate rules, Democrats removed it.
356
357
358
Also in March, amid
a rise in migrants entering the U.S. from Mexico
, Biden said migrant adults were "being sent back", in reference to the continuation of the Trump administration's Title 42 policy for quick deportations.
359
He earlier announced that his administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children; the rise in arrivals of such children exceeded the capacity of facilities meant to shelter them, leading the Biden administration in March to direct the
Federal Emergency Management Agency
to help.
360
On April 14, Biden announced that the United States
would delay the withdrawal of all troops
from the
war in Afghanistan
until September 11, signaling an end to the country's direct military involvement in Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.
361
In February 2020, the Trump administration had
made a deal
with the Taliban to completely withdraw U.S. forces by May 1, 2021.
362
Biden's decision met with a range of reactions, from support and relief to trepidation at the possible collapse of the Afghan government without American support.
363
On April 22–23, Biden held an
international climate summit
at which he announced that the U.S. would cut its
greenhouse gas emissions
by 50%–52% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.
364
365
On April 28, the eve of his 100th day in office, Biden delivered his
first address to a joint session of Congress
366
Domestic policy
See also:
Social policy of the Biden administration
Biden delivers a
speech at a joint session of Congress
with Vice President
Kamala Harris
and
House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi
on April 28, 2021.
On June 17, Biden signed the
Juneteenth National Independence Day Act
, which officially declared
Juneteenth
federal holiday
367
In July 2021, amid a slowing of
the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the country
and the spread of the
SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant
, Biden said that it was "gigantically important" for Americans to be vaccinated.
368
In 2022, Biden endorsed a change to the
Senate filibuster
to allow for the passing of the
Freedom to Vote Act
and
John Lewis Voting Rights Act
369
The rules change failed when two Democratic senators joined Senate Republicans in opposing it.
370
In April 2022, Biden signed into law the bipartisan
Postal Service Reform Act of 2022
to revamp the finances and operations of the
United States Postal Service
agency.
371
Biden supported the
Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
aimed to address gun reform issues following the
Robb Elementary School shooting
in
Uvalde, Texas
372
he signed the bill on June 25, 2022.
373
The
Honoring our PACT Act of 2022
was introduced in 2021 and signed into law by Biden on August 10, 2022.
374
The act intended to significantly improve healthcare access and funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances, including
burn pits
, during military service.
375
In 2022, Biden signed the
Respect for Marriage Act
, which repealed the
Defense of Marriage Act
and requires the federal government to recognize the validity of
same-sex
and
interracial
marriages.
376
In June 2024, Biden issued an executive action offering amnesty to unauthorized immigrants married to American citizens. The program included a pathway to U.S. residency and citizenship and was expected to initially affect about 500,000 people. It was later struck down due to a lack of legislation empowering the president to enact the program.
377
378
In January 2025, Biden declared the lapsed
Equal Rights Amendment
ratified as the "28th Amendment" to the
constitution
. The declaration has no formal effect
379
380
and the
National Archives
has said it does not intend to certify the amendment as part of the constitution due to "established legal, judicial, and procedural decisions".
381
Economic policy
Main article:
Economic policy of the Biden administration
Inflation rate, United States and eurozone, January 2018 through November 2024
Biden entered office nine months into a recovery from the
COVID-19 recession
and his first year in office was characterized by robust growth in real GDP, employment, wages, and stock market returns, amid
significantly elevated inflation
. Real GDP grew 5.9%, the fastest rate in 37 years.
382
383
Amid record job creation, the unemployment rate fell at the fastest pace on record.
384
385
386
By the end of 2021, inflation rates measured by the consumer price index (CPI) reached a nearly 40-year high of 7.1%, which was partially offset by the highest nominal wage and salary growth in at least 20 years. The inflation rate peaked at 9% in June 2022.
The inflation rate reached 2.9% and core inflation rate reached 3.2% on an annual basis in December 2024, the last full month of Biden's term. Between December 2020 and December 2024, CPI rose 21.3% overall, with an annualized inflation rate of 5.3% throughout Biden's term in office. The inflation rate remained above the Federal Reserve's 2% target every month since March 2021, resulting in elevated interest rates to combat inflation. Average wages increased 19% throughout Biden's presidency, falling behind inflation. The unemployment rate declined by over 2% and real GDP grew 11% during Biden's term. Total household net worth increased by 28%, largely driven by stocks and real estate. The national debt grew to $36.2 trillion, with a debt to GDP ratio of 123% and a deficit to GDP ratio of 6% in FY 2024.
392
387
393
In February 2023, the unemployment rate fell to 3.4%, a 53-year low.
394
Percentage of uninsured Americans under age 65 from 2010 to 2022. The number and percentage of those uninsured under Biden fell to their lowest levels since 1997.
Amid a surge in
inflation
and
high gas prices
, Biden's approval ratings declined, with his disapproval rating surpassing his approval rating in early 2022.
395
396
397
After 5.9% growth in 2021, real GDP growth cooled in 2022 to 2.1%, after slightly negative growth in the first half spurred recession concerns. Job creation and consumer spending remained strong, as the unemployment rate fell to match a 53-year low of 3.5% in December. Inflation peaked at 9.1% in June before easing to 3.2% by October 2023. Stocks had had their worst year since 2008
398
399
400
before recovering. Widespread predictions of an imminent recession did not materialize in 2022 or 2023, and by late 2023 indicators showed sharply lower inflation with economic acceleration. GDP growth hit 4.9% in the third quarter of 2023 and the year ended with stocks near record highs, with robust holiday spending.
401
402
403
Biden signed numerous major pieces of economic legislation in the
117th Congress
, including the
American Rescue Plan
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
CHIPS and Science Act
, and the
Inflation Reduction Act
404
He signed the CHIPS and Science Act into law on August 9, 2022.
405
It provided billions of dollars in new funding to boost domestic research on and manufacture of
semiconductors
, to
compete economically with China
406
In his third month in office, Biden also signed an executive order to increase the minimum wage for federal contractors to $15 per hour. The order went into effect for 390,000 workers in January 2022.
407
408
His administration rigorously enforced
antitrust law
In 2022, Biden blocked a
national railroad strike
planned by multiple labor unions.
409
During the
United Auto Workers strike
, he expressed support for the workers.
410
Biden joined striking UAW workers'
picket line
in Michigan, becoming the first president to join a picket line.
411
He refused to block a
port strike
from the
International Longshoremen's Association
in October 2024.
412
Over the course of five days in March 2023,
three small- to mid-size U.S. banks failed
, triggering a sharp decline in global bank stock prices and swift response by regulators to prevent potential global
contagion
. After
Silicon Valley Bank collapsed
, the first to do so, Biden expressed opposition to a bailout by taxpayers.
413
He claimed that the
partial rollback
of
Dodd-Frank regulations
contributed to the bank's failure.
414
At the beginning of the
118th Congress
, Biden and congressional Republicans
engaged in a standoff
after the U.S. hit its
debt limit
, which raised the risk that the U.S. would
default
on its debt.
415
Biden and House speaker
Kevin McCarthy
struck a deal to raise the debt limit, the
Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023
, which suspended the debt limit until January 2025. Biden signed it on June 3, averting a default.
416
The deal was generally seen as favorable to Biden.
417
418
Biden extended the COVID-19 student loan pause through September 2023, with an "on ramp" period that extended some of the pause's protections against credit reporting, collection efforts, and late payment fees through September 30, 2024.
419
The Biden administration's attempts to implement student loan forgiveness and relief programs have faced legal challenges from a coalition of Republican-led states.
420
Biden's plans to forgive student loan debt were estimated to cost over $519 billion,
421
and some critics called them a "disaster".
422
Judiciary
Further information:
List of federal judges appointed by Joe Biden
Biden and
Ketanji Brown Jackson
watching the
U.S. Senate
vote on her confirmation, April 2022
By the end of 2021, 40 of his nominees to the federal judiciary had been confirmed, more than any president in his first year in office since
Ronald Reagan
423
Biden prioritized diversity in his judicial appointments more than any president in U.S. history, with most of his appointees being women and people of color.
424
In January 2022, Supreme Court justice
Stephen Breyer
announced his intention to retire. During his 2020 campaign, Biden vowed to nominate the first Black woman to the Supreme Court if a vacancy occurred,
425
a promise he reiterated after Breyer announced his retirement.
426
On February 25,
Biden nominated
federal judge
Ketanji Brown Jackson
427
She was sworn in on June 30.
428
By the end of his presidency, Biden had appointed 235 judges, more appointments in a single term than any other president in at least 50 years. 63% of Biden's judges were women and 60% were non-white.
429
430
Biden expressed interest in judicial
term limits
and a binding ethics code for Supreme Court justices.
431
Notably, President Biden declined to select a nominee for a judicial vacancy on the
Third Circuit
in his home state of
Delaware
even though the vacancy was announced eight months before his term ended.
432
433
Biden's decision not to fill the vacancy in his home state of Delaware on the
Third Circuit
and unsuccessful nomination of
Adeel A. Mangi
to another
Third Circuit
vacancy allowed President Trump to fill both seats in 2025 and flip the Third Circuit to a conservative majority.
434
435
436
Infrastructure and climate
Further information:
Build Back Better Plan
and
Environmental policy of the Biden administration
Biden, then British prime minister
Boris Johnson
and UN secretary-general
António Guterres
at the opening ceremony of the
COP26 climate summit
in
Glasgow
on November 1, 2021
As part of Biden's Build Back Better agenda, in late March 2021, he proposed the
American Jobs Plan
, a $2 trillion package addressing issues including transport infrastructure, utilities infrastructure, broadband infrastructure, housing, schools, manufacturing, research and workforce development.
437
438
After months of negotiations among Biden and lawmakers, in August 2021 the Senate passed a $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill called the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
439
440
while the House, also in a bipartisan manner, approved that bill in early November 2021, covering infrastructure related to transport, utilities, and broadband.
441
Biden signed the bill into law in mid-November 2021.
442
The other core part of the Build Back Better agenda was the
Build Back Better Act
, a $3.5 trillion social spending bill that expands the
social safety net
and includes major provisions on climate change.
443
444
Democrats attempted to pass it on a
party-line vote
through
budget reconciliation
, but struggled to win the support of Senator
Joe Manchin
, even as the price was lowered to $2.2 trillion.
445
After Manchin rejected the bill,
446
it was comprehensively reworked into the
Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
, covering deficit reduction, climate change, healthcare, and tax reform.
447
The
Inflation Reduction Act of 2022
was introduced by Manchin and Senator
Chuck Schumer
448
449
The package aimed to raise $739 billion and authorize $370 billion in spending on energy and
climate change
, $300 billion in deficit reduction, three years of
Affordable Care Act
subsidies, prescription drug reform to lower prices, and
tax reform
450
According to an analysis by the Rhodium Group, the bill will lower
U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
between 31 percent and 44 percent below 2005 levels by 2030.
451
On August 7, 2022, the Senate passed the bill (as amended) on a 51–50 vote, with all Democrats voting in favor, all Republicans opposed, and Vice President
Kamala Harris
breaking the tie
. Biden signed the bill on August 16.
452
453
Before and during the
2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference
(COP26), Biden promoted an agreement that the U.S. and the
European Union
cut methane emissions by a third by 2030 and tried to add dozens of other countries to the effort.
454
Biden pledged to double climate funding to developing countries by 2024.
455
Also at COP26, the U.S. and China reached a deal on greenhouse gas emission reduction. The two countries are responsible for 40 percent of global emissions.
456
In July 2023, when
heat waves hit the United States
, Biden announced measures to protect the population and said the heat waves were linked to climate change.
457
458
In April 2024, he unveiled a plan to protect and restore natural water sources (3.2 million hectares of
wetlands
and 161,000 km of waterways).
459
Biden protected 674 million acres of land and ocean from natural resource exploitation, more than any other president. The vast majority of the conservation came from a ban on offshore drilling in 625 million acres of ocean.
460
461
Immigration
Main article:
Immigration policy of the Biden administration
Yearly numbers of illegal immigrants apprehended at the
U.S. southern border
On taking office, Biden unveiled the
U.S. Citizenship Act of 2021
and moved to dismantle several policies implemented under
Donald Trump
, halting construction of the
Mexico–United States border wall
, ending Trump's
travel ban
on countries with predominantly Muslim populations, and signing an executive order to reaffirm protections for
DACA
recipients.
