Kapampangan language - Wikipedia

Kapampangan language - Wikipedia
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Pampanga language
Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines
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Kapampangan
Pampangan
Capampáñgan
Amánung Kapangpángan
Amánung Sísuan
Kapangpángan
written in
Kulitan
, the language's indigenous writing system
Pronunciation
[kəːpəmˈpaːŋən]
Native to
Philippines
Region
Central Luzon
(entirety of
Pampanga
, southern
Tarlac
, northeastern
Bataan
, western
Bulacan
, southwestern
Nueva Ecija
, southeastern parts of
Zambales
Ethnicity
Kapampangan
Native speakers
2.8 million (2010)
needs update
7th most spoken native language in the Philippines
Language family
Austronesian
Malayo-Polynesian
Philippine
Central Luzon
Kapampangan
Writing system
Latin
Kapampangan alphabet
Kulitan
Official status
Official language in
Angeles City
Recognised minority
language in
Regional language
of the
Philippines
Regulated by
Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2
pam
ISO 639-3
pam
Glottolog
pamp1243
Areas where Kapampangan is spoken in the Philippines
This article contains
IPA
phonetic symbols.
Without proper
rendering support
, you may see
question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of
Unicode
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
Help:IPA
This article contains
Indic text
Without proper
rendering support
, you may see boxes or letters that did not properly join into syllables instead of Indic text.
Kapampangan
Capampáñgan
, or
Pampangan
, is an
Austronesian language
, and one of the eight major
languages of the Philippines
. It is the primary and predominant language of the entire province of
Pampanga
and southern
Tarlac
, on the southern part of
Luzon
's central plains geographic region, where the
Kapampangan
ethnic group resides. Kapampangan is also spoken in northeastern
Bataan
, as well as in the provinces of
Bulacan
Nueva Ecija
, and
Zambales
that border Pampanga. It is further spoken as a second language by a few
Aeta
groups in the southern part of Central Luzon.
The language is known honorifically as
Amánung Sísuan
('breastfed, or nurtured, language').
Kapampangan is assigned the
ISO 639-2
three-letter code
pam
, but not an
ISO 639-1
two-letter code.
Classification
edit
Kapampangan is one of the
Central Luzon languages
of the
Austronesian language family
. Its closest relatives are the
Sambalic languages
of
Zambales
province and the
Bolinao language
spoken in the towns of
Bolinao
and
Anda
in
Pangasinan
. These languages share the same
reflex
/j/
of the proto-Malayo-Polynesian *R.
History
edit
Kapampangan
is derived from the root word
pampáng
('riverbank'). The language was historically spoken in the
Kingdom of Tondo
, ruled by the
Lakans
Title page of
Daclat Cayanacan
, a poetic work in Kapampangan written by
Aurelio Tolentino
, posthumously published in 1921
A number of Kapampangan dictionaries and grammar books were written during the
Spanish colonial period
Diego Bergaño
pam
wrote two 18th-century books about the language:
Arte de la lengua Pampanga
(first published in 1729)
and
Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga
(first published in 1732).
10
Kapampangan produced two 19th-century literary giants;
Anselmo Fajardo
pam
tl
was noted for
Gonzalo de Córdova
and
Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada
, and playwright
Juan Crisóstomo Soto
pam
tl
nl
wrote
Alang Dios
in 1901. "Crissotan" was written by
Amado Yuzon
, Soto's 1950s contemporary and
Nobel Prize
nominee for peace and literature,
citation needed
to immortalize his contribution to Kapampangan literature.
Aurelio Tolentino
is also considered a pioneer of writing literature in the Kapampangan language, alongside Juan Crisostomo Soto, during the late Spanish and American rule.
11
12
Tolentino, having been in and out of prison between 1896 to 1907 due to him being a
Katipunero
and political writings, is remembered as one of the first nationalist dramatist of the Philippines.
12
Some of his significant works include his
Ing Buac Ning Ester
, a novel published in three parts published from 1911 to 1915, and his
Napun, Ngeni at Bukas
. These works were later translated to
Tagalog
12
Geographic distribution
edit
Kapampangan is predominantly spoken in the province of
Pampanga
and southern
Tarlac
Bamban
Capas
Concepcion
San Jose
Gerona
La Paz
Victoria
and
Tarlac City
). It is also spoken in border communities of the provinces of
Bataan
Dinalupihan
Hermosa
and
Orani
),
Bulacan
Baliuag
San Miguel
San Rafael
San Ildefonso
Hagonoy
Plaridel
Pulilan
and
Calumpit
),
Nueva Ecija
Cabiao
San Antonio
San Isidro
Gapan
and
Cabanatuan
) and
Zambales
Olongapo City
and
Subic
).
The language has also speakers outside Central Luzon, particularly in nearby
Metro Manila
and as far as
Palawan
and
Mindanao
. In Mindanao, a significant Kapampangan-speaking minority also exists in
Cagayan de Oro
Davao City
South Cotabato
(specifically in
General Santos
and the municipalities of
Polomolok
and
Tupi
) and
Sultan Kudarat
(specifically in
Isulan
). Other areas outside Central Luzon w/ Kapampangan speakers are
Ilocos Region
and
Cagayan Valley
, with largest concentrations in
Pangasinan
Cagayan
, and
Isabela
According to the 2000 Philippine census, 2,312,870 people (out of the total population of 76,332,470) spoke Kapampangan as their native language. As of 2020, the language is ranked to be the eighth leading language spoken at home in the Philippines with only 639,687 households still speaking the language.
13
Phonology
edit
Standard Kapampangan has 21
phonemes
: 15
consonants
and five
vowels
; some western dialects have six vowels. Syllabic structure is relatively simple; each syllable contains at least one consonant and a vowel.
