Nanotechnology - IOPscience

Nanotechnology - IOPscience
Nanotechnology
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Nanotechnology encompasses the understanding of the fundamental physics, chemistry, biology and technology of nanometre-scale objects.
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The following article is
Open access
Review of Cu–Cu direct bonding technology in advanced packaging
Ze-Hao Zhao
et al
2025
Nanotechnology
36
262001
View article
, Review of Cu–Cu direct bonding technology in advanced packaging
PDF
, Review of Cu–Cu direct bonding technology in advanced packaging
Traditional Sn-based solder interconnects face reliability challenges due to their poor performance at narrow spacing. Driven by the increasing demands for higher performance, greater reliability, and enhanced integration capabilities in modern electronics, Cu–Cu direct bonding has emerged, which offers significant advantages, including narrower spacing, superior electrical and thermal conductivity, and enhanced reliability. However, achieving low-temperature Cu–Cu bonding remains challenging due to copper’s high melting point and low self-diffusion rate. This study reviews the recent progress of Cu–Cu direct bonding technology on four parts including the enhancement on Cu microstructure, surface treatments, bonding processes and the assessment methods on performance and reliability. Promising Cu microstructures, such as nanotwinned Cu and nanocrystalline Cu were highlighted in facilitating low-temperature bonding. The performance of surface treatments on promoting bonding were also summarized, including chemical treatment, plasma activation and inert metal passivation. Further, some significant innovations on the bonding process and technology were indicated, and the evaluation methods for bonding quality were discussed. The current research progress provide significant guidance for the development of Cu–Cu bonding technology.
The following article is
Open access
Azide photochemistry for facile modification of graphitic surfaces: preparation of DNA-coated carbon nanotubes for biosensing
Minoo J Moghaddam
et al
2012
Nanotechnology
23
425503
View article
, Azide photochemistry for facile modification of graphitic surfaces: preparation of DNA-coated carbon nanotubes for biosensing
PDF
, Azide photochemistry for facile modification of graphitic surfaces: preparation of DNA-coated carbon nanotubes for biosensing
A facile, two-step method for chemically attaching single-stranded DNA to graphitic surfaces, represented here by carbon nanotubes, is reported. In the first step, an azide-containing compound, N-5-azido-nitrobenzoyloxy succinimide (ANB-NOS), is used to form photo-adducts on the graphitic surfaces in a solid-state photochemical reaction, resulting in active ester groups being oriented for the subsequent reactions. In the second step, pre-synthesized DNA strands bearing a terminal amine group are coupled in an aqueous solution with the active esters on the photo-adducts. The versatility of the method is demonstrated by attaching pre-synthesized DNA to surfaces of carbon nanotubes in two platforms—as vertically-aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes on a solid support and as tangled single-walled carbon nanotubes in mats. The reaction products at various stages were characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Two different assays were used to check that the DNA strands attached to the carbon nanotubes were able to bind their partner strands with complementary base sequences. The first assay, using partner DNA strands tethered to gold nanoparticles, enabled the sites of DNA attachment to the carbon nanotubes to be identified in TEM images. The second assay, using radioactively labelled partner DNA strands, quantified the density of functional DNA strands attached to the carbon nanotubes. The diversity of potential applications for these DNA-modified carbon-nanotube platforms is exemplified here by the successful use of a DNA-modified single-walled carbon-nanotube mat as an electrode for the specific detection of metal ions.
The following article is
Open access
Review of nanoimprinted photonics
Pei-Hsun Wang and Chih-Ming Wang 2025
Nanotechnology
36
442002
View article
, Review of nanoimprinted photonics
PDF
, Review of nanoimprinted photonics
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has emerged as a powerful tool for patterning nanoscale structures with high precision, low-cost, and large-scale manufacturing. In photonics, NIL enables the creation of complex optical structures such as gratings, metamaterials, photonic crystals, and waveguides. These nanoscale features are critical for manipulating light at sub-wavelength scales, offering enhanced control over optical properties such as dispersion, polarization, and transmission. NIL’s high-resolution patterning capability makes it particularly attractive for fabricating large-area photonic devices with high precision and repeatability. A wide range of applications, including integrated photonic circuits, optical sensors, and advanced light management in displays and solar cells, are now the focus of extensive research and discussion. By enabling the precise engineering of refractive index profiles and light–matter interactions, NIL continues to play a crucial role in advancing the performance and functionality of next-generation photonic systems. This review explores the fundamental principles of NIL and its recent developments. In addition, other patterning techniques related to photonics patterning and fabrication are briefly discussed. We will then focus on the applications in photonics and the advantages and challenges associated with this technique.
The following article is
Open access
Perspective: magnetic quantum sensors for biomedical applications
Kai Wu and Rui He 2025
Nanotechnology
36
152501
View article
, Perspective: magnetic quantum sensors for biomedical applications
PDF
, Perspective: magnetic quantum sensors for biomedical applications
With advancements in thin-film deposition, nanofabrication, and material characterization techniques, quantum devices leveraging nanoscale quantum phenomena have emerged across various fields, including quantum computing, sensing, communication, and metrology. Among these, quantum sensing harnesses the unique properties of quantum systems to achieve highly sensitive and precise measurements of physical quantities such as magnetic and electric fields, temperature, pressure, and even biological events. In this perspective, we highlight some popular magnetic quantum sensors used for magnetic sensing and imaging, and emerging spintronic quantum sensors that exploit the quantum mechanical properties of electron spin for similar applications. Most of the techniques discussed remain in lab-based stages, with limited preliminary data reported. However, the authors believe that, with continued progress in spintronics, these nano- and micro-scale spintronic devices—offering superior and unique magnetic quantum properties—could open new horizons in biomedical applications, including single-cell and single-molecule detection, large-scale protein profiling, sub-micrometer resolution medical imaging, and beyond.
The following article is
Open access
Perovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyond—from design to devices
Yi-Teng Huang
et al
2021
Nanotechnology
32
132004
View article
, Perovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyond—from design to devices
PDF
, Perovskite-inspired materials for photovoltaics and beyond—from design to devices
Lead-halide perovskites have demonstrated astonishing increases in power conversion efficiency in photovoltaics over the last decade. The most efficient perovskite devices now outperform industry-standard multi-crystalline silicon solar cells, despite the fact that perovskites are typically grown at low temperature using simple solution-based methods. However, the toxicity of lead and its ready solubility in water are concerns for widespread implementation. These challenges, alongside the many successes of the perovskites, have motivated significant efforts across multiple disciplines to find lead-free and stable alternatives which could mimic the ability of the perovskites to achieve high performance with low temperature, facile fabrication methods. This Review discusses the computational and experimental approaches that have been taken to discover lead-free perovskite-inspired materials, and the recent successes and challenges in synthesizing these compounds. The atomistic origins of the extraordinary performance exhibited by lead-halide perovskites in photovoltaic devices is discussed, alongside the key challenges in engineering such high-performance in alternative, next-generation materials. Beyond photovoltaics, this Review discusses the impact perovskite-inspired materials have had in spurring efforts to apply new materials in other optoelectronic applications, namely light-emitting diodes, photocatalysts, radiation detectors, thin film transistors and memristors. Finally, the prospects and key challenges faced by the field in advancing the development of perovskite-inspired materials towards realization in commercial devices is discussed.
