Noam Chomsky - Vicipaedia

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Noam Chomsky
Res apud
Vicidata
repertae:
Noam Chomsky: imago
Noam Chomsky: subscriptio
Nativitas
7 Decembris 1928
East Oak Lane
Philadelphia
Patria
Civitates Foederatae Americae
Nomen nativum
Avram Noam Chomsky
Familia
Genitores
William Chomsky
Coniunx
Carol Chomsky
Valeria Wasserman Chomsky
Proles
Aviva Chomsky
Abraham Noam Chomsky
[ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski]
; natus
Avram Noam Chomsky
Philadelphiae
die
7 Decembris
1928
) est
linguista
Americanus
philosophiae
scientiarumque cognitivarum
peritus, qui etiam
activismo politico
incumbit.
Chomsky
professor instituti
est et
professor
emeritus
ordinis linguisticae et philosophiae apud
MIT
, ubi plus quinquaginta annos munere fungitur.
Chomsky "pater linguisticae contemporaneae" dictus est,
atque magnus
philosophiae analyticae
auctor.
Opera eius ad doctrinas scientificas (sicut
informaticam
mathematicam
psychologiam
) multum contulerunt.
Chomsky, insignis
culturae
auctor
in notitiam omnium venit
anarcho-syndicalismi
socialismique libertariani
fautor et
politicae externae Americanae
capitalismique
10
reprehensor. Libro
Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media
inscripto, quem una cum
Eduardo S. Herman
scripsit et anno
1988
edidit, se ad
publicorum mediorum
criticam confert et
specimen propagandae
proponit.
Secundum catalogum
Arts and Humanities Citation Index
anno
1992
editum, Chomsky ab anno
1980
ad annum
1992
saepius ullo scholastico alio citatus est, omniumque temporum octavus inter plurimum citatorum.
11
12
13
14
Plures etiam quam centum
libros
protulit.
15
Chomsky bonas gratias accepit propter
hierarchiae Chomskianae
, doctrinae
grammaticae universalis
theorematis Chomsky–Schützenberger
excogitationem.
De vita et vitae cursu
recensere
fontem recensere
Noam Chomsky, parentibus
Iudaeis
genitus, in
East Oak Lane
, uberi
Philadelphiae
Pennsilvaniensis
vicinia, die
7 Decembris
1928
in lucem editus est.
Pater
Gulielmus Chomsky
(1896–1977), oriundus ex
Ucraina
, munere professoris
linguae Hebraicae
apud
Gratz College
fungebatur ac socius societatis
IWW
erat. Elsie Chomsky
mater
(Simonofsky nata in regione quae postmodo
Ruthenia Alba
facta est) in Civitatibus Foederatis adoleverat et, quod de marito non dici potest, "communi
dialecto Anglica Neo-Eboracensi
" loquebatur.
conv. 1
Parentium autem amborum sermo patrius
Iudaeogermanicus
erat, sed Chomsky dixit vetitum fuisse hoc sermone loqui.
16
Chomsky, quamquam mater activismi radicalis annorum 1930 particeps fuit, potius ab avunculo affectus est, qui, cum nunquam quartam classem praeterierit, actorum diurnorum tabernulam possidebat, quae "fori intellectualis" loco fungebatur, ubi "professores huius et illius rei omnem per noctem inter se certabant."
conv. 2
17
Chomsky etiam affectus est rebus radicalibus Hebraicis Zionisticisque, et in librariis versando anarchisticis.
17
Familiam
in "
gettone
Iudaeo" habitavisse describit,
conv. 3
qui in partibus Iudaeogermanica et Hebraica scissus sit, suamque familiam huic pertinuisse eumque "in cultura et litteris Hebraicis mers[isse],"
conv. 4
licet potius de "vico clauso culturali quam physico"
conv. 5
loquatur.
18
Contentionem quoque describit Chomsky cum
Catholicis Hibernicis
et Theodiscis et
antisemitismo
mediis annibus 1930. Memoria "convivia cervisialia"
conv. 6
tenet,
casum Lutetiae Theodiscis
celebrantium.
18
De
ironia
, in Domu
Iesuitica
in
Media America
annibus 1980
habitandi, inter
pueritiam
, inquit Chomsky, "Sola eramus familia Iudaea. Magno Catholicorum in terrore adolevi, quippe qui, cum ad scholam is, te feriant. Eos sciebam, cum ab illo aedificio extrema via venirent, quod Iesuitica schola erat, dementes esse antisemitistas. Longo tempore opus fuit, ut pueritiae memorias convincerem."
conv. 7
19
Noam Chomsky.
