Mazanderani language - Wikipedia

Mazanderani language - Wikipedia
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Northwestern Iranian language
Mazandarani
مازِرونی‎
Mazeruni
تَبَری
Tabari
Mazanderani (Mazeruni) written in
Nastaliq
script. (مازِرونی)
Native to
Iran (Province of
Mazandaran
and parts of the provinces of
Alborz
Tehran
Qazvin
Semnan
and
Golestan
Region
South coast of the
Caspian Sea
Ethnicity
Mazanderanis
Native speakers
1.35 million (2023)
Language family
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
Western Iranian
Northwestern
Caspian
Mazanderani-Shahmirzadi
Mazandarani
Dialects
Gorgani-Mazandarani (East)
Katuli-Mazandarani (East)
Tabari-Mazandarani (Center)
Kojuri-Mazandarani (West)
Kelarestaqi-Mazandarani (West)
Gilaki-Mazandarani (West)
Galeshi-Mazandarani (South)
Taleqani-Mazandarani (South)
Shahmirzadi (South)
Ilikaei (South)
Qasrani (South)
Writing system
Persian alphabet
Official status
Regulated by
None
the Linguistic faculty of Mazandaran University officially gathers materials and resources about the language
citation needed
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Either:
mzn
– Mazandarani
srz
– Shahmirzadi
Glottolog
maza1305
Mazanderani–Shahmirzadi
ELP
Shahmirzadi
Areas where Mazandarani is spoken as the mother tongue
This article contains
IPA
phonetic symbols.
Without proper
rendering support
, you may see
question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of
Unicode
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
Help:IPA
Mazanderani
Mazeruni:
مازِرونی
; also referred to as
Mazani
مازنی
),
Tabari
تبری
) or
Taveri
Mazeruni
Tati
Geleki
and
Galeshi
10
) is an
Iranian language
of the
Northwestern branch
spoken by the
Mazanderani people
. As of 2023
[update]
, there were 1.35 million native speakers.
11
As a member of the Northwestern branch (the northern branch of Western Iranian), etymologically speaking, it is rather closely related to
Gilaki
and also related to
Persian
, which belongs to the Southwestern branch. Though the Mazani and Persian languages have both influenced each other to a great extent, both are independent languages with different origins in the Iranian plateau.
12
13
Mazandarani is closely related to Gilaki, and the two languages have similar vocabularies.
14
The Gilaki and Mazandarani languages (but not other Iranian languages)
15
share certain
typological
features with
Caucasian languages
(specifically the non-Indo-European
South Caucasian languages
),
15
16
17
reflecting the history, ethnic identity, and close relatedness to the
Caucasus
region and
Caucasian peoples
of Mazandaranis and
Gilak people
18
19
: 295
Etymology
The name
Mazanderani
(and variants of it) derives from the name of the province of
Mazandaran
Mazerun
in Mazanderani), which was part of the historical region of
Tapuria
. People traditionally call their language
Tabari
, as the Tabari themselves do.
19
: 289–291
The name
Tapuri
Tabari
(which was the name of an ancient language spoken somewhere in former Tapuria) is now used in preference to the name
Mazandarani
by the young. However, both Gilan and Mazanderan formed part of the region known as Tapuria. The earliest references to the language of Mazandaran, called Tabari, are to be found in the works of the early Muslim geographers.
Al-Muqaddasī
(or Moqaisi, 10th century), for example, notes: "The languages of
Komish
and
Gurgan
are similar, they use
hā
, as in
hā-dih
and
hāk-un
, and they are sweet [to the ear], related to them is the language of Tabaristan, [similar] save for its speediness."
19
: 291
Classification
Glottolog
classifies Mazandarani (and its dialects) within the
Caspian
subgroup
of Iranian languages, along with
Gilaki
and
Gorgani
20
History
Among the living
Iranian languages
, Mazanderani has one of the longest written traditions, from the tenth to the fifteenth century. This status was achieved during the long reign of the independent and semi-independent rulers of
Mazandaran
in the centuries after the Arab invasion.
21
The rich literature of this language includes books such as
Marzban Nameh
(later translated into Persian) and the poetry of Amir Pazevari. Use of Mazanderani, however, has been in decline for some time. Its literary and administrative prominence had begun to diminish in favor of Persian by the time of the integration of
Mazandaran
into the national administration in the early seventeenth century.