The following article is
Open access
Minimizing residues and strain in 2D materials transferred from PDMS
Achint Jain
et al
2018
Nanotechnology
29
265203
View article
, Minimizing residues and strain in 2D materials transferred from PDMS
PDF
, Minimizing residues and strain in 2D materials transferred from PDMS
Integrating layered two-dimensional (2D) materials into 3D heterostructures offers opportunities for novel material functionalities and applications in electronics and photonics. In order to build the highest quality heterostructures, it is crucial to preserve the cleanliness and morphology of 2D material surfaces that come in contact with polymers such as PDMS during transfer. Here we report that substantial residues and up to ∼0.22% compressive strain can be present in monolayer MoS
transferred using PDMS. We show that a UV-ozone pre-cleaning of the PDMS surface before exfoliation significantly reduces organic residues on transferred MoS
flakes. An additional 200
C vacuum anneal after transfer efficiently removes interfacial bubbles and wrinkles as well as accumulated strain, thereby restoring the surface morphology of transferred flakes to their native state. Our recipe is important for building clean heterostructures of 2D materials and increasing the reproducibility and reliability of devices based on them.
The following article is
Open access
Roadmap on quantum nanotechnologies
Arne Laucht
et al
2021
Nanotechnology
32
162003
View article
, Roadmap on quantum nanotechnologies
PDF
, Roadmap on quantum nanotechnologies
Quantum phenomena are typically observable at length and time scales smaller than those of our everyday experience, often involving individual particles or excitations. The past few decades have seen a revolution in the ability to structure matter at the nanoscale, and experiments at the single particle level have become commonplace. This has opened wide new avenues for exploring and harnessing quantum mechanical effects in condensed matter. These quantum phenomena, in turn, have the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate, compute and probe the nanoscale world. Here, we review developments in key areas of quantum research in light of the nanotechnologies that enable them, with a view to what the future holds. Materials and devices with nanoscale features are used for quantum metrology and sensing, as building blocks for quantum computing, and as sources and detectors for quantum communication. They enable explorations of quantum behaviour and unconventional states in nano- and opto-mechanical systems, low-dimensional systems, molecular devices, nano-plasmonics, quantum electrodynamics, scanning tunnelling microscopy, and more. This rapidly expanding intersection of nanotechnology and quantum science/technology is mutually beneficial to both fields, laying claim to some of the most exciting scientific leaps of the last decade, with more on the horizon.
The following article is
Open access
Development of niclosamide-based COVID-19 therapeutic agent using porous silicon nanoparticles
Seoyoun Jeong
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
135701
View article
, Development of niclosamide-based COVID-19 therapeutic agent using porous silicon nanoparticles
PDF
, Development of niclosamide-based COVID-19 therapeutic agent using porous silicon nanoparticles
This study explores the potential of porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) as advanced nanocarriers to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the cytotoxicity of niclosamide for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. Niclosamide, an FDA-approved drug used to treat tapeworm infections, has been suggested as a potential treatment for COVID-19. However, its clinical application is limited by its significant cytotoxicity and low bioavailability. To address these challenges, three types of pSiNPs—pSiNP-H, pSiNP-COOH, and pSiNP-NH
—were synthesized. Niclosamide was successfully loaded onto each type of pSiNPs, achieving a loading efficiency over 30%. Among them, the antiviral activity of niclosamide-loaded pSiNP-NH
was assessed against the Delta variant of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Vero E6 cells using plaque assays and real-time PCR. Results demonstrated that niclosamide-loaded pSiNP-NH
significantly suppressed viral replication more efficiently than free niclosamide at equivalent doses, while minimizing host cell cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that pSiNP-NH
could serve as a potent drug delivery platform, improving the therapeutic index of niclosamide for COVID-19 treatment.
The following article is
Open access
Roadmap on emerging hardware and technology for machine learning
Karl Berggren
et al
2021
Nanotechnology
32
012002
View article
, Roadmap on emerging hardware and technology for machine learning
PDF
, Roadmap on emerging hardware and technology for machine learning
Recent progress in artificial intelligence is largely attributed to the rapid development of machine learning, especially in the algorithm and neural network models. However, it is the performance of the hardware, in particular the energy efficiency of a computing system that sets the fundamental limit of the capability of machine learning. Data-centric computing requires a revolution in hardware systems, since traditional digital computers based on transistors and the von Neumann architecture were not purposely designed for neuromorphic computing. A hardware platform based on emerging devices and new architecture is the hope for future computing with dramatically improved throughput and energy efficiency. Building such a system, nevertheless, faces a number of challenges, ranging from materials selection, device optimization, circuit fabrication and system integration, to name a few. The aim of this Roadmap is to present a snapshot of emerging hardware technologies that are potentially beneficial for machine learning, providing the Nanotechnology readers with a perspective of challenges and opportunities in this burgeoning field.
The following article is
Open access
Magnetic nanoparticle contrast agents for MRI: structure-property relationships,
in vivo
applications, and future theranostic directions
Bahareh Rezaei
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
112001
View article
, Magnetic nanoparticle contrast agents for MRI: structure-property relationships, in vivo applications, and future theranostic directions
PDF
, Magnetic nanoparticle contrast agents for MRI: structure-property relationships, in vivo applications, and future theranostic directions
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive and non-ionizing imaging modality that provides high-resolution images of internal organs such as the breast, brain, and cardiovascular system, enabling three-dimensional visualization of soft tissues. While MRI offers excellent soft tissue contrast, its sensitivity can be further enhanced using contrast agents, and many clinical applications rely on exogenous agents to improve detection and diagnostic accuracy. Two primary classes are used clinically: paramagnetic substances, exemplified by gadolinium (Gd), which predominantly shorten longitudinal (
) relaxation, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), which exert strong effects on transverse (
) relaxation. The performance and safety of these agents are strongly influenced by their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, including rapid recognition and clearance by the reticuloendothelial system, which can both enable liver–spleen imaging and limit target-specific contrast in other organs. In this review, we first summarize the fundamental principles of MRI contrast generation, with an emphasis on relaxation mechanisms relevant to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). We then discuss the use of MNPs as contrast agents in representative biomedical applications, focusing on cardiac, breast, and brain MRI and illustrating how organ-specific physiology constrains nanoparticle design and performance. Finally, we examine biocompatibility and safety considerations for both Gd-based agents and SPIONs, highlighting current regulatory concerns, open questions regarding long-term toxicity, and key challenges that must be addressed to translate next-generation nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents into routine clinical practice.
Study on the structure and photocatalytic performance of MWCNT/TiO
synthesized by supercritical hydrothermal method
Wenjin Zhang
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
175601
View article
, Study on the structure and photocatalytic performance of MWCNT/TiO2 synthesized by supercritical hydrothermal method
PDF
, Study on the structure and photocatalytic performance of MWCNT/TiO2 synthesized by supercritical hydrothermal method
In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes and TiO
composite materials (MWCNT/TiO
) were respectively synthesized using supercritical hydrothermal synthesis combined with a secondary hydrothermal doping method and an
in-situ
doping method via a one-step hydrothermal process. The effects of different preparation methods and doping concentrations on the crystalline structure, particle size, and photocatalytic performance of TiO
were investigated. It was found that TiO
prepared through supercritical hydrothermal synthesis exhibited higher crystallinity and smaller particle size. After doping with hydroxylated MWCNT, the composite material demonstrated excellent photocatalytic performance for the degradation of methylene blue. The optimal photocatalytic activity was achieved at a doping concentration of 4 wt%, with a degradation rate reaching 69.8%. The enhanced performance is attributed to the formation of Ti2013C and Ti–O–C bonds between MWCNT and TiO
, promoting charge transfer, suppressing electron-hole recombination, and broadening the material’s optical absorption range. Further studies revealed that the composite material prepared by the one-step hydrothermal method exhibited lower crystallinity and weaker photocatalytic activity, with TiO
particles tending to coat the surface of MWCNT, thereby limiting its photocatalytic effectiveness. These findings provide significant theoretical guidance for developing highly efficient photocatalytic materials.
