Manila - Wikipedia

Manila - Wikipedia
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Coordinates
14°35′45″N
120°58′38″E
 / 
14.5958°N 120.9772°E
 /
14.5958; 120.9772
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Capital of the Philippines
This article is about the city proper. For the region and metropolitan area, see
Metro Manila
. For other uses, see
Manila (disambiguation)
National capital and highly urbanized city in National Capital Region, Philippines
Manila
Maynila
Filipino
National capital
and
highly urbanized city
City of Manila
Manila skyline viewed from
Intramuros
Rizal Monument
Fort Santiago
San Agustin Church
Malate Church
Clock Tower
Manila Cathedral
Intramuros
Manila Central Post Office
Flag
Seal
Logo
and
wordmark
Nicknames:
Pearl of the Orient
and
others
Motto(s):
Manila, God First
Welcome Po Kayo sa Maynila
"You are Welcome in Manila"
Anthem:
Awit ng Maynila
"Song of Manila"
Map of Metro Manila with Manila highlighted
Interactive map of Manila
Manila
Location within the
Philippines
Show map of Luzon
Manila
Manila (Philippines)
Show map of Philippines
Manila
Manila (Southeast Asia)
Show map of Southeast Asia
Manila
Manila (Asia)
Show map of Asia
Coordinates:
14°35′45″N
120°58′38″E
 / 
14.5958°N 120.9772°E
 /
14.5958; 120.9772
Country
Philippines
Region
National Capital Region
Legislative district
1st to 6th district
Administrative district
16 city districts
Established
13th century or earlier
Sultanate of Brunei
Maynila
1500s
Spanish Manila
June 24, 1571
; 454 years ago
June 24, 1571
City charter
July 31, 1901
; 124 years ago
July 31, 1901
Highly urbanized city
December 22, 1979
; 46 years ago
December 22, 1979
Barangays
897
(see
Barangays and districts
Government
• Type
Sangguniang Panlungsod
Mayor
Isko Moreno
Aksyon
Vice Mayor
Chi Atienza
Aksyon
Representatives
List
1st LegDist
Ernix Dionisio
2nd LegDist
Rolando Valeriano
3rd LegDist
Joel Chua
4th LegDist
Giselle Lazaro-Maceda
5th LegDist
Irwin Tieng
6th LegDist
Benny Abante
City Council
List
1st district
• Martin "Marjun" V. Isidro, Jr.
• Moises "Bobby" T. Lim
• Erick Ian "Banzai" O. Nieva
• Niño M. Dela Cruz
• Irma C. Alfonso-Juson
• Jesus "Taga" E. Fajardo, Jr.
2nd district
• Numero "Uno" G. Lim
• Darwin "Awi" B. Sia
• Macario "Macky" M. Lacson
• Rodolfo "Ninong" N. Lacsamana
• Roma Paula S. Robles-Daluz
• Ruben "Dr. J" F. Buenaventura
3rd district
• Johanna Maureen "Apple" C. Nieto-Rodriguez
• Pamela "Fa" G. Fugoso
• Ernesto "Jong" C. Isip, Jr.
• Arlene Maile I. Atienza
• Terrence F. Alibarbar
• Timothy Oliver "Tol" I. Zarcal
4th district
• Luisito "Louie" N. Chua
• Krystle Marie "Krys" C. Bacani
• Louisa Marie "Lady" J. Quintos-Tan
• Science A. Reyes
• Joel "JTV" T. Villanueva
Don Juan "DJ" A. Bagatsing
5th district
• Roberto "Bobby" S. Espiritu II
• Raymundo "Mon" R. Yupangco
• Laris T. Borromeo
• Jaybee S. Hizon
• Ricardo "Boy" A. Isip, Jr.
• Charry R. Ortega
6th district
• Elmer M. Par
• Salvador Philip H. Lacuna
• Benny Fog T. Abante II
• Carlos "Caloy" C. Castañeda
Luis "Joey" C. Uy
Luciano "Lou" M. Veloso
Liga ng mga Barangay President
Leilani Lacuna
Sangguniang Kabataan
President
Juliana Rae Ibay
Electorate
1,142,174 voters (
2025
Area
• City
42.34 km
(16.35 sq mi)
• Urban
619.57 km
(239.22 sq mi)
• Metro
1,873 km
(723 sq mi)
Elevation
9.0 m (29.5 ft)
Highest elevation
108 m (354 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
(2024 census)
• City
1,902,590
• Density
44,936/km
(116,380/sq mi)
Urban
13,484,482
• Urban density
21,764.3/km
(56,369/sq mi)
Metro
24,922,000
• Metro density
13,305.9/km
(34,462/sq mi)
Households
486,293
Demonym(s)
English: Manileño, Manilan;
Spanish:
manilense
manileño
(f.
-a
Filipino:
Manileño
(f.
-a
),
Manilenyo
(f.
-a
),
Taga-Maynila
Economy
Income class
1st city income class
Poverty incidence
1.6
% (2023)
HDI
0.781
10
high
(2019)
Revenue
₱ 19,692 million (2022)
Assets
₱ 73,694 million (2022)
Expenditure
₱ 16,047 million (2022)
Liabilities
₱ 26,765 million (2022)
Utilities
Electricity
Manila Electric Company (
Meralco
• Water
Maynilad
(Majority)
Manila Water
(Santa Ana and San Andres)
Time zone
UTC+8
PST
ZIP code
+900 – 1-096
PSGC
133900000
IDD
area code
+63 (0)2
Native languages
Filipino
Currency
Philippine peso
(₱)
Website
manila
.gov
.ph
The exclave within
Makati
is
Manila South Cemetery
Manila
officially the
City of Manila
is the
capital
and second-most populous city of the
Philippines
after
Quezon City
. According to the 2024 census, it has a population of 1,902,590 people.
11
Located on the eastern shore of
Manila Bay
on the island of
Luzon
, it is classified as a
highly urbanized city
. With 44,935 inhabitants per square kilometer (116,380/sq mi), Manila is one of the world's
most densely populated cities proper
Manila was the first chartered city in the country, designated by
Philippine Commission Act No. 183
on July 31, 1901. It became autonomous with the passage of Republic Act No. 409, "The Revised Charter of the City of Manila", on June 18, 1949.
12
13
Manila is considered to be part of the world's original set of
global cities
because its commercial networks were the first to extend across the Pacific Ocean and connect Asia with the
Spanish Americas
through the
galleon trade
. This marked the first time an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circling the planet had been established.
14
15
By 1258, a
Tagalog
-fortified
polity
called
Maynila
existed on the site of modern Manila. On June 24, 1571, after the defeat of the polity's last indigenous ruler,
Rajah Sulayman
, in the
Battle of Bangkusay
, Spanish
conquistador
Miguel López de Legazpi
began constructing the walled fortification of
Intramuros
on the ruins of an older settlement from whose name the Spanish and English name
Manila
derives. Manila was used as the capital of the captaincy general of the
Spanish East Indies
, which included the
Marianas
Guam
, and other islands, and was controlled and administered for the Spanish crown by
Mexico City
in the
Viceroyalty of New Spain
In modern times, the name "Manila" is commonly used to refer to the entire metropolitan area, the
greater metropolitan area
, and the
city proper
Metro Manila
, the officially defined metropolitan area, is the
capital region
of the Philippines, and includes the much larger
Quezon City
and the
Makati Central Business District
The
Pasig River
flows through the middle of Manila, dividing it into northern and southern sections. The city comprises
16 administrative districts
and is divided into
six political districts
for the purposes of representation in the
Congress of the Philippines
and the election of city council members. In 2018, the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network
listed Manila as an "Alpha-"
global city
16
and ranked it seventh in economic performance globally and second regionally,
17
while the
Global Financial Centres Index
ranks Manila 79th in the world.
18
Manila is also the world's second most natural disaster-exposed capital city after
Tokyo
19
Etymology
edit
See also:
Nicknames of Manila
The name Manila is derived from the Filipino term Maynilà, which is commonly interpreted as either “where indigo plants are abundant” (may-nilà) or “where nilad plants are abundant” (may-nilad).
The term nilà is believed to originate from the Sanskrit word nīla (नील), meaning “indigo,” and by extension referring to various plants used in producing natural indigo dye. It is thought that the name Maynilà was given due to the presence of such dye-producing plants in the area surrounding the early settlement, rather than because of an established trade in indigo. Notably, indigo dye production only became economically significant in the region during the 18th century, several centuries after the settlement had already been established and named.
Over time, Maynilà underwent Hispanicization during the Spanish colonial period, eventually adopting the name Manila.
May-nilà
edit
Nilà
is derived from the
Sanskrit
word
nīla
नील
), which refers to
indigo dye
and, by extension, to
several plant species
from which this natural dye can be extracted.
20
21
The name
Maynilà
was probably bestowed because of the indigo-yielding plants that grew in the area surrounding the settlement rather than because it was known as a settlement that traded in indigo dye.
20
Indigo dye extraction only became an important economic activity in the area in the 18th century, several hundred years after
Maynila settlement
was founded and named.
20
Maynilà
eventually underwent a process of
Hispanicization
and adopted the Spanish name
Manila
22
May-nilad
edit
Plate depicting the "nilad" plant (
Scyphiphora hydrophylacea
), from Augustinian missionary Fray
Francisco Manuel Blanco
's botanical reference,
Flora de Filipinas
This etymology arose from the observation that, in
Tagalog
nilad
or
nilar
refers to a shrub-like tree (
Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
; formerly
Ixora manila
Blanco) that grows in or near
mangrove
swamps.
20
23
24
However, Baumgartner explained that it is unlikely that native Tagalog speakers would completely drop the final consonant /d/ in
nilad
to arrive at the present form
Maynilà
20
As an example, nearby
Bacoor
retains the final consonant of the old Tagalog word
bakoód
("elevated piece of land"), even in old Spanish renderings of the placename (e.g.,
Vacol
Bacor
).
25
Linguist Vic Romero contends that it's actually not impossible for final consonant /d/ to shift into a glottal stop such as in
mapalad
to
pinagpalà
and
hangád
to
hangà.
26
The earliest known reference to this etymology was in the third volume of
John Ray's
Historia Plantarum
in 1704, originally lifted from the
Herbarium aliarumque Stirpium in Insula Luzone Philippinarum primaria nascentium...
by
Fr. Georg Josef Kamel
27
, and he mentioned that:
Nilad arbor mediocris, rarissimi recta, ligno folido, et compacto ut Molavin, ubi abundant Mangle, locum vocant Manglar, ita ubi nilad, Maynilad, unde corrupte Manila
(Nilad is an average tree, very rare straight, leafy wood, and compact like Molavin, where Mangle abounds, the place is called Manglar, so where nilad (abounds), Maynilad, whence the corruption Manila).
28
26
Examples of popular adoption of this etymology include the name of a local utility company, Maynilad Water Services, and the name of an underpass close to Manila City Hall, Lagusnilad (meaning "Nilad Pass").
History
edit
Main article:
History of Manila
For a chronological guide, see
Timeline of Manila
Early history
edit
The
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
is the oldest historical record in the Philippines. It has the first historical reference to
Tondo
and dates back to
Saka
822 (c. 900).
Battles of Manila
Battle of Manila (1304)
Battle of Manila (1365)
Battle of Manila (1500)
Battle of Manila (1570)
Battle of Manila (1574)
Battle of Manila (1762)
Battle of Manila (1769)
Raid on Manila (1798)
Battle of Manila (1823)
Battle of Manila (1896)
Battle of Manila (1898)
Battle of Manila (1899)
Battle of Manila (1945)
See also
Battle of Manila Bay
(1898)
Around Manila
Battle of Bangkusay
(1571)
La Naval de Manila
(1646)
The earliest evidence of human life around present-day Manila is the nearby
Angono Petroglyphs
, which are dated to around 3000 BC.
Negritos
, the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines, lived across the island of
Luzon
, where Manila is located, before
Malayo-Polynesians
arrived and
assimilated
them.
29
Maynila
, along with
Tondo
, were active trade partners with the
Song
and
Yuan dynasties
of China and flourished during the mid to later period of the
Ming dynasty
30
According to a Japanese encyclopedia
Wakan Sansai Zue
, Luzon or Lusong (Maynila) was referred to as a "kingdom" south of
Taiwan
31
During the 12th century, then-Hindu Brunei called "Pon-i", as reported in the Chinese annals
Nanhai zhi
, invaded Malilu 麻裏蘆 (claimed by various scholars to be the present-day Manila) as it also administered
Sarawak
and
Sabah
, as well as the Philippine kingdoms of:
Butuan
Sulu
Ma-i
(Mindoro or Laguna),
Shahuchong
沙胡重 (present-day
Zamboanga
), Yachen 啞陳 (
Oton
), and 文杜陵 Wenduling (present-day
Mindanao
Bintulu
or
Mindoro
).
32
33
In the 13th century, Manila consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter on the shore of the Pasig River. Upon the conversion of
Brunei
from Hinduism to Islam, Manila also followed, as the Bruneian royal family also intermarried with Manila's royal family, as can be gleaned by the personage of
Rajah Matanda
who was simultaneously king of Manila while being a great-grandson of
Sultan Bolkiah
of Brunei.
34
Spanish era
edit
Main articles:
History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
Captaincy General of the Philippines
, and
Spanish East Indies
1734 map of the
Walled City of Manila
. The city was planned according to the
Laws of the Indies
Ayuntamiento de Manila
served as the City Hall during the Spanish Colonial Period.
On June 24, 1571,
conquistador
Miguel López de Legazpi
arrived in Manila and declared it a territory of
New Spain
, establishing a city council in what is now
Intramuros
district. Inspired by the
Reconquista
, he took advantage of a territorial conflict between Hindu Tondo and Islamic Manila to justify expelling or converting Bruneian Muslim colonists who supported Manila while his Mexican grandson
Juan de Salcedo
had a romantic relationship with
Kandarapa
, a princess of Tondo.
35
López de Legazpi had the local royalty executed or exiled after the failure of the
Conspiracy of the Maharlikas
, a plot in which an alliance of
datus
rajahs
, Japanese merchants, and the
Sultanate of Brunei
would band together to execute the Spaniards, along with their
Latin American
recruits and Visayan allies. The victorious Spaniards made Manila the capital of the
Spanish East Indies
and of the Philippines, which their empire would control for the next three centuries. The city was founded by several European Spaniards and Mestizo Mexicans and even was garrisoned by 400 Native American
Tlaxcalans
who accompanied Salcedo from Cebu and were given pensions.