Vowels
edit
Standard Kapampangan has five vowel phonemes:
/ə/
, a
close back unrounded vowel
when unstressed; allophonic with
/aː/
, an
open front unrounded vowel
similar to English
ther
when stressed
/ɛ/
, an
open-mid front unrounded vowel
similar to English
/i/
, a
close front unrounded vowel
similar to English
mach
ne
/o/
, a
close-mid back rounded vowel
similar to English
rty
/u/
, a
close back rounded vowel
similar to English
fl
te
There are four main
diphthongs
/aɪ/
/oɪ/
/aʊ/
, and
/iʊ/
. In most dialects (including standard Kapampangan),
/aɪ/
and
/aʊ/
are reduced to
/ɛ/
and
/o/
respectively.
Monophthongs have
allophones
in unstressed and syllable-final positions:
/a/
becomes
[ə]
in all unstressed positions.
Unstressed
/i
u/
is usually pronounced
[ɪ
ʊ]
, as in English
and
oo
respectively (except final syllables).
In final syllables
/i/
can be pronounced
[ɛ,
i]
, and
/u/
can be pronounced
[o,
u]
deni/reni
('these') can be pronounced
[ˈdɛnɛ]
[ˈɾɛnɛ]
or
[ˈdɛni]
[ˈɾɛni]
seli
('bought') can be pronounced
[ˈsɛlɛ]
or
[ˈsɛli]
kekami
('to us' [except you]) can be pronounced
[kɛkəˈmɛ]
or
[kɛkəˈmi]
suerti
can be pronounced
[ˈswɛɾtɛ]
or
[ˈswɛɾti]
sisilim
('dusk') can be pronounced
[sɪˈsilɛm]
or
[sɪˈsilim]
kanu
('he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly') can be pronounced
[kaˈno]
or
[kaˈnu]
libru
('book') can be pronounced
[libˈɾo]
or
[libˈɾu]
ninu
('who') can be pronounced
[ˈnino]
or
[ˈninu]
kaku
('to me') can be pronounced
[ˈkako]
or
[ˈkaku]
, and
kámaru
('cricket') can be pronounced
[ˈkaːməɾu]
or
[ˈkaːməɾo]
Unstressed
/e,
o/
are usually pronounced
[ɪ,
ʊ]
, respectively (except final syllables).
Consonants
edit
In the chart of Kapampangan consonants, all stops are unaspirated. The
velar nasal
occurs in all positions, including the beginning of a word. Unlike other languages of the Philippines but similar to
Ilocano
, Kapampangan uses /h/ only in words of foreign origin.
Bilabial
Dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
Stop
voiceless
tʃ
voiced
dʒ
Fricative
Tap
Trill
Approximant
/k/
tends to
lenite
to
[x]
between vowels.
[d]
and
[ɾ]
are allophones in Kapampangan, and sometimes interchangeable;
Nukarin la ring libru?
can be
Nukarin la ding libru?
('Where are the books?').
A glottal stop at the end of a word is often omitted in the middle of a sentence and, unlike in most languages of the Philippines, is conspicuously absent word-internally; hence, Batiáuan's dropping of
semivowels
from its very name. The vowel it follows is then lengthened.
Stress
edit
Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress, except when stress occurs at the end of a word. Stress shift can occur, shifting to the right or left to differentiate between nominal or verbal use (as in the following examples):
14
dápat
('should, ought to') →
dapát
('deed, concern, business')
dapúg
('gather, burn trash') →
dápug
('trash pile')
Stress shift can also occur when one word is derived from another through affixation; again, stress can shift to the right or the left:
14
ábe
abáyan
('company')
láso
lasáwan
('melt, digest')
Sound changes
edit
In Kapampangan, the
proto-Philippine
schwa
vowel
*ə
merged to
/a/
in most dialects of Kapampangan; it is preserved in some western dialects. Proto-Philippine
*tanəm
is
tanam
('to plant') in Kapampangan, compared with
Tagalog
tanim
Cebuano
tanom
and
Ilocano
tanem
('grave').
Proto-Philippine
*R
merged with
/j/
. The Kapampangan word for 'new' is
bayu
; it is
bago
in Tagalog,
baro
in Ilocano, and
baru
in Indonesian.
Grammar
edit
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does not
cite
any
sources
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Kapampangan is a VSO or
Verb-Subject-Object
language. However, the word order can be very flexible and change to VOS (
Verb-Object-Subject
) and SVO (
Subject-Verb-Object
). Just like other Austronesian languages, Kapampangan is also an
agglutinative
language where new words are formed by adding affixes onto a root word (affixation) and the repetition of words, or portions of words (reduplication), (for example:
anak
('child') to
ának-ának
('children')). Root words are frequently derived from other words by means of prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. (For example:
kan
('food') to
kanan
('to eat') to '
kakanan
('eating') to
kakananan
('being eaten')).
Kapampangan can form long words through extensive use of affixes, for example:
Mikakapapagbabalabalangingiananangananan
, 'a group of people having their noses bleed at the same time',
Mikakapapagsisiluguranan
, 'everyone loves each other',
Makapagkapampangan
, 'can speak Kapampangan', and
Mengapangaibuganan
, 'until to fall in love'. Long words frequently occur in normal Kapampangan.
Nouns
edit
Kapampangan nouns are not
inflected
, but are usually preceded by case
markers
. There are three types of case markers:
absolutive
nominative
),
ergative
genitive
), and
oblique
Unlike
and
Spanish
(which are
nominative–accusative languages
) and
Inuit
and
Basque
(which are
ergative–absolutive languages
), Kapampangan has
Austronesian alignment
(in common with most Philippine languages). Austronesian alignment may work with nominative (and absolutive) or ergative (and absolutive) markers and pronouns.
Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb. Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession. Oblique markers, similar to prepositions in English, mark (for example) location and direction. Noun markers are divided into two classes: names of people (personal) and everything else (common).
Case markers
Absolutive
Ergative
Oblique
Common singular
ing
-ng
ning
king
Common plural
ding
ring
ring
karing
Personal singular
i(y)
-ng
kang
Personal plural
di
ri
ri
kari
Examples:
Dintang ya ing lalaki.
('The man arrived.')