The following article is
Open access
Investigating the contributions of electrostatic and capillary effects in anti-dust nanostructures
Daniela Cordon
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
175302
View article
, Investigating the contributions of electrostatic and capillary effects in anti-dust nanostructures
PDF
, Investigating the contributions of electrostatic and capillary effects in anti-dust nanostructures
Dust contamination is a key challenge for deployment of optics in harsh environments, maintenance of photovoltaics, and the pursuit of sustainable interplanetary exploration. In this work, the dust mitigation properties of nanostructured substrates with thin insulating and conductive coatings are investigated. To examine the contribution of capillary, electrostatic, and van der Waals forces to the surface’s overall dust adhesion, the relative humidity is varied to control their relative contributions. Experiments show that samples with conductive coatings can have up to 91.0% less coverage than insulating sample under low humidity. The results indicate that the electrical properties of surface coatings play a significant role in mitigating dust adhesion forces at low humidities, where electrostatic forces dominate. In addition, reduced surface energy and nanostructured features are key for an improved anti-dust performance at all humidities. The results demonstrate that the nanostructure with conductive coatings is highly anti-dust and has less than 2.5% percentage area coverage throughout the humidity range. This research improves understanding of the interparticle forces between substrate and particulate and explores viable alterations of surface geometry and chemistry for passive dust mitigation that are applicable across a broad humidity range.
Metal-assisted chemical etching for controllable fabrication of silicon nanochannels
Zixiu Chen
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
175301
View article
, Metal-assisted chemical etching for controllable fabrication of silicon nanochannels
PDF
, Metal-assisted chemical etching for controllable fabrication of silicon nanochannels
Silicon nanochannels possess adjustable structural characteristics and excellent mechanical properties, and have great application potential in nanoelectromechanical systems, seawater desalination, and nanoreactors. However, achieving controllable synthesis and precise structural modulation remains highly challenging. Metal-assisted chemical etching (MACE), with its advantages of simple operation and low cost, has been widely used in the fabrication of silicon nanochannels. This study systematically investigates the morphological regulation mechanism of silicon nanochannels prepared via MACE, with a focus on analyzing the influence of etching solution composition, gold nanoparticle microstructure, and reaction time on the formation of helical structures. By combining thermomechanical molding for replicating nanochannel structures with electron microscopy characterization, comprehensive morphological analysis was achieved. The results indicate that an etching solution ratio of HF:H₂O₂:H₂O = 6:4:5 (v/v/v) yields helical nanochannels with greater length and higher yield. Increasing the HF proportion promotes the formation of helical structures; however, excessively high HF concentration leads to severe lateral etching, inhibiting deep channel propagation. The study further reveals an externally-driven mechanism for helical structure formation: the hydrogen bubbles generated during the reaction and the flow of the etching solution exert thrust on the nanoparticles, causing them to move and carve helical pathways.
Curved graphene: a mini-review of its applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion
Yi-Xuan Lin
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
162001
View article
, Curved graphene: a mini-review of its applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion
PDF
, Curved graphene: a mini-review of its applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion
Graphene has garnered significant attention due to its distinctive geometric morphology and high electrical conductivity properties, making it a promising material for a wide range of advanced electrochemical applications. However, limitations such as layer stacking and the poor intrinsic catalytic activity of its basal plane often overshadow these advantages, restricting its broader application in advanced technologies. To overcome these challenges, curved graphene (CG) has emerged as a material with enhanced properties, offering a solution to the inherent limitations of planar graphene. Curved graphene exhibits superior performance in these applications due to its unique features, such as a large surface area, which facilitates rapid charge and discharge cycles, prevents catalyst aggregation, promotes efficient electron transfer, and exposes abundant active sites for catalytic reactions. These advantages collectively enhance the functionality, efficiency, and durability of CG in electrochemical energy systems. Accordingly, the review covers the potential of CG has been systematically explored in four major electrochemical energy applications: supercapacitors, battery, water splitting, and dye-sensitized solar cells. These applications are evaluated by comparing the performance of pure CG, doped CG, and CG hybrids with other materials.
Synthesis of small-sized and high crystallinity TiO
for preparation of transparent photocured resin with tunable refractive index
Jingming Li
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
165601
View article
, Synthesis of small-sized and high crystallinity TiO2 for preparation of transparent photocured resin with tunable refractive index
PDF
, Synthesis of small-sized and high crystallinity TiO2 for preparation of transparent photocured resin with tunable refractive index
The refractive index (RI) of acrylic acid polymer is crucial for their optical applications and can be improved by hybridizing with titanium dioxide (TiO
). However, the size of the dispersed TiO
nanoparticles affects the transparency of their hybrid materials, while their crystallinity influences the RI. Simultaneously optimizing both properties presents a significant challenge. In this work, we employ an acetic acid-mediated solvothermal method to synthesize TiO
nanoparticles. We show that this method uniquely enables the simultaneous achievement of high crystallinity and small aggregate size (≈35 nm) which overcomes the typical trade-off between these two critical parameters. The increase in crystallinity is attributed to the acidolysis process of acetic acid. After being modified by oleyl phosphate (OP), TiO
nanoparticles are well dispersed in acrylic monomers and successfully UV-cured into a hybrid film. The resulting hybrid films maintained high transmittance (>80%) in the range of 400–800 nm. The increased crystallinity of TiO
in the hybrid film raises its RI from 1.54 to 1.97. These superior optical properties directly benefit from the unique synergy of small size and high crystallinity achieved by the synthesis method, highlighting its potential for advanced optical device applications.
Curved graphene: a mini-review of its applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion
Yi-Xuan Lin
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
162001
View article
, Curved graphene: a mini-review of its applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion
PDF
, Curved graphene: a mini-review of its applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion
Graphene has garnered significant attention due to its distinctive geometric morphology and high electrical conductivity properties, making it a promising material for a wide range of advanced electrochemical applications. However, limitations such as layer stacking and the poor intrinsic catalytic activity of its basal plane often overshadow these advantages, restricting its broader application in advanced technologies. To overcome these challenges, curved graphene (CG) has emerged as a material with enhanced properties, offering a solution to the inherent limitations of planar graphene. Curved graphene exhibits superior performance in these applications due to its unique features, such as a large surface area, which facilitates rapid charge and discharge cycles, prevents catalyst aggregation, promotes efficient electron transfer, and exposes abundant active sites for catalytic reactions. These advantages collectively enhance the functionality, efficiency, and durability of CG in electrochemical energy systems. Accordingly, the review covers the potential of CG has been systematically explored in four major electrochemical energy applications: supercapacitors, battery, water splitting, and dye-sensitized solar cells. These applications are evaluated by comparing the performance of pure CG, doped CG, and CG hybrids with other materials.