462
463
464
The
Department of Homeland Security
narrowed the scope of interior immigration enforcement, directing
Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
to prioritize national security and violent crime concerns.
465
Illegal border crossings
at the
Mexico–United States border
began to surge in 2021 when Biden assumed office,
reaching an all-time monthly high in December 2023.
470
471
Throughout 2024, crossings began to significantly decline from the December record, after Biden implemented restrictions on
asylum
claims from migrants who cross the border between ports of entry and urged Mexico to crack down on migrants.
472
473
474
Deportations from October 2023 to September 2024 reached the highest level since 2014.
475
Biden used
humanitarian parole
to mitigate illegal border crossings, allowing migrants to fly into the U.S. or schedule their entries through official entry points in the U.S.-Mexico border. Over a million migrants had been admitted to the U.S. under humanitarian parole as of January 2024.
476
477
478
Between January 2021 and January 2024, US Border Patrol confirmed more than 7.2 million illegal migrants trying to cross the
US-Mexico border
, not counting
gotaways
479
480
481
2023 was a record year with over 2.5 million encounters.
482
In response to sustained high levels of migration and growing political pressure, the administration implemented stricter measures beginning in 2023. Biden faced criticism from immigration advocates for extending
Title 42
, a Trump administration border restriction that arose due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
, as well as restarting the use of "expedited removal" of certain Central American families.
483
In May 2023, the Biden Administration approved sending 1,500
more troops
to the U.S.-Mexico border following Title 42's expiration.
484
485
Biden visiting border patrol agents at the U.S. southern border, January 2023
In January 2024, Biden expressed support for a proposed bipartisan immigration deal led by Senators
Kyrsten Sinema
and
James Lankford
486
487
The proposed bipartisan bill would have allowed
DHS
to close the border when encounters reach a seven-day average of 5,000 or exceed 8,500 in a single day.
488
489
In addition, the bill would have mandated the detention of migrants seeking asylum and undergoing asylum interviews, with those failing the process repatriated to their home countries.
490
While not addressing the status of "
Dreamers
", it would have changed immigration law to allow the children of those with
H-1B visas
to get work authorizations and freeze their legal ages while waiting for green cards, rather than face deportation once they turn 21, and provide additional funding for immigration judges.
491
Former president Donald Trump announced his opposition to the legislation, calling on Congressional Republicans to oppose it; subsequently, leaders such as
Speaker of the House
Mike Johnson
announced their opposition, halting further legislative action.
492
493
As a result of continued high immigration levels throughout his tenure, some lawmakers and pundits have criticized Biden's handling of the southern border.
494
495
496
Criticism of the bill and broader immigration policy continued to be expressed by both sides, with some liberals considering his policies too harsh while some conservatives considered them too lax.
497
498
On January 17, 2024, a Republican-led non-binding resolution denouncing the Biden-Harris administration's handling of the U.S. southern border passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 225–187, with 211 Republicans and 14 Democrats supporting it.
499
In the final year of his presidency, the Biden administration worked to extend at least 14 contracts with private prison companies to run immigrant detention centers, despite his 2020 campaign promise to end the practice.
500
In June 2024, Biden issued an
executive order
allowing the president to restrict the Mexico–U.S. border.
501
472
Pardons and commutations
Biden issued more individual pardons and commutations than any other president.
502
In October 2022, he pardoned all Americans convicted of "small" amounts of
cannabis
possession under federal law.
503
In December 2023, he pardoned Americans for cannabis use or possession on federal lands regardless of whether they had been charged or prosecuted.
504
505
In December 2024, in the largest single-day clemency act in history, Biden granted clemency to about 1,500 nonviolent felons in
home confinement
who had previously been released from prison.
506
507
The act generated controversy, as it included felons such as
Michael Conahan
, a judge involved in the
kids for cash kickback scandal
, and
Rita Crundwell
, a comptroller responsible for the single largest municipal fraud in U.S. history. The Biden administration said the offenders who received clemency "deserve a second chance" and were selected based on meeting certain criteria in a uniform decision.
508
509
Also in December 2024, Biden commuted the sentences of 37 out of 40 federal
death row
inmates.
510
On his last day in office, Biden commuted the sentence of
Leonard Peltier
to house arrest. Peltier had been convicted of murdering two FBI agents in 1975 and had served almost 50 years in prison.
511
Biden also pardoned two Democratic officials: Ernest William Cromartie, who had served his prison sentence for
tax evasion
, and
Gerald G. Lundergan
, convicted of a scheme to funnel money to his daughter's Senate campaign and released in 2023.
512
513
514
Pardon dated December 1, 2024
On December 1, 2024, Biden
issued a "full and unconditional" pardon
to his son
Hunter
that covered all federal offenses between that day and 2014, breaking his June 2024 pledge not to do so.
515
516
In a statement announcing the pardon, Biden said he believed his son was "selectively, and unfairly, prosecuted".
517
On his last day in office, Biden pardoned five family members, including
his brother James
, and others targeted for retribution by his successor.
518
They included former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Mark Milley
, former
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
director
Anthony Fauci
, and members and participants in the
House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack
518
502
Biden said the pardons were preemptive, to protect the individuals against the
incoming Trump administration's politically motivated vengeance
, and should not be seen as an acknowledgment of wrongdoing.
518
519
520
2022 elections
Main article:
2022 United States elections
Biden holding a rally at
Bowie State University
in
Maryland
for gubernatorial candidate
Wes Moore
, November 7, 2022
On September 2, 2022, in a nationally broadcast
Philadelphia speech
, Biden called for a "battle for the soul of the nation". Off camera, he called Trump supporters "semi-fascists", which Republican commentators denounced.
521
522
523
A predicted Republican
wave election
did not materialize and the race for
U.S. Congress
control was much closer than expected, with Republicans securing a slim majority of
222
seats in the House of Representatives
and the Democratic caucus keeping control of the
U.S. Senate
528
It was the first midterm election since
1986
in which the incumbent president's party achieved a net gain in governorships, and the first since
1934
in which the president's party lost no state legislative chambers.
532
Democrats credited Biden for their unexpectedly strong performance,
533
but they likely overperformed for other reasons, including
the Supreme Court overturning
Roe v. Wade
and poor Republican candidate quality in many races.
534
535
Foreign policy
Main article:
Foreign policy of the Biden administration
In June 2021, Biden took his first trip abroad as president, visiting Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. He attended
a G7 summit
a NATO summit
, and an EU summit, and held
one-on-one talks
with Russian president
Vladimir Putin
536
In September 2021, Biden announced
AUKUS
, a
security pact
between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, to ensure "peace and stability in the
Indo-Pacific
".
537
In February 2021, the Biden administration announced that the United States was ending its
support for the Saudi-led bombing campaign
in Yemen and revoked the designation of Yemen's
Houthis
as terrorists.
538
539
In early February 2022, Biden ordered the counterterrorism raid in northern Syria that resulted in the
death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
, the second leader of the
Islamic State
540
In late July, Biden approved the
drone strike
that
killed Ayman al-Zawahiri
, the second leader of
Al-Qaeda
, and an integral member in the planning of the
September 11 attacks
541
The
2022 OPEC+ oil production cut
caused a diplomatic spat with Saudi Arabia, threatening a longstanding
alliance
542
543
In August 2024, Biden negotiated and oversaw the
2024 Ankara prisoner exchange
, the largest
prisoner exchange
since the end of the
Cold War
. It involved the release of 26 people, including journalist
Evan Gershkovich
and former Marine
Paul Whelan
544
In November 2024, the Biden administration announced that it had helped broker a
ceasefire
agreement in the
Israel–Hezbollah conflict
Withdrawal from Afghanistan
Main article:
2020–2021 U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan
Biden in a video conference with Vice President
Kamala Harris
and the
U.S. National Security team
, discussing the
Fall of Kabul
on August 15, 2021
American forces had begun withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2020, under the provisions of a
February 2020 US-Taliban agreement
that set a May 1, 2021, deadline.
549
The Taliban began
an offensive
on May 1.
550
551
By early July, most American troops in Afghanistan had withdrawn.
362
Biden addressed the withdrawal in July, saying, "The likelihood there's going to be the Taliban overrunning everything and owning the whole country is highly unlikely."
362
On August 15,
the Afghan government collapsed
under the Taliban offensive, and Afghan President
Ashraf Ghani
fled the country.
362
552
Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to assist with evacuating American personnel and Afghan allies.
553
He faced bipartisan criticism for the manner of the withdrawal,
554
with the evacuations described as chaotic and botched.
555
556
557
On August 16, Biden addressed the "messy" situation, taking responsibility for it, and admitting that the situation "unfolded more quickly than we had anticipated".
552
558
He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be "dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves".
558
559
On August 26, a
suicide bombing at the Kabul airport
killed 13 U.S. service members and 169 Afghans. On August 27, an American drone strike killed two ISIS-K targets, who were "planners and facilitators", according to a U.S. Army general.
560
The U.S. military completed its withdrawal from Afghanistan on August 30. Biden called the extraction of over 120,000 Americans, Afghans, and other allies "an extraordinary success".
561
He acknowledged that up to 200 Americans who wanted to leave did not, despite his August 18 pledge to keep troops in Afghanistan until all Americans who wanted to leave had left.
562
After the withdrawal, the U.S. continued to send aid to Afghanistan, remaining its biggest aid donor as of August 2024 and spending at least $20.7 billion post-withdrawal. U.S. funding has helped support the Taliban government and stabilize Afghanistan's economy.
563
564
On September 25, 2024, the
United States House of Representatives
passed a resolution condemning the Biden administration for the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, with ten Democrats and all Republicans voting in favor.
565
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Further information:
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
and
United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
Biden with
refugees from Ukraine
in
Warsaw
, Poland, March 2022
In February 2022, the
Russian Armed Forces
under President
Vladimir Putin
launched
an invasion of Ukraine
. After warning for several weeks that an attack was imminent, Biden responded by imposing severe
sanctions on Russia
and authorizing over $8 billion in
weapons shipments to Ukraine
566
567
568
On April 29, he asked Congress for $33 billion for Ukraine,
569
570
but lawmakers later increased it to about $40 billion.
571
572
573
Biden blamed Putin for the emerging
energy
and
food crises
574
575
576
In 2022, Congress approved about $113 billion in aid to Ukraine.
577
In October 2023, the Biden administration requested an additional $61.4 billion in aid for Ukraine for the year ahead,
578
but delays in the passage of further aid by the
House of Representatives
inhibited progress, with the additional $61 billion in aid to Ukraine added in April 2024.
579
580
581
Actually delivered aid often differed from announced levels and was also often delayed. The
Government Accountability Office
and
Pentagon Inspector General
found that the Biden administration seemed unaware of the pace of weapons deliveries.
582
Throughout the conflict, Biden consistently refused Ukrainian requests to allow them to utilize weapons against Russian military targets inside
Russia
. An exception was granted in May 2024 for targets in the vicinity of
Kharkiv
for "counter-fire" purposes.
Biden also blocked access for some weapons systems altogether, typically citing fears of escalation, only to permit deliveries for some weapons later on.
China affairs
Further information:
China–United States relations § Biden administration (2021–2025)
Biden with Chinese leader
Xi Jinping
during the
G20 summit in Bali
, November 14, 2022
The
Solomon Islands-China security pact
caused alarm in late 2022, as China could build military bases across the South Pacific. Biden sought to strengthen ties with Australia and New Zealand in the wake of the deal.
592
593
594
In a September 2022 interview with
60 Minutes
, Biden said that U.S. forces would defend Taiwan in the event of "an unprecedented attack" by the Chinese,
595
which is in contrast to the long-standing U.S. policy of "
strategic ambiguity
" toward China and Taiwan.
596
597
598
The September comments came after three previous comments by Biden that the U.S. would defend Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion.
599
Amid increasing tension with China, Biden's administration has repeatedly walked back his statements and asserted that U.S. policy toward Taiwan has not changed.