Ikit neng Juan i(y) Maria.
('Juan saw Maria.')
Munta ya i(y) Elena ampo i(y) Robertu king bale nang Miguel.
('Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house.')
Nukarin la ring libro?
('Where are the books?')
Ibiye ke ing susi kang Carmen.
('I will give the key to Carmen.')
Pronouns
edit
Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.
Absolutive (independent)
Absolutive (enclitic)
Ergative
Oblique
1st person singular
yaku
i(y) aku
aku
ku
ku
kanaku
kaku
1st person dual
ikata
kata
ta
ta
kekata
1st person plural inclusive
ikatamu
itamu
katamu
tamu
tamu
ta
kekatamu
kekata
1st person plural exclusive
ikami
ike
kami
ke
mi
kekami
keke
2nd person singular
ika
ka
mu
keka
2nd person plural
ikayu
iko
kayu
ko
yu
kekayu
keko
3rd person singular
iya
ya
ya
na
keya
kaya
3rd person plural
ila
la
da
ra
karela
Examples
edit
Sinulat ku.
('I wrote.')
Silatanan ke.
('I wrote to him.')
Silatanan na ku
('He [or she] wrote me.')
Dintang ya
('He [or she] has arrived.') Note:
Dintang ya
'He arrived (or arrives)';
Dintang ne
'He has arrived.'
Sabian me kaku
('Tell it to me.')
Ninu ia ing minaus keka?
('Who called you?')
Mamasa la
('They are reading.')
Mamangan la ring babi?
('They eat pigs too?')
Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can replace the genitive pronoun, but precede the word they modify.
Ing bale ku
Ing kakung bale
Ing kanakung bale
('my house')
The dual pronoun
ikata
and the inclusive pronoun
ikatamu
refer to the first and second person. The exclusive pronoun
ikamí
refers to the first and third persons.
Ala katang nasi.
('We [dual] do not have rice.')
Ala tamung nasi.
('We [inclusive] do not have rice.')
Ala keng nasi.
Ala kaming nasi.
('We [exclusive] do not have rice.')
Kapampangan differs from many
Philippine languages
in requiring the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the
grammatical antecedent
, is present.
Dintang ya i(y) Erning
(not
dintang i(y) Erning
; 'Ernie arrived').
Mamasa la ri Maria at Juan
(not
mamasa ri Maria at Juan
; 'Maria and Juan are reading').
Silatanan na kang José
(not
silatanan kang José
; 'José wrote you').
Special forms
edit
The pronouns
ya
and
la
have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words
ati
('there is/are') and
ala
('there is/are not').
Ati yu king Pampanga
('He is in Pampanga').
Ala lu ring doktor keni
Ala lu ding doktor keni
('The doctors are no longer here').
Both
ati yu
and
ati ya
are correct. The plural form ('they are') is
atilu
and
atila
. Both
ala la
and
ala lu
are correct in the plural form. The singular forms are
ala ya
and
ala yu
Pronoun combinations
edit
Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order after verbs (or particles, such as negation words). The
enclitic
pronoun is always followed by another pronoun (or
discourse marker
Ikit da ka
('I saw you').
Silatanan na ku
('He wrote to me').
Pronouns also combine to form a
portmanteau
pronoun:
Ikit ke
('I saw her').
Dinan kong kwalta
('I will give them money').
Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and with the word
naman
Akakit me?
('Do you see him?')
Buri nya naman yan
buri ne murin yan
('He likes that, too').
In the following chart, blank entries denote combinations which are deemed impossible. Column headings denote pronouns in the absolutive case, and the row headings denote the
ergative case
Pronoun order and forms
yaku
(1 sing.)
ika
(2 sing.)
ya
(3 sing.)
ikata
(1 dual)
ikatamu
(1
incl.
ikami
(1 exclusive)
ikayo
(2 plural)
ila
(3 plural)
ku
(1 sing)
ing sarili ku
da ka
ra ka
ke
keya
da ko
ra ko
da kayu
ra kayu
ko
ku la
mu
(2 sing)
mu ku
ing sarili mu
me
mya
mu ke
mu kami
mo
mu la
na
(3 sing)
na ku
na ka
ne
nya
ing sarili na
na kata
na katamu
na ke
na kami
na ko
na kayu
no
nu la
ta
(1 dual)
te
tya
ing sarili ta
to
ta la
tamu
(1p inc)
ta ya
ing sarili tamu
ta la
mi
(1p exc)
da ka
ra ka
mi ya
ing sarili mi
da ko
ra ko
da kayu
ra kayu
mi la
yu
(2 p)
yu ku
ye
ya
yu ke
yu kami
ing sarili yu
yo
yu la
da
(3 p)
da ku
ra ku
da ka
ra ka
de
re
dya
da kata
ra kata
da katamu
ra katamu
da ke
ra ke
da kami
ra kami
da ko
ra ko
da kayu
ra kayu
do
ro
da la
ra la
ing sarili da
Demonstrative pronouns
edit
Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns differ from other Philippine languages by having separate forms for singular and plural.
Demonstrative pronouns
Absolutive
Ergative
Oblique
Locative
Existential
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nearest to speaker
(this, here)
ini
deni
reni
nini
dareni
kanini
kareni
oini
oreni
keni
Near speaker & addressee
(this, here)
iti
deti
reti
niti
dareti
kaniti
kareti
oiti
oreti
keti
Nearest addressee
(that, there)
iyan
den
ren
nian
daren
kanian
karen
oian
oren
ken
Remote
(yon, yonder)
ita
deta
reta
nita
dareta
kanita
kareta
oita
oreta
keta
The demonstrative pronouns
ini
and
iti
(and their respective forms) both mean 'this', but each has distinct uses.
Iti
usually refers to something abstract, but may also refer to concrete nouns:
iting musika
('this music'),
iti ing gagawan mi
('this is what we do').
Ini
is always concrete:
ining libru
('this book'),
ini ing asu nang Juan
('this is Juan's dog').