Commentarium primum Chomsky, cum annum decimum gerebat discipulusque in
Oak Lane Country Day School
erat, de
fascismi
extensionis comminatione post
Barcinonis
casum inter
Bellum Civile Hispanicum
scripsit. Ex quo annum duodecimum tertiumve decimum egit, plenius se ad res civiles anarchistas convertit.
20
Cum apud
Central High School of Philadelphia
gradum acceperit, Chomsky
philosophiae
linguisticaeque
anno
1945
apud
Universitatem Pennsylvaniensem
studere coepit, talibus philosophis qualibus
C. West Churchman
et
Nelson Goodman
linguistaque
Zellig Harris
docentibus. Inter Harris doctrinas erat transformationem munere fungentem
analysis mathematicae
structurae linguarum
. Chomsky de legibus morphophonemicis in anni
1951
thesi magistri
The Morphophonemics of Modern Hebrew
(sc. "de Morphophonemica Linguae Hebraicae Hodiernae") appellata, locutus est
. Notiones civiles quoque Harris partes gesserunt in eis Chomsky formandis.
21
Chomsky anno
1949
Artium Baccalaureum
accepit, annoque
1951
Magistrum Artium
Anno
1949
Carolam Schatz
linguistam in
matrimonium
duxit, annosque 59 una remanserunt, usque ad
mortem
illius
cancro
mense Decembri
2008
effectam.
22
Duas genuerunt filias,
Avivam
(n. 1957) et Dianam (n. 1960), et
filium
unum, Harry (n. 1967). Una cum
uxore
, Chomsky tempus anno
1953
habuit in
HaZore'a
kibbutz
in
Israël
sito. Ipse, colloquio utrum mansio ei erat frustrationi
rogatus, inquit, "Non ita, id amavi," quamquam "
nationalismum
ferventem" et "
atmosphaeram
ideologicam
subire nequieba[t]"
conv. 8
ineuntibus
annis 1950
, cum
Stalin
a multis sinistrarum partium defenderetur, qui rebus et illius aetatis et futuris
Sovieticis
speciem dare
pulchram
solebant.
23
Chomsky se dicit vidisse multa bona in kibbutz, in quo genitores liberique una
habitabant
in domibus divisis, et rogatus an sint "praecepta discenda ab historia kibbutzim,"
conv. 9
respondit,
24
25
"non nullis modis, kibbutzim proprius ad perfectionem anarchistam ierunt quam ullus conatus alius, qui longius quam momentum breve superaverit ante eius deletionem, aut qui tam magnus fuerit. His modis, apprime suaves et prosperos eos puto fuisse; nisi casu personali, sine dubio ipse ibi vixissem — quanto temporis, difficile coniectu."
conv. 10
Chomsky
PhD
in
linguistica
ab
Universitate Pennsylvaniensi
anno
1955
accepit. Partem exquaesitionis doctoralis apud
Universitatem Harvardianam
tamquam
Harvard Junior Fellow
egit. In thesi sua, rationes linguisticas confirmare coepit, quas extendit in anni 1957
libro
Syntactic Structures
, uno ex illustrissimis operibus linguisticis eius.
Principale
aedificium
MIT.
Chomsky cohorti
Massachusettensis Instituti Technologiae
(MIT) anno
1955
se adiunxit, et anno
1961
professor confertus in Facultate Linguarum Hodiernarum et Linguisticae (hodie Facultate Linguisticae et Philosophiae) factus est. Ab anno
1966
ad annum
1976
, Ferrari P. Ward Professorship of Modern languages and Linguistics tenebat, et anno
1976
munus Institute Professor ei datum est. Anno
2012
, continue apud MIT 57 annos docuit.
Mense Februario
1967
, Chomsky unus ex principibus adversariis
Belli Vietnamiensis
factus est propter commentarium suum,
The Responsibility of Intellectuals
("de Responsabilitate Intellectualium"),
26
in
The New York Review of Books
proditum. Secuta est
American Power and the New Mandarins
anni
1969
commentariorum collectio. Critica eius
civilitatis rerum externarum Civitatum Foederatarum
et ad legitimitatem potestatis Americanae spectantia multas controversias creaverunt,
27
28
et publicationibus et nuntiorum emissariis internationalibus quaeri solet ut sententias suas explanet. Anno 1997,
Acroasin Huizinga
Lugduni Batavorum
protulit, eo titulo:
Intellectuals and the State
("de Intellectualibus et Statu").
Mortis minas Chomsky propter critica eius civilitatis rerum externarum Americanae concepit.
29
Theodori Kaczynski
, fortasse melius nomine Unabomber noti, indici interficiendorum intererat; eo spatio, quo Kaczynski liber erat, Chomsky omnes epistulas et mandata ne materiae displosivae eis inesset indagari
habebat.