599
600
596
In late 2022, Biden issued several executive orders and federal rules designed to slow Chinese technological growth, and maintain U.S. leadership over computing, biotech, and clean energy.
601
On February 4, 2023, Biden ordered the United States Air Force to shoot down a
suspected Chinese surveillance balloon
off the coast of
South Carolina
602
603
The
Chinese government
denied that the balloon was a surveillance device, instead claiming it was a civilian
airship
that had blown off course.
604
605
Secretary of State
Antony Blinken
postponed his planned visit to China as the incident further damaged U.S.-China relations.
606
607
608
In May 2024, the Biden administration doubled
tariffs
on
solar cells
imported from China and more than tripled tariffs on
lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries
imported from China.
609
It also raised tariffs on imports of Chinese steel, aluminum, and medical materials.
609
In April 2024, Biden signed the
Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act
, which would ban
social networking services
if they are determined by the president and relevant provisions to be a "foreign adversary controlled application". The act explicitly applies to
ByteDance Ltd.
and its subsidiaries, which are based in China. It ceases to be applicable if the application is
divested
and no longer considered to be controlled by a
foreign adversary of the United States
. Biden had signed the
No TikTok on Government Devices Act
in December 2022, prohibiting the use of TikTok on devices owned by the federal government.
610
611
612
Gaza war
Further information:
United States support for Israel in the Gaza war
Biden with Israeli president
Isaac Herzog
and prime minister
Benjamin Netanyahu
in Tel Aviv, Israel, October 18, 2023
In October 2023, Hamas
launched a surprise attack on Israel
that
devolved into an intensified conflict
, jeopardizing the administration's push to normalize relations
between Israel and Saudi Arabia
613
Biden stated
his unequivocal support for Israel
and condemned the attack by Hamas, but discouraged Israel from initiating a ground invasion of Gaza.
614
615
Upon Israel's retaliation against Hamas, Biden deployed aircraft carriers in the region to deter others from joining the war,
616
and called for an additional $14 billion in military aid to Israel.
617
He later began pressuring Israel to address the growing
humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip
618
Biden rejected calls for a ceasefire but said he supported "humanitarian pauses" to deliver aid to the
Gaza Strip
619
He asked Israel to pause its invasion of Gaza for at least three days to allow for hostage negotiations; Israel agreed to daily four-hour pauses.
620
He also directed the U.S. military to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid to Palestinians in Gaza.
621
Biden has said he is a
Zionist
622
623
He has faced criticism for his unwavering support for Israel. Officials have urged him to take a harder stance against Israel, criticizing his administration's leniency and support despite the Israeli government's contentious offensive, which has led to significant civilian casualties and
humanitarian crises
624
625
626
Following the
killing of Palestinian civilians receiving food aid
on February 29, 2024, Biden said the current level of aid flowing into Gaza was insufficient.
627
On March 3, the U.S. military began airdropping food aid into Gaza.
628
Several experts called the U.S. airdrops performative and said they would do little to alleviate the
famine in Gaza
629
Biden continued to support Israel during the course of the war despite significant domestic opposition to American involvement in it and subsequent widespread
protests
. A March 2024 Gallup poll found that a strong majority of Americans disapproved of Israeli conduct during the war.
630
Beginning in April 2024, widespread
Gaza war protests emerged on university campuses
, denouncing Biden.
631
On May 31, 2024, Biden announced his support for an Israeli
ceasefire
proposal, saying that Hamas was "no longer capable" of another large-scale attack.
632
633
634
The proposal, which was intended to establish a permanent ceasefire, bring about the release of all hostages, and lead to the reconstruction of the
Gaza Strip
, was supported by Hamas officials after mediation by
Egypt
and
Qatar
635
636
The Netanyahu administration responded that Israel's goals regarding "the destruction of Hamas military and governing capabilities" had not changed and that conditions would need to be met before it would agree to a ceasefire.
637
638
639
In the first year of the war, it was estimated that the Biden administration had sent Israel at least $17.9 billion in military aid, a record.
640
In about the same period, it sent Palestinians $1.2 billion in humanitarian aid.
641
Biden was reported by journalist
Bob Woodward
to have clashed throughout the war with Netanyahu regarding his war strategy and lack of a post-war plan for Gaza.
615
In the last week of Biden's presidency, Qatari officials announced that Hamas had accepted the ceasefire deal; Biden hailed the deal.
642
643
NATO enlargement
Following the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
, Biden expressed support for expanding
NATO
to cover
Sweden
and
Finland
644
645
On August 9, 2022, he signed the instruments of ratification stipulating U.S. support for the two countries' entry into NATO.
646
647
Finnish ascension
occurred on April 4, 2023, but opposition by
Turkey
and
Hungary
to
Swedish entry
led to a stalemate.
648
Biden led diplomatic talks resulting in formal Swedish ascension into NATO on March 7, 2024.
649
650
He has also expressed openness to
Ukrainian
entry into NATO following the end of the conflict,
651
supporting an expedited timetable in its ascension and the removal of steps such as the
Membership Action Plan
typically required for NATO entry.
652
653
Investigations
Retention of classified documents
Main article:
Joe Biden classified documents incident
In November 2022, Biden's attorneys found classified documents dating from his vice presidency in a "locked closet" at the
Penn Biden Center
654
655
According to the White House, the documents were reported to the
U.S. National Archives
, which recovered them the next day.
655
On November 14, Attorney General
Merrick Garland
appointed
John R. Lausch Jr.
to conduct an investigation.
656
657
On December 20, a second batch of classified documents was discovered in the garage of Biden's
Wilmington
residence.
658
On January 12, 2023, Garland appointed
Robert K. Hur
as special counsel to investigate "possible unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or other records".
659
On January 20, after a 13-hour
consensual search
by FBI investigators, six more items with classified markings were recovered from Biden's Wilmington residence.
660
FBI agents searched Biden's home in
Rehoboth Beach
on February 1 and collected papers from his time as vice president, but did not find any classified information.
661
On February 8, 2024, Hur announced that no charges would be brought against Biden.
662
Business activities
Main article:
United States House Oversight Committee investigation into the Biden family
Further information:
Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden
On January 11, 2023, the
House of Representatives
launched
an investigative committee
into the foreign business activities of Biden's son,
Hunter
, and brother,
James
663
The committee's chair, Representative
James Comer
, simultaneously investigated alleged corruption related to the
Hunter Biden laptop controversy
664
On September 12, House speaker
Kevin McCarthy
initiated a formal impeachment inquiry against Biden, saying that the House investigations "paint a picture of corruption" by Biden and his family.
Congressional investigations, including
by the House Oversight committee
, have discovered no evidence of wrongdoing by Biden as of December 2023.
On December 13, 2023, the
House of Representatives
voted 221–212 to formalize an
impeachment inquiry into Biden
673
674
675
In February 2024,
Alexander Smirnov
, a former intelligence
informant
who was prominent in the bribery allegations against Biden, was charged with
making false statements
676
Smirnov admitted he had publicized a false story given to him by Russian intelligence officials with the goal of damaging Biden's reelection campaign.
677
678
679
Age and health concerns
Main article:
Age and health concerns about Joe Biden
Biden's 81st birthday cake
As of 2025, Biden was the oldest sitting president in U.S. history. His cognitive health was perceived to have declined by Republicans and some media figures,
680
681
and privately by some Democrats. Members of Biden's family and White House staffers insulated Biden from scrutiny of his advanced aging and decline in acuity.
682
683
684
The media widely covered public concern about Biden's mental acuity after a weak performance in a June 2024 presidential debate,
681
but gave it limited coverage beforehand, in part due to harsh pushback from White House officials.
685
Biden initially deemed himself fit to serve two terms as president,
686
but after the 2024 election said that he may have been too old to serve a second term.
687
As part of the
investigation into Biden's handling of classified documents
, special counsel
Robert Hur
said that Biden did not remember when he was vice president ("if it was 2013—when did I stop being vice president?") or when his son Beau died.
688
Hur wrote that his memory "appeared to have significant limitations".
689
On July 21, 2022, Biden tested positive for
COVID-19
with reportedly mild symptoms.
690
691
According to the White House, he was treated with
Paxlovid
691
692
He worked in isolation in the White House for five days
693
and returned to isolation when he tested positive again on July 30.
694
695
On July 17, 2024, Biden again tested positive for COVID-19.
696
697
2024 presidential campaign
Main article:
Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign
Further information:
2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Abandon Biden
2024 Joe Biden–Donald Trump presidential debate
, and
Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election
Biden addressing the nation after
his withdrawal
Ending months of speculation,
698
699
on April 25, 2023, Biden confirmed he would run for reelection as president in the
2024 election
, with Harris again as his running mate.
700
On the day of his announcement, a Gallup poll found that Biden's approval rating was 37 percent, with most of those surveyed saying the economy was their biggest concern.
701
During his campaign, Biden promoted
higher economic growth and recovery
702
703
He frequently stated his intention to "finish the job" as a political rallying cry.
700
704
705
U.S. Representative
Dean Phillips
ran against Biden in the 2024 Democratic presidential primaries.
706
Phillips
campaigned
as a younger alternative to Biden,
707
who would be a stronger opponent to Trump in the general election.
708
709
Biden was not on the ballot in the January 23,
New Hampshire primary
, but won it in a write-in campaign with 63.8% of the vote.
710
He had wanted South Carolina to be the first primary, and
won that state on February 3
with 96.2% of the vote.
711
Biden received 89.3% of the vote in
Nevada
and 81.1% of the vote in
Michigan
. On March 5 ("Super Tuesday"), he won 15 of 16 primaries, netting 80% or more of the vote in 13.
712
713
Biden lost the
American Samoa
contest to venture capitalist
Jason Palmer
, becoming the first incumbent president to lose a contest while appearing on the ballot since
Jimmy Carter
in
1980
714
On March 6, Phillips suspended his campaign and endorsed Biden.
715
On March 12, Biden reached more than the 1,968 delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination, becoming the presumptive nominee.
716
717
718
The
first presidential debate
was held on June 27, 2024, between Biden and Trump. Biden's performance was widely criticized, with commentators saying he frequently lost his train of thought and gave meandering answers.
719
720
721
Several newspaper columnists declared Trump the winner,
and polling indicated the majority of viewers believed Trump won.
726
After the debate raised questions about
his health and age
, Biden faced calls to withdraw from the race, including from
fellow Democrats
727
and the
editorial boards
of several major news outlets.
728
729
Biden and President-elect Donald Trump meet in the
Oval Office
as part of the
presidential transition
on November 13, 2024.
Biden initially insisted that he would remain a candidate,
730
but on July 21, he withdrew from the race, writing that this was "in the best interest of my party and the country".
731
He immediately endorsed Harris to replace him as the party's presidential nominee.
732
733
On August 6, 2024, Harris officially became the Democratic presidential nominee.
734
This was the first time an eligible incumbent had declined to run for reelection since
1968
735
In the general election, Trump defeated Harris. The Senate
went Republican
for the first time since 2018. In a nationally televised speech after the election, Biden congratulated Trump and promised a "peaceful and orderly" transition of power.
736
In a January 2025 interview, Biden claimed he could have defeated Trump had he not been persuaded to withdraw from the election, despite lagging behind Trump in polling.
737
738
YouGov
poll conducted on November 6–7, 2024, found that if Biden had been the Democratic nominee, Trump would have won the popular vote by 49% to 42%. Trump won the popular vote over Harris by 49.8% to 48.3%.
739
Post-presidency (2025–present)
Biden attending the
funeral of Dick Cheney
in November 2025
Biden's term ended on January 20, 2025.
740
At the end of his presidency, Biden designated former
senior advisors
Anthony Bernal
and
Annie Tomasini
to raise funds for the
Joseph R. Biden Jr. Presidential Library
741
He later signed with talent agency
Creative Artists Agency
(CAA), which previously represented him from 2017 to 2020.
742
743
On February 7, President Trump revoked Biden's
security clearance
744
Former presidents have traditionally been granted access to intelligence briefings, though such access is at the sitting president's discretion. In 2021, Biden had revoked Trump's security clearance for his role in inciting the
January 6 Capitol attack
745
746
On April 15, Biden made his first major public appearance since leaving office, delivering remarks at an Advocates, Counselors and Representatives for the Disabled (ACRD) conference in
Chicago
747
748
On May 7, Biden appeared on
The View
to defend his presidential legacy.