22
Dialects
The Mazanderani language is closely related to
Gilaki
and the two languages have similar vocabularies. In 1993, according to
Ethnologue
, there were three million native Mazanderani speakers.
23
The dialects of Mazanderani are as following:
24
Saravi
: Spoken in
Sari County
, which includes
Chahardangeh District
and highlands of
Dodangeh District
Miandorud Plains
, plains on the west bank of Tajan river, extending west to
Juybar
Amoli
: Encompasses mountainous areas west of Bandpey, as well as
Chelav Rural District
Larijan District
, Namarestaq and Kelarestaq of Amol, plains of
Amol County
Mahmudabad County
, foothills and plains of
Chamestan
region between
Amol
and
Nur
Baboli
: Spoken in plains of
Babol County
Babolsar County
, and
Fereydunkenar County
, highlands of Bandpey extending to
Chelav Rural District
in west and
Alasht
to east. Foothills of
Babol Kenar
and Ganj Afrouz are also included.
Ghaemshahri
: Spoken in plains between
Kiakola
in west and
Juybar
in east, villages of
Bisheh Sar Rural District
, and mountainous areas of
Savadkuh
and
Firuzkuh
Chaloos and East Tonekabon
: Spoken in Kelar and Langa regions, some villages in foothills of
Birun Bashm
, coastal plains of
Chalus County
Abbasabad County
and
Nashtarud
Nur and Nowshahr
: Spoken in
Kojur District
Baladeh District
, parts of
Birun Bashm
, and coastal plains between
Sorkhrud
and
Chalus River
Shahsavari
: Spoken in most of
Tonekabon County
, which includes
Do Hezar
Seh Hezar
Khorramabad District
, and plains between
Nashtarud
and
Shirud
. In
Ramsar County
both Mazandarani and Gilaki languages are common.
Behshahri
: Spoken in Plains of
Behshahr County
Galugah County
and
Neka County
east of Nekarud, as well as highlands of the mentioned counties (east of
Kiasar
).
Kordkuy
: Includes Eastern part of Hezar Jarib Region, villages of
Ziarat
Shahkuh-e Sofla
Shahkuh-e Olya
Radkan
and their neighboring villages, villages from
Galugah
city in west to
Zangian, Golestan
in east(excluding settlements populated by
Turkmens
).
Katouli
: Spoken in rural mountainous areas north of Shahvar peak, villages in the plains of
Aliabad-e Katul County
, and eastern part of
Gorgan County
not populated by
Turkmens
Aliabad-e Katul
Pichak Mahalleh
and
Fazelabad, Golestan
are among these settlements.
Ghasrani
: Mountains of northern parts of
Tehran Province
, and west of
Jajrud River
. Which includes
Rudbar-e Qasran District
Fasham
Shemshak
Dizin
Damavandi
: Spoken in mountainous areas of
Damavand County
Rudehen District
, and
Bumahen District
, extending eastward towards
Firuzkuh
Shahmirzadi
The native people of
Aliabad-e Katul
Gorgan
Kordkuy
and
Bandar-e Gaz
in
Golestan province
are Mazandarani and speak the mazandarani language. The native people of
Shemiranat
Damavand
and
Firuzkuh
in
Tehran province
are Mazandarani and speak the mazandarani language. The native people of north of
Karaj
and
Taleqan
in
Alborz province
are Mazandarani and speak the mazandarani language. The people of east of
Alamut
in
Qazvin province
are Mazandarani and speak the mazandarani language. The native of people of
Aradan
Garmsar
Shahmirzad
and north of
Damghan
in
Semnan province
are Mazandarani and speak the mazandarani language. The native people of
Galugah
Behshahr
Neka
Sari
Shahi
Babol
Amol
Nowshahr
Chalus
Kelardasht
Abbasabad
and
Tonekabon
in
Mazandaran province
are Mazanderani people and speak the Mazanderani language.
25
26
Mazandaranis in Iran
Map depicting areas where the various dialects of Mazandarani are spoken
Grammar
Linguistic Map of Mazandaran Province
Mazanderani is an
inflected
and
genderless language
27
It is SOV, but in some tenses it may be SVO, depending on the particular dialect involved.