36
In 1574, Manila was besieged by the Chinese pirate
Lim Hong
, who was thwarted by local inhabitants. Upon Spanish settlement, Manila was immediately made, by papal decree,
a suffragan
of the
Archdiocese of Mexico
. By royal decree of
Philip II of Spain
, Manila was put under the spiritual patronage of Saint
Pudentiana
and
Our Lady of Guidance
Manila became famous for its role in the
Manila–Acapulco galleon
trade, which lasted for more than two centuries and brought goods from Europe, Africa, and Hispanic America across the
Pacific Islands
to Southeast Asia, and
vice versa
Silver
that was mined in Mexico and Peru was exchanged for Chinese silk, Indian gems, and spices from Indonesia and Malaysia. Wine and olives grown in Europe and North Africa were shipped via Mexico to Manila.
37
Because of the
Ming
ban on trade leveled against the
Ashikaga shogunate
in 1549, this resulted in the ban of all Japanese people from entering China and of Chinese ships from sailing to Japan. Manila became the only place where the Japanese and Chinese could openly trade.
38
In 1606, upon the Spanish conquest of the
Sultanate of Ternate
, one of monopolizers of the growing of spice, the Spanish deported the ruler Sultan Said Din Burkat
39
of Ternate, along with his clan and his entourage to Manila, where they were initially enslaved and eventually converted to Christianity.
40
About 200 families of mixed Spanish-Mexican-Filipino and Moluccan-Indonesian-Portuguese descent from Ternate and Tidor followed him there at a later date.
41
The city attained great wealth due to its location at the confluence of the
Silk Road
, the
Spice Route
, and the
Silver Way
42
Significant is the role of
Armenians
, who acted as merchant intermediaries that made trade between Europe and Asia possible in this area. France was the first nation to try financing its Asian trade with a partnership in Manila through Armenian khojas. The largest trade volume was in iron, and 1,000 iron bars were traded in 1721.
43
In 1762,
the city was captured
by
Great Britain
as part of the
Seven Years' War
, in which Spain had recently become involved.
44
The
British occupied the city
for twenty months from 1762 to 1764 in their attempt to capture the
Spanish East Indies
but they were unable to extend their occupation past Manila proper.
45
Frustrated by their inability to take the rest of the archipelago, the British withdrew in accordance with the
Treaty of Paris
signed in 1763, which brought an end to the war. An unknown number of
Indian soldiers
known as
sepoys
, who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby
Cainta
, Rizal.
46
47
Parián
, or
Parián de Arroceros
was an area outside of
Intramuros
built to house
Sangley
Chinese
) merchants during the
Spanish rule
The Chinese minority were punished for supporting the British, and the fortress city Intramuros, which was initially populated by 1,200 pure Spanish families and garrisoned by 400 Spanish troops,
48
kept its cannons pointed at
Binondo
, the world's oldest
Chinatown
49
The population of native Spaniards was concentrated in the southern part of Manila and in 1787, La Pérouse recorded one regiment of 1,300 Mexicans garrisoned at Manila,
50
and they were also at
Cavite
, where ships from Spain's American colonies docked at,
51
and at
Ermita
, which was thus-named because of a Mexican hermit who lived there. The Hermit-Priest's name was Juan Fernandez de Leon who was a Hermit in Mexico before relocating to Manila.
52
Priests weren't usually alone too since they often brought along
Lay Brothers
and Sisters. The years: 1603, 1636, 1644, 1654, 1655, 1670, and 1672; saw the deployment of 900, 446, 407, 821, 799, 708, and 667 Latin American soldiers from
Mexico at Manila
53
The Philippines hosts the only Latin American established districts in Asia,
54
55
with the
Malate district
hosting
buildings mixing Mexican Baroque and Filipino
Muslim
Mudejar
styles.
56
The Spanish evacuated Ternate and settled
Papuan
refugees in
Ternate, Cavite
, which was named after their former homeland.
57
In 1603, Manila was also home to 25,000 Chinese
58
: 260
and housed 14,437 native (Malay-Filipino) families, as well as 3,528 mixed Spanish-Filipino families.
58
: 539
The rise of Spanish Manila marked the first time all hemispheres and continents were interconnected in a worldwide trade network, making Manila, alongside
Mexico City
and
Madrid
, the world's
original set of global cities
59
A Spanish Jesuit priest commented due to the confluence of many foreign languages in Manila, the confessional in Manila was "the most difficult in the world".
60
61
Juan de Cobo, another Spanish missionary of the 1600s, was so astonished by the commerce, cultural complexity, and ethnic diversity in Manila he wrote to his brethren in Mexico:
The diversity here is immense such that I could go on forever trying to differentiate lands and peoples. There are Castilians from all provinces. There are Portuguese and Italians; Dutch, Greeks and Canary Islanders, and Mexican Indians. There are slaves from Africa brought by the Spaniards [Through America], and others brought by the Portuguese [Through India]. There is an African Moor with his turban here. There are Javanese from Java, Japanese and Bengalese from Bengal. Among all these people are the Chinese whose numbers here are untold and who outnumber everyone else. From China there are peoples so different from each other, and from provinces as distant, as Italy is from Spain. Finally, of the
mestizos
, the mixed-race people here, I cannot even write because in Manila there is no limit to combinations of peoples with peoples. This is in the city where all the buzz is. (Remesal, 1629: 680–1)
62
Manila Cathedral
by
Fernando Brambila
, a member of the
Malaspina Expedition
during their stop in Manila in 1792.
After
Mexico gained independence from Spain
in 1821, the Spanish crown began to directly govern Manila.
63
Under direct Spanish rule, banking, industry, and education flourished more than they had in the previous two centuries.
64
The opening of the
Suez Canal
in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain. The city's growing wealth and education attracted indigenous peoples, Negritos, Malays, Africans, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Europeans, Latinos and Papuans from the surrounding provinces,
65
and facilitated the rise of an
ilustrado
class who espoused
liberal
ideas, which became the ideological foundations of the
Philippine Revolution
, which sought independence from Spain. A revolt by
Andres Novales
was inspired by the
Latin American wars of independence
but the revolt itself was led by demoted Latin-American military officers stationed in the city from the newly independent nations of Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Costa Rica.
66
Following the
Cavite Mutiny
and the
Propaganda Movement
, the Philippine revolution began; Manila was among the first eight provinces to rebel and their role was commemorated on the
Philippine Flag
, on which Manila was represented by one of the eight rays of the symbolic sun.
67
American era
edit
Main article:
History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
After the
1898 Battle of Manila
, Spain ceded the city to the United States. The
First Philippine Republic
based in nearby
Bulacan
fought against the Americans for control of the city.
68
The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and captured its president
Emilio Aguinaldo
, who pledged allegiance to the U.S. on April 1, 1901.
69
Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901, the U.S. officially recognized that the city of Manila consisted of Intramuros and the surrounding areas. The new charter proclaimed Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts: Binondo,
Ermita
, Intramuros,
Malate
Paco
Pandacan
Sampaloc
San Miguel
Santa Ana
Santa Cruz
, and
Tondo
. The
Catholic Church
recognized five parishes as parts of Manila; Gagalangin, Trozo, Balic-Balic,
Santa Mesa
, and Singalong; and Balut and
San Andres
were later added.
70
Jones Bridge
in the 1930s
Under U.S. control, a new, civilian-oriented
Insular Government
headed by
Governor-General
William Howard Taft
invited city planner
Daniel Burnham
(Founder of the "
City Beautiful Movement
") to adapt Manila to modern needs.
71
The 1905
Burnham Plan of Manila
recommended improving the city's transit systems by creating diagonal arteries radiating from the new central civic district into areas at the outskirts of the city. It included the development of a road system, the use of waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila with waterfront improvements and construction of parks, parkways, and buildings.
72
73
The planned buildings included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field, which extends from
Rizal Park
to the present
Taft Avenue
. The Philippine capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing the sea. Along with buildings for government bureaus and departments, it would form a quadrangle with a central lagoon and a monument to
José Rizal
at the other end of the field.
74
Of Burnham's proposed government centers in
Luneta
, only three units—the Legislative Building, and the buildings of the Finance and Agricultural Departments—were completed before
World War II
began.
Gallery of Manila during the American era
Plaza Moraga
in the early 1900s
The
Old Legislative Building
featuring a
Neoclassical style
architecture.
The
tranvía
running along
Escolta Street
during the
American period
Aerial view of Manila, 1936
Japanese occupation
edit
Further information:
Battle of Manila (1945)
and
Manila Massacre
TBF-1 Avenger
from
USS Essex
dropping a bomb over the Pasig River in Manila, targeting the dockyard, November 14, 1944
Manila destroyed during the
Battle of Manila
of the
Americans
and
Japanese
during
World War II
During the
Japanese occupation of the Philippines
, American soldiers were ordered to withdraw from Manila and all military installations were removed by December 24, 1941. Two days later, General
Douglas MacArthur
declared Manila an
open city
to prevent further death and destruction but Japanese warplanes continued bombing the city.
75
Japanese forces occupied Manila on January 2, 1942.
76
From February 3 to March 3, 1945, Manila was the site of
one of the bloodiest battles
in the
Pacific theater
of World War II. Under orders of Japanese Rear Admiral
Sanji Iwabuchi
, retreating Japanese forces
killed about 100,000 Filipino civilians
and perpetrated the mass rape of women in February.
77
78
At the end of the war, Manila had suffered from heavy bombardment and became the second-most-destroyed city of World War II.
79
80
Manila was recaptured by American and Philippine troops. The destruction the war wrought against Manila, made National Artist, Nick Joaquin Lament:
"We are a city of layers. Every time we walk through the streets of Manila, we are treading upon the dust of several different cities that have flourished and perished on this same site. There was the Manila of the Rajahs, the Manila of the Conquistadors, the Manila of the Viceroys, and the Manila of the Commonwealth. Each was destroyed, and each was buried, and upon its grave the next one rose."
— Nicomedes Márquez Joaquín,
Manila: Sin City and Other Chronicles
(1977)
The postwar and independence era
edit
Main article:
History of the Philippines (1946–1965)
Manila in the 1950s
After the war, reconstruction efforts started. Buildings like
Manila City Hall
, the Legislative Building (now the
National Museum of Fine Arts
), and
Manila Post Office
were rebuilt, and roads and other infrastructures were repaired. In 1948, President
Elpidio Quirino
moved the seat of government of the Philippines to
Quezon City
, a new capital in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila, which was created in 1939 during the administration of President
Manuel L. Quezon
81
The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan's intent for the government center to be at Luneta.
When
Arsenio Lacson
became the first elected
Mayor of Manila
in 1952, before which all mayors were appointed, Manila underwent a "Golden Age",
82
regaining its pre-war moniker "Pearl of the Orient". After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by
Antonio Villegas
for most of the 1960s.
Ramon Bagatsing
was mayor from 1972 until the 1986
People Power Revolution
83
During the administration of
Ferdinand Marcos
, Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975. The area encompassed four cities and thirteen adjoining towns as a separate regional unit of government.
84
On June 24, 1976, the 405th anniversary of the city's founding, President Marcos reinstated Manila as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period.
85
86
At the same time, Marcos designated his wife
Imelda Marcos
as the first governor of Metro Manila. She started the rejuvenation of the city and re-branded Manila the "
City of Man
".
87
The Martial Law era
edit
Main article:
History of the Philippines (1965–1986)
Many of the key events of the historical period from the first major protests against the administration of
Ferdinand Marcos
in January 1970 until his ouster in February 1986 took place within the city of Manila. The first, the January 26, 1970, State of the Nation Address Protest which kicked off the "
First Quarter Storm
", took place at the Legislative Building (now the
National Museum of Fine Arts
) on
Padre Burgos Avenue
88
and the very last saw the
Marcos family
flee
Malacañang Palace
into exile in the United States.
89
90
91
The beginning weeks of Ferdinand Marcos' second term as president was marked by the
1969 balance of payments crisis
, which economists trace to his first term tactic of using foreign loans to fund massive government projects in an effort to curry votes.
92
93
94
In protest, protest groups led mostly by students decided to picket Marcos' 1970 State of the Nation Address at the legislative building on January 26. The protesters were initially bickering amongst themselves because both moderate reformist and radical activist groups were present and fighting to gain control of the stage. But all of them, regardless of advocacy, were violently dispersed by the
Philippine Constabulary
95
96
This was followed by six more major protests which were violently dispersed, from the end of January until March 17, 1970.
90
Instability continued the following year, with the most significant incident being the August 1971
Plaza Miranda bombing
caused nine deaths and injured 95 others, including many prominent Liberal Party politicians including incumbent Senators
Jovito Salonga
Eddie Ilarde
Eva Estrada-Kalaw
, and Liberal Party president
Gerardo Roxas
Sergio Osmeña Jr.
, Manila 2nd District Councilor Ambrosio "King" Lorenzo Jr., and Congressman
Ramon Bagatsing
who was the party's mayoral candidate for Manila.
96
Marcos reacted to the bombing by blaming the still nascent
Communist Party of the Philippines
and then suspending of the writ of Habeas Corpus. The suspension is noted for forcing many members of the moderate opposition, including figures like
Edgar Jopson
, to join the ranks of the radicals. In the aftermath of the bombing, Marcos lumped all of the opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos' forces. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the Marcos administration and wanted to join the opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government.
97
98
Marcos' declaration of
martial law
in September 1972 saw the immediate shutdown of all media not approved by Marcos, including Quezon City media outlets, including the Manila-based
Manila Times
Philippines Free Press
, The Manila Tribune and the
Philippines Herald
. At the same time, it saw the arrest of many students, journalists, academics, and politicians who were considered political threats to Marcos, many of them residents of the City of Manila. The first one was
Ninoy Aquino
who was arrested just before midnight on September 22 while at a hotel on UN Avenue preparing for a senate committee session the following morning.
96
About 400 prominent critics of the Marcos administration were jailed in the first few hours of September 23 alone, and eventually about 70,000 individuals became
Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship
- most of them arrested without warrants, which is why they were called detainees rather than prisoners.
99
100
At least 11,103 of them have since been officially recognized by the Philippine government as having been
extensively tortured
and
abused
101
102
and in April 1973
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
student journalist
Liliosa Hilao
became the first of these detainees to be killed while in prison
103
- one of 3,257 known
extrajudicial killings
during the last 14 years of Marcos' presidency.