749
On April 26, Biden and his wife attended the state funeral of
Pope Francis
in Vatican City.
750
On September 6, Biden announced that his proposed
presidential center
would be in Delaware.
751
On November 20, Biden and his wife attended former Vice President
Dick Cheney
's funeral.
752
On March 6, 2026, Biden gave a speech at civil rights activist
Jesse Jackson
's memorial service.
753
On April 13, Biden returned to Syracuse University for a private ceremony unveiling his official portrait at the College of Law.
754
Health
On May 18, 2025, Biden's office announced that he had been diagnosed with aggressive
prostate cancer
with
bone metastasis
during a routine physical examination.
755
On May 30, Biden confirmed that he had begun treatment.
756
On September 4, Biden's spokesperson confirmed that he had recently undergone
Mohs surgery
to remove skin cancer lesions from his forehead. The procedure followed a 2023 removal of a
basal-cell carcinoma
from his chest.
757
On October 11, Biden's spokesperson confirmed that he was undergoing
radiation
and
hormone therapies
for his prostate cancer.
758
On October 20, Biden completed a course of radiation therapy at Penn Medicine Radiation Oncology at the
University of Pennsylvania
; it is uncertain whether he will need further treatment.
759
760
Political positions
Main article:
Political positions of Joe Biden
Pope Francis
(left) meets Joe Biden at the White House in September 2015.
As a senator, Biden was regarded as a
moderate Democrat
761
As a presidential nominee, Biden's platform had been called the most progressive of any major party platform in history, although not within his party's ideological vanguard.
762
Biden says his positions are deeply influenced by
Catholic social teaching
763
764
765
According to political scientist Carlo Invernizzi Accetti, Biden represents an Americanized form of
Christian democracy
, taking positions characteristic of both the
center-right
and
center-left
766
Biden has cited the Catholic philosopher
Jacques Maritain
, credited with starting the Christian democratic movement, as immensely influential in his thinking.
767
Other analysts have likened his ideology to traditional
liberalism
, "a doctrine of liberty, equality, justice and individual rights that relies... on a strong federal government for enforcement".
768
In 2022, journalist
Sasha Issenberg
wrote that Biden's "most valuable political skill" was "an innate compass for the ever-shifting mainstream of the Democratic Party".
769
Some critics claimed Biden's climate policy was
socialist
770
771
772
Biden proposed partially reversing the corporate tax cuts of the
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017
773
774
He voted for the
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
775
and the
Trans-Pacific Partnership
776
Biden is a staunch supporter of the
Affordable Care Act
(ACA).
777
778
He promoted a plan to build upon it,
777
aiming to expand
health insurance coverage
to 97% of Americans, including by creating a
public health insurance option
779
Biden did not support national
same-sex marriage
rights while in the Senate and voted for the
Defense of Marriage Act
780
but opposed proposals for constitutional amendments that would have banned same-sex marriage nationwide.
781
Biden has supported same-sex marriage since 2012.
96
782
As a senator, Biden forged deep relationships with police groups and was a chief proponent of a
Police Officer's Bill of Rights
measure that police unions supported but police chiefs opposed.
783
784
In 2020, Biden also ran on decriminalizing
cannabis
785
after advocating harsher penalties for drug use as a senator.
786
787
Biden believes action must be taken on
climate change
. As a senator, he co-sponsored the
Boxer–Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act
, the most stringent climate bill in the
United States Senate
788
Biden supports
nature conservation
. According to a report from the
Center for American Progress
, he broke several records in this domain.
789
He took steps to protect
old-growth forests
790
Biden opposes drilling for oil in the
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
791
He wants to achieve a carbon-free power sector in the U.S. by 2035 and stop emissions completely by 2050.
792
His program included reentering the
Paris Agreement
green building
and more.
793
Biden supports
environmental justice
, including
climate justice
and
ocean justice
Biden called global temperature rise above the 1.5
°C limit the "only existential threat humanity faces even more frightening than a nuclear war".
798
Despite his clean energy policies and congressional Republicans characterizing them as a "War on American Energy", domestic oil production reached a record high in October 2023.
799
Biden has said the U.S. needs to "get tough" on China, calling it the "most serious competitor" that poses challenges to the United States' "prosperity, security, and democratic values".
800
801
Biden has spoken about human rights abuses in the
Xinjiang
region to Chinese leader
Xi Jinping
, pledging to sanction and commercially restrict Chinese government officials and entities who carry out repression.
802
803
Biden has said he is against
regime change
but is for providing non-military support to opposition movements.
804
He opposed direct U.S.
intervention in Libya
805
206
voted against U.S. participation in the
Gulf War
806
voted in favor of the
Iraq War
807
and supports a
two-state solution
in the
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
808
Biden pledged to end U.S. support for the
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
and to reevaluate the
United States' relationship
with
Saudi Arabia
262
Biden supported extending the
New START
arms control treaty with Russia to limit the number of
nuclear weapons
deployed by both sides.
809
810
In 2021, Biden officially
recognized
the
Armenian genocide
, becoming the first U.S. president to do so.
811
Biden supported
abortion rights
throughout his presidency, though he personally opposes abortion because of his Catholic faith.
814
815
In 2019, he said he supported
Roe v. Wade
and repealing the
Hyde Amendment
816
817
After
Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
, he criticized
near-total bans on abortion access
passed in a majority of
Republican
-controlled states,
818
and took measures to protect
abortion rights in the United States
819
Biden rejected calls to provide abortion services on
federal land
820
821
He vowed to sign a bill codifying the protections of
Roe
into federal law; such a bill passed the House in 2022, but was unable to clear the Senate filibuster.
822
823
Public image
Main article:
Public image of Joe Biden
Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy
members of the Senate
824
825
which he attributed to having been elected young.
826
Feeling that less-wealthy public officials may be tempted to accept contributions in exchange for political favors, he proposed
campaign finance reform
measures during his first term.
86
While a senator, Biden was viewed as being close to the credit card company
MBNA
, a major contributor to his campaigns since 1989, sometimes being called the "senator from MBNA".
827
As of November 2009
[update]
, Biden's net worth was $27,012.
828
By November 2020
[update]
, the Bidens were worth $9 million, largely due to sales of Biden's books and speaking fees after his vice presidency.
829
830
Political columnist
David S. Broder
wrote that Biden has grown over time: "He responds to real people—that's been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much, much better."
34
Journalist
James Traub
has written that "Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself".
127
Particularly since the 2015 death of his elder son Beau, Biden has been noted for his empathetic nature and ability to communicate about grief.
831
832
Journalist and TV anchor
Wolf Blitzer
has called Biden loquacious;
833
journalist Mark Bowden has said that he is famous for "talking too much", leaning in close "like an old pal with something urgent to tell you".
289
He often deviates from prepared remarks,
834
and sometimes "puts his foot in his mouth".
163
835
836
Biden has a reputation for being prone to
gaffes
837
838
839
The New York Times
wrote that Biden's "weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything".
163
According to
The New York Times
, Biden often embellishes elements of his life or exaggerates, a trait also noted by
The New Yorker
in 2014.
840
841
For instance, he has claimed to have been more active in the
civil rights movement
than he actually was, and has falsely recalled being an excellent student who earned three college degrees.
840
The
Times
wrote, "Mr. Biden's folksiness can veer into folklore, with dates that don't quite add up and details that are exaggerated or wrong, the factual edges shaved off to make them more powerful for audiences."
841
Job approval
See also:
2021
2022
2023
, and
2024–2025 opinion polling on the Biden administration
According to
Morning Consult
polling, Biden maintained an
approval rating
above 50% during his presidency's first eight months. In August 2021, it began to decline, reaching the low forties by December.
842
This was attributed to the Afghanistan withdrawal, increasing hospitalizations from the
Delta variant
high inflation and gas prices
, disarray within the Democratic Party, and a general decline in popularity customary in politics.
In 2023, Biden's approval rating was the lowest of any modern
U.S. president after three years in office.
847
Gallup, Inc.
found Biden's approval ratings to be consistently above 50% during his first few months in office,
848
849
but by August, his ratings began to decline.
850
He had a 98% approval rating from Democrats in February 2021, but by December only 78% approved of his presidency.
851
848
By October 2023, his rating among Democrats had reached a record low of 75%.
847
852
His approval rating among Republicans has been consistently in the single digits, aside from his first few months in office.
851
Additionally, Gallup noted that Biden's public support eroded each year he was in office: he averaged 49% approval in his first year,
853
41% in his second,
854
40% in his third,
855
and 39% in his fourth.
856
In July 2024, just before he withdrew from the 2024 presidential election, Gallup found his approval rating had fallen to an all-time low of 36%.
857
Gallup found that Biden had an average approval rating of 42.2% throughout his presidency, which was lower than all other presidents' except Trump's first term, at 41.1%. Biden's final approval rating in January 2025 was 40%, which was low but still higher than several other presidents' final approval ratings.
856
Gallup's averaged polls of Biden's presidency found that he was the second-least popular president in its polling history, ahead of Trump.
856
CNN and CBS News found Biden's final approval rating to be 37% and 36%, respectively.
858
859
Polling aggregator
FiveThirtyEight
found that Biden had a final average approval rating of 37%.
860
Media depictions
See also:
Saturday Night Live
parodies of Joe Biden
Nine men have portrayed Biden on
Saturday Night Live
, starting with
Kevin Nealon
in 1991.
Jason Sudeikis
portrayed Biden during the 2008 election and reprised the role many times. During the 2020 election, Biden was played by
John Mulaney
Alex Moffat
Mikey Day
Woody Harrelson
, and
Jim Carrey
. In 2024,
Dana Carvey
played the role.
861
862
In 2016,
Greg Kinnear
portrayed Biden in the
HBO
television film
Confirmation
, about the
Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings
863
Biden appears in episodes of
Parks and Recreation
during his time as vice president.
864
He appears as himself in a 2016 episode of
Law & Order: SVU
865
The Onion
featured a series of articles about a
fictionalized Joe Biden
866
867
Assessments
A December 2024 Gallup poll found that 54% of Americans thought Biden's presidency was below average or poor, 26% average, and 19% above average or outstanding.
868
Gallup found that Americans largely offered negative assessments of Biden's presidency on economic, national, and international issues. Of 18 issue areas Gallup tracked, a majority of Americans said the U.S. lost ground in six, including the economy in general, immigration, and the country's position in the world. A plurality found that the U.S. declined in six other areas, including national infrastructure and energy, education, and trade relations with other countries. A plurality felt the U.S. made progress in only one indicator under Biden: the conditions of
gay, lesbian, and transgender people
869
Journalist
Amy Walter
, editor of the nonpartisan
The Cook Political Report
, argued that the public deemed Biden's presidency a failure particularly due to frustration over inflation.
870
Economists debate the extent to which Biden's policies were responsible for inflation,
871
but according to Gallup, public perception of the economy in 2024 was worse only in 2008 and 1992, helping Trump win the 2024 presidential election.
872
The
Siena College Research Institute
's 2022 survey
ranked Biden
19th out of 45 presidents.
873
The 2024
Presidential Greatness Project Expert
survey ranked Biden 14th.
874
A February 2024
American Political Science Association
poll of historians and scholars also ranked Biden the 14th-greatest president, diverging from public assessments. The pollsters noted that Biden's ranking was unusually high for a presidency without military victories or institutional expansion.
875
876
874
When Biden left office in 2025, journalists and many Democrats viewed his presidency as a failure due to
age and health concerns
, public frustration over inflation, and Harris's loss to Trump in the
2024 presidential election
877
The Guardian
called the conclusion of Biden's presidency a "tragedy".