Electrochromic zinc-ion batteries: recent progress, challenges and perspectives
Yaokang Lv
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
152001
View article
, Electrochromic zinc-ion batteries: recent progress, challenges and perspectives
PDF
, Electrochromic zinc-ion batteries: recent progress, challenges and perspectives
The evolution of electrochromic materials and technologies has opened innovative avenues for smart devices. However, their civilian adoption remains constrained by high material costs and energy-intensive fabrication processes. Recent research has shifted toward integrated electrochromic systems that combine energy storage with visualization capabilities. Among these, electrochromic supercapacitors suffer from relatively low energy density, constraining their storage capacity, whereas electrochromic zinc-ion batteries (
ECZIBs
) demonstrate superior energy density, making them more promising for smart energy storage applications. This review systematically examines the fundamental structure, key performance parameters, and essential materials for
ECZIBs
, with particular focus on recent progress in the design of cathode, anode, and electrolyte materials. We summarize the major bottlenecks currently impeding performance enhancement and practical deployment, discuss potential strategies to overcome these challenges, and provide an outlook on future development trends in
Eczibs.
We hope this concise review will offer valuable guidance and inspire further research, ultimately fostering new breakthroughs in this emerging field.
The following article is
Open access
Magnetic nanoparticle contrast agents for MRI: structure-property relationships,
in vivo
applications, and future theranostic directions
Bahareh Rezaei
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
112001
View article
, Magnetic nanoparticle contrast agents for MRI: structure-property relationships, in vivo applications, and future theranostic directions
PDF
, Magnetic nanoparticle contrast agents for MRI: structure-property relationships, in vivo applications, and future theranostic directions
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive and non-ionizing imaging modality that provides high-resolution images of internal organs such as the breast, brain, and cardiovascular system, enabling three-dimensional visualization of soft tissues. While MRI offers excellent soft tissue contrast, its sensitivity can be further enhanced using contrast agents, and many clinical applications rely on exogenous agents to improve detection and diagnostic accuracy. Two primary classes are used clinically: paramagnetic substances, exemplified by gadolinium (Gd), which predominantly shorten longitudinal (
) relaxation, and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), which exert strong effects on transverse (
) relaxation. The performance and safety of these agents are strongly influenced by their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution, including rapid recognition and clearance by the reticuloendothelial system, which can both enable liver–spleen imaging and limit target-specific contrast in other organs. In this review, we first summarize the fundamental principles of MRI contrast generation, with an emphasis on relaxation mechanisms relevant to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). We then discuss the use of MNPs as contrast agents in representative biomedical applications, focusing on cardiac, breast, and brain MRI and illustrating how organ-specific physiology constrains nanoparticle design and performance. Finally, we examine biocompatibility and safety considerations for both Gd-based agents and SPIONs, highlighting current regulatory concerns, open questions regarding long-term toxicity, and key challenges that must be addressed to translate next-generation nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents into routine clinical practice.
Polymer–carbon dot nanocomposites for heavy metal ion sensing
Aishwarya Joji Mathew
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
102001
View article
, Polymer–carbon dot nanocomposites for heavy metal ion sensing
PDF
, Polymer–carbon dot nanocomposites for heavy metal ion sensing
Carbon dots (CDs), a distinctive class of carbon-based nanomaterials, have emerged as promising materials for the sensing of heavy metal ions due to their unique properties, including optoelectronic and fluorescence characteristics, exceptional chemical stability, photo stability, superior water solubility, low toxicity, excellent biocompatibility, and bioactivity. The potential to expand the scope of applications of CDs is a current research focus, addressing key requirements in various fields. Embedding CDs within polymer matrices has recently emerged as a promising area of research, offering diverse potential applications. CDs are incorporated into polymer matrices, leading to an enhancement in their stability, dispersion, and sensitivity towards various heavy metal ions. The fluorescence properties of the composite are significantly altered by the interaction with metal ions, allowing for the development of simple and cost-effective sensing platforms using these materials. This composite-based sensing strategy provides added functional advantages while enabling convenient handling and reusability. This review highlights the synthesis, and characteristic features of polymer-CD nanocomposites. Key strategies for the preparation of polymer–CD nanocomposites and their latest applications in heavy metal ion sensing are discussed in detail.
Memristive system in 2D materials: redefining the landscape of future nanoelectronics
Prerona Singha and P K Kalita 2026
Nanotechnology
37
072001
View article
, Memristive system in 2D materials: redefining the landscape of future nanoelectronics
PDF
, Memristive system in 2D materials: redefining the landscape of future nanoelectronics
Memristors, recognized as the fourth fundamental circuit element, have emerged as a transformative technology in non-volatile memory and neuromorphic computing. Their inherent ability to store information through resistive states and emulate synaptic behaviour makes them highly promising for energy-efficient, brain-inspired electronics. Recent advancements have demonstrated that integrating two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials—such as transition metal dichalcogenides, graphene, and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)—can significantly enhance memristor performance due to their atomic-scale thickness, high carrier mobility, and tunable electronic properties. These 2D material-based memristors exhibit improved switching speed, endurance, and scalability, making them ideal candidates for next-generation computing architectures. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in memristor devices using 2D nanomaterials, including discussions on material properties, defect engineering, switching mechanisms, and device configurations. Furthermore, it examines key applications in neuromorphic systems, logic-in-memory (LiM) computing, and flexible electronics. Despite rapid progress, challenges remain in achieving large-scale uniformity, reliable integration with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology, and long-term stability. Addressing these issues requires synergistic efforts in material science, device engineering, and computational modelling. Finally, the review outlines future research directions and strategies to harness the full potential of 2D material-based memristors for scalable, low-power, and intelligent electronic systems.
Balancing ferroelectricity and endurance in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films through mixed-oxygen atomic layer deposition
Lv et al
View accepted manuscript
, Balancing ferroelectricity and endurance in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films through mixed-oxygen atomic layer deposition
PDF
, Balancing ferroelectricity and endurance in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films through mixed-oxygen atomic layer deposition
Simultaneous optimization of remanent polarization (2Pr) and long-term endurance remains a critical challenge for Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO)-based ferroelectric thin films in next-generation non-volatile memory technologies. Here, we introduce a sequenced mixed-oxidant atomic layer deposition (ALD) process that employs an initial deionized H2O pulse followed by controlled O3 exposure to decouple the inherent trade-off between strong ferroelectricity and reliability. The optimized Mix-10s sample delivers a high 2Pr ≈ 48 μC/cm 2 in ~10 nm-thick films, accompanied by wake-up-free characteristics and outstanding cycling stability, retaining 98.9% of the pristine polarization after 10 9 bipolar switching cycles with minimal fatigue. Structural and electrical characterizations, including grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, piezoresponse force microscopy, and switching current analysis, reveal a cooperative defect-engineering mechanism. The initial H2O pulse introduces a moderate oxygen vacancy concentration that lowers the kinetic barrier for stabilizing the ferroelectric orthorhombic phase, whereas the subsequent O3 pulse removes residual carbon and hydrogen impurities and suppresses excessive vacancy accumulation, thereby mitigating domain wall pinning and leakage. This hybrid oxidant ALD approach provides a scalable and CMOS compatible pathway toward high-polarization, fatigue free hafnia-based ferroelectrics for advanced memory and neuromorphic applications.