29
Se dicit
vigilum
tectorum
custodia solere uti, praecipue cum in campis MIT versatur, licet de hac re abnuat.
29
Lexingtoniae
in
Massachusetta
incolit, et commeare solet, de rebus civilibus acroases proferens.
De cogitationibus
recensere
fontem recensere
Linguistica
recensere
fontem recensere
Conferatur pagina principalis:
Linguistica
Linguistica Chomskiana, libro
Syntactic Structures
incepta, destillatione operis sui
Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory
(1966, 75) (scilicet "Structura Logica Theoriae Linguisticae"),
linguisticae structurali
obstans
grammaticam transformationalem
praefert. Quae loquellas,
conv. 11
id est verborum sequentias, censet
syntaxin
grammatica formali definitam habere;
grammatica vacanti contextu
in primis, legibus transformationalibus extenta.
Fortasse hoc est facultati valentissimum et tempore maxime probatum contributum, quod ad scientiam linguae componendam
grammatica formali
uti productivitatem linguae et creativitatem intuetur. Cuiusdam linguae grammatica formalis abilitatem locutoris auditorisque numeri loquellarum, et novarum, infiniti afferendi et interpretandi, cum
legum grammaticarum
quantitate finita et verborum, exponere potest. Chomsky confessus
Pāṇini
multa debere est, propter rationem eius generativae grammaticae explicitae, licet rationes eius
rationalistis
quoque cognitionibus de
scientia
a priori
habita nectantur.
Saepe perperam dicitur Chomsky linguam omnino innatam esse arguisse, atque
grammaticam universalem
comperisse. Re vera, Chomsky modo et infantem humanum et iuvenem
felem
animadvertit
cogitatione inductiva
uti posse, sed ambo si eisdem rebus linguisticis subiciantur, infans humanus semper intellegentiae abilitatem adquirat et linguam producendi, feles autem nunquam alterutram. Chomsky quicquam sit haec facultas, quam homo habet quaque felis eget, "mechanismum linguae adquirendae"
conv. 12
appellavit, et suasit ut una ex linguisticae curis sit, hic mechanismus quid sit, qualesque coactus comprehensioni linguarum humanarum sint, invenire. Universalia, quae ex his compulsionibus extrahantur,
grammatica universa
esse dici solent.
30
Principiorum et Parametrorum
(P&P) disciplina—anno
1979
Acroasi Pisarum ostensa, postea nomine
Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures
(LGB) provulgata—haec de grammatica ait universali: principia grammatica, quae linguis subsint, innata esse et immobilia, et differentias inter mundi linguas parametris cerebralibus definiri posse (puta parametra
pro-drop
, quae ostendunt, utrum subiectum explicitum semper requiratur, sicut Anglice, annon, sicut Latine ["ego sum" ↔ "sum"]), quae ad
switches
saepe conectuntur
. (Hinc vocabulum "principia et parametra," huic disciplinae saepe datum.) Sic liber cuidam linguae studens solummodo rebus lexicalibus (vocabulis,
morphematibus
grammaticis,
idiomatibus
) egeat, et parametris quoque, quod nonnullis magni momenti exemplis fieri possit.
Huius sententiae fautores arguunt
velocitatem
, qua liberi linguam discant, inedicabiliter citam esse, nisi ei abilitatem linguis discendis habeant innatam. Similitudo passuum, quibus liberi patriae linguae student, atque hi errores, qui fieri solent a liberis discentibus, dum alia errorum genera, quae logica videntur (invenirenturque, secundum Chomsky, si omnino generalis, potius quam cuique linguae specialis, eruditionis mechanismus usui esset), nunquam fiunt, innatitatis thesis causa ostenduntur.
Recentius eius
Programmate Minimalistico
1995
), concepto Principiorum et Parametrorum detento, Chomsky meliorationem gravem machinae linguisticae ad exemplar LGB adtinenti efficere conatur, omnibus praeter nuda elementaria eius exuendis. Disciplinam generalem ad linguae humanae architecturam spectantem advocat, quae oeconomiae formaeque optimae principiis operam det, et disciplinae ad generationem pertinenti derivationali redeat, potius quam theoriae P&P classicae disciplinae aliquam repraesentationali.
Rationes Chomskianae multum eos adfecerunt, qui liberorum
linguae adquisitionem
investigant, licet multi in his rebus versantes ut puta
Elizabetha Bates
31
et
Michael Tomasello
32
contra theorias Chomskii arguant, advocantque theorias potius
emergentisticas
connexionisticasve
: linguam explanandam censent mechanismis generalibus
in
cerebro
sitis, qui multiplicibus et extensis rebus circumiectis socialibus, in quibus lingua adhibetur et discitur, se intermisceant.