104
In 1975, Marcos formalized the creation of a region called Metropolitan Manila, incorporating the four cities of Manila,
Quezon City
Caloocan
Pasay
, and the thirteen municipalities of
Las Piñas
Makati
Malabon
Mandaluyong
Marikina
Muntinlupa
Navotas
Parañaque
Pasig
Pateros
San Juan
Taguig
, and
Valenzuela
. And then he appointed his wife
Imelda Marcos
, who had been angered by the revelation of his dalliances during the
Dovie Beams scandal
Governor of Metro Manila
105
Despite Marcos' declaration of martial law, poverty and other social issues persisted, so even with the military in his control, Marcos could not hold back the unrest. A major turning point was reached in Tondo in the form of the
1975 La Tondeña Distillery strike
which was one of the first major open acts of resistance against the Marcos dictatorship which paved the way for similar protest actions elsewhere in the country.
106
From then, Manila continued to be a center of resistance activity; youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and military.
107
Another major protest was the
September 1984 Welcome Rotonda protest dispersal
at the border of Manila and Quezon City, which came in the wake of the
Aquino assassination
the year before in 1983. International pressure had forced Marcos to give the press more freedom, so coverage exposed Filipinos to how opposition figures including 80-year-old former Senator
Lorenzo Tañada
and 71-year-old Manila Times founder
Chino Roces
were waterhosed despite their frailty and how student leader
Fidel Nemenzo
(later Chancellor of the University of the Philippines Diliman) was shot nearly to death.
108
109
110
The People Power revolution
edit
In late 1985, in the face of escalating public discontent and under pressure from foreign allies, Marcos called a
snap election
with more than a year left in his term, selecting
Arturo Tolentino
as his running mate. The opposition to Marcos united behind Ninoy's widow
Corazon Aquino
and her running mate,
Salvador Laurel
111
112
The elections were held on February 7, 1986, an exercise marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering of election results.
113
On February 16, 1986, Corazon Aquino held the "Tagumpay ng Bayan" (People's Victory) rally at
Luneta Park
, announcing a civil disobedience campaign and calling for her supporters to boycott publications and companies which were associated with Marcos or any of his cronies.
114
The event was attended by a crowd of about two million people.
115
Aquino's camp began making preparations for more rallies, and Aquino herself went to
Cebu
to rally more people to their cause.
116
In the aftermath of the election and the revelations of irregularities,
Juan Ponce Enrile
and the
Reform the Armed Forces Movement
(RAM) - a cabal of disgruntled officers of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines
(AFP)
117
- set into motion
a coup attempt
against Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos.
118
Enrile and RAM's coup was quickly uncovered, which prompted Enrile to ask for the support of Philippine Constabulary chief
Fidel Ramos
. Ramos agreed to join Enrile but even so, their combined forces were trapped in
Camp Crame
and
Camp Aguinaldo
, and were about to be overrun by Marcos loyalist forces.
119
120
121
Discovering what was happening, the forces which had been organizing Aquino's civil disobedience campaign went to the stretch of
Efipanio De Los Santos Avenue
(EDSA) between the two camps, beginning to form a human barricade to keep Marcos loyalist forces from attacking. The crowd grew even larger when Ramos telephoned Manila Cardinal
Jaime Sin
for help, and Sin went on Radyo Veritas to invite Catholics to join in protecting Enrile and Ramos.
122
Seeing what was happening, multiple units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines defected Marcos, with air units under the command of General Antonio Sotelo and Colonel Charles Hotchkiss, even performed calculated operations which included strafing the grounds of Malacañang palace with bullets and disabling gunships at nearby
Villamor Airbase
119
The
Reagan administration
eventually decided to offer Marcos a chance to flee into exile. Shortly after midnight on February 26, 1986, the Marcos Family fled Malacañang and were taken to
Clark Airbase
, after which they went into exile in
Honolulu
along with some select followers including
Fabian Ver
and
Danding Cojuangco
89
Because the victory had been won by the civilians on the streets rather than the military, the event was dubbed the
People Power revolution
. Ferdinand Marcos' 21 years as President - and his 14 years as authoritarian leader - of the Philippines was over.
89
120
After Manila has once again experienced
a battle
and surmounted another crisis, Nick Joaquin, famous National Artist for Literature then wrote:
"It almost seems as if every problem, every crisis, arises just to prove the aliveness of this city; continually destroyed and continually rebuilt, ever decaying and ever re-greening, Manila has survived for four hundred years and will surely survive for four hundred more.
Because it is a city of our affections..."
— Nicomedes Márquez Joaquín,
Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young
(1988)
Contemporary
edit
Main article:
History of the Philippines (1986–present)
The
Binondo–Intramuros Bridge
, opened in 2022, connecting the districts of
Binondo
and
Intramuros
From 1986 to 1992,
Mel Lopez
was mayor of Manila, first due to presidential designation, before being elected in 1988.
123
In 1992,
Alfredo Lim
was elected mayor, the first
Chinese-Filipino
to hold the office. He was known for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by
Lito Atienza
, who served as his vice mayor, and was known for his campaign and slogan "Buhayin ang Maynila" (Revive Manila), which saw the establishment of several parks, and the repair and rehabilitation of the city's deteriorating facilities. He was the city's mayor for nine years before being termed out of office. Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated Atienza's son Ali in the 2007 city election, and immediately reversed all of Atienza's projects,
124
which he said made little contribution to the improvements of the city. The relationship of both parties turned bitter, with them both contesting the
2010 city elections
, which Lim won. Lim was sued by councilor Dennis Alcoreza on 2008 over
human rights
125
he was charged with
graft
over the rehabilitation of public schools.
126
In 2012,
DMCI Homes
began constructing
Torre de Manila
, which became controversial for
ruining the sight line
of Rizal Park.
127
The tower became known as "Terror de Manila" and the "national photobomber",
128
and
became a sensationalized heritage issue
. In 2017, the
National Historical Commission of the Philippines
erected a "
comfort woman
" statue on
Roxas Boulevard
, causing Japan to express regret about the statue's erection despite the healthy relationship between Japan and the Philippines.
129
130
Santa Cruz district
In the
2013 election
, former President
Joseph Estrada
succeeded Lim as the city's mayor. During his term, Estrada allegedly paid
5 billion
in city debts and increased the city's revenues. In 2015, in line with President
Noynoy Aquino
's administration progress, the city became the most-competitive city in the Philippines. In the
2016 elections
, Estrada narrowly won over Lim.
131
Throughout Estrada's term, numerous Filipino heritage sites were demolished, gutted, or approved for demolition; these include the post-war Santa Cruz Building,
Capitol Theater
, El Hogar, Magnolia Ice Cream Plant, and
Rizal Memorial Stadium
132
133
134
Some of these sites were saved after the intervention of governmental cultural agencies and heritage advocate groups.
135
In May 2019, Estrada said Manila was debt-free;
136
two months later, however, the Commission on Audit said Manila was
₱4.4 billion
in debt.
137
Estrada, who was seeking for re-election for his third and final term, lost to
Isko Moreno
in the
2019 local elections
138
139
Moreno has served as the vice mayor under both Lim and Estrada. Estrada's defeat was seen as the end of their reign as a political clan, whose other family members run for national and local positions.
140
After assuming office, Moreno initiated a city-wide cleanup of illegal vendors, signed an executive order promoting open governance, and vowed to stop bribery and corruption in the city.
141
Under his administration, several ordinances were signed, giving additional perks and privileges to Manila's elderly people,
142
and monthly allowances for Grade 12 Manileño students in all public schools in the city, including students of
Universidad de Manila
and the
University of the City of Manila
143
144
In 2022,
Time Out
ranked Manila in 34th position in its list of the 53 best cities in the world, citing it as "an underrated hub for art and culture, with unique customs and cuisine to boot". Manila was also voted the third-most-resilient and least-rude city for the year's index.
145
146
In 2023, the search site Crossword Solm utilizing internet geotagging, showed that Manila is the world's most loving capital city.
147
View of Manila along
Roxas Boulevard
in 2023
In August 2023, President
Bongbong Marcos
suspended all
reclamation projects
in
Manila Bay
, including those in the City of Manila.
148
However, the city has no objections and is willing to pursue the suspended reclamation projects.
149
In 2024, Manila, as the nation's seat of government, witnessed the launch of the Fourth Philippine Human Rights Plan, aimed at advancing social justice, inclusivity, and human rights protection in line with international standards.
150
Geography
edit
Main article:
Geography of Manila
Manila Bay
sunset
Manila Dolomite Beach
during the International Coastal Cleanup Day in September 2020
A map showing the territorial extent and assets or properties of Manila, including its territorial exclave
Manila South Cemetery
, and Manila Boystown Complex, which is a property in
Marikina
owned by the Manila city government.
The City of Manila is situated on the eastern shore of
Manila Bay
, on the western coast of
Luzon
, 1,300 km (810 mi) from mainland Asia.
151
The protected harbor on which Manila lies is regarded as the finest in Asia.
152
The
Pasig River
flows through the middle of city, dividing it into north and south.
153
154
The overall
grade
of the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of the natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation.
155
Almost all of Manila sits on top prehistoric
alluvial
deposits built by the waters of the Pasig River and on land reclaimed from
Manila Bay
. Manila's land has been substantially altered by human intervention; there has been considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since the early-to-mid twentieth century. Some of the city's natural variations in topography have been leveled. As of 2013
[update]
, Manila had a total area of 42.88 square kilometers (16.56 sq mi).
153
154
In 2017, the City Government approved five reclamation projects; the New Manila Bay–City of Pearl (New Manila Bay International Community) (407.43 hectares (1,006.8 acres)), Solar City (148 hectares (370 acres)), Manila Harbour Center expansion (50 hectares (120 acres)), Manila Waterfront City (318 hectares (790 acres)),
156
and
Horizon Manila
(419 hectares (1,040 acres)). Of the five planned projects, only Horizon Manila was approved by the
Philippine Reclamation Authority
in December 2019 and was scheduled for construction in 2021.
157
Another reclamation project is possible and when built, it will include in-city housing relocation projects.
158
Environmental activists and the
Catholic Church
have criticized the land reclamation projects, saying they are not sustainable and would put communities at risk of flooding.
159
160
In line of the upcoming reclamation projects, the Philippines and the Netherlands agreed to a cooperation on the ₱250 million Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master Plan to oversee future decisions on projects on Manila Bay.
161
Barangays and districts
edit
Manila is divided into six congressional districts.
A district map of Manila showing its sixteen districts
Manila is made up of 897
barangays
162
which are grouped into 100 zones for statistical convenience. Manila has the most barangays of any metropolis in the Philippines.
163
Due to a failure to hold a plebiscite, attempts at reducing its number have not succeeded despite local legislation—Ordinance 7907, passed on April 23, 1996—reducing the number from 896 to 150 by merging existing barangays.
164
District I
(2020 population: 441,282)
165
covers the western part of Tondo and is made up of 136 barangays. It is the most-densely populated congressional district and is also known as
Tondo I
. The district includes one of the biggest urban-poor communities;
Smokey Mountain
on Balut Island was once known as the country's largest landfill where thousands of impoverished people lived in slums. After the closure of the landfill in 1995, mid-rise housing was built on the site. This district also contains the Manila North Harbor Center, Manila North Harbor, and Manila International Container Terminal of the
Port of Manila
. The 1st District also covers Manila's borders with
Navotas
and a part of the southern enclave of
Caloocan
District II
(2020 population: 212,938)
165
covers the eastern part of Tondo and contains 122 barangays. It is also referred to as
Tondo II
. It includes Gagalangin, a prominent place in Tondo, and
Divisoria
, a popular shopping area and the site of the
Main Terminal Station
of the
Philippine National Railways
. The 2nd District also covers the rest of Manila's border with
Caloocan
District III
(2020 population: 220,029)
165
covers Binondo, Quiapo, San Nicolas and Santa Cruz. It contains 123 barangays and includes "Downtown Manila", the historic business district of the city, and the oldest Chinatown in the world. The 3rd District also covers a part of Manila's border with
Quezon City
District IV
(2020 population: 277,013)
165
covers Sampaloc and some parts of Santa Mesa. It contains 192 barangays and has numerous colleges and universities, which are located along the city's "
University Belt
", a
de facto
sub-district. Included here is the
University of Santo Tomas
, the oldest-existing university in Asia, which was established in 1611. The institution was home to at least 30 Catholic saints.
166
167
The 4th District also covers portions of Manila's borders with Quezon City and
San Juan
District V
(2020 population: 395,065)
165
covers Ermita, Malate, Port Area, Intramuros, San Andres Bukid, and a portion of Paco. It is made up of 184 barangays and includes
Manila City Hall
Rizal Park
, the historic Walled City, along with
Manila Cathedral
and
San Agustin Church
, a
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
. The 4th District also covers portions of Manila's borders with
Makati
and
Pasay
. This district also includes the
Manila South Cemetery
, an
exclave
surrounded by Makati City.
District VI
(2020 population: 300,186)
165
covers Pandacan, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Santa Mesa, and the rest of Paco. It contains 139 barangays and includes
Malacañang Palace
, the residence and workplace of the
President of the Philippines
. Santa Ana district is known for its 18th century
Santa Ana Church
and
historic ancestral houses
. The 6th District also covers the rest of Manila's borders with Quezon City, San Juan, Makati and Pasay.
District name
Legislative
District
number
Area
Population
(2020)
168
Density
Barangays
km
sq mi
/km
/sq mi
Binondo
0.6611
0.2553
20,491
31,000
80,000
10
Ermita
1.5891
0.6136
19,189
12,000
31,000
13
Intramuros
0.6726
0.2597
6,103
9,100
24,000
Malate
2.5958
1.0022
99,257
38,000
98,000
57
Paco
5 & 6
2.7869
1.0760
79,839
29,000
75,000
43
Pandacan
1.66
0.64
84,769
51,000
130,000
38
Port Area
3.1528
1.2173
72,605
23,000
60,000
Quiapo
0.8469
0.3270
29,846
35,000
91,000
16
Sampaloc
5.1371
1.9834
388,305
76,000
200,000
192
San Andres
1.6802
0.6487
133,727
80,000
210,000
65
San Miguel
0.9137
0.3528
18,599
20,000
52,000
12
San Nicolas
1.6385
0.6326
42,957
26,000
67,000
15
Santa Ana
1.6942
0.6541
203,598
120,000
310,000
34
Santa Cruz
3.0901
1.1931
126,735
41,000
110,000
82
Santa Mesa
2.6101
1.0078
111,292
43,000
110,000
51
Tondo
1 & 2
8.6513
3.3403
654,220
76,000
200,000
259
Notes
Climate
edit
Manila's annual temperature and rainfall
Under the
Köppen climate classification
system, Manila has a
tropical monsoon climate
Köppen
Am
), closely bordering on a
tropical savanna climate
Köppen
Aw
). Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the equator means temperatures are high year-round especially during the daytime, rarely going below 19 °C (66.2 °F) or above 39 °C (102.2 °F). Temperature extremes have ranged from 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) on January 11, 1914,
169
to 38.6 °C (101.5 °F) on May 7, 1915.