In their locative forms,
keni
is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of;
keti
is used when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. Two people in the same country will refer to their country as
keti
, but will refer to their respective towns as
keni
; both mean 'here'.
The plural forms of a demonstrative pronoun and its existential form (for the nearest addressee) are exceptions. The plural of
iyan
is
den/ren
; the plural of
niyan
is
daren
; the plural of
kanyan
is
karen
, and the plural of
oian
is
oren
. The existential form of
ian
is
ken
Nanu ini?
('What's this?')
Mangabanglu la rening sampaga
Mangabanglu la dening sampaga
('These flowers smell nice').
Ninu ia ing lalaking ita?
('Who is that man?')
Me keni
Ume ka keni
('Come here').
Ati ku keti
ati yu ku keni
atyu ku keni
('I am here').
Mangan la keta
('They will eat there').
Ninu ia ing anak a ian?
('Who is that child?')
Oita ya pala ing salamin mu!
('So that's where your glasses are!')
E ku pa menakit makanian/makanini
('I haven't seen one of these before').
Maniaman la ren/Maniaman la den
('Those are delicious').
Aini/Areni/Oreni la reng adwang regalo para keka
('Here are the two gifts for you').
Buri daka!
('I like you!')
Kaluguran daka!
('I love you!')
Mangan Tana!
('Let's eat!')
Edaka buring mawala!
('I don't want to lose you!')
Verbs
edit
Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex, and take a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect and mode. The language has
Austronesian alignment
, and the verbs change according to triggers in the sentence (better known as voices). Kapampangan has five voices: agent, patient, goal, locative, and cirumstantial. The circumstantial voice prefix is used for instrument and benefactee subjects.
The
direct case
morphemes in Kapampangan are
ing
(which marks singular subjects) and
reng
, for plural subjects. Non-subject agents are marked with the ergative-case
ning
; non-subject patients are marked with the accusative-case
-ng
, which is
cliticized
onto the preceding word.
15
DIR:direct case morpheme
CT:cirumstantial trigger
(1)
Agent trigger (or voice)
S‹um›ulat
AT
›will.write
yang
ya
=ng
3SG
DIR
ACC
poesia
poem
ing
DIR
lalaki
boy
gamit
OBL
pen
pen
king
OBL
papil.
paper
S‹um›ulat yang poesia
ing
lalaki
gamit pen king papil.
{}
ya
=ng {} {} {} {} {} {} {}
‹AT›will.write 3SG.DIR=ACC poem DIR boy OBL pen OBL paper
"The boy will write a poem with a pen on the paper."
(2)
Patient trigger
I-sulat
PT
-will.write
ne
na+
ya
3SG
ERG
3SG
DIR
ning
ERG
lalaki
boy
ing
DIR
poesia
poem
king
OBL
mestra.
teacher.
I-sulat ne ning lalaki
ing
poesia
king mestra.
{} na+
ya
{} {} {} {} {} {}
PT-will.write 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR poem OBL teacher.F
"The boy will write the poem to the teacher"
or "The poem will be written by the boy to the teacher."
(3)
Goal trigger
Sulat-anan
will.write-
GT
ne
na+
ya
3SG
ERG
3SG
DIR
ning
ERG
lalaki
boy
ing
DIR
mestro
teacher.
Sulat-anan ne ning lalaki
ing
mestro
{} na+
ya
{} {} {} {}
will.write-GT 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR teacher.M
"The boy will write to the teacher"
or "The teacher will be written to by the boy."
(4)
Locative trigger
Pi-sulat-an
LT
-will.write-
LT
neng
na+
ya
=ng
3SG
ERG
3SG
DIR
ACC
poesia
poem
ning
ERG
lalaki
boy
ing
DIR
blackboard
blackboard
Pi-sulat-an neng poesia ning lalaki
ing
blackboard
{} na+
ya
=ng {} {} {} {} {}
LT-will.write-LT 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR blackboard
"The boy will write a poem on the blackboard"
or "The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy."
(5) a.
Circumstantial trigger (with instrument subject)
Panyulat
paN-sulat
CT
-will.write
neng
na+
ya
=ng
3SG
ERG
3SG
DIR
ACC
poesia
poem
ning
ERG
lalaki
boy
ing
DIR
pen
pen
Panyulat neng poesia ning lalaki
ing
pen
paN-sulat na+
ya
=ng {} {} {} {} {}
CT-will.write 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR pen
"The boy will write a poem with the pen"
or "The pen will be written a poem with by the boy."
(5) b.
Circumstantial trigger (with benefactee subject)
Pamasa
paN-basa
CT
-will.read
nong
na+
la
=ng
3SG
ERG
3PL
DIR
ACC
libru
book
ning
ERG
babai
woman
reng
PL
DIR
anak
child
Pamasa nong libru ning babai
reng
anak
paN-basa na+
la
=ng {} {} {} {} {}
CT-will.read 3SG.ERG+3PL.DIR=ACC book ERG woman PL.DIR child
"The woman will read a book for the children"
or "The children will be read a book by the woman."
Ambiguities and irregularities
edit
Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs difficult because some verbs belong to unpredictable verb classes and some verb forms are ambiguous. The root word
sulat
('write') exists in Tagalog and Kapampangan:
Susulat
means 'is writing' in Kapampangan and 'will write' in Tagalog.
Sumulat
means 'will write' in Kapampangan and 'wrote' in Tagalog. It is the infinitive in both languages.
Sinulat
means 'wrote' in both languages. In Kapampangan, it is in the actor focus (with long i:
[ˌsi:ˈnu:lat]
) or object focus (with short i:
[siˈnu:lat]
), and object focus only in Tagalog.
The object-focus suffix
-an
represents two focuses; the only difference is that one conjugation preserves
-an
in the completed aspect, and it is dropped in the other conjugation:
Bayaran
('to pay someone'):
bayaran
('will pay someone'),
babayaran
('is paying someone'),
beyaran
('paid someone')
Bayaran
('to pay for something'):
bayaran
('will pay for something'),
babayaran
('is paying for something'),
binayad
('paid for something')
Other Philippine languages have separate forms; Tagalog has
-in
and
-an
Bikol
and most of the
Visayan languages
have
-on
and
-an
, and
Ilokano
has
-en
and
-an
due to historical sound changes in the proto-Philippine /*e/.