28
29
Typology
Morphology
Just as in other modern
Iranian languages
, there is no distinction between the dative and accusative cases, and the nominative in the sentence takes almost no indicators but may be inferred from word order (depending on dialect it may end in a/o/e). Since Mazanderani lacks
articles
, there is no inflection for nouns in the sentence (no modifications for nouns).
For definition, nouns take the suffix
me dətere
meaning
The daughter of mine
while
me dəter
means
my daughter
). The indefinite article for single nouns is
a-tā
with
tā
for determination of number (
a-tā kijā
meaning
a girl
). There exist some remnants of old Mazanderani indicating that, in the nominative case, female nouns used to end in
, while male nouns ended in
(as in
jənā
meaning
the woman
and
mərdē
meaning
the man
). Grammatical gender is still present in certain modern languages closely related to Mazandarani such as
Semnani
Sangesari
Zaza
and
Tati
Notably, Mazandarani,
Gilaki
Zaza
, some
Tati
dialects,
Talysh
and some
Komisenian
(Semnani) dialects derive their present stems from the same old Iranian present participle *
-ant.
The present tense in these languages is formed by adding the present participle to the verb stem,
30
31
in contrast to the Perside modal prefixes added to the present stem of the verb, e.g. -
mi
in Persian and -
di
in Kurdish.
Pronouns
In the Mazandarani language, independent personal pronouns have three cases: active, passive and possessive.
32
Identification
Singular 1
Singular 2
Singular 3
Plural 1
Plural 2
Plural 3
Subject (Sari dialect)
mən
tə
və
əmâ
šəmâ
vəšún
Object (Sari dialect)
məre
təre
vəre
əmâre
šəmâre
vəšúnre
Possessive (Sari dialect)
me
te
ve
ame
šeme
vešúne
Conjugation
Conjugation (hākārden) "to work" in Mazandarani language (Sari dialect).
33
Tense/person
Sg1
Sg2
Sg3
Pl1
Pl2
Pl3
Preterit
hâkârdeme
hâkârdi
hâkârde
hâkârdemi
hâkârdeni
hâkârdene
Pluperfect
hâkârde-bime
hâkârde-bi
hâkârde-bie
hâkârde-bimi
hâkârde-bini
hâkârde-bine
Past subjunctive
hâkârde-buem
hâkârde-bui
hâkârde-bue
hâkârde-buim
hâkârde-buin
hâkârde-buen
Pluperfect subjunctive
hâkârde-bai-buem
hâkârde-bai-bui
hâkârde-bai-bue
hâkârde-bai-buim
hâkârde-bai-buin
hâkârde-bai-buen
Imperfect (type 1)
kârdeme
kârdi
kârde
kârdemi
kârdeni
kârdene
Imperfect (type 2)
kândesseme
kândessi
kândesse
kândessemi
kândesseni
kândessene
Past progressive (type1)
dai(me)-kârdeme
dai(i)-kârdi
dai(e)-kârde
dai(mi)-kârdemi
dai(ni)-kârdeni
dai(ne)-kârdene
Past progressive (type 2)
dai(me)-kândesseme
dai(i)-kândessi
dai(e)-kândesse
dai(mi)-kândessemi
dai(ni)-kândesseni
dai(ne)-kândessene
Present
kâmbe/kândeme
kândi
kânde
kâmbi/kândemi
kândeni
kândene
Present progressive
dar(eme)-kâmbe
dar(i)-kândi
dar(e)-kânde
dar(emi)-kâmbi
dar(eni)-kândeni
dar(ene)-kândene
Subjunctive
hâkânem
hâkâni
hâkâne
hâkânim
hâkânin
hâkânen
Future
xâmbe hâkânem
xâni hâkâni
xâne hâkâne
xâmbi hâkânim
xânni hâkânin
xânne hâkânen
Usage
Function cases
Case
Position
Meaning
Sere -(a/o/e)
Nominative
The Home
Sere re
Accusative
(Action) the Home
Sere -(o/e)
Vocative
Home!