170
Humidity levels are usually very high all year round, making the air feel hotter than its actual temperature. Manila has a distinct
dry season
lasting from late December to early April. A relatively lengthy
wet season
that covers the remaining period, with slightly cooler daytime temperatures and slightly warmer nighttime temperatures. In the wet season, rain rarely falls all day, but rainfall is very heavy for short periods.
Typhoons
usually occur from June to September.
171
Climate data for Port Area, Manila (1991–2020, extremes 1885–2024)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
36.5
(97.7)
35.6
(96.1)
36.8
(98.2)
38.8
(101.8)
38.6
(101.5)
37.6
(99.7)
37.0
(98.6)
36.2
(97.2)
35.3
(95.5)
35.8
(96.4)
35.6
(96.1)
34.6
(94.3)
38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
29.9
(85.8)
30.7
(87.3)
32.1
(89.8)
33.8
(92.8)
33.6
(92.5)
32.8
(91.0)
31.5
(88.7)
31.0
(87.8)
31.2
(88.2)
31.4
(88.5)
31.3
(88.3)
30.3
(86.5)
31.6
(88.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
26.9
(80.4)
27.5
(81.5)
28.7
(83.7)
30.3
(86.5)
30.3
(86.5)
29.7
(85.5)
28.7
(83.7)
28.5
(83.3)
28.4
(83.1)
28.6
(83.5)
28.3
(82.9)
27.4
(81.3)
28.6
(83.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
23.9
(75.0)
24.3
(75.7)
25.3
(77.5)
26.7
(80.1)
27.0
(80.6)
26.5
(79.7)
25.9
(78.6)
25.9
(78.6)
25.7
(78.3)
25.7
(78.3)
25.3
(77.5)
24.6
(76.3)
25.6
(78.1)
Record low °C (°F)
14.5
(58.1)
15.6
(60.1)
16.2
(61.2)
17.2
(63.0)
20.0
(68.0)
20.1
(68.2)
19.4
(66.9)
18.0
(64.4)
20.2
(68.4)
19.5
(67.1)
16.8
(62.2)
15.7
(60.3)
14.5
(58.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
19.4
(0.76)
21.9
(0.86)
21.8
(0.86)
23.4
(0.92)
159.1
(6.26)
253.3
(9.97)
432.3
(17.02)
476.1
(18.74)
396.4
(15.61)
220.6
(8.69)
119.9
(4.72)
98.5
(3.88)
2,242.7
(88.30)
Average rainy days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
14
19
19
18
14
10
124
Average
relative humidity
(%)
72
70
67
66
72
76
80
82
81
77
75
75
74
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
177
198
226
258
223
162
133
133
132
158
153
152
2,105
Source 1:
PAGASA
172
173
Source 2:
Danish Meteorological Institute
(sun, 1931–1960)
174
Natural hazards
edit
See also:
List of earthquakes in the Philippines
Swiss Re
ranked Manila as the second-riskiest capital city to live in, citing its exposure to natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, floods, and landslides.
19
The seismically active
Marikina Valley Fault System
poses a threat of a large-scale earthquake with an estimated
magnitude
of between 6 and 7, and as high as 7.6
175
to Metro Manila and nearby provinces.
176
Manila has experienced several deadly earthquakes, notably those of
1645
and 1677, which destroyed the stone-and-brick medieval city.
177
Architects during the Spanish colonial period used the
Earthquake Baroque
style to adapt to the region's frequent earthquakes.
178
The
Taal Volcano
located to the south of Manila also poses a threat when it erupts.
179
Manila experiences between five and seven typhoons each year.
180
In 2009,
Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy)
struck the Philippines, leading to one of the worst floods in Metro Manila and several provinces in Luzon with an estimated damages worth ₱11 billion (
US$
237 million
),
181
182
and caused 448 deaths in Metro Manila alone. Following the aftermath of Typhoon Ketsana, the city began to dredge its rivers and improve its drainage network.
Parks and green spaces
edit
See also:
Manila Bay
and
List of parks in Metro Manila
The
Arroceros Forest Park
is considered as the "last lung of Manila".
183
Metro Manila
is situated in a variety of ecosystems including
upland forests
mangrove forests
mudflats
, sandy beaches,
sea grass meadows
and
coral reefs
. Metro Manila is home to urban parks, nature parks, plazas, nature reserves, and an arboretum. However, according to the Asian Green City Index, in 2007 Manila contained only an average of 4.5 square meters (48 sq ft) of green space per person, well below the index average of 39 square meters (420 sq ft)
184
and below the
World Health Organization
(WHO) recommended minimum of 9 square meters (97 sq ft) per person.
185
186
The
Arroceros Forest Park
is a 2.2-hectare (5.4-acre)
nature park
situated in the heart of downtown Manila along the south bank of the
Pasig River
. Considered as the "last lung of Manila", the park was professionally planned in 1993 with its
secondary growth forest
of 61 different native tree varieties and 8,000 ornamental plants providing a habitat for about 10 different bird species.
187
Pollution
edit
Smog
in the
Quiapo
Binondo
area
Air pollution
in Manila is due to industrial waste and automobiles.
188
189
Swiss firm
IQAir
reported in December 2020 Manila experienced an average
PM2.5
concentration of 6.1
10
−6
g/m
(1.03
10
−8
lb/cu yd), which is classed as "Good" according to recommendations made by the World Health Organization.
190
According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most-polluted rivers in the world in which 150 metric tons (150 long tons; 170 short tons) of domestic waste and 75 metric tons (74 long tons; 83 short tons) of industrial waste are dumped daily.
191
needs update
The city is the second-biggest waste producing metropolis in the country with 1,151.79 tons (7,500.07 cubic meters (264,862 ft
)) per day, after Quezon City, which produces 1,386.84 tons (12,730.59 cubic meters (449,577 ft
)) per day. Both cities were cited as having poor management in garbage collection and disposal.
192
A 2021 report by Oxford University's Our World in Data estimated eighty one percent of global ocean plastic comes from rivers in Asia and the Philippines itself contributes one third of that number, and the Pasig River is one of the main contributors.
193
Rehabilitation efforts have resulted in the creation of parks along the riverside and stricter pollution controls.
194
195
In 2019, the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
launched a rehabilitation program for Manila Bay that will be administered by different government agencies.
196
197
Cityscape
edit
The
Roxas Boulevard
skyline at night along
Manila Bay
Manila is a
planned city
. In 1905, American architect and urban planner
Daniel Burnham
was commissioned to design the new capital.
198
His design for the city was based on the
City Beautiful movement
, which favored broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles. Manila is made up of fourteen city districts, according to Republic Act No. 409—the Revised Charter of the City of Manila—the basis of which officially sets the present-day boundary of the city.
12
The districts
Santa Mesa
, which was partitioned from Sampaloc,
199
and
San Andres
, which was partitioned off from Santa Ana, were later created.
Manila's mix of
architectural styles
reflects its, and the Philippines', turbulent history. During World War II, Manila was razed to the ground by Japanese forces and the shelling of American forces.
200
201
After the war ended, rebuilding began and most of the historical buildings were reconstructed. Many of the historic churches and buildings in Intramuros, Manila's historic core, however, had been damaged beyond repair.
202
Manila's current urban landscape is one of modern and contemporary architecture. Manila's historic sites under the entry of
The Walled City and Historic Monuments of Manila
is currently being proposed to the tentative list for future
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
inscription.
203
Architecture
edit
The façade of the
Manila Metropolitan Theater
, designed by Filipino architect
Juan M. Arellano
Jones Bridge
was redeveloped in 2019 to "restore" it to its near-original design using
Beaux-Arts architecture
Manila is known for its eclectic mix of architecture that includes a wide range of styles spanning the city's historical and cultural periods. Its architectural styles reflect American, Spanish, Chinese, and Malay influences.
204
Prominent Filipino architects including Antonio Toledo,
205
Felipe Roxas,
206
Juan M. Arellano
207
and
Tomás Mapúa
have designed significant buildings in Manila such as churches, government offices, theaters, mansions, schools, and universities.
208
Manila is known for
its Art Deco theaters
, some of which were designed by
Juan Nakpil
and
Pablo Antonio
209
The historic
Escolta Street
in Binondo has many buildings of
Neoclassical
and
Beaux-Arts
architectural styles, many of which were designed by prominent Filipino architects during the American colonial period between the 1920s and the late 1930s. Many architects, artists, historians, and heritage advocacy groups are campaigning for the restoration of Escolta Street, which was once the premier street of the Philippines.
210
The
Luneta Hotel
, an example of
French Renaissance architecture
with Filipino stylized beaux art
Almost all of Manila's pre-war and Spanish colonial architecture was destroyed during the
1945 Battle of Manila
by intensive bombardment by the United States Air Force. Reconstruction took place afterward, replacing the destroyed historic Spanish-era buildings with modern ones, erasing much of the city's character. Some of the destroyed buildings, such as the Old Legislative Building (now the
National Museum of Fine Arts
),
Ayuntamiento de Manila
(now the Bureau of the Treasury), and the under-construction
San Ignacio Church and Convent
(as the
Museo de Intramuros
), have been reconstructed. There are plans to refurbish and restore several neglected historic buildings and places such as Plaza Del Carmen,
San Sebastian Church
, and the
NCCA Metropolitan Theater
. Spanish-era shops and houses in the districts of
Binondo
Quiapo
, and
San Nicolas
are also planned to be restored as a part of a movement to restore the city to its pre-war state.
211
212
Because Manila is prone to earthquakes, Spanish colonial architects invented a style called
Earthquake Baroque
, which churches and government buildings during the Spanish colonial period adopted.
178
As a result, succeeding earthquakes of the 18th and 19th centuries barely affected Manila, although they periodically leveled the surrounding area. Modern buildings in and around Manila are designed or have been retrofitted to withstand an 8.2 magnitude quake in accordance with the country's building code.
213
Demographics
edit
Population Census of Manila
Year
Pop.
±% p.a.
1903
219,928
1918
285,306
+1.75%
1939
623,492
+3.79%
1948
983,906
+5.20%
1960
1,138,611
+1.22%
1970
1,330,788
+1.57%
1975
1,479,116
+2.14%
1980
1,630,485
+1.97%
1990
1,601,234
−0.18%
1995
1,654,761
+0.62%
2000
1,581,082
−0.97%
2007
1,660,714
+0.68%
2010
1,652,171
−0.19%
2015
1,780,148
+1.43%
2020
1,846,513
+0.77%
2024
1,902,590
+0.72%
Source:
Philippine Statistics Authority
214
215
216
217
218
219
Manila population pyramid in 2021
People flocking to the
Binondo Chinatown
during
Chinese New Year
According to the
2020 Philippine census
, Manila has a population of 1,846,513 people, making it the
second-most-populous city
in the Philippines.
220
Manila is
the most-densely populated city
in the world, with 41,515 inhabitants per km
in 2015.
District 6 is listed as the densest with 68,266 inhabitants per km
, followed by District 1 with 64,936 and District 2 with 64,710. District 5 is the least-densely populated area with 19,235.
221
Manila has been presumed to be the Philippines' largest city since the establishment of a permanent Spanish settlement, and eventually became the political, commercial, and ecclesiastical capital of the country.
222
Since colonial times, Manila has been the destination of peoples whose origins are as wide-ranging as India
223
and Latin America.
224
Practicing
forensic anthropology
, while exhuming cranial bones in several Philippine cemeteries, researcher Matthew C. Go estimated that 7% of the mean amount, among the samples exhumed, have attribution to European descent.
225
Research work published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology, collating contemporary Anthropological data show that the percentage of Filipino bodies who were sampled from the
University of the Philippines
, that is
phenotypically
classified as Asian (
East
South
and
Southeast Asian
) is 72.7%, Hispanic (Spanish-Amerindian Mestizo,
Latin American
, and/or Spanish-Malay
Mestizo
) is at 12.7%, Indigenous American (
Native American
) at 7.3%, African at 4.5%, and European at 2.7%.
226
However, this is only according to an interpretation of the data wherein the reference groups, which were cross checked to the Filipino samples; for the Hispanic category, were
Mexican-Americans
226
and the reference groups for the: European, African, and Indigenous American, categories, were:
White Americans
Black Americans
, and
Native Americans from the USA
, while the Asian reference groups were sourced from Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese origins.
226
In contrast, a different anthropology study using Morphoscopic ancestry estimates in Filipino crania using multivariate probit regression models by J. T. Hefner, while analyzing Historic and Modern samples of Philippine skeletons, paint a different picture,
227
in that, when the reference group for "Asian" was Thailand (Southeast Asians) rather than Chinese, Japanese, and Vietnamese; the reference for "Africans" included West and East Africans, along with Black Americans; and the reference group for "Hispanic" was
Colombians
(South Americans) rather than Mexicans,
227
the historical and modern sample results for Filipinos, yielded the following ratios: Asian at 48.6%, African at 32.9%, which is attributed to extensive admixture with Negritos since the initial peopling of the Filipino archipleago, and only a small portion classifying as either European at 12.9%, and finally for Hispanic at 5.7%.
227
Between the 1860s and 1890s, in urban areas of the Philippines – especially Manila – according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and pure Chinese composed 9.9% of the city's populace. The Spanish-Filipino and Chinese-Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated, with the mixed Spanish-Filipinos composing 19% of Manila's population.
58
: 539
Eventually, these non-native categories diminished because they were assimilated into the majority Austronesian Filipino population.
228
During the Philippine Revolution, the term "Filipino" included people of any race born in the Philippines.
229
230
This explains the abrupt drop of the proportion of Chinese, Spanish, and Mestizo peoples across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903, as the foreign and mixed descended peoples identified solely as pure Filipinos.
231
Manila's population dramatically increased since the 1903 census because people tended to move from rural areas to towns and cities. In the 1960 census, Manila became the first Philippine city to exceed one million people – more than five times of its 1903 population. The city continued to grow until the population stabilized at 1.6 million and experienced alternating increases and decreases starting in the 1990 census year. This phenomenon may be attributed to the higher growth experienced by suburbs and the already-very-high population density of the city. As such, Manila exhibited a decreasing percentage share of the metropolitan population
232
from 63% in the 1950s to 27.5%
233
in 1980, and 13.8% in 2015. The much-larger
Quezon City
marginally surpassed the population of Manila in 1990 and by the 2015 census it already has 1.1 million more people. Nationally, the population of Manila was expected to be overtaken by cities with larger territories such as
Caloocan
and
Davao City
by 2020.