A number of actor-focus verbs do not use the infix
-um-
, but are usually conjugated like other verbs which do (for example,
gawa
('to do'),
bulus
('to immerse'),
terak
('to dance'),
lukas
('to take off'),
sindi
('to smoke'),
saklu
('to fetch'),
takbang
('to step') and
tuki
('to accompany'). Many of these verbs undergo a change of vowel instead of taking the infix
-in-
(completed aspect). In the actor focus (
-um-
verbs), this happens only to verbs with the vowel
/u/
in the first syllable;
lukas
('to take off') is conjugated
lukas
('will take off'),
lulukas
('is taking off'), and
likas
('took off').
This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to
/u/
becoming
/i/
/a/
becomes
/e/
in certain cases (for example,
dela
['brought something'],
semal
['worked on something'] and
seli
['bought']).
There is no written distinction between the two
mag-
affixes;
magsalita
may mean 'is speaking' or 'will speak', but there is an audible difference.
[mɐɡsaliˈtaʔ]
means 'will speak' while
[ˌmaːɡsaliˈtaʔ]
means 'is speaking'.
Conjugation chart
Infinitive &
contemplative
Progressive
Completed
Actor focus
-um-
CV-
-ín-
Actor focus
CV-
-in-
-i-
Actor focus
m-
mVm-
min-
me- mi-
Actor focus
mag-
mág-
mig-, meg-
Actor focus
ma-
má-
me-
Actor focus
maN-
máN-
meN-
Object focus
-an
CV- ... -an
-in-
-i-
-e-
Object focus
Benefactive focus
i-
iCV-
i- -in-
i- -i-
i- -e-
Object focus
Locative focus
-an
CV- ... -an
-in- ... -an
-i- ... -an
-e- ... -an
Instrument focus
ipaN-
páN-
piN-, peN
Reason focus
ka-
ká-
ke-
Enclitics
edit
warî
: optionally used in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions, similar to Tagalog
ba
but not entirely
ká
: optionally used in yes–no questions to elicit someone's opinion or intent, similar to Malay
-kah
and Indonesian
-kah
but not entirely
yá
: optionally used in yes–no questions to seek someone and/or other's perspective or condition
kayá
kaná
: expresses wonder; I wonder; perhaps; how about; also optionally used in yes-and-no questions and other types of questions
yatá
(contracted as/informal:
atá
): expresses uncertainty; probably, perhaps, seems
agyaman
man
: even, even if, even though
mo
: even, even if, even though, and, also, too
nung
: conditional particle expressing an unexpected event; if
kanu
: reporting (hearsay) particle indicating that the information is second-hand; he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly
din
rin
: inclusive particle which adds something to what was said before; also, too
iká
sana
sa
: expresses hope or an unrealized condition (with verb in completed aspect); also used in conditional aspect
itá
: expresses uncertainty or an unrealized idea; perhaps, probably, seems
mu
: limiting particle; only, just
na
pa
na
: now, already, yet, anymore
pa
: still, else
namán
: used in making contrasts and to soften requests and emphasis
kasi
: expresses cause; because, because of,
pin
: used in affirmations or emphasis and to soften imperatives; indeed
palá
: realization particle, indicating that the speaker has realized (or suddenly remembered) something
pu
opu
: politeness particle
Examples:
Mangabayatan ka?
: 'Is it heavy?'
Tsa kaya?
: 'How about tea?'
Swerti kanu iti kanaku
: 'I was told that it is lucky.'
Edukado ya rin ing nobyu mu
Edukado ya din ing nobyu mu
: 'Your boyfriend is also educated.'
Existence and possession
edit
To express existence (there is, there are) and possession (to have), the word
atí
is used:
Atí la namang konsyensya
: They also have a conscience.
Negation
edit
Kapampangan has two negation words:
alí
and
alá
Alí
negates verbs and equations, and means 'no' or 'not':
Alí ya sinali.
('He did not buy.')
Alá
is the opposite of
atí
clarification needed
Alá na mo kanung lugud.
('They say that there is no more love.')
is sometimes used instead of
alí
E ke seli.
('I did not buy it.')
Interrogative words
edit
Komustá
is used to ask how something is. Frequently used as a greeting ('How are you?'), it is derived from the Spanish
¿cómo está?
Komustá na ka?
('How are you?')
Komustá ya ing pasyenti?
('How is the patient?')
Nanu
means 'what':
Nanu ya ing gagawan mu?
('What are you doing?')
Ninu
means 'who':
Ninu la reng lalaki?
or
Ninu la deng lalaki?
('Who are those men?')
Ninu i(y) Jennifer?
('Who is Jennifer?')
Nukarin
, meaning 'where', is used to ask about the location of an object and not used with verbs:
Nukarin ya ing drayber/mag-manewu?
('Where is the driver?'
Drayber
is the Kapampangan phonetic spelling of English
driver
).
Nukarin ya i(y) Henry?
('Where is Henry?')
Obakit
means 'why':
Obakit ati ka keni?
('Why are you here?')
Obakit ala ka king bale yu?
('Why are you not in your house?')
Kaninu
means 'whose' or 'whom':
Kaninu me ibiye iyan?
('To whom will you give that?')
Kaninung kalikubak ini?
('Whose dandruff is this?')
Pilan
means 'how many':
Pilan a kapaya?
('How many papayas?')
Pilan kayung magkaputul?
('How many children did your mother birth?')
Kapilan
means 'when':
Kapilan ya ing pista?
('When is the fiesta?')
Kapilan kebaitan mu?
('When is your birthday?')
Makananu
means 'how':
Makananu iti gawan?
('How do you do this?')
