MPEG-4 Part 3 - Wikipedia

MPEG-4 Part 3 - Wikipedia
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Third part of the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 standard
MPEG-4 Part 3
or
MPEG-4 Audio
(formally
ISO
IEC
14496-3) is the third part of the
ISO
IEC
MPEG-4
international standard developed by
Moving Picture Experts Group
It specifies
audio coding
methods. The first version of ISO/IEC 14496-3 was published in 1999.
The MPEG-4 Part 3 consists of a variety of audio coding technologies – from
lossy
speech coding
HVXC
CELP
), general audio coding (
AAC
TwinVQ
, BSAC),
lossless
audio compression (
MPEG-4 SLS
Audio Lossless Coding
MPEG-4 DST
), a
Text-To-Speech
Interface (TTSI),
Structured Audio
(using
SAOL
, SASL,
MIDI
) and many additional audio synthesis and coding techniques.
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11
MPEG-4 Audio does not target a single application such as real-time telephony or high-quality audio compression. It applies to every application which requires the use of advanced sound compression, synthesis, manipulation, or playback.
MPEG-4 Audio is a new type of audio standard that integrates numerous different types of audio coding: natural sound and synthetic sound, low bitrate delivery and high-quality delivery, speech and music, complex soundtracks and simple ones, traditional content and interactive content.
Versions
edit
MPEG-4 Audio versions and editions
12
Edition
Release date
Latest amendment
Standard
Description
First edition
1999
2001
ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999
also known as "MPEG-4 Audio Version 1"
2000
ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999/Amd 1:2000
13
also known as "MPEG-4 Audio Version 2", an Amendment to first edition
Second edition
2001
2005
ISO/IEC 14496-3:2001
14
Third edition
2005
2008
ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005
15
Fourth edition
2009
2015 and under development
12
ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009
16
Fifth edition
2019
ISO/IEC 14496-3:2019
17
Current version
Subparts
edit
MPEG-4 Part 3 contains following subparts:
16
Subpart 1: Main (list of Audio Object Types, Profiles, Levels, interface to ISO/IEC 14496-1, MPEG-4 Audio transport stream, etc.)
Subpart 2: Speech coding –
HVXC
(Harmonic Vector eXcitation Coding)
Subpart 3: Speech coding –
CELP
(Code Excited Linear Prediction)
Subpart 4: General Audio Coding (GA) (Time/Frequency Coding) –
AAC
TwinVQ
, BSAC
Subpart 5:
Structured Audio
(SA)
Subpart 6:
Text to Speech
Interface (TTSI)
Subpart 7: Parametric Audio Coding –
HILN
(Harmonic and Individual Line plus Noise)
Subpart 8: Technical description of parametric coding for high quality audio (SSC,
Parametric Stereo
Subpart 9:
MPEG-1
MPEG-2
Audio in MPEG-4
Subpart 10: Technical description of lossless coding of oversampled audio (MPEG-4 DST –
Direct Stream Transfer
Subpart 11:
Audio Lossless Coding
(ALS)
Subpart 12:
Scalable Lossless Coding
(SLS)
MPEG-4 Audio Object Types
edit
MPEG-4 Audio includes a system for handling a diverse group of audio formats in a uniform manner. Each format is assigned a unique Audio Object Type to represent it.
18
19
Object Type is used to distinguish between different coding methods. It directly determines the MPEG-4 tool subset required to decode a specific object. The MPEG-4 profiles are based on the object types and each profile supports a different list of object types.
19
MPEG-4 Audio Object Types
18
20
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Object Type ID
Audio Object Type
First public release date
Description
AAC Main
1999
contains AAC LC
AAC LC
(Low Complexity)
1999
Used in the "AAC Profile". MPEG-4 AAC LC Audio Object Type is based on the MPEG-2 Part 7 Low Complexity profile (LC) combined with Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS) (defined in MPEG-4 Part 3 Subpart 4).