Phonologiam
tractans notissimum forsitan opus Chomskii est
The Sound Pattern of English
1968
; sc. "de Forma Sonorum Linguae Anglicae"), una cum
Morris Halle
scriptum et saepe tantummodo nomine
SPE
appellatum. Hoc opus huius facultatis progressionem valde affecit. Quamquam ex hoc tempore theoria phonologica "phonologiam SPE" multis modis excessit, systema SPE praecursor fuisse dicitur theoriarum phonologicarum maximi momenti hodiernarum, inter quas
phonologia autosegmentalis
, phonologia lexicalis,
theoria optimalitatis
. Chomsky iam de phonologia non scribit.
Grammatica generativa
recensere
fontem recensere
Conferatur pagina principalis:
Grammatica generativa
Disciplina Chomskiana ad syntaxin inspiciendam, quae
grammatica generativa
appellari solet, grammaticam quasi corpus
scientiae
a locutoribus cuiusdam linguae habitum videt. Ex annibus
1960
, Chomsky multum huius scientiae censuit esse innatum, quapropter liberis solum non nulla
sermonis eis patrii
localia discenda sunt.
33
Corpus innatum scientiae linguae saepe
grammatica universalis
nominatur. Potentissimum, sententia Chomskii, Grammaticae Universalis existentiae indicium in eo est, quod liberi tam cito linguam patriam feliciter adquirunt, atque quod immane exstat spatium inter stimulos linguisticos, quibus liberi praebentur, et opulentem scientiam linguisticam, quam obtinent. Ecce theoria
paupertatis stimuli
. Hoc spatium scientia Grammaticae Universalis continuetur.
Theoriae Chomskii, quippe quae linguisticam valdissime adfecerunt, critica quoque acceperunt. Chomskianae grammaticae generativae continua critica ad eius Anglocentrismum et Eurocentrismum spectant, quod linguistae in hac traditione versantes de Universali Grammatica res dicere soleant, quae ex parvae studio linguarum quantitatis elata sint, interdumque solum unius linguae. In primis, Eurocentrismus per nimiam linguae Anglicae factam emphasin exhibita sit. Nunc autem centenis linguis non nulla saltem opera intra analyses Chomskianas data est.
34
35
36
37
38
Diversitate linguarum, quae derivationibus Grammaticae Universalis definitae sunt, non obstante, critici formalismos linguisticae Chomskianae esse Anglocentricos dicunt, et harum linguarum linguae Anglicae dissimilium detorquere proprietates.
39
40
41
Cognitionem Chomskii ideo formam esse
imperialismi linguistici
42
Linguistas Chomskianos ceteroquin ut quales cuiusdam linguae phrases bene formatae sint sciant in praesagitione
locutorum, quibus haec lingua sit patria, nimis incumbere. Quod propter methodologiam incusatum est. Non nulli
psychologi
et
psycholinguistae
, doctrinae Chomskianae generaliter amici, arguerunt linguistas Chomskianos parum operae rebus experimentalibus
ex
language processing
obtentis dare, quam ob rem theoriae eorum psychologice inexplebiles fiant. Critici alii (vide "
Eruditio linguae
) utrum Grammaticam componere Universalem deceat ad liberorum adquisitionem linguisticam explanandam, in dubio habent, quia dominio generales (
domain-general
) eruditionis mechanismos satisfaciant.
Nunc sunt multi et diversi grammaticae generativae rami, ita ut constitutiones tamquam
grammatica syntagmatica nuclearis
grammatica lexico-functionalis
grammatica categorialis combinatoria
Chomskianae generativaeque fere dici possint.
Hierarchia Chomskiana
recensere
fontem recensere
Conferatur pagina principalis:
Hierarchia Chomskiana
Chomsky diversa
linguarum formalium
genera scrutatus est, ut cognosceret utrum proprietates linguae humanae graves capere possent. Ponit hierarchia Chomskiana
grammaticas formales
in classes (seu greges), quibus est semper maior potestas expressiva; id est, omnis classis maiorem numerum linguarum formalium classe priori progenerare potest. Chomsky arguit quibusdam linguae humanae partibus, ut formentur, multipliciore opus esse grammatica formali (secundum hierarchiam illam), quam aliis. Dum
lingua regularis
, exempli gratia, sat potens sit ut linguae Anglicae
morphologia
describatur, non ita de
syntaxi
Anglica agitur. Non solum linguisticam sed etiam
informaticam
tangit hierarchia Chomskiana (praesertim quod ad
compilatrorum
comparationem et
automatorum theoriam
spectat).