Makananu maging produktibung miyembru na ning lipunan?
('How do you become a productive member of the society?')
Magkanu
means 'how much':
Magkanu ya ing metung a tinape?
('How much is one bread?')
Magkanu la ring milktea, burger at fries?
('How much are the milktea, burger and fries?')
Nuanti
means 'to what degree':
Nuanti ka kalagu?
('How beautiful are you?', literally 'To what degree are you beautiful?')
Nuanti karakal ya ing seli yu?
('How many did you buy?', literally 'To what amount did you buy?')
Isanu/Isnanu
means 'which':
Isanu deti ya ing bisa ka?
('Which of these do you want?')
Isanu karela ya ing pilian mu?
('Who do you choose among them?')
Lexicon
edit
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does not
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any
sources
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Kapampangan borrowed many words from
Chinese
(particularly
Cantonese
and
Hokkien
), such as:
Ápû
, '(paternal) grandmother', from
阿婆
Bápa
, 'uncle', from
爸伯
Ditsí
, '2nd eldest sister', from
二姊
Díko
, '2nd eldest brother', from
二哥
Dízon
, '2nd eldest grandson' (a surname), from
二孫
Gózun, Gózon
, '5th eldest grandson' (a surname), from
五孫
Lácson
, '6th eldest grandson' (a surname), from
六孫
Pekson
, '8th eldest grandson' (a surname), from
八孫
Quezon,
'strongest grandson' (a surname), from
雞孫
16
17
Impû
, '(maternal) grandmother', from
外婆
Ingkung
, '(maternal) grandfather', from
外公
Atsi
, 'eldest sister', from
阿姐
Kóya
, 'eldest brother',
哥仔
Sanko
, '3rd eldest brother', from
三哥
Satsi
, '3rd eldest sister', from
三姊
Sámson
, '3rd eldest grandson' (a surname), from
三孫
Sese
, 'pet, to look after, thank you' (name), from
謝謝
Síson
, '4th eldest grandson' (a surname), from
四孫
Sitson
, '7th eldest grandson' (a surname), from
七孫
Susi
, 'key', from
鎖匙
Sitsí
, '4th eldest sister', from
四姊
Síko
, '4th eldest brother', from
四哥
Tuázon
, 'eldest grandson' (a surname), from
太孫
Pansit
, 'noodles' (literally 'instant meal'), from
便食
Buisit
, 'bad luck' (literally 'without clothes and food'), from
無衣食
Tiâ
, 'tea', from
Laggiû
, 'name', from
你叫
Buan
,'full, satisfied' (a surname), from
Pétsai
, 'Chinese lettuce', from
白菜
Gintu
, 'Gold' (a surname), from
金條
Lumpiâ
, 'spring roll', from
潤餅
Bátsuî
, Kapampangan soup, from
肉水
Tawû
, 'tofu' (a snack), from
豆花
Tóyû
, 'soy sauce', from
豆油
Tansû
, 'copper wire', from
銅索
Bakiâ
, 'wooden clogs', from
木屐
Many Filipino surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are of Chinese origin, Hispanized version of 孫 (
sun
).
18
Due to the influence of Buddhism and Hinduism, Kapampangan also acquired words from
Sanskrit
. A few examples are:
Aláya
, 'home', from the Sanskrit
आलय
alaya
Kalma
, 'fate', from the Sanskrit
कर्म
karma
Damla
, 'divine law', from the Sanskrit
धर्म
dharma
Mantála
, 'magic formulas', from the Sanskrit
मन्त्र
mantra
Upáya
, 'power', from the Sanskrit
उपाय
upaya
Siuálâ
, 'voice', from the Sanskrit
स्वर
svara
Lúpa
, 'face', from the Sanskrit
रुपा
rupa
Sabla
, 'every', from the Sanskrit
सर्व
sarva
Láwû
, 'eclipse/dragon', from the Sanskrit
राहु
rahu
Galúrâ
, 'giant eagle' (a surname, 'phoenix'), from the Sanskrit
गरुड
garuda
Láksina
, 'south' (a surname), from the Sanskrit
दक्षिण
dakshin
Laksamana
, 'admiral' (a surname), from the Sanskrit
लक्ष्मण
lakshmana
Pápâ
'demerit, bad karma' from the Sanskrit
पाप
pāpá
Palâ
'fruit, blessings' from the Sanskrit
फल
phala
The language has also absorbed many Spanish
loanwords
due to the 333 years of presence of the Spaniards in the Kapampangan speaking provinces. Hence, Spanish Days of the Week, Months, and Numbers are used in Kapampangan respectively. Many Spanish expressions, basic nouns, verbs, and phrases are also present in the Language. Such as, ("Kómusta?") from Spanish, "cómo estás" which means 'how are you?'. (this common expression can also be found in other Philippine Languages, such as Tagalog, Bisaya, Hiligaynon, etc. Other examples are:
Aparte, '
aside or apart', from Spanish '
Aparte'
Casafuego,
'matchstick', from Mexican Spanish "
Casa fuego
". '
Fósforro'
which is also Spanish, is also commonly used by the Speakers.
Mariposa
, 'butterfly', from Spanish '
Mariposa
Primeru
, 'first', from Spanish '
Primero
Matsura
, 'ugly', from Spanish '
Mala Hechura
Domingu
, 'sunday', from Spanish '
Domingo
Filipinas
, 'philippines', from Spanish '
Filipinas
Orthography
edit
See also:
Reforms of Kapampangan orthography
Amánung Sísuan
(honorific name for 'mother language' (literally 'nurtured or suckled language') in Kulitan, Kapampangan's indigenous writing system
Kapampangan, like most Philippine languages, uses the Latin alphabet. Before the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, it was written in old Kapampangan writing. Kapampangan is usually written in one of three different writing systems:
sulat Baculud
sulat Wawa
and a hybrid of the two,
Amung Samson
19
The first system (
sulat Baculud
, also known as
tutung Capampangan
or
tutung Kapampangan
in the
sulat Wawa
system) is based on
Spanish orthography
, a feature of which involved the use of the letters ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ to represent the phoneme
/k/
(depending on the vowel sound following the phoneme). ⟨C⟩ was used before
/a/
/o/
and
/u/
ca
co
and
cu
), and ⟨q⟩ was used with ⟨u⟩ before the vowels
/e/
and
/i/
que
qui
). The Spanish-based orthography is primarily associated with literature by authors from Bacolor and the text used on the Kapampangan
Pasion
19
The second system, the
Sulat Wawa
, is an "indigenized" form which preferred ⟨k⟩ over ⟨c⟩ and ⟨q⟩ in representing the phoneme
/k/
. This orthography, based on the
Abakada alphabet
was used by writers from Guagua and rivaled writers from the nearby town of Bacolor.