Sere şe
Genitive
Home's
Sere re
Dative
To the Home
Sere ye jä
Ablative/Instrumental
By the Home
Adjectives
Adjective
Position
Meaning
And-e Sere
Applicative
Gat-e Sere
Comparative
Great Home
Untä Sere
Determinative
That Home
Notable postpositions
Adpositions in Mazanderani are after words, while most of other languages including English and Persian have preposition systems in general. The only common postpositions that sometimes become preposition are
Še
and
tā
. Frequently used postpositions are:
postposition
meaning
dəle
in
re
of / to
je
from / by
vəse
for
tā
to
həmrā / jā
with
səri
on / above
bəne
under / below
pəli
near / about
vāri/ tarā
like
derū
among / inside
Suffixes
The list below is a sample list obtained from the
Online Mazanderani-Persian dictionary
Locatives
Suffix
Example
Meaning
-kash
Kharkash
Good place
-kel
Tutkel
Mulberry limit
clarification needed
-ij
Yoshij
Yoshian
-bon
Chenarbon
At the plantain
clarification needed
-ja
Səreja
Relating to home
-sar
Bənesar
Underneath
Subjectives
Suffix
Example
Meaning
-chaf
Auchhaf
Water-sucker
-rush
Halikrush
Berry-seller
-su
Vərgsu
Wolf-hunter
-kaf
Ukaf
One who performs actions in water
-vej
Galvej
Mouse-finder
-yel
Vəngyel
Bandmaster
Phonology
Vowels
Front
Central
Back
Close
Mid
Open
/ may also range to near-open [
] or a more back [
]. Allophones of /
e,
u,
o,
/ are heard as [
ɪ,
ʊ,
]. /
/ can also be heard as [
] or [
].
Consonants
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Palato-
alveolar
Velar
Uvular
Glottal
Nasal
Stop
Affricate
voiceless
t͡ʃ
voiced
d͡ʒ
Fricative
voiceless
voiced
~(
Approximant
Tap/Flap
/ appears as an allophone of /
/ in word-final position. /
/ may appear as a voiceless trill in word-final position [
r̥
]. An occasional glottal stop /
/ or voiceless uvular fricative /
/ or voiced plosive /
/ may also be heard, depending on the dialect.
34
35
36
Orthography
Mazanderani is commonly written in the
Perso-Arabic script
37
However, some use the
Roman alphabet
, for example in SMS messages.
citation needed
Vocabulary
Spoken in a territory sheltered by the high Alborz mountains, Mazanderani preserves many ancient Indo-European words no longer in common use in modern
Iranian languages
such as
Persian
. Listed below are a few common Mazanderani words of archaic, Indo-European provenance with Vedic cognates.
Mazanderani
Persian
Vedic
Proto-Indo-European
Example of
new
neo
no
now
návas
néwos
adjective
great
gat
bozorg
gozorg
gonde
got
adjective
better
better
behtar
adverb
been
bine
budeh
auxiliary verb
being
bien
budan
bhū-
bʰuH-
infinitive of verb
father
piar
pedar
noun
mother
mâr
mâdar
noun
brother
berar
barâdar
noun
daughter
deter
dokhtar
dúhitā
dʰugh₂tḗr
noun
grandpa
gatepa
pedar bozorg / pedar gozorg
noun
moon
moong
mong
mâh
mā́s
mḗh₁n̥s
noun
cow
go
gu
guw
gâv
gáuṣ
gʷṓws
noun
wolf
verg
gorg
noun
my
me
mi
(before the noun)
am
(after the noun),
om
máma
méne
verb
gab
gab
gap
verb
right
rast
râst
adjective
damage
damej
âsib
noun
Mazandarani is rich in
synonyms
, some such nouns also retaining the gender they possessed in Indo-European times: for instance the words
miš
gal
gerz
all have the meaning of
mouse
, although they are not all of the same gender. While many Indo-Iranian languages use a masculine noun taking such related forms as
muš
or
muska
or
mušk
, in Mazandarani the most commonly used name for the mouse is the feminine noun
gal
vague
Another example relates to the cow, the most important animal in the symbolism of Indo-European culture: in Mazanderani there are more than 1000 recognized words used for different types of cow. The table below lists some specimens of this rich vocabulary. In Mazandaran there are even contests held to determine those with the greatest knowledge of this bovine nomenclature.