43
Est enim similitudo inter linguae hierarchiam Chomskianam et diversa automatorum genera, ita ut theoremata de linguis sive linguas (grammaticas) sive automata tractent.
Potest etiam fieri ut linguae
Serie potestatum formali
tractentur.
44
Series potestatum formalis, necnon nexus inter linguas et
semigreges
, in
Marcelli Pauli Schützenberger
animo volvebatur cum apud
Sorbonam
versabatur. Series potestatum formalis Seriei Taylor, in cursu
calculi
usui, similis est, et his maxime linguis, quarum verba (symbola terminalia) commutativa sunt, prodest.
45
De rebus civilibus
recensere
fontem recensere
Unam legis e paginis de
anarchismo
disserentibus
Scholae
Nigra
Buddhistica
Capitalistica
Christiana
Collectivistica
Communistica
Egoistica
Existentialistica
Feministica
Viridis
Individualistica
Infoanarchismus
Anarchism insurrectionis
Laeva
Mutualistica
Nationalis
Nihilistica
Naturistica
Pacifistica
Philosophica
Platformistica
Post-anarchistica
Post-colonialis
Post-laeva
Primitivistica
Queer
Socialis
Syndicalistica
Synthetica
Veganistica
Voluntaristica
Sine adiectivis
Theoria
Anarchia
Anarchist Black Cross
Anti-authoritarianismus
Antimilitarismus
Grex affinitatis
Black bloc
Contentio classium
Communia
Consensus democracy
Conscientious objector
Decentralizatio
Oecologia profunda
Actio directa
Democratia directa
Potestas dualis
Especifismo
Anarchismus expropriativus
Associatio liber
Amor liber
Schola libera
Cogitatio libera
Horizontalitas
Illegalismus
Individualismus
Reclamatio individualis
Isocratia
Lex
Politica participatoria
Permanent Autonomous Zone
Prefigurative politics
Propaganda of the deed
Refusal of work
Res novae
Rewilding
Social center
Oecologia socialis
Social insertion
Somatherapia
Spontaneous order
Squatting
Temporary Autonomous Zone
Union of egoists
Homines
Gulielmus Godwin
Iosiah Warren
Petrus Iosephus Proudhon
Henricus David Thoreau
Maximus Stirner
Michael Bakunin
Ludovica Michel
Petrus Kropotkin
Beniaminus Tucker
Ericous Malatesta
Ioannes Most
Leo Tolstoj
Emma Goldman
Aemilius Armand
Nestor Makhno
Rudolphus Rocker
Buenaventura Durruti
Alexander Berkman
Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia
Volin
Murray Bookchin
Colandus Ward
Noam Chomsky
Alfredus M. Bonanno
Ioannes Zerzan
David Graeber
Quaestiones
Anarcho-capitalismus
Iura animalium
Capitalismus
Education
Critica
Religio Islamica
Iura LGBT
Anarchismus aestheticus
Marxismus
Nationalismus
Iudaismus Orthodoxus
Religio
Sexus et amor
Violentia
Historia
Commune Parisiorum anni 1871
Hague Congress
International Conference of Rome
Trial of the thirty
Res Haymarket
Kalendae Maiae
Anarchist Exclusion Act
Congress of Amsterdam
Tragic Week
High Treason Incident
Manifesto of the Sixteen
1919 United States anarchist bombings
Biennio rosso
Bavarian Soviet Republic
Kronstadt rebellion
Third Russian Revolution
Makhnovia
Amakasu Incident
Escuela Moderna
Anarchismus individualisticus in Europa
Anarchismus individualisticus in Francia
Res Novae Hispanicae
Barcelona May Days
Red inverted triangle
Labadie Collection
Mensis Maius 1968
Provo
LIP
Kate Sharpley Library
Australian Anarchist Centenary
Carnival Against Capitalism
1999 WTO Conference protest
Cultura
Pelliculae anarchisticae
Anarchist Bookfair
Anarcho-punk
Artes
Culture jamming
DIY culture
Freeganism
Independent Media Center
Infoshop
Internationalis hymnus
Anarchismus Iudaeus
Terra et libertas
Anarchismus aestheticus
Educatio popularis
La propriété, c'est le vol!