The following article is
Open access
Review article: Tuning the gold electrode work function with thiol-based self-assembled monolayers
NGUYEN et al
View accepted manuscript
, Review article: Tuning the gold electrode work function with thiol-based self-assembled monolayers
PDF
, Review article: Tuning the gold electrode work function with thiol-based self-assembled monolayers
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have emerged as a powerful strategy for interfacial engineering in organic and molecular electronics, enabling control of surface properties such as wettability, adhesion and electrode work function (WF). The WF is a key parameter for charge injection, transport, and device performance. By adjusting molecular design, dipole orientation, and surface coverage, SAMs allow precise tuning the WF, optimizing energy-level alignment in devices such as organic solar cells (OSCs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). This review focuses on WF modulation of gold electrodes, a widely used material due to its chemical stability, high conductivity, and compatibility with thiol-based SAMs. We provide a comprehensive overview of thiol derived SAMs for gold surface modification, emphasizing their impact on WF as measured by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), Kelvin Probe (KP), and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS). Key parameters including molecular dipole, packing density, chain length, and terminal groups are discussed, along with the advantages of mixed SAMs for achieving precise WF control. These studies demonstrate that strategic molecular selection enables WF tuning across a broad range of 3.7 to 6.0 eV on gold surfaces. This review underscores the potential of SAMs as a versatile tool for advancing organic and molecular electronic through tailored interfacial engineering.
Boosting the piezoelectric energy harvesting in glycine polarized array through electric field-assisted PVD
Tan et al
View accepted manuscript
, Boosting the piezoelectric energy harvesting in glycine polarized array through electric field-assisted PVD
PDF
, Boosting the piezoelectric energy harvesting in glycine polarized array through electric field-assisted PVD
The development of self-powered micro-energy sources is critical for advancing IoT, wearable electronics, and implantable medical devices. Bio-piezoelectric materials like γ-glycine offer unique advantages due to their biocompatibility and piezoelectricity. However, their practical application is limited by the challenge of achieving macroscopic dipole alignment. Herein, we propose an innovative electric field-assisted physical vapor deposition (PVD) strategy to address this issue. By applying a continuous DC bias field during PVD crystallization, macroscopically polarized γ-glycine arrays with uniform molecular orientation have been successfully fabricated. Systematic characterizations using XRD, SEM, and PFM confirm enhanced crystallinity, γ-phase purity, and uniform polarization orientation. Piezoelectric energy harvesters based on these arrays exhibit a maximum open-circuit voltage of 0.25 V under 40 N periodic compression-over 400% higher than devices prepared without the electric field. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that directional hydrogen bonding in the non-centrosymmetric P31 crystal structure enhances dielectric polarization and piezoelectric response. This work is devoted to providing a scalable route to high-performance biocompatible energy harvesters and offering new insights into controlling polar orientation in molecular crystalline materials.
Enhancing thermoelectric performance of GeTe monolayer via modulation doping at Ge sites
Gong et al
View accepted manuscript
, Enhancing thermoelectric performance of GeTe monolayer via modulation doping at Ge sites
PDF
, Enhancing thermoelectric performance of GeTe monolayer via modulation doping at Ge sites
Aiming at improving the thermoelectric (TE) performance of the GeTe monolayer by means of doping, we systematically investigate the TE properties of the doped GeTe monolayers. By testing most of the atoms in Groups IIA-VA, we found that Be, Mg, Sn, and Pb are possible dopants in view of their stability and electrical conductivity. It is shown that the doping atom types and the doping concentrations can make different influences on the electronic energy band structures, the phononic spectra, and the electronic (phononic) transmission spectra. Furthermore, the Seebeck coefficient $S$, the electrical conductance $G$, the power factor $S^2G$, and the electronic (phononic) thermal conductances $\kappa_{e(ph)}$ will be changed to varying extents. Finally, we find that the resulting figures of merit $ZT$s are closely dependent on the doping atom types and the doping concentration. In comparison with the pristine GeTe monolayer, the $ZT$ peaks of the doped one can be manipulated by the atomic doping. At appropriate doping concentrations for different doping atoms, these $ZT$ peaks can be improved. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using Be, Mg, Sn, and Pb as the dopants to enhance the TE performance of the GeTe monolayer.
Effect of Indium doping on structure and thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride
Wang et al
View accepted manuscript
, Effect of Indium doping on structure and thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride
PDF
, Effect of Indium doping on structure and thermoelectric properties of bismuth telluride
Owing to their high near-room-temperature conversion efficiency, bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and its alloys are prominent thermoelectric materials. While indium (In) is a typical dopant in thermoelectric materials, the hydrothermal synthesis of In-doped Bi2Te3 has not yet been reported to the best of our knowledge. Herein, we report the synthesis of In-doped Bi2-xInxTe3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) by a hydrothermal method combined with hot press sintering. The incorporation of In enhanced the Seebeck coefficient and suppressed thermal conductivity, primarily due to the reduced carrier concentrations and intensified phonon scattering. Consequently, a maximum zT value of 0.21 was obtained at 350 K for Bi1.9In0.1Te3 sample, approximately 162.5% improvement over the undoped counterpart, demonstrating the effectiveness of In doping in improving the thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te3.
More Accepted manuscripts
The following article is
Open access
Investigating the contributions of electrostatic and capillary effects in anti-dust nanostructures
Daniela Cordon
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
175302
View article
, Investigating the contributions of electrostatic and capillary effects in anti-dust nanostructures
PDF
, Investigating the contributions of electrostatic and capillary effects in anti-dust nanostructures
Dust contamination is a key challenge for deployment of optics in harsh environments, maintenance of photovoltaics, and the pursuit of sustainable interplanetary exploration. In this work, the dust mitigation properties of nanostructured substrates with thin insulating and conductive coatings are investigated. To examine the contribution of capillary, electrostatic, and van der Waals forces to the surface’s overall dust adhesion, the relative humidity is varied to control their relative contributions. Experiments show that samples with conductive coatings can have up to 91.0% less coverage than insulating sample under low humidity. The results indicate that the electrical properties of surface coatings play a significant role in mitigating dust adhesion forces at low humidities, where electrostatic forces dominate. In addition, reduced surface energy and nanostructured features are key for an improved anti-dust performance at all humidities. The results demonstrate that the nanostructure with conductive coatings is highly anti-dust and has less than 2.5% percentage area coverage throughout the humidity range. This research improves understanding of the interparticle forces between substrate and particulate and explores viable alterations of surface geometry and chemistry for passive dust mitigation that are applicable across a broad humidity range.
The following article is
Open access
Review article: Tuning the gold electrode work function with thiol-based self-assembled monolayers
KHANH-HUYEN NGUYEN and Stephane Lenfant 2026
Nanotechnology
View article
, Review article: Tuning the gold electrode work function with thiol-based self-assembled monolayers
PDF
, Review article: Tuning the gold electrode work function with thiol-based self-assembled monolayers
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have emerged as a powerful strategy for interfacial engineering in organic and molecular electronics, enabling control of surface properties such as wettability, adhesion and electrode work function (WF). The WF is a key parameter for charge injection, transport, and device performance. By adjusting molecular design, dipole orientation, and surface coverage, SAMs allow precise tuning the WF, optimizing energy-level alignment in devices such as organic solar cells (OSCs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs). This review focuses on WF modulation of gold electrodes, a widely used material due to its chemical stability, high conductivity, and compatibility with thiol-based SAMs. We provide a comprehensive overview of thiol derived SAMs for gold surface modification, emphasizing their impact on WF as measured by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), Kelvin Probe (KP), and Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS). Key parameters including molecular dipole, packing density, chain length, and terminal groups are discussed, along with the advantages of mixed SAMs for achieving precise WF control. These studies demonstrate that strategic molecular selection enables WF tuning across a broad range of 3.7 to 6.0 eV on gold surfaces. This review underscores the potential of SAMs as a versatile tool for advancing organic and molecular electronic through tailored interfacial engineering.