Mazanderani name
Meaning
Mazanderani name
Meaning
ahl
Bull subdued
clarification needed
nū dūş
Young plough bull used for the first time
āhy
Black-eyed cow
paei varzā
Single bull used for ploughing
alaşt
Miner's tool, ending in two wooden arcs
parū
Cattle for ploughing
baKhte bāri
Bullock and traces
raji
A cow that is ready to mate
bāreng
Reddish-brown cow
raş go
Crimson cow with black spots
batkoniye
Castrated male bovine cattle to eliminate it from washing down
clarification needed
raş jūnkā
Young bull with red and black streaks
būr gele
Yellow / red cow
raş kamer
Brown-and-white cow
būr şāx
Sharp, red points of a cow's horns
sārū
Bull with a white forehead
būrek
Light yellow bull
sārū
Bull with a white forehead
būreng
Blonde cow
şelāb beze gozūr
The new wide calf rain caused a sharp volley crumbled
clarification needed
būrmango
Fawn cow
selnāz
Cow streaked with white from nose to tail
das kare
Place where bull fights held
sembe band
Ox bearing a wooden yoke
de jet
Rust-coloured cow killed by two bulls
serxe sel
Red cow with a white stripe from neck to tail
demes mār
Cow with a two-year-old calf
setāre
Black-and-white-spotted cow
demis mār
Two-year-old bull calf
seyā bare
Black cow with a white forehead.
dūşt hākerden
Provoke a bull to attack
seyā kachal
Black cow with black spots on the tail end of the frontal
clarification needed
elā elā şāğ
Cow with horns growing in opposite directions
seyā sel
Black cow with a white line running along its spine to its tail
elā kal
Cow with large open horns
seyel
White-bellied cow
elā şiro
Cow with spreading horns
şir vej
Gelded calf or bull
elāşāx
A bull that has large open horns
şirū
A cow with a white head and tail
emūj
Ox that once trained for ploughing
şūkā
Pale yellow cow
eşte
Pair of cows for work
tā şū
Miner's cow, only to be closed
clarification needed
ezāli
Cow that is bred to plough
tağr in
Pair of four-year-old cows inseminated naturally
fal
Cow ready for mating
tal go
A cow that is ready for ploughing
fares
Ox that has not been taught to portage
tāle mār
Cow with bells hung around his neck
ğalfer
Bovine of a yellowish colour
tarise
Cow whose first calf is female and has reached two years of age
jandek
Bull bison that used for mating
tersekā
Two-and-a-half-year-old cow that is ready to mate
jānekā
Strong, young bull left ungelded for the purposes of breeding or combat
teş kūle
A young bull
jinekā
Young bull
teşk
Young bull that is not yet ready for ploughing
jonde kā sare
Place where young bulls and breeding cattle are raised
teşkel
Small bull
jone kā kole
Bullock less than two years old that has done no work
titāppeli mango
Black and white cow
jūndekā
Bullock more than two years old that has done no work
tolom
Young cow – heifer
jūnekkā
Young bulls
tūz kel
bull
jūnekkā jang
Quarrel between young bulls
varzā
Bullock
Khāmod
Ox plough
xāl dār
Bovine with bicoloured coat
lāch kal
Cow with open horns
xes xesi go
A cow that lies down on the ground while working
lachchi
Open cow horns that grow in opposite directions
xetūr
Alarmed cow
lase sar gū
Cow that goes to everyone
xik chaf
A cow that refuses to give milk to calves or its owner
lūş beni
Bridegroom's gift cow
zām borde
Cow missed after giving birth
māgū
A cow
zanā gū
Cow fighting with its horns
mango
Relating to lactating cows
zar xāl
Black cow with yellow spots
mārşan
Young cow
zargele
Yellow cow
mārū
Cow with a white forehead
zemessūni kar
Cow that leans due to food shortages in the winter
merem
Lovely young cow
zingāl
Black cow with white legs
Influences exerted by Mazanderani
Modern-day of Iran
In Iran, there are some popular companies and products, like Rika (boy) or Kija (girl), which take their name from Mazanderani words.
38
In non-Iranian languages
There are some Mazanderani loanwords in the
Turkmen language
39
Examples
The following verses are in an eastern Mazandarani dialect spoken in the Caspian littoral in northern Iran. They were transcribed and translated by
Maryam Borjian
and
Habib Borjian
40
bεlεndi níš
tε
mε vεlεnd-e nεfār-ε
bεlbεl xavεr biārdε nо̄bεhār ε
dār-e čel-ču-rε bā
r ánde nέnāle
batεrkessέ dεl dā́rmo qam-e yār-ε
Translation:
I was sitting [on] the heights, on the lofty
nefār
The nightingale brought the news that it is early spring.