Radical cheerleading
Radical environmentalism
Squatting
Symbolismus
Terminologia
A las barricadas
Oeconomia
Communization
Societates cooperativae
Counter-economics
Democratia oeconomica
Free store
Gift economy
Infoanarchismus
Abolitionismus mercatuum
Mutual aid
Mutualismus
Participatory economics
Planned economy
Really Really Free Market
Servitus salariaria
Workers' self-management
In variis locis
Aequatoria
Africa
Anglia
Argentina
Australia
Brasilia
Canada
Civitates Foederatae
Cuba
Francia
Germania
Graecia
Hibernia
Hispania
India
Islandia
Israël
Italia
Iaponia
Corea
Mexicum
Polonia
Russia
Sinae
Suecia
Turcia
Ucraina
Vietnamia
Indices
Greges anarcho-punk
Communitates
Personae ficticiae
Anarchistae Iudaei
Musici
Organizationes
Periodica
Poëtae
Pornographers
Anarchistae Russici
Pelliculae
Adfinia
Anticapitalismus
Anticonsumerismus
Anticorporatismus
Antifascismus
Antiglobalizatio
Antimilitarismus
Anti-statism
Anti-war
Autarchismus
Autonomismus
Labour movement
Communismus laevus
Libertarianismus
Formula:Longlink
Socialismus libertarianus
Situationist International
Conferatur pagina principalis:
Civilitas Noam Chomsky
Chomsky dixit suas "sententias personales admodum traditionales
anarchistas
, cum originibus in
Illuminatione
et
liberalismo classico
" esse,
conv. 13
46
et
socialismum libertarianum
laudavit.
47
Quamquam ambiguitatem lemmatum cavet, sententiae eius civiles ad sinistram pertinere dici solent,
48
49
50
51
seseque
anarchosyndicalisticum
esse dixit.
52
Socius est societatum
Campaign for Peace and Democracy
et
Industrial Workers of the World
syndicatus internationalis,
53
nec non societatis
International Organization for a Participatory Society
, quam putat "longe nos conferre" posse "ad conatus disperse in orbe terrarum factos unificandos eosque in vim potentem efficientemque conformare."
conv. 14
54
55
De anarchismo librum,
Chomsky on Anarchism
nomine, qui acroases et scripta Chomskii ad anarchismum spectantia colligeret,
AK Press
societas litteraria collectiva anno
2006
protulit.
Chomsky in activismo civili partes egit omnem per vitam suam adultam, et sententiae de civilitate rebusque internationalibus, quas sonuit, late citantur
et circumferuntur. Chomsky suas sententias esse illas, quas potentes audire nolint, dixit, quam ob rem Americanum
dissidentem
civilum esse habetur.
Ait Chomsky
auctoritatem
, nisi aliter demonstratam, natura illegitimam esse, et in eis, qui auctoritate utantur, indicii pondus
esse; hoc pondus, si excusari nequeat, subvertendum esse, cum iniusta sit auctoritas auctoratatis causa. Auctoritatis iustae exempli causa Chomsky adultum, qui liberum, ne in via autocinetorum plena eat, prohibentem excogitavit.
56
Paulum discriminis moralis inter 'veram' servitutem (
chattel slavery
) et "
servitutem salariariam
," id est sese patrono conducere, esse decertat. Quod impetum esse in libertatem individualem factum putat.
Operariis
locum laborandi possidendum et gubernendum esse habet, quod etiam (ut notat ille)
Puellae Lowell Mill
credebant.
57
Vehementer incusavit Chomsky
civilitatem rerum externarum Americanam
Duplice norma
Civitates Foederatas uti habet, quae
democratiam
libertatemque adnuntient dum antidemocraticas tyrannicasque organizationes adiuvent, sicut
Chiliam
Augusto Pinochet
regnante. Quod putat magnas in violationes
iurum humanorum
defluere. Arguere solet Civitatum Foederatarum interventus in civitatibus aliis factos, inter quos operam ad
Contras
Nicaraguae
datam, quam rem multum repugnavit, ulli
tromocratiae
definitioni convenire,
58
et enim "definitioni publicae in Americano Codice et Exercitus Enchiridiis inventae ineuntibus annis 1980."
conv. 15
59
60
Ante eius casum,
Unionis quoque Sovieticae
imperialismum Chomsky condemnavit; anno
1986
, verbi gratia, inter cursum quaestionum et respondorum post acroasin, quae apud
Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"
dederat, cum provocatus sit de modo, quo "de Americae Septentrionalis imperialismo et Russico imperialismo eadem anima loqui"
conv. 16
potuerit, Chomsky respondit: "Una e mundi veritatibus est
superpotentias
esse duas, alteram, quae sit immanis et quae, ut evenit, in cervice tua caligam suam teneat; alteram, quae sit minor et quae, ut evenit, in aliorum cervicibus caligam suam teneat. Quemquam in
Orbi Tertio
viventem puto graviter errare, si in illusiones de his rebus cadat."