The following article is
Open access
Continuous and reversible electrical-tuning of fluorescent decay rate via Fano resonance
Emre Ozan Polat
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
165701
View article
, Continuous and reversible electrical-tuning of fluorescent decay rate via Fano resonance
PDF
, Continuous and reversible electrical-tuning of fluorescent decay rate via Fano resonance
We demonstrate electrically tunable control of the radiative and nonradiative decay rates of a fluorescent molecule through a Fano-resonant transparency embedded in the plasmonic local density of optical states (LDOSs). An auxiliary quantum object (QO) placed at the hotspot of a plasmonic nanoparticle suppresses the plasmonic excitation at its transition frequency
, thereby creating a narrow transparency window and reducing the LDOS at
. When the fluorescence frequency of a nearby emitter overlaps this window, the plasmon-induced enhancement of both radiative and nonradiative decay is strongly suppressed. Because
can be shifted electrically, the transparency can be moved reversibly across the fluorescence line, enabling continuous voltage control of the decay rates. Three-dimensional Maxwell simulations predict tuning of the radiative and nonradiative channels by up to two orders of magnitude. The proposed mechanism offers a compact route toward fast, reversible control of light–matter interaction in integrated photonics, with potential applications in single-photon sources, electrically programmable quantum devices, super-resolution microscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
The following article is
Open access
Multiplex FET biosensor with vapor-deposited molecularly imprinted nanotubes for cancer biomarkers
Faruk Can
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
View article
, Multiplex FET biosensor with vapor-deposited molecularly imprinted nanotubes for cancer biomarkers
PDF
, Multiplex FET biosensor with vapor-deposited molecularly imprinted nanotubes for cancer biomarkers
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) interfaces offer antibody-level selectivity without bioreceptor instability, yet their integration into transistor-based sensors remains limited. In this study, we present a novel multiplex field-effect transistor (FET) biosensor platform based on molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (PPy) nanotubes, synthesized through a template-assisted vapor deposition polymerization technique. The molecular imprinting process was employed to create specific recognition sites for the ovarian cancer biomarkers HE4 and CA125, enabling selective and sensitive detection of both biomarkers simultaneously. The molecularly imprinted PPy (MIP) nanotubes were fabricated with high uniformity, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified the chemical composition. The dual channel FET showed sensitivities of 0.06 (U mL⁻¹)⁻¹ for CA125 and 0.22 pM⁻¹ for HE4, limits of detection of 0.4 U mL⁻¹ and 0.2 pM, and linear ranges of 0.1–25 U mL⁻¹ (CA125) and 0.05–10 pM (HE4). Selectivity factors of 11.3 and 23.7 were obtained for the CA125 sensor and the HE4 sensor, respectively, indicating high specificity of the imprinted sensors for their respective target biomarkers. By combining vapor deposited MIP nanotubes with a compact FET architecture, our work offers a promising approach for route toward early, point of care diagnosis through the simultaneous quantification of multiple cancer biomarkers.
The following article is
Open access
Triazole-thiophene-based organic anode materials: A new approach for lithium-ion battery performance enhancement
Sulta F Ekti
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
View article
, Triazole-thiophene-based organic anode materials: A new approach for lithium-ion battery performance enhancement
PDF
, Triazole-thiophene-based organic anode materials: A new approach for lithium-ion battery performance enhancement
This study explores the use of organic compounds with triazole and thiophene units as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for the first time in the literature. The triazole group, being electron-deficient, and the thiophene groups, electron-rich, form a donor-acceptor (D-A) framework that enhances electron conductivity and storage capacity. The porous nature of these conjugated frameworks facilitates lithium-ion insertion and extraction, which is vital for reversible lithium storage. When combined with conductive carbon materials, the electrochemical performance of these organic compounds is significantly improved, with carbon enhancing electrical conductivity and ensuring adherence to current collectors. The initial discharge capacities of the organic compounds DTT1, DTT2, and DTT3 were 817 mAh/g, 678 mAh/g, and 915 mAh/g, respectively, compared to the reference graphite electrode at 100 mA/g. DTT3 exhibited superior initial capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability. After 100 cycles at a high current rate (1500 mA/g), DTT3 showed the best retention capacity of 72%, outperforming DTT1 (72%), DTT2 (69%), and graphite (49%). These results demonstrate that organic materials, particularly DTT3, offer a promising alternative to conventional graphite anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
The following article is
Open access
Direct reduction of CO
catalyzed by a formate dehydrogenase immobilized on carbon nanotubes without NADH cofactor
Zhangfei Su
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
155702
View article
, Direct reduction of CO2 catalyzed by a formate dehydrogenase immobilized on carbon nanotubes without NADH cofactor
PDF
, Direct reduction of CO2 catalyzed by a formate dehydrogenase immobilized on carbon nanotubes without NADH cofactor
This p
aper describes the electroenzymatic reduction of CO
to formate catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase from
Candida boidinii
Cb
FDH) immobilized on carbon nanotube (CNT)-modified gold electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that
Cb
FDH could catalyze CO
reduction to formate without protonated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as a cofactor, exhibiting diffusion-controlled, quasi-reversible kinetics on both multi-walled CNT and single-walled CNT substrates. Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectra indicate that
Cb
FDH adopts a near-parallel orientation on the CNT-modified gold surface, positioning its active site for the direct electron transfer between CO
and the conductive carbon support. The IR spectra reveal an increase in the formate band’s intensity in the potential region from −0.3 V to −0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl, confirming efficient CO
reduction. Below −0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl, the hydrogen evolution reaction competitively suppresses formate yield. This study demonstrates that CNTs serve as an effective support for enzyme immobilization and confirms that CO
could be directly reduced to formate at the CNT-modified electrode without a cofactor at potentials close to the equilibrium potential (minimum of overpotential). This represents a novel and unexpected finding.
The following article is
Open access
An efficient orthogonal coupler for silicon photonics with the degenerate plasmonic modes
Sheng Hsiung Chang 2026
Nanotechnology
37
145201
View article
, An efficient orthogonal coupler for silicon photonics with the degenerate plasmonic modes
PDF
, An efficient orthogonal coupler for silicon photonics with the degenerate plasmonic modes
An orthogonal coupling structure is proposed to collect the near-infrared lightwaves into a SiO
/Si/SiO
slab waveguide, which is mainly based on the generation of degenerate plasmonic longitudinal modes in an Ag/SiO
/Ag V groove. The coupling efficiency of the proposed plasmonic coupler is higher than 50% in the wavelength range from 1300 nm to 1748 nm. Besides, the highest coupling efficiency (lowest coupling loss) is 87.2% (0.60 dB) at
= 1531 nm. The proposed plasmonic structure on top of the silicon-on-insulator substrate can facilitate the development of co-packaged optics.