Tell the tree branches not to lament so much,
I have a blasted heart for the care of the beloved.
bεlεnd-e bālxεnε, bεlεnd-e lamε
vέne sar ništ bío Āl-e Mohammεd
har ki mεn o tέrε bázunε tomεt
vεšúnnε bákuše Darviš Mohammεd
Translation:
The lofty balcony, the long mat;
On its top had sat the Dynasty of Muhammad.
Whoever lay the blame on you and me,
May Dervish Muhammad kill him (lit. 'them')!
References
In dates given below, A.P. denotes the
Iranian calendar
, the solar calendar (365 days per year) which is official in Iran and Afghanistan.
Mazanderani language
at
Ethnologue
(28th ed., 2025)
Mazanderani language
at
Ethnologue
(28th ed., 2025)
"Considerations about the dialect of Alamut district from the northern dialects of Iran"
. پرتال جامع علوم انسانی.
Jaafari Dehaghi, Mahmoud; Khalilipour, Nazanin; Jaafari Dehaghi, Shima.
Iranian Languages and Dialects Past and Present
. Tehran. p. 261.
Borjian, Habib (16 July 2018).
"کاهش توجه به زبان مازندرانی در قرن بیستم"
[Decreased attention to Mazandarani language in the 20th century] (in Persian).
Islamic Republic News Agency
. Retrieved
19 December
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Shokri, Guiti; Jahani, Carina; Barani, Hossein (2013).
When Tradition Meets Modernity: Five Life Stories from the Galesh Community in Ziarat, Golestan, Iran
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[A Dictionary of Tabari]. v. 5, p. 5, Tehran: Eḥyā’-ketāb”: 2002/1381 A.P. A comparative glossary containing lexical units from almost all major urban and rural centers of the region of the three provinces of
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Further reading
Borjian, Habib (2006). "The Oldest Known Texts in New Tabari: The Collection of Aleksander Chodzko".
Archiv Orientální
74
(2):
153–
171.
Borjian, Habib (2006). "A Mazanderani account of the Babi Incident at Shaikh Tabarsi".
Iranian Studies
39
(3):
381–
400.
doi
10.1080/00210860600808227
Borjian, Habib (2006). "Textual sources for the study of Tabari language. I. Old documents".
Guyesh-shenâsi
Borjian, Habib (2008). "Tabarica II: Some Mazanderani Verbs".
Iran and the Caucasus
12
(1):
73–
82.
doi
10.1163/157338408X326217
Borjian, Habib (2008). "Two Mazanderani Texts from the Nineteenth Century".
Studia Iranica
37
(1):
7–
50.
doi
10.2143/SI.37.1.2032296
Borjian, Habib; Borjian, Maryam (2007). "Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran: Mysterious Memories of a Woman".
Iran and the Caucasus
11
(2):
226–
254.
doi
10.1163/157338407X265469
Borjian, Habib; Borjian, Maryam (2008). "The Last Galesh Herdsman: Ethno-Linguistic Materials from South Caspian Rainforests".
Iranian Studies
41
(3):
365–
402.
doi
10.1080/00210860801981336
S2CID
162393586
Le Coq, P. (1989). "Les dialects Caspiens et les dialects du nord-ouest de l'Iran". In Schmitt, Rüdiger (ed.).
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. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert. pp.
296–
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Nawata, Tetsuo (1984).
Māzandarāni
. Asian and African Grammatical Manual. Vol. 17. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
Shokri, Giti (1990). "Verb Structure in Sāri dialect".
Farhang
. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies:
217–
231.
Shokri, Giti (1995).
Sārī Dialect
. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
Shokri, Giti (2006).
Ramsarī Dialect
. Tehran: Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
Yoshie, Satoko (1996).
Sārī Dialect
. Iranian Studies. Vol. 10. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
Saadatyar, M.; Gebhardt, L.; Noruzi, Z. (2026). "Shahmirzādi". In R. Falahati; Z. Ghane (eds.).
Handbook of Phonetics and Phonology of Modern Iranian Languages
. Springer Handbooks in Languages and Linguistics. Singapore: Springer. pp.
667–
696.
doi
10.1007/978-981-95-0383-4_27
External links
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. Among other services, archives PDFs of articles from linguistics journals, including those written in Persian.
Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies
, Tehran.
Audio recordings available for Mazanderani
Dictionary of Mazanderani, with translations into Saravi, Baboli, and Amoli dialects
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