22
AAC SSR (Scalable Sample Rate)
1999
MPEG-4 AAC SSR Audio Object Type is based on the MPEG-2 Part 7 Scalable Sampling Rate profile (SSR) combined with Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS) (defined in MPEG-4 Part 3 Subpart 4).
22
AAC LTP (
Long Term Prediction
1999
contains AAC LC
SBR (
Spectral Band Replication
2003
23
used with AAC LC in the "High Efficiency AAC Profile" (
HE-AAC
v1)
AAC Scalable
1999
TwinVQ
1999
audio coding at very low bitrates
CELP (
Code Excited Linear Prediction
1999
speech coding
HVXC
(Harmonic Vector eXcitation Coding)
1999
speech coding
10
(Reserved)
11
(Reserved)
12
TTSI (
Text-To-Speech
Interface)
1999
13
Main synthesis
1999
contains '
wavetable
sample-based synthesis
24
and Algorithmic Synthesis and Audio Effects
14
wavetable
sample-based synthesis
1999
based on
SoundFont
and
DownLoadable Sounds
24
contains General MIDI
15
General MIDI
1999
16
Algorithmic Synthesis and Audio Effects
1999
17
ER AAC LC
2000
Error Resilient
18
(Reserved )
19
ER AAC LTP
2000
Error Resilient
20
ER AAC Scalable
2000
Error Resilient
21
ER TwinVQ
2000
Error Resilient
22
ER BSAC (Bit-Sliced Arithmetic Coding)
2000
It is also known as "Fine Granule Audio" or fine grain scalability tool. It is used in combination with the AAC coding tools and replaces the noiseless coding and the bitstream formatting of MPEG-4 Version 1 GA coder. Error Resilient
23
ER
AAC LD
(Low Delay)
2000
Error Resilient, used with CELP, ER CELP, HVXC, ER HVXC and TTSI in the "Low Delay Profile", (commonly used for real-time conversation applications)
24
ER CELP
2000
Error Resilient
25
ER HVXC
2000
Error Resilient
26
ER
HILN
(Harmonic and Individual Lines plus Noise)
2000
Error Resilient
27
ER Parametric
2000
Error Resilient
28
SSC (SinuSoidal Coding)
2004
25
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29
PS (
Parametric Stereo
2004
27
and 2006
28
29
used with AAC LC and SBR in the "HE-AAC v2 Profile". PS coding tool was defined in 2004 and Object Type defined in 2006.
30
MPEG Surround
2007
30
also known as MPEG Spatial Audio Coding (SAC), it is a type of spatial audio coding
31
32
(MPEG Surround was also defined in ISO/IEC 23003-1 in 2007
33
31
(ESCAPE)
32
MPEG-1/2 Layer-1
2005
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33
MPEG-1/2 Layer-2
2005
34
34
MPEG-1/2 Layer-3
2005
34
also known as "MP3onMP4"
35
DST (
Direct Stream Transfer
2005
35
lossless audio coding, used on Super Audio CD
36
ALS (
Audio Lossless Coding
2006
29
lossless audio coding
37
SLS (
Scalable Lossless Coding
2006
36
two-layer audio coding with lossless layer and lossy General Audio core/layer (e.g. AAC)
38
SLS non-core
2006
lossless audio coding without lossy General Audio core/layer (e.g. AAC)
39
ER AAC ELD (Enhanced Low Delay)
2008
37
Error Resilient
40
SMR (Symbolic Music Representation) Simple
2008
note: Symbolic Music Representation is also the
MPEG-4
Part 23 standard (ISO/IEC 14496-23:2008)
38
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41
SMR Main
2008
42
USAC (
Unified Speech and Audio Coding
2012
Unified Speech and audio Coding is defined in
MPEG-D
Part 3 (ISO/IEC 23003-3:2012)
40
43
SAOC (Spatial Audio Object Coding)
2010
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note: Spatial Audio Object Coding is also the
MPEG-D
Part 2 standard (ISO/IEC 23003-2:2010)
43
44
LD MPEG Surround
2010
44
This object type conveys Low Delay MPEG Surround Coding side information (that was defined in MPEG-D Part 2 – ISO/IEC 23003-2
43
) in the MPEG-4 Audio framework.