19
The third system,
Amung Samson
hybrid orthography, intends to resolve the conflict in spelling between proponents of the
sulat Baculud
and
sulat Wawa
. This system was created by former Catholic priest Venancio Samson during the 1970s to translate the Bible into Kapampangan. It resolved conflicts between the use of ⟨q⟩ and ⟨c⟩ (in
sulat Baculud
) and ⟨k⟩ (in
sulat Wawa
) by using ⟨k⟩ before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (instead of [qu]⟩ and using ⟨c⟩ before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ (instead of ⟨k⟩). The system also removed ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ (from Spanish), replacing them with ⟨ly⟩ and ⟨ny⟩.
19
Orthography has been debated by Kapampangan writers, and orthographic styles may vary by writer. The
sulat Wawa
system has become the popular method of writing due to the influence of the Tagalog-based
Filipino language
(the national language) and its
orthography
. The
sulat Wawa
system is used by the Akademyang Kapampangan and the poet Jose Gallardo.
19
Prayers, words and sentences
edit
The
Church of the Pater Noster
in
Jerusalem
, with a Kapampangan version of the Lord's Prayer on the right (in
sulat Baculud
spelling).
Sign of the Cross
Uli ning tanda ning Santa Cruz, karing masamá kekami, ikabus Mu kami, Ginu ming Dios. King lagyu ning +Ibpa, ampon ning Anak, ampon ning Espiritu Santo. Amen.
Apostle’s Creed
Sasalpantaya ku king Dios, Ibpang mayupayang tutu, linalang king banwa't yatu. At kang Hesukristong Anak nang Bugtung a Ginu tamu. Pengagli Ya king upaya ning Banal a Espiritu, mibayit Ya kang Santa Mariang Birhen. Linasa Ya lalam nang upaya nang Poncio Pilato. Mipaku ya king krus, mete Ya't mikutkut. Tinipa Ya karing mete. King katlung aldo, sinubli yang mebie. Pepaitas Ya banua, makalukluk wanan ning Dios Ibpang mayupayang tutu. Ibat karin, magbalik Ya naman keti ban mukum karing mabie ampon mengamate. Sasalpantaya ku king Banal a Espiritu, ang Santa Iglesia Katolika, ang pamisamak ding Santos, ang pangapatauadda ring kasalanan, king pangasubli rang mie ring mete, at king bie alang angga. Amen.
The
Lord's Prayer
Ibpa mi, a atiu banua. Misamban ya ing lagyu Mu. Datang kekami ing kayarian Mu. Mipamintuan ing lub Mu, keti sulip anti banua. Ing kakanan mi king aldo-aldo ibie Mu kekami king aldo ngeni. Ampon ipatawad Mo kekami ring sala mi Keka, anti ing pamamatauad mi karing mikasala kekami. E Mu ke ipaisaul king tuksu, nune ikabus Mu kami karing sablang marok. Amen.
Hail Mary
Bapu, Maria! Mitmu ka king grasya. Ing Ginung Dios atyu keka. Nuan ka karing sablang babayi, at nuan ya pa naman ing bunga ning atian mu, i(y) Jesús. Santa Maria, Indu ning Dios. Ipanalangin mu keng makasalanan, ngeni, ampon king oras ning kamatayan mi. Amen.
Gloria Patri
Ligaya king Ibpa, at ang Anak, at ang Espiritu Santo. Antimo ing sadya nang ligaya ibat king kamumulan, ngeni't kapilan man, mangga man king alang angga. Amen.
Salve Regina
Bapu Reyna, Indung Mamakalulu, bie ampon yumu, manga panaligan mi, Bapu Reyna, ikang ausan mi, ikeng pepalakuan a anak nang Eva; ikang pangisnawan ming malalam, daralung ke manga tatangis keni king karinan ning luwa. Ngamu na Reyna, Patulunan mi, balicdan mu kami karing mata mung mapamakalulu, ampon nung mapupus, pangalako mu queti sulip, pakit me kekami i(y) Hesus, a bungang masampat ning atian mu. O malugud! O mapamakalulu! O Santa Maria Birhen a mayumu! Ipanalangin mu kami, O Santang Indu ning Dios. Ba’keng sukat makinabang karing pengaku nang Hesukristong Ginu tamu.
Numbers:
One –
isa
(used when reciting numbers;
métung
used for counting)
Two –
aduá
Three –
atlú
Four –
ápat
Five –
limá
Six –
ánam
Seven –
pitú
Eight –
ualú
Nine –
s'yám
Ten –
apúlu
Sentences:
My name is John. –
Juan ya ing lagyu ku.
I am here! –
Atyu ku keni!
Ati ku keni!
Where are you? –
Nukarin ka (kanyan)?
I love you. –
Kaluguran daka.
What do you want? –
Nanu ya ing buri mu?
Good morning! -
Mayap a yabak (pu)!
Good afternoon! -
Mayap a gatpanapun (pu)!
Good evening! -
Mayap a bengi (pu)!
I will go home. –
Muli ku.
They don't want to eat. –
Ali la bisang mangan.
He bought rice. –
Sinali yang nasi.
She likes that. –
Buri ne ita.
May I go out? –
Malyari ku waring lumwal?