The following article is
Open access
Single atom chemical identification of TMD defects in ambient conditions
E J Dunn
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
135705
View article
, Single atom chemical identification of TMD defects in ambient conditions
PDF
, Single atom chemical identification of TMD defects in ambient conditions
The presence of defects in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) can lead to dramatic local changes in their properties which are of interest for a range of technologies including quantum security devices, hydrogen production, and energy storage. It is therefore essential to be able to study these materials in their native environments, including ambient conditions. Here we report single atom resolution imaging of atomic defects in MoS
, WSe
and WS
monolayers carried out in ambient conditions using conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). By comparing measurements from a range of TMDs we use C-AFM to identify the most likely atomic species for the defects observed and quantify their prevalence on each material, identifying oxygen chalcogen substitutions and transition metal substitutions as the most likely, and most common, defect types. Moreover, we demonstrate that C-AFM operated in ambient environments can resolve subtle changes in electronic structure with atomic resolution, which we apply to nitrogen-plasma doped WSe
monolayers, demonstrating the capability of C-AFM to resolve chemical details via electronic structure at the atomic scale.
The following article is
Open access
Analyses of recombination velocities at grain boundaries by cathodoluminescence: control of injection level and effect of grain-boundary inclination angle
Luka Blazevic
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
135703
View article
, Analyses of recombination velocities at grain boundaries by cathodoluminescence: control of injection level and effect of grain-boundary inclination angle
PDF
, Analyses of recombination velocities at grain boundaries by cathodoluminescence: control of injection level and effect of grain-boundary inclination angle
Cathodoluminescence (CL) analyses of semiconductor materials are routinely employed for the determination of optoelectronic properties. By evaluating CL intensity profiles across grain boundaries (GBs) in polycrystalline semiconductors, the GB recombination velocities can be determined. However, in any CL experiment, control of the injection level is essential, and up to now, there has not been a corresponding, reliable approach. The present work provides such an approach consisting of the analysis of the CL intensity acquired at various beam energies and beam currents, combined with the simulation of the excess-charge carrier density at these beam parameters. It is shown that the CL intensity profiles and therefore, the GB recombination velocities differ strongly when acquiring CL intensities at low and at high injection. Moreover, the present work provides a model for the simulation of CL intensity profiles at GBs, taking into account an inclination angle of the GB with respect to the semiconductor surface. The simulation results show that GB recombination velocities are not affected by the GB inclination angle.
The following article is
Open access
Development of niclosamide-based COVID-19 therapeutic agent using porous silicon nanoparticles
Seoyoun Jeong
et al
2026
Nanotechnology
37
135701
View article
, Development of niclosamide-based COVID-19 therapeutic agent using porous silicon nanoparticles
PDF
, Development of niclosamide-based COVID-19 therapeutic agent using porous silicon nanoparticles
This study explores the potential of porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) as advanced nanocarriers to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the cytotoxicity of niclosamide for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment. Niclosamide, an FDA-approved drug used to treat tapeworm infections, has been suggested as a potential treatment for COVID-19. However, its clinical application is limited by its significant cytotoxicity and low bioavailability. To address these challenges, three types of pSiNPs—pSiNP-H, pSiNP-COOH, and pSiNP-NH
—were synthesized. Niclosamide was successfully loaded onto each type of pSiNPs, achieving a loading efficiency over 30%. Among them, the antiviral activity of niclosamide-loaded pSiNP-NH
was assessed against the Delta variant of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Vero E6 cells using plaque assays and real-time PCR. Results demonstrated that niclosamide-loaded pSiNP-NH
significantly suppressed viral replication more efficiently than free niclosamide at equivalent doses, while minimizing host cell cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that pSiNP-NH
could serve as a potent drug delivery platform, improving the therapeutic index of niclosamide for COVID-19 treatment.
More Open Access articles
The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles
Jose Ruben Morones
et al
2005
Nanotechnology
16
2346
View article
, The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles
PDF
, The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles
Nanotechnology is expected to open new avenues to fight and prevent disease using atomic
scale tailoring of materials. Among the most promising nanomaterials with antibacterial
properties are metallic nanoparticles, which exhibit increased chemical activity due to their
large surface to volume ratios and crystallographic surface structure. The study of
bactericidal nanomaterials is particularly timely considering the recent increase of new
resistant strains of bacteria to the most potent antibiotics. This has promoted research in
the well known activity of silver ions and silver-based compounds, including silver
nanoparticles. The present work studies the effect of silver nanoparticles in the range of
1–100 nm on Gram-negative bacteria using high angle annular dark field (HAADF)
scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Our results indicate that the
bactericidal properties of the nanoparticles are size dependent, since the only nanoparticles
that present a direct interaction with the bacteria preferentially have a diameter of
∼1–10 nm.
Improving gas sensing properties of graphene by introducing dopants and defects: a first-principles study
Yong-Hui Zhang
et al
2009
Nanotechnology
20
185504
View article
, Improving gas sensing properties of graphene by introducing dopants and defects: a first-principles study
PDF
, Improving gas sensing properties of graphene by introducing dopants and defects: a first-principles study
The interactions between four different graphenes (including pristine, B-
or N-doped and defective graphenes) and small gas molecules (CO, NO,
NO
and
NH
) were investigated by using density functional computations to exploit their
potential applications as gas sensors. The structural and electronic properties of the
graphene–molecule adsorption adducts are strongly dependent on the graphene structure
and the molecular adsorption configuration. All four gas molecules show much stronger
adsorption on the doped or defective graphenes than that on the pristine graphene.
The defective graphene shows the highest adsorption energy with CO, NO and
NO
molecules, while the B-doped graphene gives the tightest binding with
NH
. Meanwhile, the strong interactions between the adsorbed molecules and the modified
graphenes induce dramatic changes to graphene’s electronic properties. The transport
behavior of a gas sensor using B-doped graphene shows a sensitivity two orders of
magnitude higher than that of pristine graphene. This work reveals that the sensitivity of
graphene-based chemical gas sensors could be drastically improved by introducing the
appropriate dopant or defect.
A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies
W E Teo and S Ramakrishna 2006
Nanotechnology
17
R89
View article
, A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies
PDF
, A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies
Although there are many methods of fabricating nanofibres, electrospinning is perhaps the
most versatile process. Materials such as polymer, composites, ceramic and metal
nanofibres have been fabricated using electrospinning directly or through post-spinning
processes. However, what makes electrospinning different from other nanofibre fabrication
processes is its ability to form various fibre assemblies. This will certainly enhance the
performance of products made from nanofibres and allow application specific modifications.
It is therefore vital for us to understand the various parameters and processes
that allow us to fabricate the desired fibre assemblies. Fibre assemblies that can
be fabricated include nonwoven fibre mesh, aligned fibre mesh, patterned fibre
mesh, random three-dimensional structures and sub-micron spring and convoluted
fibres. Nevertheless, more studies are required to understand and precisely control
the actual mechanics in the formation of various electrospun fibrous assemblies.
Mechanism of antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles
Arijit Kumar Chatterjee
et al
2014
Nanotechnology
25
135101
View article
, Mechanism of antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles
PDF
, Mechanism of antibacterial activity of copper nanoparticles
In a previous communication, we reported a new method of synthesis of stable metallic copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs), which had high potency for bacterial cell filamentation and cell killing. The present study deals with the mechanism of filament formation and antibacterial roles of Cu-NPs in
E. coli
cells. Our results demonstrate that NP-mediated dissipation of cell membrane potential was the probable reason for the formation of cell filaments. On the other hand, Cu-NPs were found to cause multiple toxic effects such as generation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA degradation in
E. coli
cells.