45
SAOC-DE
2013
Spatial Audio Object Coding Dialogue Enhancement
46
Audio Sync
2015
The audio synchronization tool provides capability of synchronizing multiple contents in multiple devices.
Audio Profiles
edit
Hierarchical structure of AAC Profile, HE-AAC Profile and HE-AAC v2 Profile, and compatibility between them. The HE-AAC Profile decoder is fully capable of decoding any AAC Profile stream. Similarly the HE-AAC v2 decoder can handle all HE-AAC Profile streams as well as all AAC Profile streams. Based on the MPEG-4 Part 3 technical specification.
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The MPEG-4 Audio standard defines several profiles. These profiles are based on the object types and each profile supports different list of object types. Each profile may also have several levels, which limit some parameters of the tools present in a profile. These parameters usually are the sampling rate and the number of audio channels decoded at the same time.
MPEG-4 Audio Profiles
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Audio Profile
Audio Object Types
First public release date
AAC Profile
AAC LC
2003
High Efficiency AAC Profile
AAC LC, SBR
2003
HE-AAC v2 Profile
AAC LC, SBR, PS
2006
Main Audio Profile
AAC Main, AAC LC, AAC SSR, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI, Main synthesis
1999
Scalable Audio Profile
AAC LC, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI
1999
Speech Audio Profile
CELP
HVXC
, TTSI
1999
Synthetic Audio Profile
TTSI, Main synthesis
1999
High Quality Audio Profile
AAC LC, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, CELP, ER AAC LC, ER AAC LTP, ER AAC Scalable, ER CELP
2000
Low Delay Audio Profile
CELP, HVXC, TTSI, ER AAC LD, ER CELP, ER HVXC
2000
Natural Audio Profile
AAC Main, AAC LC, AAC SSR, AAC LTP, AAC Scalable, TwinVQ, CELP, HVXC, TTSI, ER AAC LC, ER AAC LTP, ER AAC Scalable, ER TwinVQ, ER BSAC, ER AAC LD, ER CELP, ER HVXC, ER HILN, ER Parametric
2000
Mobile Audio Internetworking Profile
ER AAC LC, ER AAC Scalable, ER TwinVQ, ER BSAC, ER AAC LD
2000
HD-AAC Profile
AAC LC, SLS
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2009
46
ALS Simple Profile
ALS
2010
42
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Audio storage and transport
edit
Multiplex, storage and transmission formats for MPEG-4 Audio
16
Standard
Description
Multiplex
ISO/IEC 14496-1
MPEG-4 Multiplex scheme (M4Mux)
48
Multiplex
ISO/IEC 14496-3
Low Overhead Audio Transport Multiplex (LATM)
Storage
ISO/IEC 14496-3 (informative)
Audio Data Interchange Format (ADIF) – only for AAC
Storage
ISO/IEC 14496-12
MPEG-4 file format (
MP4
) /
ISO base media file format
Transmission
ISO/IEC 14496-3 (informative)
Audio Data Transport Stream (ADTS) – only for AAC
Transmission
ISO/IEC 14496-3
Low Overhead Audio Stream (LOAS), based on LATM
There is no standard for transport of
elementary streams
over a channel, because the broad range of MPEG-4 applications have delivery requirements that are too wide to easily characterize with a single solution.
The capabilities of a transport layer and the communication between transport, multiplex, and demultiplex functions are described in the
Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework
(DMIF) in ISO/IEC 14496-6.
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A wide variety of delivery mechanisms exist below this interface, e.g.,
MPEG transport stream
Real-time Transport Protocol
(RTP), etc.