878
See also
Bibliography of Joe Biden
Electoral history of Joe Biden
List of presidents of the United States
List of presidents of the United States by previous experience
List of things named after Joe Biden
Notes
Pronounced
aɪ
ən
BY
-dən
Attributed to multiple sources:
13
14
10
Attributed to multiple sources:
60
61
62
63
Attributed to multiple sources:
128
129
130
131
Attributed to multiple sources:
186
221
220
127
222
Attributed to multiple references:
312
: 3–4
313
: 195–233
Attributed to multiple references:
312
: 5–6
313
: 210–213
316
317
318
319
: 4, 10–14
320
321
Attributed to multiple references:
312
: 11–16
313
: 341–359
322
323
324
Attributed to multiple references:
312
: 20–22
313
: 343–346, 441–461
325
326
327
328
329
330
Attributed to multiple references:
312
: 20–24
313
: 461–462
331
332
Donald Trump surpassed this record in 2025. While he was also 78 years old at the time, he was five months and 6 days older than Biden had been.
339
Attributed to multiple sources:
348
349
350
351
Attributed to multiple sources:
387
388
389
390
391
Attributed to multiple sources:
466
467
468
469
Attributed to multiple sources:
524
525
526
527
Kyrsten Sinema
and
Joe Manchin
, whose seats were not up for election in 2022, left the Democratic Party and became
independent politicians
in December 2022 and May 2024, respectively. As a result, 47
Democrats (rather than 49), plus
Angus King
and
Bernie Sanders
, independents who caucus with Democrats, were in the Senate of the
118th United States Congress
, on May
31, 2024. Manchin continued to caucus with Democrats while Sinema opted to caucus with neither party but to align with the Democrats, bringing the Democratic Senate majority to 51
seats.
529
530
531
Attributed to multiple sources:
545
546
547
548
Attributed to multiple sources:
583
584
585
586
Attributed to multiple sources:
587
588
589
590
591
Attributed to multiple sources:
665
666
667
668
Attributed to multiple sources:
669
670
671
672
Attributed to multiple sources:
722
723
724
725
Attributed to multiple sources:
794
795
796
797
In 1981, President
Ronald Reagan
referred to the Armenian genocide in passing in a statement regarding
the Holocaust
, but never made a formal declaration recognizing it.
812
813
Attributed to multiple sources:
843
844
845
846
The source defines "modern" presidents as all 7
presidents before Biden, or presidents since 1979, which comprise Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump.
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. Retrieved
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2021
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. Retrieved
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– via
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"County Council to Take Oath"
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. Retrieved
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"Biden's Wife, Child Killed in Car Crash"
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. United Press International. December 19, 1972. p. 9.
ISSN
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. Retrieved
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Witcover 2010
, pp. 93, 98.
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"An American tragedy: how Biden paved the way for Trump's White House return"
The Guardian
. Retrieved
January 18,
2025
To admirers, Biden will remain one of the most consequential one-term presidents in US history - to detractors, he was undone by a fatal flaw.
Works cited
Bronner, Ethan
(1989).
Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America
. W. W. Norton & Company.
ISBN
978-0-393-02690-0
Gadsden, Brett (October 8, 2012).
Between North and South: Delaware, Desegregation, and the Myth of American Sectionalism
University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN
978-0-8122-0797-2
Mayer, Jane
Abramson, Jill
(1994).
Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas
. Houghton Mifflin.
ISBN
978-0-395-63318-2
Wolffe, Richard
(2009).
Renegade: The Making of a President
. New York: Crown Publishers.
ISBN
978-0-307-46312-8
Taylor, Paul (1990).
See How They Run: Electing the President in an Age of Mediaocracy
. Alfred A. Knopf.
ISBN
978-0-394-57059-4
Witcover, Jules
(2010).
Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption
. New York City: William Morrow.
ISBN
978-0-06-179198-7
Further reading
Barone, Michael
Cohen, Richard E.
(2008).
The Almanac of American Politics
. Washington, D.C.:
National Journal Group
ISBN
978-0-89234-116-0
Draper, Robert (August 18, 2024).
"Joe Biden's Interrupted Presidency"
The New York Times Magazine
. Retrieved
August 18,
2024
Levingston, Steven; Dyson, Michael (2019).
Barack and Joe: The Making of an Extraordinary Partnership
. New York:
Hachette Books
ISBN
978-0-316-48788-7
Moritz, Charles, ed. (1987).
Current Biography Yearbook 1987
. New York:
H. W. Wilson Company
Whipple, Chris
(2023).
The Fight of His Life: Inside Joe Biden's White House
. New York:
Scribner
ISBN
978-1-9821-0643-0
Tapper, Jake; Thompson, Alex (2025).
Original Sin: President Biden's Decline, Its Cover-Up, and His Disastrous Choice to Run Again
. New York:
Penguin Press
ISBN
979-8217060672
External links
Joe Biden
at Wikipedia's
sister projects
Media
from Commons
News
from Wikinews
Quotations
from Wikiquote
Texts
from Wikisource
Library resources
about
Joe Biden
Online books
Resources in your library
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By Joe Biden
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Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Official
President Joe Biden
official website (archived)
Presidential campaign website
at the
Wayback Machine
(archived July 18, 2024)
Obama White House biography
(archived)
Senator Joseph R. Biden
(1973–2009)
Other
Appearances
on
C-SPAN
Joe Biden
collected news and commentary at
The New York Times
Joe Biden
at
On the Issues
Joe Biden
at
PolitiFact
Joe Biden
46th
President of the United States
(2021–2025)
47th
Vice President of the United States
(2009–2017)
U.S. Senator
from Delaware
(1973–2009)
Senator
Early life and career
Classified Information Procedures Act
Counterterrorism Act
Violence Against Women Act
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act
Vice presidency
Obama transition
Task forces
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Protect Students from Sexual Assault
First Trump transition
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Supreme Court candidates
Legislation
2021
American Rescue Plan Act
Capitol Police Emergency Assistance Act
Consolidated Appropriations Act
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
RENACER Act
Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act
2022
Bipartisan Safer Communities Act
CHIPS and Science Act
Consolidated Appropriations Act
Electoral Count Reform and Presidential Transition Improvement Act
Merger Filing Fee Modernization Act
No TikTok on Government Devices Act
Pregnant Workers Fairness Act
State Antitrust Enforcement Venue Act
Emmett Till Antilynching Act
Inflation Reduction Act
Medical Marijuana and Cannabidiol Research Expansion Act
PACT Act
Postal Service Reform Act
Respect for Marriage Act
Speak Out Act
Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
2023
COVID-19 Origin Act
Fiscal Responsibility Act
DCA agreement between Finland and the US
2024
ADVANCE Act
Consolidated Appropriations Act
National Security Act
Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act
2025
Social Security Fairness Act
Policies
Cannabis
COVID-19
COVID-19 Advisory Board
White House COVID-19 Response Team
Economic
Biden v. Nebraska
Build Back Better Act
Build Back Better Plan
Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief Fund
Electoral and ethical
Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court
Summit for Democracy
Environmental
2021 Leaders Summit on Climate
Executive Order 13990
Foreign
Geneva summit
2023 Chinese balloon incident
AUKUS
Camp David Principles
Afghanistan withdrawal
killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
War in Ukraine
2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy
2023 visit to Ukraine
Gaza war
Ankara prisoner exchange
Relations with Iran
Immigration
A Proclamation on Securing the Border
Social
2021 National Day of Unity
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security
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2023
Q1
Q2
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2024
Q1
Q2
Q3
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January 2025
Second Trump transition
Classified documents incident
White House cocaine incident
Efforts to impeach
House Oversight Committee investigation
inquiry
Executive actions
proclamations
Opinion polling
2021
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2024–2025
Presidential trips
international
2021
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2024–2025
Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter
Elections
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debate
Family
Edward Francis Blewitt
(great-grandfather)
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(first wife)
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(second wife)
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(brother)
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(sister)
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(son)
Hunter Biden
(son)
Ashley Biden
(daughter)
Howard Krein
(son-in-law)
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(daughter-in-law)
Kathleen Buhle
(former daughter-in-law)
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(daughter-in-law)
Dogs
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Cat
Willow
Writings
Promises to Keep
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Tomorrow Will Be Different
(foreword)
Speeches
Inaugural address
(2021)
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(2021)
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2022
2023
2024
Warsaw speech
(2022)
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(2022)
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(2025)
Media
depictions
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I Did That!
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Situation Room
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2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call
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Donald Trump
← Dick Cheney
Mike Pence →
Category
Offices and distinctions
Party political offices
Preceded by
James M. Tunnell Jr.
Democratic
nominee for
U.S. Senator
from
Delaware
Class 2
1972
1978
1984
1990
1996
2002
2008
Succeeded by
Chris Coons
Preceded by
John Edwards
Democratic
nominee
for Vice President of the United States
2008
2012
Succeeded by
Tim Kaine
Preceded by
Hillary Clinton
Democratic
nominee
for President of the United States
2020
Succeeded by
Kamala Harris
U.S. Senate
Preceded by
J. Caleb Boggs
United States Senator (Class 2) from Delaware
1973–2009
Served alongside:
William V. Roth Jr.