conv. 17
61
De
Usamae bin Laden morte
, Chomsky inquit:
Nobis est rogandum, quo modo reaguerimus, si
Iracenses
manus in
Georgii W. Bush
domum appulerint, eum occiderint, corpusque suum in
Atlantico
deiacuerint. Sine controversia, scelera eius valde ultra ea bin Laden excesserunt, neque is est 'suspectus' sed sine controversia 'imperator' qui iussit 'summum scelus internationale' contrahi, 'quod modo in hoc ab aliis belli sceleribus discrepet, quod in eo ipso omnium rerum malum accumulatum concludat' (ut
Iudicia Norimbergensia
revocem), propter quae malefactores
Nazistae
ad furcam
damnati sunt: centena milia mortuorum, milliones
profugorum
, deletionem multi nationis, amaram dissensionem sectarianam, quae in regionis reliquum effudit.
conv. 18
62
Unam legis e paginis de
socialismo
libertariano
disserentibus
Theoria et usus
Anti-authoritarianismus
Anticapitalismus
Anticonsumerismus
Anti-Leninismus
Laeva anti-Stalinistica
Anti-statism
Bourse du Travail
Class consciousness
Consensus democracy
Common ownership
Commons
Commune
Decentralization
Direct democracy
Dual power
Class struggle
Economic democracy
Egalitarian community
Free association
Amor liber
Free school
Free store
Mass strike
Guilds
Municipalismus libertarianus
Mutual aid
Prefigurative politics
Internationalismus proletarianus
Soviet
State capitalism
State socialism
Stateless society
Social center
Squatting
Ultra-leftism
Servitus salariaria
Workers control
Worker cooperative
Workers council
Homines
Gerrard Winstanley
Carolus Fourier
Petrus Iosephus Proudhon
Iosephus Déjacque
Mikhail Bakunin
Louise Michel
Peter Kropotkin
Gulielmus Morris
Beniaminus Tucker
Ericus Malatesta
Leo Tolstoj
Emma Goldman
G. D. H. Cole
Ricardus Flores Magón
Rudolphus Rocker
Antonius Pannekoek
Buenaventura Durruti
Nestor Makhno
Sylvia Pankhurst
Paulus Mattick
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Herbertus Marcuse
Noam Chomsky
Cornelius Castoriadis
Daniel Guérin
Murray Bookchin
Guy Debord
Raoul Vaneigem
Antonius Negri
Takis Fotopoulos
Aegidius Dauvé
Michael Albert
Subcomandante Marcos
Philosophiae
Fourierismus
Mutualismus
Anarchismus collectivisticus
Anarcho-communismus
Anarcho-syndicalismus
Guild socialism
Syndicalismus rebus novis favens
Anarchismus socialis
Marxismus libertarianus
Communismus laevus
Council communism
Platformism
Oeconomica Gandhiana
Situationist International
Autonomismus
Oecologia socialis
Participismus
Democratia inclusiva
Zapatismo
Insurrectionary anarchism
Communalismus
Communizatio
Principes Res Gestae
Diggers
Paris Commune
Haymarket affair
Strandzha Commune
February Revolution
Bavarian Soviet Republic
Biennio Rosso
Free Territory
Seditiones laevae contra Bolsevicos
Escuela Moderna
Res Novae Hispanicae
Res Novae Hungaricae anni 1956
Mensis Maii 1968 in Francia
Communismus laevus in Sinis
Zapatista Uprising
Argentinazo
Adfinia
Anarchismus
Libertarianismus
Libertarianismus laevus
Placita Marxiana
Socialismus
Media Civitatum Foederatarum
contendit late munere fungi "
sacerdotii empticii
63
rectionis
et
corporationum
Americanarum, cum haec tria communibus causis intexantur. In illustra
Gualterio Lippmann
relatione
, Chomsky una cum coscriptore
Eduardo S. Herman
in libro
Manufacturing Consent
scripsit media Americana plebis consensionem per
exemplar propagandae
adferre. Chomsky anni
2010
Iudicii Summi Civitatum Foederatarum
Citizens United
consilium condemnavit, quo fines expeditionibus comitialibus
facti abrogati sunt, quod "corporatam democratiae rapinam" appellavit.
conv. 19
64
Bello Drogis Facto
adversatur, dicens usum dictionis decipere, idque "bellum nonnullis drogis factum" (
the war on certain drugs
) advocat.
Reformationi civilitatis drogarum
favet, docendo et praeveniendo factae potius quam actionibus rei militaris vigilumve, ad drogarum usum minuendum.
65
In anni
1999
colloquio, Chomsky arguit, cum nihil usus talium rerum qualium
tabaci
curae sit rectioni, tum in usum
cannabis
, verbi gratia, impetum facit propter
pauperum
opprimendorum consecutiones.