234
Language
edit
The vernacular language is
Filipino
, which is mostly based on the
Tagalog language
of the city and its surroundings, and this Manilan form of spoken Tagalog has become the
lingua franca
of the Philippines, having spread throughout the archipelago through mass media and entertainment.
is the language most widely used in education and business, and is in heavy everyday use throughout Metro Manila and the rest of the Philippines.
Philippine Hokkien
, which is locally known as
Lan-nang-oe
, a variant of
Southern Min
, is mainly spoken by the city's
Chinese-Filipino
community. According to data provided by the Bureau of Immigration, 3.12 million Chinese citizens arrived in the Philippines from January 2016 to May 2018.
235
Crime
edit
Manila Police District
officers in
Rizal Park
Crime in Manila is concentrated in areas that are associated with poverty, drug abuse, and gangs. Crime in the city is also directly related to its changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The
illegal drug trade
is a major problem of the city; in
Metro Manila
alone, 92% of the barangays were affected by illegal drugs in February 2015.
236
From 2010 to 2015, Manila had the second-highest index crime rates in the Philippines, with 54,689 cases or an average of about 9,100 cases per year.
237
By October 2017,
Manila Police District
(MPD) reported a 38.7% decrease in index crimes from 5,474 cases in 2016 to 3,393 in 2017. MPD's crime-solution efficiency also improved; six-to-seven of every ten crimes were solved by the city police force.
238
MPD was cited as the Best Police District in Metro Manila in 2017 for registering the highest crime-solution efficiency.
239
Religion
edit
See also:
List of Catholic churches in Metro Manila
Religion in Manila (circa 2010)
240
Catholicism
(93.5%)
Iglesia ni Cristo
(1.90%)
Protestantism
(1.80%)
Buddhism
(1.10%)
Other (1.40%)
Christianity
edit
As a result of
Spanish
cultural influence, Manila is a predominantly
Christian
city. As of 2010
[update]
, 93.5% of the population were
Roman Catholic
, 1.9% were adherents of the
Iglesia ni Cristo
, 1.8% followed various
Protestant
, and 1.1% were
Buddhists
. Members of
Islam
and other religions make up the remaining 1.4% of the population.
240
Manila is the seat of prominent Catholic churches and institutions. There are 113 Catholic churches within the city limits; 63 of which are considered major shrines, basilicas, or cathedrals.
241
Manila Cathedral
, the country's oldest established church, is the seat of the
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila
242
There are another three basilicas in the city;
Quiapo Church
Binondo Church
, and the
Minor Basilica of San Sebastián
243
San Agustín Church
in Intramuros is a
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
244
Several
Mainline Protestant
denominations are headquartered in the city.
St. Stephen's Parish
pro-cathedral
in Santa Cruz district is the
see
of the
Episcopal Church in the Philippines
' Diocese of Central Philippines, while on Taft Avenue are the
main cathedral and central offices
of
Iglesia Filipina Independiente
(also called the Aglipayan Church), a
nationalist church
that is a product of the
Philippine Revolution
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
(LDS Church) has a
temple within Manila
, one of two operating LDS temples in the Philippines.
The indigenous
Iglesia ni Cristo
has several locales (akin to parishes) in the city, including its first chapel, now
a museum
, in Punta, Santa Ana.
245
Evangelical
Pentecostal
and
Seventh-day Adventist
denominations also thrive. The headquarters of the Philippine Bible Society is in Manila. The main campus of the
Cathedral of Praise
is located on Taft Avenue.
Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide
has several branches and campuses in Manila.
Religious groups such as
Members Church of God International (MCGI)
246
Iglesia ni Cristo, Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide, and the
El Shaddai movement
celebrate their anniversaries at Quirino Grandstand, which is an open space in Rizal Park.
247
Manila Cathedral
is the seat of
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila
The
Minor Basilica of San Sebastián
is the only
all-steel
church in Asia.
248
San Agustín Church
in
Intramuros
, a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Binondo Church
serves the Roman Catholic Chinese community.
Quiapo Church
, home of the iconic
Black Nazarene
, whose
Traslacion
feast is celebrated every January 9
The
Iglesia ni Cristo
(INC) Lokal ng Tondo, established on November 6, 1915, is one of the earliest congregations of the church. The
current structure
was completed in 1967.
Seng Guan Temple
Other faiths
edit
Manila has many
Taoist
and Buddhist temples like
Seng Guan Temple
that serve the spiritual needs of the
Chinese Filipino
community.
249
Quiapo has a "
Muslim
town" that includes the city's largest mosque
Masjid Al-Dahab
250
Members of the Indian expatriate community can worship at the large
Hindu
temple in the city or at the
Sikh
gurdwara
on
United Nations Avenue
. The
Baháʼí Faith
's governing body in the Philippines the
National Spiritual Assembly
is headquartered near Manila's eastern boundary with Makati.
citation needed
Economy
edit
Skyline of
Binondo
, the central business district of the city of Manila.
Manila is a major center for commerce, banking and finance, retailing, transportation, tourism, real estate,
new media
traditional media
, advertising, legal services, accounting, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts. Around 60,000 establishments operate in the city.
251
In 2024, Manila is the
4th largest economy in the Philippines
, with a 4.7% share to the national gross domestic product totaling ₱1.04 trillion.
252
The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines, which annually publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI), ranks the country's cities, municipalities, and provinces according to their economic dynamism, government efficiency, and infrastructure. According to the 2022 CMCI, Manila was the second-most-competitive
highly urbanized city
in the Philippines.
253
Manila held the title of the country's most-competitive city in 2015, and since then has been in the top three, denoting Manila is consistently one of the best place to live in and do business.
254
The city has an estimated
GDP
of ₱987.88 billion
255
and is the 3rd largest economy of the
National Capital Region
, accounting for 15% of the region's total economy as of 2023.
256
Binondo
, the oldest and one of the largest
Chinatowns
in the world, was the center of commerce and business activities in the city. Numerous residential and office skyscrapers occupy its medieval streets. As of 2013, plans by the city government of Manila to turn the Chinatown area into a
business process outsourcing
(BPO) hub were in progress; thirty unoccupied buildings had been already identified for conversion into BPO offices. Most of these buildings are on
Escolta Street
, Binondo.
257
View of the
Manila International Container Terminal
, the chief port of the Philippines
The
Port of Manila
is the largest seaport in the Philippines and the main international shipping route into the country. The
Philippine Ports Authority
oversees the operation and management of the country's ports.
International Container Terminal Services Inc.
, according to the
Asian Development Bank
, is one of the top-five major maritime terminal operators in the world,
258
259
and has its headquarters and main operations at the Port of Manila. Another port operator, Asian Terminal Incorporated, has its corporate office and main operations at
Manila South Harbor
, and its container depository is in
Santa Mesa
. Manila is classified as a Medium-Port Megacity, using the Southampton system for port-city classification.
260
Manufacturers within the city produce industrial-related products such as chemicals, textiles, clothing, electronic goods, food, beverages, and tobacco products. Local businesses process primary commodities for export, including rope, plywood, refined sugar,
copra
, and coconut oil. The food-processing industry is one of the most-stable manufacturing sector in the city.
261
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
headquarters
Pandacan oil depot
houses the storage facilities and distribution terminals of
Caltex Philippines
Pilipinas Shell
, and
Petron Corporation
; the major players in the country's petroleum industry. The oil depot has been a subject of various concerns, including its environmental and health impact on the residents of Manila. The Supreme Court ordered the oil depot to be relocated outside the city by July 2015,
262
263
but it failed to meet this deadline. Most of the oil depot facility inside the 33-hectare (82-acre) compound were demolished,
264
and plans have been made to convert it into a transport hub or food park.
265
Manila is a major publishing center of the Philippines.
266
Manila Bulletin
, the Philippines' largest broadsheet newspaper by circulation, is headquartered in Intramuros.
267
Other major publishing companies in the country
The Manila Times
The Philippine Star
, and
Manila Standard Today
are headquartered in the Port Area. The
Chinese Commercial News
, the Philippines' oldest existing Chinese-language newspaper, and the country's third-oldest newspaper,
268
is headquartered in Binondo.
DWRK
used to have its studio at the FEMS Tower 1 along
Osmeña Highway
in
Malate
before transferring to the
MBC Building
at the
CCP Complex
in 2008.
269
Manila serves as the headquarters of the
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
, which is located on
Roxas Boulevard
270
The
Landbank of the Philippines
and
Philippine Trust Company
also have their headquarters in Manila.
Unilever Philippines
used to have its corporate office on
United Nations Avenue
in
Paco
before transferring to
Bonifacio Global City
in 2016.
271
Vehicle manufacturer
Toyota
also has its regional office on UN Avenue.
Tourism
edit
Main article:
Tourism in Metro Manila
The historic
Plaza Moriones
with the
Manila Cathedral
in the background.
Manila welcomes over one million tourists each year.
266
Major tourist destinations include the historic Walled City of
Intramuros
, the
Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex
note 1
Manila Ocean Park
, Binondo (Chinatown), Ermita,
Malate
Manila Zoo
, the
National Museum Complex
, and
Rizal Park
272
Both the historic Walled City of Intramuros and Rizal Park were designated as flagship destinations and as tourism enterprise zones in the
Tourism Act of 2009
273
Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is a national park and the largest urban park in Asia.
274
with an area of 58 hectares (140 acres),
275
The park was constructed to honor of the country's national hero
José Rizal
, who was executed by the Spaniards on charges of subversion. The flagpole west of the Rizal Monument is the
Kilometer Zero
marker for distances to locations across the country. The park is managed by the National Parks and Development Committee.
276
The 0.67-square-kilometer (0.26 sq mi) Walled City of
Intramuros
is the historic center of Manila. It is administered by the
Intramuros Administration
, an attached agency of the
Department of Tourism
. It contains
Manila Cathedral
and the 18th Century
San Agustin Church
, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Kalesa
is a popular mode of transportation for tourists in Intramuros and nearby places including Binondo, Ermita and Rizal Park.
277
Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world, was established in 1521
278
and served as a hub of Chinese commerce before the Spaniards colonized the Philippines. Its main attractions are
Binondo Church
, Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch, Seng Guan Buddhist Temple, and authentic Chinese restaurants.
Manila is designated as the country's leading destination for
medical tourism
, which is estimated to annually generate $1 billion in revenue.
279
Lack of a progressive health system, inadequate infrastructure, and the unstable political environment are seen as hindrances to its growth.
280
Shopping
edit
The old
Tutuban Main Station
built in 1892, which is now converted to a shopping mall
Divisoria
is a popular flea market for locals and tourists. Shown is the interior of
168 Shopping Mall
Manila is regarded as one of the best shopping destinations in Asia.
281
282
Major shopping malls, department stores, markets, supermarkets, and bazaars are located within the city.
Divisoria
in Tondo has been locally described as a "shopping mecca" of Manila.
283
284
Shopping malls sell goods at bargain prices. Small vendors occupy several roads, causing pedestrian and vehicular traffic. A well-known landmark in Divisoria is the
Tutuban Center
, a large shopping mall that is a part of the
Philippine National Railways
Main Station
. It attracts 1 million people every month and is expected to add another 400,000 people upon the completion of the
LRT Line 2
West Extension, making it Manila's busiest transfer station.
285
Another "lifestyle mall" is
Lucky Chinatown
. There are almost 1 million shoppers in Divisoria according to the Manila Police District.
286
Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world,
49
is the city's center of commerce and trade for all types of businesses run by Filipino-Chinese merchants, with a wide variety of shops and restaurants.
Quiapo
is referred to as the "Old Downtown", where
tiangges
, markets, boutique shops, music and electronics stores are common.
287
Many department stores are on
Recto Avenue
Robinsons Place Manila
is Manila's largest shopping mall.
288
The mall was the second and the largest
Robinsons Malls
built.
SM Supermalls
operates the shopping malls SM City Manila and
SM City San Lazaro
. SM City Manila is located on the former site of YMCA Manila beside
Manila City Hall
in
Ermita
, while SM City San Lazaro is built on the site of the former
San Lazaro Hippodrome
in
Santa Cruz
. The building of the former Manila Royal Hotel in Quiapo, which is known for its revolving restaurant, is now the
SM Clearance Center
and was established in 1972.
289
The site of the
first SM Department Store
is Carlos Palanca Sr. (formerly Echague) Street in
San Miguel
290
Culture
edit
Museums
edit
The
National Museum of Fine Arts
As the cultural center of the Philippines, Manila has a number of museums. The
National Museum Complex
of the
National Museum of the Philippines
, located in Rizal Park, is composed of the
National Museum of Fine Arts
, the
National Museum of Anthropology
, the
National Museum of Natural History
291
and the
National Planetarium
Spoliarium
, a famous painting by
Juan Luna
, can be found in the complex.
292
The city hosts the
National Library of the Philippines
, a repository of the country's printed and recorded cultural heritage, and other literary and information resources.
293
294
The
National Historical Commission of the Philippines
maintains two history museums in the city, which are the
Museo ni Apolinario Mabini – PUP
and the
Museo ni Jose Rizal – Fort Santiago
295
Museums established or run by the
National Library
and by educational institutions such asDLS-CSB Museum of Contemporary Art and Design,
296
UST Museum of Arts and Sciences
297
and the
UP Museum of a History of Ideas
are located in the city.
298
National Museum of Natural History
at Agrifina Circle,
Rizal Park
Bahay Tsinoy
, one of Manila's prominent museums, documents the lives of Chinese people and their contributions to the history of the Philippines.
299
300
Intramuros Light and Sound Museum chronicles Filipinos' desire for freedom during
the revolution
under Rizal's leadership and other revolutionary leaders. The
Metropolitan Museum of Manila
houses modern and contemporary visual arts, and exhibits Filipino arts and
culture
301
Other museums in the city are the
Museo Pambata
302
a children's museum;
303
and Plaza San Luis, an outdoor heritage public museum that includes nine Spanish
Bahay na Bato
houses.