Tom Carper
Succeeded by
Ted Kaufman
Preceded by
Strom Thurmond
Ranking Member of the
Senate Judiciary Committee
1981–1987
Succeeded by
Strom Thurmond
New office
Ranking Member of the
Senate Narcotics Caucus
1985–1987
Succeeded by
Chuck Grassley
Preceded by
Strom Thurmond
Chair of the
Senate Judiciary Committee
1987–1995
Succeeded by
Orrin Hatch
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Chair of the
Senate Narcotics Caucus
1987–1995
Succeeded by
Chuck Grassley
Preceded by
Orrin Hatch
Ranking Member of the
Senate Judiciary Committee
1995–1997
Succeeded by
Patrick Leahy
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Ranking Member of the
Senate Narcotics Caucus
1995–2001
Succeeded by
Chuck Grassley
Preceded by
Claiborne Pell
Ranking Member of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
1997–2001
Succeeded by
Jesse Helms
Preceded by
Jesse Helms
Chair of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
2001–2003
Succeeded by
Richard Lugar
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Chair of the
Senate Narcotics Caucus
2001–2003
Succeeded by
Chuck Grassley
Preceded by
Jesse Helms
Ranking Member of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
2003–2007
Succeeded by
Richard Lugar
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Ranking Member of the
Senate Narcotics Caucus
2003–2007
Succeeded by
Dianne Feinstein
Preceded by
Richard Lugar
Chair of the
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
2007–2009
Succeeded by
John Kerry
Preceded by
Chuck Grassley
Chair of the
Senate Narcotics Caucus
2007–2009
Succeeded by
Dianne Feinstein
Honorary titles
Preceded by
John V. Tunney
Baby of the United States Senate
1973–1979
Succeeded by
Bill Bradley
Political offices
Preceded by
Dick Cheney
Vice President of the United States
2009–2017
Succeeded by
Mike Pence
Preceded by
Donald Trump
President of the United States
2021–2025
Succeeded by
Donald Trump
U.S. order of precedence
(ceremonial)
Preceded by
Barack Obama
as Former president
Order of precedence of the United States
Former President
Succeeded by
Dan Quayle
as Former Vice president
Articles related to Joe Biden
Presidents of the United States
Presidents and
presidencies
George Washington
1789–1797
John Adams
1797–1801
Thomas Jefferson
1801–1809
James Madison
1809–1817
James Monroe
1817–1825
John Quincy Adams
1825–1829
Andrew Jackson
1829–1837
Martin Van Buren
1837–1841
William Henry Harrison
1841
John Tyler
1841–1845
James K. Polk
1845–1849
Zachary Taylor
1849–1850
Millard Fillmore
1850–1853
Franklin Pierce
1853–1857
James Buchanan
1857–1861
Abraham Lincoln
1861–1865
Andrew Johnson
1865–1869
Ulysses S. Grant
1869–1877
Rutherford B. Hayes
1877–1881
James A. Garfield
1881
Chester A. Arthur
1881–1885
Grover Cleveland
1885–1889
Benjamin Harrison
1889–1893
Grover Cleveland
1893–1897
William McKinley
1897–1901
Theodore Roosevelt
1901–1909
William Howard Taft
1909–1913
Woodrow Wilson
1913–1921
Warren G. Harding
1921–1923
Calvin Coolidge
1923–1929
Herbert Hoover
1929–1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1933–1945
Harry S. Truman
1945–1953
Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953–1961
John F. Kennedy
1961–1963
Lyndon B. Johnson
1963–1969
Richard Nixon
1969–1974
Gerald Ford
1974–1977
Jimmy Carter
1977–1981
Ronald Reagan
1981–1989
George H. W. Bush
1989–1993
Bill Clinton
1993–2001
George W. Bush
2001–2009
Barack Obama
2009–2017
Donald Trump
2017–2021
Joe Biden
2021–2025
Donald Trump
2025–present
Presidency
timelines
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Kennedy
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Ford
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Trump
Biden
Category
List
Order of precedence in the United States
President
Donald Trump
Vice President
JD Vance
Governor (of the state in which the event is held)
House Speaker
Mike Johnson
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Former President
Bill Clinton
Former President
George W. Bush
Former President
Barack Obama
Former President
Joe Biden
Former Vice President
Dan Quayle
Former Vice President
Al Gore
Former Vice President
Mike Pence
Former Vice President
Kamala Harris
Ambassadors of the United States
Secretary of State
Marco Rubio
Associate justices
Retired Associate Justice
Anthony Kennedy
Retired Associate Justice
Stephen Breyer
Members of the
Cabinet
Senate President pro tempore
Chuck Grassley
Members of the
Senate
Governors of the States (by order of statehood)
Members of the
House of Representatives
*not including acting officeholders, visiting dignitaries, auxiliary executive and military personnel and most diplomats
Cabinet
of
President
Joe Biden
(2021–2025)
Cabinet
Vice President
Kamala Harris
2021–2025
Secretary of State
Antony Blinken
(2021–2025)
Secretary of the Treasury
Janet Yellen
(2021–2025)
Secretary of Defense
Lloyd Austin
(2021–2025)
Attorney General
Merrick Garland
(2021–2025)
Secretary of the Interior
Deb Haaland
(2021–2025)
Secretary of Agriculture
Tom Vilsack
(2021–2025)
Secretary of Commerce
Gina Raimondo
(2021–2025)
Secretary of Labor
Marty Walsh
(2021–2023)
Julie Su
(acting) (2023–2025)
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Xavier Becerra
(2021–2025)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Marcia Fudge
(2021–2024)
Adrianne Todman
(acting) (2024–2025)
Secretary of Transportation
Pete Buttigieg
(2021–2025)
Secretary of Energy
Jennifer Granholm
(2021–2025)
Secretary of Education
Miguel Cardona
(2021–2025)
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Denis McDonough
(2021–2025)
Secretary of Homeland Security
Alejandro Mayorkas
(2021–2025)
Cabinet-level
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
Michael S. Regan
(2021–2024)
Jane Nishida
(acting) (2025)
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Shalanda Young
(2021–2025)
Director of National Intelligence
Avril Haines
(2021–2025)
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
William J. Burns
(2023–2025)
Trade Representative
Katherine Tai
(2021–2025)
Ambassador to the United Nations
Linda Thomas-Greenfield
(2021–2025)
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
Cecilia Rouse
(2021–2023)
Jared Bernstein
(2023–2025)
Administrator of the Small Business Administration
Isabel Guzman
(2021–2025)
Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy
Eric Lander
(2021–2022)
Arati Prabhakar
(2022–2025)
White House Chief of Staff
Ron Klain
(2021–2023)
Jeff Zients
(2023–2025)
See also:
Political appointments by Joe Biden
Vice presidents of the United States
John Adams
1789–1797
Thomas Jefferson
1797–1801
Aaron Burr
1801–1805
George Clinton
1805–1812
Elbridge Gerry
(1813–1814)
Daniel D. Tompkins
(1817–1825)
John C. Calhoun
(1825–1832)
Martin Van Buren
(1833–1837)
Richard Mentor Johnson
(1837–1841)
John Tyler
(1841)
George M. Dallas
(1845–1849)
Millard Fillmore
(1849–1850)
William R. King
(1853)
John C. Breckinridge
(1857–1861)
Hannibal Hamlin
(1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson
(1865)
Schuyler Colfax
(1869–1873)
Henry Wilson
(1873–1875)
William A. Wheeler
(1877–1881)
Chester A. Arthur
(1881)
Thomas A. Hendricks
(1885)
Levi P. Morton
(1889–1893)
Adlai Stevenson I
(1893–1897)
Garret Hobart
(1897–1899)
Theodore Roosevelt
(1901)
Charles W. Fairbanks
(1905–1909)
James S. Sherman
(1909–1912)
Thomas R. Marshall
(1913–1921)
Calvin Coolidge
(1921–1923)
Charles G. Dawes
(1925–1929)
Charles Curtis
(1929–1933)
John Nance Garner
(1933–1941)
Henry A. Wallace
(1941–1945)
Harry S. Truman
(1945)
Alben W. Barkley
(1949–1953)
Richard Nixon
(1953–1961)
Lyndon B. Johnson
(1961–1963)
Hubert Humphrey
(1965–1969)
Spiro Agnew
(1969–1973)
Gerald Ford
(1973–1974)
Nelson Rockefeller
(1974–1977)
Walter Mondale
(1977–1981)
George H. W. Bush
1981–1989
Dan Quayle
1989–1993
Al Gore
1993–2001
Dick Cheney
2001–2009
Joe Biden
2009–2017
Mike Pence
2017–2021
Kamala Harris
2021–2025
JD Vance
2025–present
Category
List
Cabinet
of
President
Barack Obama
(2009–2017)
Cabinet
Vice President
Joe Biden
2009–2017
Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton
2009–2013
John Kerry
(2013–2017)
Secretary of the Treasury
Timothy Geithner
(2009–2013)
Jack Lew
(2013–2017)
Secretary of Defense
Robert Gates
(2009–2011)
Leon Panetta
(2011–2013)
Chuck Hagel
(2013–2015)
Ash Carter
(2015–2017)
Attorney General
Eric Holder
(2009–2015)
Loretta Lynch
(2015–2017)
Secretary of the Interior
Ken Salazar
(2009–2013)
Sally Jewell
(2013–2017)
Secretary of Agriculture
Tom Vilsack
(2009–2017)
Secretary of Commerce
Gary Locke
(2009–2011)
John Bryson
(2011–2012)
Penny Pritzker
(2013–2017)
Secretary of Labor
Hilda Solis
(2009–2013)
Tom Perez
(2013–2017)
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Kathleen Sebelius
(2009–2014)
Sylvia Mathews Burwell
(2014–2017)
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Shaun Donovan
(2009–2014)
Julian Castro
(2014–2017)
Secretary of Transportation
Ray LaHood
(2009–2013)
Anthony Foxx
(2013–2017)
Secretary of Energy
Steven Chu
(2009–2013)
Ernest Moniz
(2013–2017)
Secretary of Education
Arne Duncan
(2009–2016)
John King Jr.
(2016–2017)
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Eric Shinseki
(2009–2014)
Bob McDonald
(2014–2017)
Secretary of Homeland Security
Janet Napolitano
(2009–2013)
Jeh Johnson
(2013–2017)
Cabinet-level
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
Lisa P. Jackson
(2009–2013)
Gina McCarthy
(2013–2017)
Director of the Office of Management and Budget
Peter R. Orszag
(2009–2010)
Jack Lew
(2010–2012)
Sylvia Mathews Burwell
(2013–2014)
Shaun Donovan
(2014–2017)
Trade Representative
Ron Kirk
(2009–2013)
Michael Froman
(2013–2017)
Ambassador to the United Nations
Susan Rice
(2009–2013)
Samantha Power
(2013–2017)
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
Christina Romer
(2009–2010)
Austan Goolsbee
(2010–2011)
Alan Krueger
(2011–2013)
Jason Furman
(2013–2017)
Administrator of the Small Business Administration
Karen Mills
(2012–2013)*
Maria Contreras-Sweet
(2014–2017)
White House Chief of Staff
Rahm Emanuel
(2009–2010)
William M. Daley
(2011–2012)
Jack Lew
(2012–2013)
Denis McDonough
(2013–2017)
* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012
See also:
Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet
← 2020
2024 United States presidential election
2028 →
Donald Trump
JD Vance
(R), 312 electoral votes
Kamala Harris
Tim Walz
(D), 226 electoral votes
2024 United States elections
Polls
national
state
Timeline
Debates
Fundraising
Ballot access
Interference
Chinese
Iranian
Russian
Electors
Electoral College vote count
Transition
inauguration
Republican Party
CPNYS
Primaries
Candidates
Debates and forums
Results
Convention
Polls
national
state
Endorsements
VP candidate selection
Candidates
Nominee:
Donald Trump
campaign
eligibility
Trump v. Anderson
endorsements
political
non-political
opposition
positions
VP nominee:
JD Vance
positions
Withdrew during primaries
Ryan Binkley
John Anthony Castro
Ron DeSantis
campaign
endorsements
positions
Nikki Haley
campaign
endorsements
positions
Asa Hutchinson
campaign
E. W. Jackson
Vivek Ramaswamy
campaign
Sam Sloan
Withdrew before primaries
Doug Burgum
campaign
Chris Christie
campaign
Larry Elder
Will Hurd
Perry Johnson
Steve Laffey
Mike Pence
campaign
positions
Tim Scott
campaign
Corey Stapleton
Francis Suarez
Democratic Party
WFP
Primaries
Candidates
Debates and forums
Results
Convention
Polls
VP candidate selection
Protest votes
Candidates
Nominee:
Kamala Harris
campaign
endorsements
political
non-political
Haley Voters for Harris
White Dudes for Harris
positions
VP nominee:
Tim Walz
Withdrew after primaries
Joe Biden
campaign
endorsements
opposition
positions
withdrawal
Marianne Williamson
campaign
Withdrew during primaries
Jason Palmer
Dean Phillips
campaign
Vermin Supreme
Cenk Uygur
Withdrew before primaries
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
Jerome Segal
Libertarian Party
Primaries
Convention
Candidates
Nominee:
Chase Oliver
campaign
VP nominee:
Mike ter Maat
Eliminated in balloting
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
Art Olivier
Michael Rectenwald
Mike ter Maat
Withdrew before primaries
Joe Exotic
Other candidates
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
LPCO
LPNH
Green Party
KP
Primaries
Convention
Candidates
Nominee:
Jill Stein
campaign
endorsements
VP nominee:
Butch Ware
Withdrew after primaries
Randy Toler
Withdrew before primaries