I can't sleep. –
Ali ku mipapatudtud.
We are afraid. –
Tatakut kami.
My pet died yesterday. –
Mete ya ing sese ku napun.
How old are you? –
Pilan na kang banua?
How did you do that? –
Makananu meng gewa ita?
How did you get here? –
Katnamu ka miparas keni?
How big is it? –
Makananu ya karagul?
Nu anti ya karagul?
When will you be back? –
Kapilan ka mibalik?
A baby is born? -
Metung a anak ing mibait?
Article 1 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
in Kapampangan:
Ding sablang tau mibait lang malaya at pante-pante king karangalan at karapatan. Ila mipagkaluban lang katuliran at konsensiya ay dapat misaupan king diwang pamikapatiran.
20
Article 1 of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
in English:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Philippines portal
Language portal
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References
edit
Footnotes
edit
"2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A - Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables)"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
2022-05-02
"2010 Census of Population and Housing, Report No. 2A - Demographic and Housing Characteristics (Non-Sample Variables)"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
2022-05-02
Ordinance No. 424, City of Angeles.
Orejas, Tonette (July 22, 2021).
"Angeles traffic signs soon in Kapampangan"
The Philippine Daily Inquirer
. Retrieved
September 7,
2021
Orejas, Tonette (September 7, 2021).
"Drivers welcome Kapampangan traffic signs"
The Philippine Daily Inquirer
. Retrieved
September 7,
2021
Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2021).
"Kapampangan"
Ethnologue: Languages of the World
(24th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from
the original
on 2021-09-22
. Retrieved
2 September
2021
Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier (2006).
Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society
. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. p. 2018.
ISBN
978-3-11-018418-1
Himes, Ronald S. “The Central Luzon Group of Languages.”
Oceanic Linguistics
, vol. 51, no. 2, 2012, pp. 490–537.
JSTOR
JSTOR
23321866
. Accessed 27 Nov. 2022.
Bergaño 1916
Bergaño 1860
Panitikan ng Pilipinas
(in Tagalog). Goodwill Trading Co., Inc.
ISBN
978-971-574-081-4
"Survival and Sovereignty: Forces on the Rise in Aurelio Tolentino's Novels"
Manusya: Journal of Humanities
24
(2):
227–
245. 2021-12-06.
doi
10.1163/26659077-24020003
ISSN
0859-9920
"Tagalog is the Most Widely Spoken Language at Home (2020 Census of Population and Housing) | Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines"
psa.gov.ph
. Retrieved
2024-07-15
Forman 1971
, pp. 28–29.
In the examples, the word to which the accusative case marker attaches is a pronoun or
portmanteau
pronoun that is obligatorily present in the same clause as the noun with which it is
co-referential
. In sentences with an agent trigger, the pronoun co-refers with the agent subject. In sentences with a non-agent trigger, the portmanteau pronoun co-refers with both the ergative agent and the non-agent subject, which is marked with direct case.
Behind the Name: Quezon
QUEZON is the Spanish transliteration of Hokkien for “the strongest grandson”
in Instagram
El Pilipinismo: Chino Cristiano Surnames
Pangilinan, M. R. M. (2006, January). Kapampángan or Capampáñgan: settling the dispute on the Kapampángan Romanized orthography. In Paper at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan (pp. 17-20).
Komisyon ng Karapatang Pantao.
"Ding Pang Universung Karapatang Pantau A Miproklama Para Ipakilala"
(PDF)
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
(in Pampanga)
. Retrieved
13 March
2026
Bibliography
edit
Bautista, Ma. Lourdes S. 1996. An Outline: The National Language and the Language of Instruction. In Readings in Philippine Sociolinguistics, ed. by Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista, 223. Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc.
Bergaño, Diego (1860).
Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga en Romance
(2nd ed.). Manila: Imprenta de Ramirez y Giraudier.
Bergaño, Diego (1916) [Originally published in 1736].
Arte de la Lengua Pampanga
(3rd ed.). Manila: Tip. Del Colegio de Santo Tomás.
Castro, Rosalina Icban. 1981. Literature of the Pampangos. Manila: University of the East Press.
Fernández, Eligío. 1876. Nuevo Vocabulario, ó Manual de Conversaciónes en Español, Tagálo y Pampángo. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Perez
Forman, Michael (1971).
Kapampangan Grammar Notes
. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Gallárdo, José. 1985–86. Magaral Tang Capampangan. Ing Máyap a Balità, ed. by José Gallárdo, May 1985- June 1986. San Fernando: Archdiocese of San Fernando.
Henson, Mariano A. 1965. The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns: A.D. 1300–1965. 4th ed. revised. Angeles City: By the author.
Kitano Hiroaki. 1997. Kapampangan. In Facts About The World's Major Languages, ed. by Jane Garry. New York: H.W. Wilson. Pre-published copy
Lacson, Evangelina Hilario. 1984. Kapampangan Writing: A Selected Compendium and Critique. Ermita, Manila: National Historical Institute.
Manlapaz, Edna Zapanta. 1981. Kapampangan Literature: A Historical Survey and Anthology. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Panganiban, J.V. 1972. Diksyunaryo-Tesauro Pilipino-Ingles. Quezon City: Manlapaz Publishing Co.
Pangilinan, Michael Raymon M. 2004. Critical Diacritical. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XIV. Angeles City: KMagazine.
Samson, Venancio. 2004. Problems on Pampango Orthography. In Kapampangan Magazine, ed. by Elmer G. Cato,32-33, Issue XII. Angeles City: KMagazine.
Samson, Venancio. 2011. Kapampangan Dictionary. Angeles City: The Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies, Holy Angel University Press.
ISBN
978-971-0546-07-7
Tayag, Katoks (Renato). 1985. "The Vanishing Pampango Nation", Recollections and Digressions. Escolta, Manila: Philnabank Club c/o Philippine National Bank.
Turla, Ernesto C. 1999. Classic Kapampangan Dictionary. Offprint Copy
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