304
Ecclesiastical museums located in the city are the Parish of the Our Lady of the Abandoned in Santa Ana;
305
San Agustin Church Museum
306
and the
Museo de Intramuros
, which houses the ecclesiastical art collection of the
Intramuros Administration
in the reconstructed
San Ignacio Church and Convent
307
Sports
edit
Ground view of the city-owned
Rizal Memorial Stadium
, part of the
Rizal Memorial Sports Complex
Children playing basketball at the ruins of
San Ignacio Church
in Intramuros
Sports in Manila have a long and distinguished history. The city's, and in general the country's, main sport is
basketball
. Most barangays have a basketball court or a makeshift one, and court markings are frequently drawn on the streets. Larger barangays have covered courts where inter-barangay leagues are held every April to May. Manila's major sports venues include
Rizal Memorial Sports Complex
and San Andres Gym, the base of the now-defunct
Manila Metrostars
308
Rizal Memorial Sports Complex houses
a track and football stadium
a baseball stadium
, tennis courts,
Rizal Memorial Coliseum
, and
Ninoy Aquino Stadium
; the latter two are indoor arenas. The Rizal complex had hosted several multi-sport events, such as the
1954 Asian Games
and the
1934 Far Eastern Games
. When the Philippines hosts the
Southeast Asian Games
, most of the events are held at the complex but in the
2005 Games
, most events were held elsewhere. The
1960 ABC Championship
and the
1973 ABC Championship
, forerunners of the
FIBA Asia Championship
, were hosted at the memorial coliseum; the
national basketball team
won both tournaments.
309
The
1978 FIBA World Championship
was held at the coliseum although the latter stages were held in the
Araneta Coliseum
in Quezon City.
Manila has several other well-known sports facilities such as
Enrique M. Razon Sports Center
and the
University of Santo Tomas Sports Complex
, both of which are private venues owned by a university;
collegiate sports
are also held in the city; the
University Athletic Association of the Philippines
and the
National Collegiate Athletic Association
basketball games held at Rizal Memorial Coliseum and Ninoy Aquino Stadium, although basketball events have been transferred to
San Juan
's
Filoil Flying V Arena
and Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City.
Other collegiate sports are still held at Rizal Memorial Sports Complex. Professional basketball, which has been mostly organized by corporate teams, also used to play at the city but the
Philippine Basketball Association
now holds their games at Araneta Coliseum and
Cuneta Astrodome
at
Pasay
; the now-defunct
Philippine Basketball League
played some of their games, such as its
1995–96 Philippine Basketball League season
, at Rizal Memorial Sports Complex.
310
Manila Metrostars
participated in the
Metropolitan Basketball Association
311
The Metrostars, named after the
Metrostar Express
– the brand name of the
Metro Manila MRT-3
, which does not have stations in the city – participated in its first three seasons and won the 1999 championship.
312
The Metrostars later merged with the
Batangas Blades
and subsequently played in
Lipa, Batangas
. Almost twenty years later,
Manila Stars
participated in the
Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League
, reaching the Northern Division Finals in 2019. Both teams played in the San Andres Sports Complex. Other teams that represented Manila but did not host games in the city are the
Manila Jeepney F.C.
and
FC Meralco Manila
. The city's government acknowledged Jeepney as Manila's representative in the
United Football League
. Meralco Manila played in the
Philippines Football League
and designated Rizal Memorial Stadium as their home ground.
citation needed
Manila's
rugby league
team
Manila Storm
trains at Rizal Park and plays matches at Southern Plains Field,
Calamba, Laguna
. Baseball was previously a widely played sport in the city but in 2022, Manila had the Philippines' only sizable baseball stadium,
Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium
, which hosted games of the now-defunct
Baseball Philippines
Lou Gehrig
and
Babe Ruth
were the first players to score a
home run
at the stadium during their tour of the country on December 2, 1934.
313
Cue sports
are also popular in Manila; billiard halls are present in most barangays. The
2010 World Cup of Pool
was held at
Robinsons Place Manila
314
Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium
hosted the first
FIFA World Cup
qualifier in decades when the
Philippines
hosted
Sri Lanka
in July 2011. The stadium, which was previously unfit for international matches, had been renovated before the match.
315
The stadium also hosted its first
rugby test
for the
2012 Asian Five Nations Division I
tournaments.
316
Festivals and holidays
edit
Further information:
Public holidays in the Philippines
Catholic devotees during the
Feast of the Black Nazarene
Traslacíon
Manila celebrates civic and national holidays. Because most of the city's residents are Roman Catholic,
317
318
most of the festivals are religious in nature. Araw ng Maynila, which celebrates the city's founding on June 24, 1571
319
by the Spanish
conquistador
Miguel López de Legazpi
, was first proclaimed by the city's vice mayor
Herminio A. Astorga
in June 1962. It has been annually commemorated under the
patronage
of
John the Baptist
, and has always been declared by the national government as a special, non-working holiday through presidential proclamations. Each of the city's 896 barangays have their own festivities, which are guided by their own
patron saints
citation needed
Manila also hosts the
procession of the Feast of the Black Nazarene
Traslacíon
), which is held every January 9 and draws millions of Catholic followers.
320
Other religious festivities held in Manila are the
Feast of Santo Niño
in Tondo and Pandacan, which is held on the third Sunday of January;
321
322
the Feast of
Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados de Manila
(Our Lady of the Abandoned), the patron saint of
Santa Ana
, which is held every May 12;
323
and the
Flores de Mayo
324
Non-religious holidays include
New Year's Day
National Heroes' Day
Bonifacio Day
, and
Rizal Day
325
Government
edit
Local government
edit
Main article:
Sangguniang Panglungsod
Manila City Hall
, the seat of city government
The inaugural session of the 12th
Manila City Council
at the city hall, 2022
Manila, which is officially known as the City of Manila, is the
national capital
of the Philippines and is classified as a special city according to its income,
326
327
and a
highly urbanized city
(HUC). The
Mayor of Manila
is the chief executive, and is assisted by the vice mayor and the 38-member
City Council
, who are elected as representatives of the six councilor districts within the city, and the municipal presidents of the
Liga ng mga Barangay
and
Sangguniang Kabataan
citation needed
The city has no control over
Intramuros
and
Manila North Harbor
. The historic Walled City is administered by the
Intramuros Administration
while Manila North Harbor is managed by the
Philippine Ports Authority
. Both are national government agencies. The barangays that have jurisdictions over these places oversee the welfare of the city's constituents but cannot exercise their executive powers. Manila had a 12,971 personnel complement at the end of 2018.
328
Under the proposed form of
federalism in the Philippines
, Manila may no longer be the capital and Metro Manila may no longer be the seat of government; the committee has not yet decided on the federal capital and states they are open to other proposals.
329
330
As of June 2025, the mayor is
Isko Moreno
, who is on his second mayoral stint. The vice mayor is
Chi Atienza
, daughter of former mayor
Lito Atienza
. The mayor and the vice mayor are limited to up-to three terms, each term lasting for three years. The city has an ordinance penalizing
cat-calling
since 2018, and is the second city in the Philippines to do so after Quezon City, which passed a similar ordinance in 2016.
331
In 2017, the city government planned to revise the existing curfew ordinance since the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in August that year. Of the three cities reviewed by the Supreme Court; the City of Manila,
Navotas
, and Quezon City; only the curfew ordinance of Quezon City was approved.
332
333
National government
edit
Malacañang Palace
, the
official residence
and workplace of the
President of the Philippines
The
Palacio del Gobernador
in Intramuros is home to the Philippine
Commission on Elections
and Intramuros Administration.
Manila, being the seat of political power in the Philippines, has the headquarters of several national government offices. Planning for the city's role as the center of government started during the early years of
American colonization
, when the U.S. envisioned a well-designed city outside the walls of Intramuros, and chose Bagumbayan, a former town that is now Jose Rizal Park to become the center of government. A design commission was given to
Daniel Burnham
to create a master plan for the city patterned after
Washington, D.C.
334
but the plans were abandoned under the Commonwealth Government of
Manuel L. Quezon
citation needed
A new government center was to be built on the hills northeast of Manila, in what is now Quezon City. Several government agencies have set up their headquarters in Quezon City. Several key government offices are still based in Manila. Many of the plans were substantially altered after the devastation of Manila during World War II and by subsequent administrations.
citation needed
As the nation's capital, Manila hosts the
Office of the President
and the President's
official residence
. It also houses important government agencies and institutions such as the
Supreme Court
, the
Court of Appeals
, the
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
, the
Departments
of
Budget and Management
Finance
Health
Justice
Labor and Employment
, and
Public Works and Highways
. Manila also hosts important national institutions such as the National Library, National Archives,
National Museum of the Philippines
, and
Philippine General Hospital
citation needed
Other notable institutions based in Manila are the
National Commission for Culture and the Arts
National Historical Commission
Film Development Council of the Philippines
, and the
Cultural Center of the Philippines
The facade of the
Supreme Court of the Philippines
Congress previously held office at the
Old Congress Building
335
In 1972, due to declaration of martial law, Congress was dissolved; its successor, the
unicameral
Batasang Pambansa
, held office at the new
Batasang Pambansa Complex
. When a new
constitution
restored the
bicameral
Congress, the House of Representatives stayed at the Batasang Pambansa Complex and the Senate remained at the Old Congress Building. In May 1997, the Senate transferred to a new building, which it shares with the
Government Service Insurance System
on reclaimed land at
Pasay
. The
Supreme Court
was due to transfer to its new campus at
Bonifacio Global City
Taguig
, in 2019 but the move was postponed to a later year.
336
In Congress, Manila has six representatives, one each from
its six congressional districts
337
Finance
edit
In the 2019 Annual Audit Report published by the
Commission on Audit
, the revenue of the City of Manila was ₱16.534 billion.
328
It is one of the cities with the highest tax collection and internal revenue allotment.
338
For the 2019 fiscal year, the tax revenue collected by the city was ₱8.4 billion. The city's Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) from the National Treasury was ₱2.94 billion, and the city's total assets were worth ₱63.4 billion in 2019.
328
The City of Manila has the highest budget allocation for healthcare of all the cities and municipalities in the Philippines; the city maintains the six district hospitals, 59 health centers and lying-in clinics, and healthcare programs.
citation needed
Infrastructure
edit
Housing
edit
Smokey Mountain
Housing Project was built on a former landfill. Continuous development of housing buildings continues up to the present day.
Development of public housing in Manila began in the 1930s under U.S. rule. Americans had to deal with the problem of sanitation and concentration of settlers around business areas.
339
Business codes and sanitation laws were implemented in the 1930s. During this period until the 1950s, new communities were opened for relocation. Among these were Projects 1–8 in Quezon City
340
and the Vitas tenement houses in Tondo.
341
In 1947, the government implemented a public housing policy that established the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation (PHHC).
342
A few years later, it established a Slum Clearance Committee which, with the help of the PHHC, relocated thousands of families from Manila and Quezon City to Sapang Palay in
San Jose del Monte
, Bulacan in the 1960s.
343
In 2016, the national government completed several medium-rise houses for 300 Manila residents whose slum community was destroyed by a fire in 2011.
344
As of 2019, the city government plans to retrofit dilapidated tenements within the city,
345
and will construct new housing buildings for the city's informal settlers such as the 14-story Tondominium 1 and Tondomium 2 buildings, containing 42-square-meter (450 sq ft), two-bedroom units. The construction of these new in-city vertical housing projects was funded by a loan from the
Development Bank of the Philippines
and the
Land Bank of the Philippines
346
347
Since 2019, the Manila City Government has initiated six housing projects: Tondominium 1 & 2, Binondominium, Basecommunity, San Lazaro Residences, Pedro Gil Residences, and San Sebastian Residences.
348
349
350
Transportation
edit
Main articles:
Transportation in Metro Manila
Rail transportation in Metro Manila
, and
Major roads in Metro Manila
Jeepneys
are one of the most popular modes of transportation in Manila.
Pureza station
of
LRT Line 2
in
Santa Mesa
Carriedo station
of the
LRT Line 1
One of the best-known modes of transportation in Manila is the
jeepney
, which were patterned after
U.S. Army jeeps
and have been in use since the mid-to-late 1940s.
351
The
Tamaraw FX
, the third generation of the
Toyota Kijang
, once directly competed with jeepneys and followed fixed routes for a set price. They were replaced by the
UV Express
. All types of public road transportation in Manila are privately owned and operated under government-issued franchises.
citation needed
On a for-hire basis, the city is served by
taxicabs
, "
tricycles
" – motorcycles with sidecars—the Philippine version of the
auto rickshaw
, and "
trisikads
", "
sikads
" or "
kuligligs
"; bicycles with sidecars, the Philippine version of
pedicabs
), which are popular In some areas, especially Divisoria. Spanish-era horse-drawn
calesas
are a popular tourist attraction and mode of transportation in Binondo and Intramuros. Manila will phase out all gasoline-run tricycles and pedicabs, and replace them with electric tricycles (e-trikes), and plans to distribute 10,000 e-trikes to qualified tricycle drivers from the city.
352
353
By January 2018, the city has distributed e-trikes to a number of drivers and operators in Binondo, Ermita,
Malate
, and Santa Cruz.
354
Manila is serviced by
LRT Line 1
(LRT-1) and
Line 2
(LRT-2), which form the
Manila Light Rail Transit System
. Development of the light rail system began in the 1970s during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, when the LRT Line 1 was built, making it the first light-rail system in Southeast Asia. Despite its name, LRT-1 operates as a
light metro
, running on dedicated rights-of-way. LRT 2 operates as a full-metro, heavy rail system. As of 2015, these systems were undergoing a multi-billion-dollar expansion.
355
The LRT runs along the length of
Taft Avenue
(N170/R-2) and
Rizal Avenue
(N150/R-9), while LRT-2 runs along
Claro M. Recto Avenue
(N145/C-1) and
Ramon Magsaysay
Boulevard (N180/R-6) from Santa Cruz, through Quezon City, and to Masinag in
Antipolo
Rizal
PNR 8000 class
at
Santa Mesa station
, the fourth station southbound from
Tutuban station
terminus.
Tutuban station
, the central terminal of the
Philippine National Railways
, lies within Manila.
356
357
Within Metro Manila, one commuter railway is in operation. The line runs in a general north–south direction from Tutuban (Tondo) toward the province of
Laguna
. The Port of Manila, which is located in the western section of the city on Manila Bay, is the largest and chief seaport of the Philippines.
358
The
Pasig River Ferry Service
is another form of transportation.
359
The city is also served by
Ninoy Aquino International Airport
, the country's main international airport and domestic air hub.
360
Trolleys, hand-made human-powered metal handcarts operated by "trolley boys", transport people along sections of the PNR lines. This is a popular means of transportation because it is low-cost – roughly ₱10 or US$.20 per trip – and avoids traffic. Many trolley boys are homeless and live alongside the railroad line, which is actively used by passenger trains, making collisions with passenger trains a consistent danger, although casualties are rare. The trolley rides are unofficial and unregulated but tolerated by authorities.
361
362
363
364
Satellite navigation company
TomTom
ranked Manila as the second world's most-traffic-congested city in 2019.
365
According to
Waze
's 2015 "Global Driver Satisfaction Index", Manila has the worst traffic worldwide.
366
Manila is notorious for its frequent
traffic jams
and high densities.