Emanuel Pastreich
Cornel West
Independent
GMPJ
NLMN
OPP
SA
UCP
UPC
Candidate:
Cornel West
campaign
Running mate:
Melina Abdullah
Independent
(withdrawn)
AP
AIP
IPoD
NLP
RPUSA
Candidate:
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
campaign
Reform Convention
Running mate:
Nicole Shanahan
Other
third-party candidates
American Solidarity Party
Nominee:
Peter Sonski
campaign
Other candidates
Joe Schriner
Constitution Party
Convention
Nominee:
Randall Terry
campaign
VP nominee:
Stephen Broden
Other candidates
Joel Skousen
Independent American Party
Nominee:
Joel Skousen
Legal Marijuana Now Party
Primary
Nominee:
Dennis Schuller
VP nominee:
Rudy Reyes
Other candidates
Ed Forchion
Krystal Gabel
Rudy Reyes
Vermin Supreme
Liberal Party USA
Nominee:
Laura Ebke
Pirate Party
Nominee:
Vermin Supreme
Party Party
Nominee:
Robby Wells
Party for Socialism & Liberation
PFP
SCW
Nominee:
Claudia De la Cruz
campaign
Socialist Equality Party
Nominee:
Joseph Kishore
VP nominee:
Jerry White
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee:
Rachele Fruit
Unity Party of America
Nominee:
Paul Noel Fiorino
Other independent candidates
Declared
Shiva Ayyadurai
Johnny Buss
Joseph "Afroman" Foreman
Tom Hoefling
Taylor Marshall
Emanuel Pastreich
Withdrew
Krist Novoselic
Kanye West
campaign
positions
Disputes
Controversies
Republican Party efforts to disrupt the 2024 United States presidential election
Election denial
← 2016
2020 United States presidential election
2024 →
Joe Biden
Kamala Harris
(D), 306 electoral votes
Donald Trump
Mike Pence
(R), 232 electoral votes
2020 United States elections
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national
state
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Electoral College vote count
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inauguration
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automatic delegates
Polls (
national
state
Positions
Endorsements
VP candidate selection
Unity Task Forces
Candidates
Nominee:
Joe Biden
campaign
endorsements
celebrity
organizations
Congress
state & territorial officials
municipal officials
positions
VP nominee:
Kamala Harris
positions
Withdrew during primaries
Michael Bennet
Michael Bloomberg
campaign
endorsements
positions
Pete Buttigieg
campaign
endorsements
positions
Tulsi Gabbard
campaign
positions
Amy Klobuchar
campaign
endorsements
positions
Deval Patrick
Bernie Sanders
campaign
endorsements
positions
media coverage
Tom Steyer
Elizabeth Warren
campaign
endorsements
positions
Andrew Yang
campaign
endorsements
Withdrew before primaries
Cory Booker
campaign
endorsements
positions
Steve Bullock
Julian Castro
Bill de Blasio
John Delaney
campaign
positions
Kirsten Gillibrand
positions
Ben Gleib
Mike Gravel
campaign
Kamala Harris
campaign
endorsements
positions
John Hickenlooper
Jay Inslee
campaign
Wayne Messam
Seth Moulton
Richard Ojeda
Beto O'Rourke
campaign
Tim Ryan
Joe Sestak
Eric Swalwell
Marianne Williamson
campaign
Republican Party
CPNYS
RTLP
Primaries
Results
Debates
Convention
Polls
Candidates
Incumbent nominee
Donald Trump
campaign
endorsements
political
non-political
positions
GOP opposition
GOP reactions to fraud claims
Incumbent VP nominee:
Mike Pence
Withdrew during primaries
Rocky De La Fuente
Bob Ely
Jack Fellure
Zoltan Istvan
Joe Walsh
campaign
Bill Weld
campaign
Withdrew before primaries
Mark Sanford
Libertarian Party
Primaries
Results
Convention
Candidates
Nominee
Jo Jorgensen
campaign
endorsements
VP nominee:
Spike Cohen
Eliminated in balloting
Jim Gray
Adam Kokesh
John McAfee
John Monds
Vermin Supreme
campaign
Withdrew before or during primaries
Max Abramson
Lincoln Chafee
Zoltan Istvan
Formed exploratory committee but did not run
Justin Amash
Green Party
LMN
SA
SPUSA
Primaries
Results
Debates
Convention
Candidates
Nominee:
Howie Hawkins
campaign
endorsements
VP nominee:
Angela Walker
Withdrew during primaries
Dario Hunter
Other candidates
Jesse Ventura
Constitution Party
Primaries
Nominee:
Don Blankenship
Other third-party candidates
Alliance Party
AIP
Reform
Nominee:
Rocky De La Fuente
VP nominee: Darcy Richardson
AIP VP nominee:
Kanye West
Other candidates
Max Abramson
Phil Collins
American Solidarity Party
Nominee:
Brian T. Carroll
Other candidates
Joe Schriner
Birthday Party
Nominee:
Kanye West
campaign
positions
Bread and Roses
Nominee:
Jerome Segal
Party for Socialism & Liberation
LUP
PFP
Nominee:
Gloria La Riva
VP nominee:
Leonard Peltier
(withdrew)
Other candidates:
Howie Hawkins
Progressive Party
Nominee:
Dario Hunter
Prohibition Party
Nominee:
Phil Collins
Socialist Action
Nominee:
Jeff Mackler
Socialist Equality Party
Nominee:
Joseph Kishore
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee:
Alyson Kennedy
Independent candidates
Declared
Pete Accetturo
Mark Charles
Brock Pierce
IPNY
nominee)
Jade Simmons
Joe Schriner
Withdrew
Perry Caravello
Jeremy Gable
Disputes
Attempts to overturn
Protests
during inauguration week
U.S. Capitol attack
timeline
aftermath
second impeachment of Donald Trump
trial
January 6 commission
reactions
domestic
international
Trump fake electors plot
Arizona
Georgia
Michigan
Trump–Raffensperger phone call
Eastman memos
Lawsuits
Filed before Election Day
Filed during or after Election Day
Arizona
Georgia
Michigan
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin
Texas v. Pennsylvania
Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference
Controversies
Russian interference
Voting restrictions
← 2008
2012 United States presidential election
2016 →
Fundraising
National polls
Statewide polls
pre-2012
early 2012
Timeline
General election debates
Newspaper endorsements
Hurricane Sandy
Social media
Democratic Party
Convention
Primaries
Results
Candidates
Incumbent nominee:
Barack Obama
campaign
endorsements
positions
Incumbent VP nominee:
Joe Biden
positions
Challengers
Bob Ely
Keith Judd
Warren Mosler
Vermin Supreme
Randall Terry
John Wolfe
Republican Party
Convention
Primaries
Debates
Statewide polls
National polls
Straw polls
Candidates
Nominee:
Mitt Romney
campaign
endorsements
positions
VP nominee:
Paul Ryan
positions
Other candidates
Michele Bachmann
campaign
Herman Cain
campaign
positions
Mark Callahan
Jack Fellure
Newt Gingrich
campaign
positions
Stewart Greenleaf
John Davis
Jon Huntsman
campaign
Gary Johnson
campaign
Fred Karger
Andy Martin
Thaddeus McCotter
campaign
Jimmy McMillan
Roy Moore
Ron Paul
campaign
positions
Tim Pawlenty
campaign
Rick Perry
campaign
positions
Buddy Roemer
campaign
Rick Santorum
campaign
Libertarian Party
Convention
Candidates
Nominee:
Gary Johnson
campaign
VP nominee:
Jim Gray
Other candidates
Carl Person
Sam Sloan
Green Party
Convention
Primaries
Candidates
Nominee:
Jill Stein
campaign
VP nominee:
Cheri Honkala
Other candidates:
Stewart Alexander
Roseanne Barr
Other
third-party and independent candidates
American Independent Party
Nominee:
Tom Hoefling
Other candidates:
Wiley Drake
Virgil Goode
campaign
Edward C. Noonan
Laurie Roth
American Third Position Party
Nominee:
Merlin Miller
VP nominee:
Virginia Abernethy
Constitution Party
Convention
Nominee:
Virgil Goode
campaign
VP nominee: Jim Clymer
Other candidates:
Laurie Roth
Robby Wells
Freedom Socialist Party
Nominee: Stephen Durham
Grassroots Party
Nominee
Jim Carlson
Justice Party
Nominee:
Rocky Anderson
VP nominee:
Luis J. Rodriguez
Socialism and Liberation
Nominee:
Peta Lindsay
Peace and Freedom Party
Nominee:
Roseanne Barr
VP nominee:
Cindy Sheehan
Other candidates:
Stewart Alexander
Rocky Anderson
Peta Lindsay
Prohibition Party
Nominee:
Jack Fellure
Other candidates:
James Hedges
Reform Party
Nominee:
Andre Barnett
Other candidates:
Laurence Kotlikoff
Buddy Roemer
campaign
Robby Wells
Socialist Equality Party
Nominee
Jerry White
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee:
James Harris
Socialist Party
Nominee:
Stewart Alexander
campaign
VP nominee:
Alejandro Mendoza
Independents and others
Objectivist Party
Tom Stevens
Independents
Lee Abramson
Randy Blythe
Jeff Boss
Robert Burck
Terry Jones
Joe Schriner
Michael Bloomberg
attempt to draft
Other 2012 elections
House
Senate
Gubernatorial
← 2004
2008 United States presidential election
2012 →
2008 United States elections
Candidates
Comparison
Debates
Congressional endorsements
Fundraising
Ballot access
Timeline
Super Tuesday
Potomac primary
Super Tuesday II
Polls
national
statewide
international
Democratic Party
WFP
Convention
superdelegates
Polls
statewide
national
Debates
Primaries
Primary results
VP candidate selection
Candidates
Nominee:
Barack Obama
campaign
positions
endorsements
cross-party
VP nominee:
Joe Biden
positions
Other candidates:
Evan Bayh
campaign
Joe Biden
campaign
positions
Hillary Clinton
campaign
positions
endorsements
Chris Dodd
campaign
John Edwards
campaign
positions
Mike Gravel
campaign
Dennis Kucinich
campaign
Bill Richardson
campaign
Tom Vilsack
campaign
Republican Party
CPNY
IPNY
Convention
Polls
statewide
national
Debates
Political positions
Primaries
Primary results
VP candidate selection
Candidates
Nominee:
John McCain
campaign
positions
endorsements
cross-party
VP nominee:
Sarah Palin
candidacy
positions
Other candidates
Sam Brownback
campaign
John H. Cox
Jim Gilmore
campaign
Rudy Giuliani
campaign
positions
Mike Huckabee
campaign
positions
Duncan L. Hunter
campaign
Alan Keyes
campaign
Ray McKinney
Ron Paul
campaign
positions
Mitt Romney
campaign
positions
Tom Tancredo
campaign
Fred Thompson
campaign
Tommy Thompson
campaign
Draft movements
Democratic:
Al Gore
Mark Warner
Republican:
Newt Gingrich
Condoleezza Rice
movement
Independent
Michael Bloomberg
movement
Third party
and
independent
candidates
Constitution Party
convention
Nominee:
Chuck Baldwin
campaign
VP nominee: Darrell Castle
Other candidates:
Daniel Imperato
Alan Keyes
campaign
Green Party
convention
Nominee:
Cynthia McKinney
campaign
positions
VP nominee:
Rosa Clemente
Other candidates:
Elaine Brown
Libertarian Party
convention
Nominee:
Bob Barr
campaign
positions
VP nominee:
Wayne Allyn Root
Other candidates:
Mike Gravel
campaign
Steve Kubby
Wayne Allyn Root
Mary Ruwart
Doug Stanhope
America's Independent Party
Nominee:
Alan Keyes
campaign
VP nominee: Brian Rohrbough
Boston Tea Party
Nominee:
Charles Jay
Objectivist Party
Nominee:
Tom Stevens
Peace and Freedom Party
Nominee:
Ralph Nader
campaign
VP nominee:
Matt Gonzalez
Other candidates:
Gloria La Riva
Cynthia McKinney
campaign
Brian Moore
campaign
Prohibition Party
Nominee:
Gene Amondson
Reform Party
Nominee:
Ted Weill
VP nominee: Frank McEnulty
Socialism and Liberation Party
Nominee:
Gloria La Riva
VP nominee:
Eugene Puryear
Socialist Party
Nominee:
Brian Moore
campaign
VP nominee:
Stewart Alexander
Other candidates:
Eric Chester
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee:
Róger Calero
Alternate nominee:
James Harris
VP nominee:
Alyson Kennedy
Independent / Other
Jeff Boss
Stephen Colbert
campaign
Earl Dodge
Bradford Lyttle
Frank Moore
Joe Schriner
Jonathon Sharkey
Other 2008 elections:
House
Senate
Gubernatorial
← 1984
1988 United States presidential election
1992 →
Republican Party
Convention
Primaries
results
Candidates
Nominee:
George H. W. Bush
campaign
VP nominee:
Dan Quayle
Other candidates:
Bob Dole
Pete du Pont
Ben Fernandez
Alexander Haig
Jack Kemp
Paul Laxalt
Isabell Masters
Pat Robertson
Donald Rumsfeld
Harold Stassen
Democratic Party
Convention
Primaries
results
Candidates
Nominee:
Michael Dukakis
campaign
VP nominee:
Lloyd Bentsen
Other candidates:
Douglas Applegate
Bruce Babbitt
Joe Biden
campaign
positions
David Duke
Dick Gephardt
Al Gore
campaign
Gary Hart
Jesse Jackson
campaign
Lyndon LaRouche
campaign
positions
Andy Martin
Patricia Schroeder
Paul Simon
James Traficant
Third-party
and
independent
candidates
Libertarian Party
Convention
Nominee:
Ron Paul
campaign
positions
VP nominee:
Andre Marrou
Other candidates:
Jim Lewis
Russell Means
New Alliance Party
Nominee:
Lenora Fulani
Populist Party
Nominee:
David Duke
Prohibition Party
Nominee:
Earl Dodge
VP nominee:
George Ormsby
Socialist Equality Party
Nominee:
Edward Winn
Socialist Party
Nominee:
Willa Kenoyer
VP nominee:
Ron Ehrenreich
Socialist Workers Party
Nominee:
James Warren
VP nominee:
Kathleen Mickells
Workers World Party
Nominee: Larry Holmes
VP nominee:
Gloria La Riva
Independents
and others
Jack Herer
Lyndon LaRouche
Herbert G. Lewin
William A. Marra
Eugene McCarthy
Other 1988 elections:
House
Senate
Gubernatorial
Joe Biden
's
Office of the Vice President
Position
Appointee
Chief of Staff to the Vice President
Steve Ricchetti
Counsel to the Vice President
Cynthia Hogan
Counselor to the Vice President
Mike Donilon
Assistant to the Vice President for Intergovernmental Affairs and Public Liaison
Evan Ryan
Assistant to the Vice President and Director of Communications
Shailagh Murray
Deputy Chief of Staff to the Vice President
Shailagh Murray
Deputy National Security Adviser to the Vice President
Brian P. McKeon
Residence Manager and Social Secretary for the Vice President and Second Lady
Carlos Elizondo
National Security Adviser to the Vice President
Colin Kahl
Position
Appointee
Chief of Staff to the Second Lady
Catherine M. Russell
Director of Administration for the Office of the Vice President
Moises Vela
Domestic Policy Adviser to the Vice President
Terrell McSweeny
Chief Economist and Economic Policy Adviser to the Vice President
Jared Bernstein
Press Secretary to the Vice President
Elizabeth Alexander
Deputy Press Secretary to the Vice President
Annie Tomasini
Director of Legislative Affairs
Sudafi Henry
Director of Communications for the Second Lady
Courtney O’Donnell
Chairs of the
United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
Barbour
Macon
Brown
Barbour
R. King
Barbour
Macon
Sanford
Macon
Tazewell
Forsyth
Wilkins
Clay
Buchanan
Rives
Archer
Allen
Sevier
Hannegan
Benton
W. King
Foote
Mason
Sumner
Cameron
Hamlin
Eaton
Burnside
Edmunds
Windom
Miller
Sherman
Morgan
Sherman
Frye
Davis
Cullom
Bacon
Stone
Hitchcock
Lodge
Borah
Pittman
George
Connally
Vandenberg
Connally
Wiley
George
Green
Fulbright
Sparkman
Church
Percy
Lugar
Pell
Helms
Biden
Helms
Biden
Lugar
Biden
Kerry
Menendez
Corker
Risch
Menendez
Cardin
Risch
Chairs of the
United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary
Chase
Crittenden
Burrill
Smith
Van Buren
Berrien
Rowan
Marcy
Wilkins
Clayton
Grundy
Wall
Berrien
Ashley
Butler
Bayard
Trumbull
Wright
Edmunds
Thurman
Edmunds
Hoar
Pugh
Hoar
Platt
Clark
Culberson
Nelson
Brandegee
Cummins
Norris
Ashurst
Van Nuys
McCarran
Wiley
McCarran
Langer
Kilgore
Eastland
Kennedy
Thurmond
Biden
Hatch
Leahy
Hatch
Leahy
Hatch
Specter
Leahy
Grassley
Graham
Durbin
Grassley
United States senators from Delaware
Class 1
Read
Latimer
White
Horsey
C. Rodney
T. Clayton
McLane
Naudain
R. Bayard
J. M. Clayton
Wales
J. Bayard Jr.
Riddle
J. Bayard Jr.
T. Bayard Sr.
Gray
Ball
H. du Pont
Wolcott
T. du Pont
T. Bayard Jr.
Townsend
Tunnell
Williams
Roth
Carper
Blunt Rochester
Class 2
Bassett
Vining
J. Clayton
Wells
J. Bayard Sr.
Wells
Van Dyke
D. Rodney
Ridgely
J. M. Clayton
T. Clayton
Spruance
J. M. Clayton
Comegys
Bates
W. Saulsbury Sr.
E. Saulsbury
Higgins
Kenney
Allee
Richardson
W. Saulsbury Jr.
Ball
T. du Pont
Hastings
Hughes
Buck
Frear
Boggs
Biden
tenure
Kaufman
Coons
Patriot Act
Titles
II
III
IV
VI
VII
VIII
IX
History
Acts modified
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
Electronic Communications Privacy Act
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
Money Laundering Control Act
Bank Secrecy Act
Right to Financial Privacy Act
Fair Credit Reporting Act
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
Victims of Crime Act of 1984
Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act
People
George W. Bush
John Ashcroft
Alberto Gonzales
Patrick Leahy
Orrin Hatch
Jon Kyl
Dianne Feinstein
Viet D. Dinh
Joe Biden
Michael Chertoff
Barack Obama
Eric Holder
Chuck Schumer
Lamar Smith
Bob Graham
Jay Rockefeller
Arlen Specter
Mike Oxley
Dick Armey
Paul Sarbanes
Trent Lott
Tom Daschle
Russ Feingold
Ellen Huvelle
Ron Paul
Lisa Murkowski
Ron Wyden
Dennis Kucinich
Larry Craig
John E. Sununu
Richard Durbin
Bernie Sanders
Jerry Nadler
John Conyers Jr.
Butch Otter
Government
organizations
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Department of Justice
Select Committee on Intelligence
Department of the Treasury
FinCEN
Department of State
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Customs Service
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Non-government
organizations
American Civil Liberties Union
American Library Association
Center for Democracy and Technology
Center for Public Integrity
Electronic Frontier Foundation
Electronic Privacy Information Center
Humanitarian Law Project
Democratic Party
History
Second Party System
Third Party System
Fourth Party System
Fifth Party System
Sixth Party System
National
conventions
presidential
tickets
and
presidential
primaries
1828 (None)
Jackson
Calhoun
1832 (Baltimore)
Jackson
Van Buren
1835 (Baltimore)
Van Buren
R. Johnson
1840 (Baltimore)
Van Buren
/None
1844 (Baltimore)
Polk
Dallas
1848 (Baltimore)
Cass
Butler
1852 (Baltimore)
Pierce
King
1856 (Cincinnati)
Buchanan
Breckinridge
1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)
Douglas
H. Johnson
(North),
Breckinridge
Lane
(South)
1864 (Chicago)
McClellan
Pendleton
1868 (New York)
Seymour
Blair
1872 (Baltimore)
Greeley
Brown
(endorsement)
1876 (St. Louis)
Tilden
Hendricks
1880 (Cincinnati)
Hancock
1884 (Chicago)
Cleveland
Hendricks
1888 (St. Louis)
Cleveland
Thurman
1892 (Chicago)
Cleveland
Stevenson I
1896 (Chicago)
W. Bryan
Sewall
1900 (Kansas City)
W. Bryan
Stevenson I
1904 (St. Louis)
Parker
H. Davis
1908 (Denver)
W. Bryan
Kern
1912 (Baltimore)
Wilson
Marshall
primaries
1916 (St. Louis)
Wilson
Marshall
primaries
1920 (San Francisco)
Cox
Roosevelt
primaries
1924 (New York)
J. Davis
C. Bryan
primaries
1928 (Houston)
Smith
Robinson
primaries
1932 (Chicago)
Roosevelt
Garner
primaries
1936 (Philadelphia)
Roosevelt
Garner
primaries
1940 (Chicago)
Roosevelt
Wallace
primaries
1944 (Chicago)
Roosevelt
Truman
primaries
1948 (Philadelphia)
Truman
Barkley
primaries
1952 (Chicago)
Stevenson II
Sparkman
primaries
1956 (Chicago)
Stevenson II
Kefauver
primaries
1960 (Los Angeles)
Kennedy
L. Johnson
primaries
1964 (Atlantic City)
L. Johnson
Humphrey
primaries
1968 (Chicago)
Humphrey
Muskie
primaries
1972 (Miami Beach)
McGovern
/(
Eagleton
Shriver
primaries
1976 (New York)
Carter
Mondale
primaries
1980 (New York)
Carter
Mondale
primaries
1984 (San Francisco)
Mondale
Ferraro
primaries
1988 (Atlanta)
Dukakis
Bentsen
primaries
1992 (New York)
B. Clinton
Gore
primaries
1996 (Chicago)
B. Clinton
Gore
primaries
2000 (Los Angeles)
Gore
Lieberman
primaries
2004 (Boston)
Kerry
Edwards
primaries
2008 (Denver)
Obama
Biden
primaries
2012 (Charlotte)
Obama
Biden
primaries
2016 (Philadelphia)
H. Clinton
Kaine
primaries
2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)
Biden
Harris
primaries
2024 (Chicago)
Harris
Walz
primaries
Presidential
administrations
Jackson
(1829–1837)
Van Buren
(1837–1841)
Polk
(1845–1849)
Pierce
(1853–1857)
Buchanan
(1857–1861)
A. Johnson
(1865–1869)
Cleveland (
1885–1889
1893–1897
Wilson
(1913–1921)
Roosevelt (
1933–1941
1941–1945
Truman
(1945–1953)
Kennedy
(1961–1963)
L. B. Johnson
(1963–1969)
Carter
(1977–1981)
Clinton
(1993–2001)
Obama
(2009–2017)
Biden
(2021–2025)
U.S. House
leaders
Speakers
and
Caucus
chairs
A. Stevenson
(1827–1834)
Bell
(1834–1835)
Polk
(1835–1839)
J. W. Jones
(1843–1845)
Davis
(1845–1847)
Cobb
(1849–1851)
Boyd
(1851–1855)
G. W. Jones
(1855–1857)
Orr
(1857–1859)
Houston
(1859–1861)
Niblack
Randall
(1869–1871)
Niblack
(1873–1875)
Kerr
(1875–1876)
Randall
(1876–1881)
Carlisle
(1883–1889)
Holman
(1889–1891)
Crisp
(1891–1895)
D. B. Culberson
(1895–1897)
Richardson
(1897–1903)
Williams
(1903–1909)
Clark
(1909–1921)
Kitchin
(1921–1923)
Garrett
(1923–1929)
Garner
(1929–1933)
Rainey
(1933–1934)
Byrns
(1935–1936)
Bankhead
(1936–1940)
Rayburn
(1940–1961)
McCormack
(1962–1971)
Albert
(1971–1977)
O'Neill
(1977–1987)
Wright
(1987–1989)
Foley
(1989–1995)
Gephardt
(1995–2003)
Pelosi
(2003–2023)
Jeffries
(2023–present)
U.S. Senate
leaders
and
Caucus
chairs
J. W. Stevenson
(1873–1877)
Wallace
(1877–1881)
Pendleton
(1881–1885)
Beck
(1885–1890)
Gorman
(1890–1898)
Turpie
(1898–1899)
J. K. Jones
(1899–1903)
Gorman
(1903–1906)
Blackburn
(1906–1907)
C. A. Culberson
(1907–1909)
Money
(1909–1911)
Martin
(1911–1913)
Kern
(1913–1917)
Martin
(1917–1919)
Hitchcock
(1919–1920)
Underwood
(1920–1923)
Robinson
(1923–1937)
Barkley
(1937–1949)
Lucas
(1949–1951)
McFarland
(1951–1953)
Johnson
(1953–1961)
Mansfield
(1961–1977)
Byrd
(1977–1989)
Mitchell
(1989–1995)
Daschle
(1995–2005)
Reid
(2005–2017)
Schumer
(2017–present)
Chairs
of
the
DNC
Hallett
McLane
Smalley
Belmont
Schell
Hewitt
Barnum
Brice
Harrity
Jones
Taggart
Mack
McCombs
McCormick
Cummings
G. White
Hull
Shaver
Raskob
Farley
Flynn
Walker
Hannegan
McGrath
Boyle
McKinney
Mitchell
Butler
Jackson
Bailey
O'Brien
Harris
O'Brien
Westwood
Strauss
Curtis
J. White
Manatt
Kirk
Brown
Wilhelm
DeLee
Dodd
Fowler
Romer
Grossman
Rendell
Andrew
McAuliffe
Dean
Kaine
Wasserman Schultz
Perez
Harrison
Martin
Parties
by
state and
territory
Alabama
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Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
Mississippi
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New Mexico
New York
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North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party
Ohio
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Texas
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Virginia
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