Transport in Real-time Transport Protocol is defined in RFC 3016 (RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams), RFC 3640 (RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams), RFC 4281 (The Codecs Parameter for "Bucket" Media Types) and RFC 4337 (MIME Type Registration for MPEG-4).
LATM and LOAS were defined for natural audio applications, which do not require sophisticated object-based coding or other functions provided by MPEG-4 Systems.
Bifurcation in the AAC technical standard
edit
Main article:
Advanced Audio Coding
The
Advanced Audio Coding
in MPEG-4 Part 3 (MPEG-4 Audio) Subpart 4 was enhanced relative to the previous standard
MPEG-2
Part 7 (Advanced Audio Coding), in order to provide better
sound quality
for a given encoding bitrate.
It is assumed that any Part 3 and Part 7 differences will be ironed out by the ISO standards body in the near future to avoid the possibility of future bitstream incompatibilities. At present there are no known player or codec incompatibilities due to the newness of the standard.
The MPEG-2 Part 7 standard (Advanced Audio Coding) was first published in 1997 and offers three default profiles:
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Low Complexity profile (LC), Main profile and Scalable Sampling Rate profile (SSR).
The MPEG-4 Part 3 Subpart 4 (General Audio Coding) combined the profiles from MPEG-2 Part 7 with Perceptual Noise Substitution (PNS) and defined them as Audio Object Types (AAC LC, AAC Main, AAC SSR).
HE-AAC
edit
Main article:
HE-AAC
High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding
is an extension of
AAC LC
using
spectral band replication
(SBR), and
Parametric Stereo
(PS). It is designed to increase coding efficiency at low bitrates by using partial parametric representation of audio.
AAC-SSR
edit
AAC Scalable Sample Rate
was introduced by Sony to the MPEG-2 Part 7 and MPEG-4 Part 3 standards.
citation needed
It was first published in ISO/IEC 13818-7, Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) in 1997.
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The audio signal is first split into 4 bands using a 4 band
polyphase quadrature filter
bank. Then these 4 bands are further split using
MDCTs
with a size
of 32 or 256 samples. This is similar to normal AAC LC which uses MDCTs with a size
of 128 or 1024 directly on the audio signal.
The advantage of this technique is that short block switching can be done separately for every
PQF
band. So high frequencies can be encoded using a short block to enhance temporal resolution, low frequencies can be still encoded with high spectral resolution. However, due to aliasing between the 4 PQF bands, coding efficiency around (1,2,3) * fs/8 is worse than with normal MPEG-4 AAC LC.
citation needed
MPEG-4 AAC-SSR is very similar to
ATRAC
and
ATRAC-3
Why AAC-SSR was introduced
edit
The idea behind AAC-SSR was not only the advantage listed above, but also the possibility of reducing the data rate by removing 1, 2 or 3 of the upper PQF bands. A very simple bitstream splitter can remove these bands and thus reduce the bitrate and sample rate.
Example:
4 subbands: bitrate = 128 kbit/s, sample rate = 48 kHz, f_lowpass = 20 kHz
3 subbands: bitrate ~ 120 kbit/s, sample rate = 48 kHz, f_lowpass = 18 kHz
2 subbands: bitrate ~ 100 kbit/s, sample rate = 24 kHz, f_lowpass = 12 kHz
1 subband: bitrate ~ 65 kbit/s, sample rate = 12 kHz, f_lowpass = 6 kHz
Note:
although possible, the resulting quality is much worse than typical
for this bitrate. So for normal 64 kbit/s AAC LC a bandwidth of 14–16 kHz is
achieved by using intensity stereo and reduced NMRs. This degrades audible quality
less than transmitting 6 kHz bandwidth with perfect quality.