In vitro
interaction between plasmid pUC19 DNA and Cu-NPs showed that the degradation of DNA was highly inhibited in the presence of the divalent metal ion chelator EDTA, which indicated a positive role of Cu
2+
ions in the degradation process. Moreover, the fast destabilization, i.e. the reduction in size, of NPs in the presence of EDTA led us to propose that the nascent Cu ions liberated from the NP surface were responsible for higher reactivity of the Cu-NPs than the equivalent amount of its precursor CuCl
; the nascent ions were generated from the oxidation of metallic NPs when they were in the vicinity of agents, namely cells, biomolecules or medium components, to be reduced simultaneously.
Synaptic electronics: materials, devices and applications
Duygu Kuzum
et al
2013
Nanotechnology
24
382001
View article
, Synaptic electronics: materials, devices and applications
PDF
, Synaptic electronics: materials, devices and applications
In this paper, the recent progress of synaptic electronics is reviewed. The basics of biological synaptic plasticity and learning are described. The material properties and electrical switching characteristics of a variety of synaptic devices are discussed, with a focus on the use of synaptic devices for neuromorphic or brain-inspired computing. Performance metrics desirable for large-scale implementations of synaptic devices are illustrated. A review of recent work on targeted computing applications with synaptic devices is presented.
Heterogeneous photocatalysis and its potential applications in water and wastewater treatment: a review
Syed Nabeel Ahmed and Waseem Haider 2018
Nanotechnology
29
342001
View article
, Heterogeneous photocatalysis and its potential applications in water and wastewater treatment: a review
PDF
, Heterogeneous photocatalysis and its potential applications in water and wastewater treatment: a review
There has been a considerable amount of research in the development of sustainable water treatment techniques capable of improving the quality of water. Unavailability of drinkable water is a crucial issue especially in regions where conventional drinking water treatment systems fail to eradicate aquatic pathogens, toxic metal ions and industrial waste. The research and development in this area have given rise to a new class of processes called advanced oxidation processes, particularly in the form of heterogeneous photocatalysis, which converts photon energy into chemical energy. Advances in nanotechnology have improved the ability to develop and specifically tailor the properties of photocatalytic materials used in this area. This paper discusses many of those photocatalytic nanomaterials, both metal-based and metal-free, which have been studied for water and waste water purification and treatment in recent years. It also discusses the design and performance of the recently studied photocatalytic reactors, along with the recent advancements in the visible-light photocatalysis. Additionally, the effects of the fundamental parameters such as temperature, pH, catalyst-loading and reaction time have also been reviewed. Moreover, different techniques that can increase the photocatalytic efficiency as well as recyclability have been systematically presented, followed by a discussion on the photocatalytic treatment of actual wastewater samples and the future challenges associated with it.
Construction of an all-solid-state artificial Z-scheme system consisting of Bi
WO
/Au/CdS nanostructure for photocatalytic CO
reduction into renewable hydrocarbon fuel
Meng Wang
et al
2017
Nanotechnology
28
274002
View article
, Construction of an all-solid-state artificial Z-scheme system consisting of Bi2WO6/Au/CdS nanostructure for photocatalytic CO2 reduction into renewable hydrocarbon fuel
PDF
, Construction of an all-solid-state artificial Z-scheme system consisting of Bi2WO6/Au/CdS nanostructure for photocatalytic CO2 reduction into renewable hydrocarbon fuel
An all-solid-state Bi
WO
/Au/CdS Z-scheme system was constructed for the photocatalytic reduction of CO
into methane in the presence of water vapor. This Z-scheme consists of ultrathin Bi
WO
nanoplates and CdS nanoparticles as photocatalysts, and a Au nanoparticle as a solid electron mediator offering a high speed charge transfer channel and leading to more efficient spatial separation of electron–hole pairs. The photo-generated electrons from the conduction band (CB) of Bi
WO
transfer to the Au, and then release to the valence band (VB) of CdS to recombine with the holes of CdS. It allows the electrons remaining in the CB of CdS and holes in the VB of Bi
WO
to possess strong reduction and oxidation powers, respectively, leading the Bi
WO
/Au/CdS to exhibit high photocatalytic reduction of CO
, relative to bare Bi
WO
, Bi
WO
/Au, and Bi
WO
/CdS. The depressed hole density on CdS also enhances the stability of the CdS against photocorrosion.
Fundamentals of flexoelectricity in solids
P V Yudin and A K Tagantsev 2013
Nanotechnology
24
432001
View article
, Fundamentals of flexoelectricity in solids
PDF
, Fundamentals of flexoelectricity in solids
The flexoelectric effect is the response of electric polarization to a mechanical strain gradient. It can be viewed as a higher-order effect with respect to piezoelectricity, which is the response of polarization to strain itself. However, at the nanoscale, where large strain gradients are expected, the flexoelectric effect becomes appreciable. Besides, in contrast to the piezoelectric effect, flexoelectricity is allowed by symmetry in any material. Due to these qualities flexoelectricity has attracted growing interest during the past decade. Presently, its role in the physics of dielectrics and semiconductors is widely recognized and the effect is viewed as promising for practical applications. On the other hand, the available theoretical and experimental results are rather contradictory, attesting to a limited understanding in the field. This review paper presents a critical analysis of the current knowledge on the flexoelectricity in common solids, excluding organic materials and liquid crystals.
Ultra-stretchable and skin-mountable strain sensors using carbon nanotubes–Ecoflex nanocomposites
Morteza Amjadi
et al
2015
Nanotechnology
26
375501
View article
, Ultra-stretchable and skin-mountable strain sensors using carbon nanotubes–Ecoflex nanocomposites
PDF
, Ultra-stretchable and skin-mountable strain sensors using carbon nanotubes–Ecoflex nanocomposites
Super-stretchable, skin-mountable, and ultra-soft strain sensors are presented by using carbon nanotube percolation network–silicone rubber nanocomposite thin films. The applicability of the strain sensors as epidermal electronic systems, in which mechanical compliance like human skin and high stretchability (
> 100%) are required, has been explored. The sensitivity of the strain sensors can be tuned by the number density of the carbon nanotube percolation network. The strain sensors show excellent hysteresis performance at different strain levels and rates with high linearity and small drift. We found that the carbon nanotube–silicone rubber based strain sensors possess super-stretchability and high reliability for strains as large as 500%. The nanocomposite thin films exhibit high robustness and excellent resistance–strain dependency for over ∼1380% mechanical strain. Finally, we performed skin motion detection by mounting the strain sensors on different parts of the body. The maximum induced strain by the bending of the finger, wrist, and elbow was measured to be ∼ 42%, 45% and 63%, respectively.
Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried
Cinnamomum camphora
leaf
Jiale Huang
et al
2007
Nanotechnology
18
105104
View article
, Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf
PDF
, Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf
The synthesis of nanocrystals is in the limelight in modern nanotechnology. Biosynthesis of
nanoparticles by plant extracts is currently under exploitation. Not only could silver
nanoparticles ranging from 55 to 80 nm in size be fabricated, but also triangular or spherical
shaped gold nanoparticles could be easily modulated by reacting the novel sundried
biomass of
Cinnamomum camphora
leaf with aqueous silver or gold precursors at
ambient temperature. The marked difference of shape control between gold and
silver nanoparticles was attributed to the comparative advantage of protective
biomolecules and reductive biomolecules. The polyol components and the water-soluble
heterocyclic components were mainly responsible for the reduction of silver ions or
chloroaurate ions and the stabilization of the nanoparticles, respectively. The
sundried leaf in this work was very suitable for simple synthesis of nanoparticles.
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Nanotechnology
doi: 10.1088/issn.0957-4484
Online ISSN: 1361-6528
Print ISSN: 0957-4484