367
The government has undertaken several projects to alleviate the traffic in the city, some of which include the proposed construction of a new viaduct or underpass at the intersection of
España Boulevard
and
Lacson Avenue
368
the construction of
Skyway Stage 3
, and
NLEX Connector
; the proposed LRT Line 2 West Extension Project from Recto Avenue to Pier 4 of Manila North Harbor;
369
the construction of the
North–South Commuter Railway
(NSCR);
370
the proposed construction of the PNR East–West line (
MRT Line 8
) through España Boulevard to Quezon City; and the expansion and widening of several national and local roads. These projects had yet to make any meaningful impact by 2014, and the traffic jams and congestion continue.
371
The government, under its 2014
Metro Manila Dream Plan
aims to address these urban transport problems. The plan is a list of short-term priority projects and medium-to-long-term infrastructure projects that will last up to 2030.
372
373
Water and electricity
edit
Water services used to be provided by the
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System
(MWSS), which served 30% of the city. Most other sewage was directly dumped into storm drains, septic tanks, and open canals.
374
MWSS was
privatized in 1997
, which split the water concession into east and west zones.
Maynilad Water Services
took over the west zone, of which Manila is a part.
375
As of 2001, Maynilad Water Services provides the supply and delivery of potable water, and sewerage system in Manila.
376
The southeastern part of the city, which belongs to the east zone, is served by
Manila Water
377
Electricity services are provided by
Meralco
, the sole electricity distributor in Metro Manila.
378
Healthcare
edit
See also:
List of hospitals in Metro Manila
Philippine General Hospital
, established in 1910, is the largest modern tertiary hospital in the country.
379
Manila Health Department
is responsible for the planning and implementation of healthcare programs provided by the city government. Manila Health Department operates 59 health centers and six city-run hospitals, which are free of charge for the city's constituents. The six public city-run hospitals are
Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center
, Ospital ng Sampaloc, Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center, Ospital ng Tondo,
Santa Ana Hospital
, and Justice Jose Abad Santos General Hospital.
380
Philippine General Hospital
, a tertiary state-owned hospital in Manila, is operated by the
University of the Philippines Manila
. The city is planning to build an education, research, and hospital facility for
cleft lip and cleft palate
patients,
381
382
and to establish the first children's surgical hospital in Southeast Asia.
383
Private corporations also provide healthcare in Manila. Private hospitals that operate in the city are
Manila Doctors Hospital
384
Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center
385
José R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center
386
Metropolitan Medical Center
387
Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital
388
and the
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
389
The
Department of Health
(DOH) has its main office in Manila
390
and operates San Lazaro Hospital, a special referral tertiary hospital. DOH also operates
Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital
Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center
, and
Tondo Medical Center
391
Manila is the home to the headquarters of the
World Health Organization
's Regional Office for the Western Pacific and Country Office for the Philippines.
392
The city government provides free immunization programs for children, who are specifically targeted against hepatitis B, hemophilus influenza B pneumonia, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella. As of 2016, 31,115 children aged one and below have been fully immunized.
393
Manila Dialysis Center, which provides free services for the poor, has been cited by the United Nations Committee on Innovation, Competitiveness and Public-Private Partnerships as a model for public-private partnership (PPP) projects.
394
395
The dialysis facility was named Flora V. Valisno de Siojo Dialysis Center in 2019, and was inaugurated as the largest free dialysis facility in the Philippines. It has 91 dialysis machines, which can be expanded up to 100, matching the capabilities of the
National Kidney and Transplant Institute
(NKTI).
396
397
Education
edit
Main articles:
List of universities and colleges in Manila
and
Division of City Schools–Manila
The campus of the
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
and
Baluarte de San Diego
in Intramuros
De La Salle University
is a
Lasallian educational institution
established in 1911.
Manila has been a center of education since the colonial period.
398
The city has several Philippine universities and colleges, some of which are the county's oldest. The city's
University Belt
has a high concentration of colleges and universities, which are a short walking distance of each other. The University Belt is at the boundaries between
San Miguel
Quiapo
, and
Sampaloc
districts, while other clusters colleges lie along the southern bank of the Pasig River – mostly in Intramuros and Ermita districts; and at the southernmost part of
Malate
near the city limits.
The historic district Intramuros once housed the
University of Santo Tomas
(1611),
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
(1620), and
Ateneo de Manila University
(1859).
398
399
Only Colegio de San Juan de Letran remains at Intramuros; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927 and Ateneo de Manila University relocated to Loyola Heights, Quezon City, in 1952. In the 20th century, new non-sectarian schools were built;
Mapúa University
(1925),
Lyceum of the Philippines University
(1952), and
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
(1965) – which is owned and operated by the Manila city government.
400
401
The four schools in the district formed the
Intramuros Consortium
Other notable universities in Manila include
National University
(1900),
San Beda University
(1901), the only
Benedictine
university in Asia,
De La Salle University
(1911), the largest of all
De La Salle University System
of schools,
St. Paul University Manila
(1912), one of the seven campuses comprising the
St. Paul University System
of schools,
Far Eastern University
(1928), and
Adamson University
(1939).
The
University of the Philippines
(1908), the country's main state university, was established in Ermita, Manila. It moved its central administrative offices from Manila to Diliman in 1949 and eventually made the original campus the
University of the Philippines Manila
, the oldest of the constituent universities of the University of the Philippines System, and the center of health-sciences education in the country.
402
Manila is also the site of the main campus of the
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
, the largest university in the country in terms of student population.
403
The city's three-tier public education system, the
Division of the City Schools of Manila
, is a branch of the
Department of Education
. The division oversees 71 public elementary schools and 32 public high schools, all located within the city's territory, except for Rafael Palma Elementary School, which is situated in Barangay La Paz,
Makati
, near the border with Manila.
404
The city also contains
Manila Science High School
, a pilot science high school.
405
Sister cities
edit
See also:
List of sister cities in Metro Manila
Asia
edit
Astana
, Kazakhstan
406
Bacoor
, Cavite
407
Bangkok
, Thailand
408
Beijing
, People's Republic of China
409
410
Dili
, East Timor
411
412
Guangzhou
Guangdong
, People's Republic of China
410
Haifa
, Israel
413
Ho Chi Minh City
, Vietnam
414
Incheon
, South Korea
415
Jakarta
, Indonesia
416
Nantan, Kyoto
, Japan
417
Osaka
, Japan (business partner)
418
Shanghai
, People's Republic of China
419
Taipei
, Taiwan
420
Takatsuki
, Osaka, Japan
421
422
Yokohama
Kanagawa
, Japan
422
423
Europe
edit
Bucharest
, Romania
406
Lisbon
, Portugal
424
Warsaw
, Poland
Madrid
, Spain
425
Málaga
, Spain
406
Moscow
, Russia
406
Nice
, France
426
The Americas
edit
Acapulco
Guerrero
, Mexico
427
Buenos Aires
, Argentina
428
Cali
, Colombia
Cartagena
, Colombia
406
Havana
, Cuba
406
Lima
, Peru
406
Mexico City
, Mexico
Montevideo
, Uruguay
429
Montreal
, Quebec, Canada
430
New York City
, New York, United States (global partner)
431
Panama City
, Panama
432
Sacramento
, California, United States
San Francisco
, California, United States
433
Santiago
, Chile
406
Winnipeg
, Manitoba, Canada
434
Oceania
edit
Honolulu
, Hawaii, United States
435
Maui County
, Hawaii, United States
436
Saipan
, Northern Mariana Islands
437
International relations
edit
Manila hosts the foreign embassies of the
United States
438
and Vietnam.
439
Honorary consulates of Belize, Burkina Faso, Jordan, Nepal, Poland, Iceland, Paraguay, Thailand, and Tunisia are based in the city.
440
Notable personalities
edit
Main articles:
List of people from Manila
and
List of people from Metro Manila
See also
edit
Greater Manila Area
Province of Manila
Notes
edit
mə-
NIL
-ə
Filipino
Maynila
IPA:
[maɪˈniː.lɐʔ]
Filipino
Lungsod ng Maynila
IPA:
[luŋˈsod
nɐŋ
maɪˈniː.lɐʔ]
This was spurred by a locally found sacred image, i.e., a
Black Madonna
of unknown origin; one theory is that it is from Portuguese-Macau, another is that it is a Tantric goddess and this was worshiped by the natives in a Pagan-Hindu manner and had survived Islamic iconoclasm by the Sultanate of Brunei. This image was interpreted to be of Marian nature, and it was found during the Miguel de Legazpi expedition and eventually, a Mexican hermit built a chapel around that image.
The city limits was at Vicente Sotto Street. The rest of the place south of the street belongs to
Pasay
. Buildings and structures in CCP that falls under the jurisdiction of Manila includes the National Theater.
References
edit
'Pearl of Orient' Stripped of Food; Manila, Before Pearl Harbor, Had Been Prosperous—Its Harbor One, of Best Focus for Two Attacks Osmeña Succeeded Quezon"
The New York Times
. February 5, 1945
. Retrieved
March 3,
2014
Manila, modernized and elevated to the status of a metropolis by American engineering skill, was before Pearl Harbor a city of 623,000 population, contained in an area of 14 square miles (36 km
).
"Manila"
. City Government of Manila.
"Mappa topografica Manila"
(in Italian)
. Retrieved
November 5,
2024
"2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President"
. Philippine Statistics Authority. July 17, 2025
. Retrieved
July 18,
2025
Census of Population (2020).
Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and Municipality - By Region
Philippine Statistics Authority
. Retrieved
July 8,
2021
"Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population)"
Philippine Statistics Authority
. Retrieved
November 2,
2017
The original form as used by
José Rizal
in
El filibusterismo
"Poverty Statistics"
. Philippine Statistics Authority. August 15, 2024
. Retrieved
December 19,
2024
Sub-national HDI.
"Area Database – Global Data Lab"
hdi.globaldatalab.org
"2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President"
. Philippine Statistics Authority. July 17, 2025
. Retrieved
July 18,
2025
Republic Act No. 409 (June 18, 1949),
Revised Charter of the City of Manila
Official Gazette
archived
from the original on August 31, 2017
, retrieved
June 30,
2015
"Annual Audit Report: City of Manila"
(PDF)
Commission on Audit
. 2014. Archived from
the original
on November 4, 2016
. Retrieved
November 4,
2016
China and the Birth of Globalization in the 16th Century, by Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez
Frank, Andre G. (1998).
ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age
. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
131
ISBN
9780520214743
"GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2018"
www.lboro.ac.uk
. Archived from
the original
on August 10, 2020
. Retrieved
February 28,
2020
"Brookings – Global Metro Monitor 2018"
www.brookings.edu
. November 30, 2001
. Retrieved
April 6,
2020
"The Global Financial Centres Index 27"
(PDF)
. Long Finance. March 2020
. Retrieved
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Within the walls, there were some six hundred houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs, or "arrabales", all occupied by Spaniards ("todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles"). This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes.
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Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425.
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The galleon activities also attracted a great number of Mexican men that arrived from the Mexican Pacific coast as ships' crewmembers (Grant 2009: 230). Mexicans were administrators, priests and soldiers (guachinangos or hombres de pueblo) (Bernal 1964: 188) many though, integrated into the peasant society, even becoming tulisanes "bandits" who in the late 18th century "infested" Cavite and led peasant revolts (Medina 2002: 66). Meanwhile, in the Spanish garrisons, Spanish was used among administrators and priests. Nonetheless, there is not enough historical information on the social role of these men. In fact some of the few references point to a quick integration into the local society: "los hombres del pueblo, los soldados y marinos, anónimos, olvidados, absorbidos en su totalidad por la población Filipina." (Bernal 1964: 188). In addition to the Manila-Acapulco galleon, a complex commercial maritime system circulated European and Asian commodities including slaves. During the 17th century, Portuguese vessels traded with the ports of Manila and Cavite, even after the prohibition of 1644 (Seijas 2008: 21). Crucially, the commercial activities included the smuggling and trade of slaves: "from the Moluccas, and Malacca, and India... with the monsoon winds" carrying "clove spice, cinnamon, and pepper and black slaves, and Kafir [slaves]" (Antonio de Morga cf Seijas 2008: 21)." Though there is no data on the numbers of slaves in Cavite, the numbers in Manila suggest a significant fraction of the population had been brought in as slaves by the Portuguese vessels. By 1621, slaves in Manila numbered 1,970 out of a population of 6,110. This influx of slaves continued until late in the 17th century; according to contemporary cargo records in 1690, 200 slaves departed from Malacca to Manila (Seijas 2008: 21). Different ethnicities were favored for different labor; Africans were brought to work on the agricultural production, and skilled slaves from India served as caulkers and carpenters.
"Jesuits In The Philippines (1581-1768)" Page 132
"In 1591 there arrived in Manila a secular priest named Juan Fernandez de Leon. He had led a hermit's life in Mexico and planned to continue it in the Philippines. For this purpose he built himself a retreat near a wayside shrine just outside the city walls which was dedicated to Our Lady of Guidance, Nuestra Sehora de Guia. His hermitage later gave its name to the entire district, which is called Ermita to this day."
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Reforms under General Arandía.—The demoralization and misery with which Obando's rule closed were relieved somewhat by the capable government of Arandía, who succeeded him. Arandía was one of the few men of talent, energy, and integrity who stood at the head of affairs in these islands during two centuries. He reformed the greatly disorganized military force, establishing what was known as the "Regiment of the King,"
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Filipinos appear considerably admixed with respect to the other Asian population samples, carrying on average less Asian ancestry (71%) than our Korean (99%), Japanese (96%), Thai (93%), and Vietnamese (84%) reference samples. We also revealed substructure in our Filipino sample, showing that the patterns of ancestry vary within the Philippines—that is, between the four differently sourced Filipino samples. Mean estimates of Asian (76%) and European (7%) ancestry are greatest for the cemetery sample of forensic significance from Manila.
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[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our study indicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.
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. Retrieved
November 10,
2015
"Contact us"
U.S. Embassy in the Philippines
. Archived from
the original
on April 9, 2022
. Retrieved
August 12,
2022
"Vietnam Visa For Filipino; Vietnam Embassy in Philippines"
Vietnam-Immigration.Org.Vn
Archived
from the original on August 12, 2022
. Retrieved
August 12,
2022
"Foreign Consulates"
Department of Foreign Affairs
. Archived from
the original
on August 11, 2022
. Retrieved
August 18,
2022
Sources
edit
Hancock, Rose (April 2000). "April Was a Cruel Month for the Greatest Manila Mayor Ever Had".
1898:The Shaping of Philippine History
. 35. Vol. II. Manila: Asia Pacific Communications Network, Inc. pp.
15–
20.