BSAC
edit
Bit Sliced Arithmetic Coding
is an MPEG-4 standard (ISO/IEC 14496-3 subpart 4) for scalable audio coding. BSAC uses an alternative noiseless coding to AAC, with the rest of the processing being identical to AAC. This support for scalability allows for nearly transparent sound quality at 64 kbit/s and
graceful degradation
at lower bit rates. BSAC coding is best performed in the range of 40 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s, though it operates in the range of 16 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s. The AAC-BSAC codec is used in
Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB)
applications.
Licensing
edit
In 2002, the MPEG-4 Audio Licensing Committee selected the Via Licensing Corporation as the Licensing Administrator for the MPEG-4 Audio
patent pool
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See also
edit
TwinVQ
– one of the object types defined in MPEG-4 Audio version 1
MPEG-4 Part 2
MPEG-4 Part 14
container format (MP4)
Digital rights management
Advanced Audio Coding
(AAC)
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29
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edit
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help
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2.2 Wavetable synthesis with SASBF:
The SASBF wavetable-bank format had a somewhat complex history of development. The original specification was contributed by E-Mu Systems and was based on their "SoundFont" format [15]. After integration of this component in the MPEG-4 reference software was complete, the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) approached MPEG requesting that MPEG-4 SASBF be compatible with their "Downloaded Sounds" format [13]. E-Mu agreed that this compatibility was desirable, and so a new format was negotiated and designed collaboratively by all parties.
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. Retrieved
2010-12-27
AES Convention Paper 8099 – A new parametric stereo and Multi Channel Extension for MPEG-4 Enhanced Low Delay AAC (AAC-ELD)
(PDF)
, retrieved
2019-11-07
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 (2008-10-17),
ISO/IEC 14496-3:2005/PDAM 10:200X HD-AAC profile, MPEG2008/N10188
, archived from
the original
(DOC)
on 2014-05-12
, retrieved
2009-10-19
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
ISO (2009-09-11).
"ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 1:2009 - HD-AAC profile and MPEG Surround signaling"
. ISO
. Retrieved
2009-10-15
ISO (2009-10-08).
"ISO/IEC 14496-3:2009/Amd 2:2010 - ALS simple profile and transport of SAOC"
. ISO
. Retrieved
2009-10-15
ISO (2004-11-15),
ISO/IEC 14496-1, Third edition 2004-11-15, Part 1: Systems
(PDF)
, ISO, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on June 14, 2011
, retrieved
2009-10-14
ISO (2004-10-15),
ISO/IEC 13818-7, Third edition, Part 7 – Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)
(PDF)
, p. 32, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2011-07-13
, retrieved
2009-10-19
ISO (1997).
"ISO/IEC 13818-7:1997, Information technology -- Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information -- Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding (AAC)"
. Retrieved
2009-10-19
Business Wire (2009-01-05).
"Via Licensing Announces MPEG-4 SLS Patent Pool License"
. Reuters
. Retrieved
2009-10-09
{{
cite web
}}
|author=
has generic name (
help
CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
Via Licensing Corporation (2009-05-12).
"Via Licensing Announces the Availability of an MPEG-4 SLS Joint Patent Licensing Program"
. Business Wire
. Retrieved
2009-10-09
External links
edit
Apple: MPEG-4: AAC
"AAC" (VideoLAN WIKI)
EBU subjective listening tests on low-bitrate audio codecs
Archived
2007-02-16 at the
Wayback Machine
AAC radio stations
– Online radio stations in AAC format
Tuner2
– Directory of radio stations in AAC+ format at various bitrates
RadioFeeds UK & Ireland
– Page containing plenty of terrestrial stations webcasting in AAC+ format.
Results of 64 kbit/s Listening Test
A page comparing codecs including HE-AAC @64 kbit/s by listening tests. (Page is offline)
Official MPEG web site
RFC
3016
– RTP Payload Format for MPEG-4 Audio/Visual Streams
RFC
3640
– RTP Payload Format for Transport of MPEG-4 Elementary Streams
RFC
4281
– The Codecs Parameter for "Bucket" Media Types
RFC
4337
– MIME Type Registration for MPEG-4
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