Moore, Charles (1921).
"Daniel H. Burnham: Planner of Cities"
. Houghton Mifflin and Co., Boston and New York.
External links
edit
Official website
Philippine Standard Geographic Code
Geographic data related to
Manila
at
OpenStreetMap
Preceded by
Iloilo City
Capital
of the
Spanish East Indies
1571–1762
Succeeded by
Bacolor
Preceded by
Bacolor
Capital
of the
Spanish East Indies
1764–1896
Succeeded by
Iloilo City
Independence declared
Capital of the Philippines
1898–1941
Succeeded by
Corregidor Island
as Capital of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Succeeded by
City of Greater Manila
as Capital of the
Second Philippine Republic
Preceded by
Baguio
Nara
Tokyo
as Capital of the
Second Philippine Republic
Capital of the Philippines
1945–1948
Succeeded by
Quezon City
Preceded by
Quezon City
Capital of the Philippines
1976–present
Incumbent
Province established
Capital of
Manila
1571–1898
Succeeded by
Mariquina
Preceded by
Mariquina
Capital of
Manila
1899–1901
Province abolished
Places adjacent to Manila
Navotas
Caloocan
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Lat.
and
Long.
14°35′45″N
120°58′38″E
 / 
14.59583°N 120.97722°E
 /
14.59583; 120.97722
Manila
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List of cities in the Philippines
Highly urbanized
cities
Angeles City
Bacolod
Baguio
Butuan
Cagayan de Oro
Caloocan
Cebu City
Davao City
General Santos
Iligan
Iloilo City
Lapu-Lapu City
Las Piñas
Lucena
Makati
Malabon
Mandaluyong
Mandaue
Manila
Marikina
Muntinlupa
Navotas
Olongapo
Parañaque
Pasay
Pasig
Puerto Princesa
Quezon City
San Juan
Tacloban
Taguig
Valenzuela
Zamboanga City
Independent
component cities
Cotabato City
Dagupan
Naga, Camarines Sur
Ormoc
Santiago
Component cities
Alaminos
Antipolo
Bacoor
Bago
Bais
Balanga
Baliwag
Batac
Batangas City
Bayawan
Baybay
Bayugan
Biñan
Bislig
Bogo
Borongan
Cabadbaran
Cabanatuan
Cabuyao
Cadiz
Calaca
Calamba
Calapan
Calbayog
Candon
Canlaon
Carcar
Carmona
Catbalogan
Cauayan
Cavite City
Danao
Dapitan
Dasmariñas
Digos
Dipolog
Dumaguete
El Salvador
Escalante
Gapan
General Trias
Gingoog
Guihulngan
Himamaylan
Ilagan
Imus
Iriga
Isabela
Kabankalan
Kidapawan
Koronadal
La Carlota
Lamitan
Laoag
Legazpi
Ligao
Lipa
Maasin
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Malaybalay
Malolos
Marawi
Masbate City
Mati
Meycauayan
Muñoz
Naga, Cebu
Oroquieta
Ozamiz
Pagadian
Palayan
Panabo
Passi
Roxas
Sagay
Samal
San Carlos, Negros Occidental
San Carlos, Pangasinan
San Fernando, La Union
San Fernando, Pampanga
San Jose, Nueva Ecija
San Jose del Monte
San Pablo
San Pedro
Santa Rosa
Santo Tomas
Silay
Sipalay
Sorsogon City
Surigao City
Tabaco
Tabuk
Tacurong
Tagaytay
Tagbilaran
Tagum
Talisay, Cebu
Talisay, Negros Occidental
Tanauan
Tandag
Tangub
Tanjay
Tarlac City
Tayabas
Toledo
Trece Martires
Tuguegarao
Urdaneta
Valencia
Victorias
Vigan
Largest cities in the Philippines
2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Quezon City
National Capital Region
3,084,270
11
Cagayan de Oro
Northern Mindanao
741,617
Manila
National Capital Region
1,902,590
12
Valenzuela
National Capital Region
725,173
Davao City
Davao Region
1,848,947
13
General Santos
Soccsksargen
722,059
Caloocan
National Capital Region
1,712,945
14
Parañaque
National Capital Region
703,245
Taguig
National Capital Region
1,308,085
15
San Jose del Monte
Central Luzon
685,688
Zamboanga City
Zamboanga Peninsula
1,018,894
16
Bacoor
Calabarzon
661,381
Cebu City
Central Visayas
965,332
17
Bacolod
Negros Island Region
624,787
Antipolo
Calabarzon
913,712
18
Las Piñas
National Capital Region
615,549
Pasig
National Capital Region
853,050
19
Biñan
Calabarzon
584,479
10
Dasmariñas
Calabarzon
744,511
20
Calamba
Calabarzon
575,046
Philippine cities with a 100,000+ population
2,000,000 and more
Quezon City
(3,084,270)
1,000,000–1,999,999
Manila
(1,902,590)
Davao City
(1,848,947)
Caloocan
(1,712,945)
Taguig
(1,308,085)
Zamboanga City
(1,018,849)
500,000–999,999
Cebu City
(965,332)
Antipolo
(913,712)
Pasig
(853,050)
Dasmariñas
(744,511)
Cagayan de Oro
(741,617)
Valenzuela
(725,173)
General Santos
(722,059)
Parañaque
(703,245)
San Jose del Monte
(685,688)
Bacoor
(661,381)
Las Piñas
(615,549)
Bacolod
(624,787)
Biñan
(584,479)
Calamba
(575,046)
Muntinlupa
(552,225)
200,000–499,999
Lapu-Lapu City
(497,813)
Angeles City
(483,452)
General Trias
(482,453)
Imus
(481,949)
Iloilo City
(473,728)
Marikina
(471,323)
Mandaluyong
(465,902)
Pasay
(453,186)
Santa Rosa
(430,920)
Tarlac City
(401,892)
Malabon
(389,929)
Lipa
(387,392)
Butuan
(385,530)
Cotabato City
(383,383)
San Fernando (Pampanga)
(377,534)
Baguio
(368,426)
Iligan
(368,132)
Cabuyao
(365,202)
Mandaue
(364,482)
Batangas City
(358,267)
San Pedro
(348,968)
Cabanatuan
(343,672)
Puerto Princesa
(316,384)
Makati
(309,770)
Mabalacat
(306,594)
San Pablo
(300,166)
Tagum
(300,042)
Lucena
(280,331)
Malolos
(269,809)
Olongapo
(264,903)
Talisay (Cebu)
(263,832)
Marawi
(259,993)
Tacloban
(259,353)
Navotas
(252,878)
Ormoc
(238,545)
Meycauayan
(228,023)
Trece Martires
(227,892)
Santo Tomas
(226,772)
Valencia (Bukidnon)
(223,620)
Panabo
(211,242)
Kabankalan
(210,893)
Legazpi
(210,616)
Naga (Camarines Sur)
(210,545)
San Carlos (Pangasinan)
(208,330)
Toledo
(206,692)
Pagadian
(206,483)
Koronadal
(201,844)
100,000–199,999
Malaybalay
(195,046)
Bago
(192,993)
Digos
(192,063)
Calbayog
(187,848)
Sorsogon City
(187,670)
Roxas City
(185,236)
Surigao City
(177,333)
Dagupan
(174,777)
Baliwag
(174,194)
Tuguegarao
(167,297)
Ilagan
(164,020)
Cadiz
(161,558)
Danao
(161,307)
Kidapawan
(160,864)
San Jose (Nueva Ecija)
(156,714)
Sagay
(152,543)
Isabela (Basilan)
(151,297)
Santiago
(150,313)
Mati
(148,672)
Calapan
(148,558)
Urdaneta
(145,935)
Ozamiz
(143,620)
Cauayan
(143,539)
Dumaguete
(142,171)
Tabaco
(140,779)
Carcar
(140,308)
Gingoog
(138,895)
Naga (Cebu)
(138,727)
Silay
( 136,802)
Dipolog
(136,528)
San Juan (Metro Manila)
(134,312)
San Carlos (Negros Occidental)
(133,175)
Gapan
(129,610)
Bayawan
(126,744)
San Fernando (La Union)
(124,809)
Tabuk
(122,771)
Ligao
(119,779)
Samal (Davao del Norte)
(119,701)
Himamaylan
(117,286)
Tacurong
( 116,945)
Lamitan
(116,652)
Tayabas
(115,318)
Iriga
(115,306)
Baybay
(114,708)
Carmona
(112,140)
Laoag
(112,117)
Bayugan
(110,313)
Balanga
(109,931)
Talisay (Negros Occidental)
(109,204)
Catbalogan
(107,896)
Guihulngan
(106,576)
Tagbilaran
(106,120)
Masbate City
(104,011)
Alaminos (Pangasinan)
(100,430)
Administrative divisions
of the
Philippines
Capital
Manila
National Capital Region
Island groups
Luzon
Visayas
Mindanao
Regions
Administrative
I – Ilocos Region
II – Cagayan Valley
III – Central Luzon
IV-A – Calabarzon
Mimaropa – Southwestern Tagalog Region
V – Bicol Region
VI – Western Visayas
NIR – Negros Island Region
VII – Central Visayas
VIII – Eastern Visayas
IX – Zamboanga Peninsula
X – Northern Mindanao
XI – Davao Region
XII – Soccsksargen
XIII – Caraga Region
CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region
NCR – National Capital Region
Autonomous
BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
Provinces
Abra
Agusan del Norte
Agusan del Sur
Aklan
Albay
Antique
Apayao
Aurora
Basilan
Bataan
Batanes
Batangas
Benguet
Biliran
Bohol
Bukidnon
Bulacan
Cagayan
Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur
Camiguin
Capiz
Catanduanes
Cavite
Cebu
Cotabato
Davao de Oro
Davao del Norte
Davao del Sur
Davao Occidental
Davao Oriental
Dinagat Islands
Eastern Samar
Guimaras
Ifugao
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
Iloilo
Isabela
Kalinga
La Union
Laguna
Lanao del Norte
Lanao del Sur
Leyte
Maguindanao del Norte
Maguindanao del Sur
Marinduque
Masbate
Misamis Occidental
Misamis Oriental
Mountain Province
Negros Occidental
Negros Oriental
Northern Samar
Nueva Ecija
Nueva Vizcaya
Occidental Mindoro
Oriental Mindoro
Palawan
Pampanga
Pangasinan
Quezon
Quirino
Rizal
Romblon
Samar
Sarangani
Siquijor
Sorsogon
South Cotabato
Southern Leyte
Sultan Kudarat
Sulu
Surigao del Norte
Surigao del Sur
Tarlac
Tawi-Tawi
Zambales
Zamboanga del Norte
Zamboanga del Sur
Zamboanga Sibugay
Cities
List of cities in the Philippines
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List of cities and municipalities in the Philippines
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Christmas Island
Australia
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(de facto)
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Disputed. See:
Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
Cyprus dispute
Status of Jerusalem
Abkhaz-Georgian conflict
and
Georgian-Ossetian conflict
Host cities of
Asian Games
Summer
1951
Delhi
1954
Manila
1958
Tokyo
1962
Jakarta
1966
Bangkok
1970
Bangkok
1974
Tehran
1978
Bangkok
1982
Delhi
1986
Seoul
1990
Beijing
1994
Hiroshima
1998
Bangkok
2002
Busan
2006
Doha
2010
Guangzhou
2014
Incheon
2018
Jakarta
Palembang
2022
Hangzhou
2026
Aichi
Nagoya
2030
Doha
2034
Riyadh
Winter
1986
Sapporo
1990
Sapporo
1996
Harbin
1999
Kangwon
2003
Aomori
2007
Changchun
2011
Astana
Almaty
2017
Sapporo
2025
Harbin
2029
Trojena
World's 50
most-populous urban areas
Tokyo
Jakarta
Delhi
Guangzhou
Foshan
Mumbai
Manila
Shanghai
Seoul
Cairo
Mexico City
Kolkata
São Paulo
New York
Karachi
Dhaka
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Beijing
Moscow
Shenzhen
Buenos Aires
Los Angeles
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Pretoria
Bengaluru
Chengdu
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Lagos
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Lahore
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Tehran
Chongqing
Rio de Janeiro
Xi'an
Chennai
Paris
Zhengzhou
Luanda
London
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Lima
Wuhan
Bogotá
Tianjin
Hyderabad
Taipei
Hangzhou
Nagoya
Surabaya
Bandung
National symbols of the Philippines
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Arnis
Coat of arms
Filipino language
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Flag
Great Seal
Lupang Hinirang
Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa
Narra
Philippine eagle
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Sampaguita
Unofficial
Adobo
Anahaw
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and
Baro't saya
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Milkfish
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Implied
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Declared from national legislation
Benigno Aquino Jr.
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National Heroes Day
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From bills and presidential proclamations
José Abad Santos
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Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat
Lapu-Lapu
Josefa Llanes Escoda
Vicente Lim
Antonio Luna
Apolinario Mabini
Sergio Osmeña
Manuel L. Quezon
Manuel Roxas
Largest
cities
in Luzon
PSA Census July 2024
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Quezon City
National Capital Region
3,084,270
11
Bacoor
Calabarzon
661,381
Manila
National Capital Region
1,902,590
12
Las Piñas
National Capital Region
615,549
Caloocan
National Capital Region
1,712,945
13
Biñan
Calabarzon
584,479
Taguig
National Capital Region
1,308,085
14
Calamba
Calabarzon
575,046
Antipolo
Calabarzon
913,712
15
Muntinlupa
National Capital Region
552,225
Pasig
National Capital Region
853,050
16
Angeles
Central Luzon
483,452
Dasmariñas
Calabarzon
744,511
17
General Trias
Calabarzon
482,453
Valenzuela
National Capital Region
725,173
18
Imus
Calabarzon
481,949
Parañaque
National Capital Region
703,245
19
Marikina
National Capital Region
471,323
10
San Jose del Monte
Central Luzon
685,688
20
Mandaluyong
National Capital Region
465,902
Megacities
Africa (5)
Cairo
Johannesburg
Kinshasa
Lagos
Luanda
Asia (36)
China (15)
Beijing
Changsha
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Chengdu
Chongqing
Guangzhou
Shenzhen
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Wuhan
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Xi'an
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India (6)
Bengaluru (Bangalore)
Chennai
Delhi
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Mumbai
Japan (3)
Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin)
Nagoya
Tokyo
Indonesia (2)
Jakarta
Surabaya
Pakistan (2)
Karachi
Lahore
Other (8)
Bangkok
Dhaka
Ho Chi Minh City
Istanbul
Metro Manila
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Europe (5)
Istanbul
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Manila
Capital cities in Asia
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Manila
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