66
Dixit enim:
Leges Civitatum Foederatarum domesticae metas, quas dicunt eis esse, non exsecutunt, legislatoresque bene hoc sciunt. Si non ad drogarum usum deminuendum, qualem ad rem spectant? Sane clarum est, actis et hodiernis et historicis, drogas criminalizari solere cum
classibus
periculosis dictis coniungantur, non nullarum drogarum criminalizationem technicam imperii socialis esse.
conv. 20
67
Chomsky socialistos credit mores exemplum esse rationum e
liberalismo classico
et radicali humanismo ortarum contextui industriali extentarum. Societatem eminenter componi et in democratico communitatum locorumque laborandi imperio fundari. Rationes humanistas radicales
Bertrandi Russell
et
Ioannis Dewey
, qui multum eum adfecerint, "in Illuminatione classicoque liberalismo radicatas esse virtutemque
rebus novis
faventem retinere."
conv. 21
68
Civitates Foederatas iam dixit ille "nationem orbis terrarum optimam" esse,
conv. 22
69
quod serius explanavit dicendo: "Stupidum est nationes aestimare neque unquam sic res ponam, sed non nulla Americae bona, praesertim ad
libertatem loquendi
pertinentia, quae saeculis contentionum publicarum, admiranda sunt."
conv. 23
70
Dixit etiam: "Modis multis, Civitates Foederatae liberrima est orbis terrarum natio. Non solum de coercitionis statalis
finibus loquor, licet hoc quoque verum sit, sed etiam de adfinitatibus domesticis. Civitates Foederatae propius a societate classibus carente, quod ad adfinitatibus interpersonalibus spectat, quam virtualiter ulla societas alia pervenit."
conv. 24
71
Chomsky criticis adversatur, quae aiunt
anarchismum
subsidio sociali
abhorrere, nam:
Potes sane affirmare non nobis curae esse problemata, quibus homines hodie dolent, cum de rebus futuris velimus cogitare possibilibus. Sit ita, sed tunc noli simulare tibi curae esse homines eorumque fatum, ac in seminarii conclavi mane et in
caupona cafearia
intellectuali una cum aliis hominibus privilegiatis. Alioquin potes humanitate agere: laborare volo, hodie, ad meliorem crastini causa societatem instituendam — quod est classicus status anarchisticus [. . .] . Hoc iustum est, et recte ad homines problematibus dolentes sustinendos adducit:
salutis
securitatisque moderationem,
assecurationem valetudinariam
nationalem, systemata auxilii eis, quibus eis opus est, et cetera. Hoc non satis est ad res futuras diversas melioresque componendas, sed necesse est. Quodlibet alii eorum contemptum accipiet benemeritum, qui tam luxuria non utuntur, quam ut circumstantias, in quibus vivunt, negligant dum superesse conantur.
conv. 25
72
Sententiae Chomskii
antibellicae
esse summatim dici possint, sed non adstricte
pacificae
Bello Vietnamiensi
celse adversatus est et plerisque aliis bellis per vitam suam gestis.
Resistentia fiscali
et ambulacris pacis has sententias ostendit. Anno
1968
, nomen suum voto "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" subnotavit, se pensionem
tributorum
abnuiturum esse iurans ut Bellum Vietnamiense increpet.
73
Commentationes de hoc bello conscripsit, inter quas
The Responsibility of Intellectuals
("de Responsabilitate Intellectualium"). Implicationem Americanam in
Bello Orbis Terrarum Secundo
, ut
Potestates Axis
vincantur, tenet probabiliter fas fuisse, quamvis eventum belli consiliis prioribus desiti praeventive praeoptoverit. Missionem autem
pyrobolorum atomicorum in Hirosimam et Negasacium
"inter maxime inedicibilia historiae scelera" fuisse.
conv. 26
74
Chomsky rectionem
Israëlensem
, nec non fautores eius et Civitatum Foederatarum amicitiam cum ea, propter
populi Palaestinensis
tractatum incusavit, quod "'Israëlis defensores' re vera degenerationem moralem eius et sine dubio deletionem eius ultimam defendunt" atque "manifestissima Israëlis electio expansionis pro securitate huic rei adducere possit."
conv. 27
75
Chomsky de Israële tamquam statu Iudaeo instituendo abnuit, quoniam "Non censeo statum Iudaeum sive Christianum sive Islamicum conceptum esse bonum. Civitates Foederatas statum Christianum esse recusaverim."
conv. 28
76
Chomsky haesit prius quam opera civilitatem Israëlensem incusantia provulgaverit dum parentes eius vivebant, nam "sciebam id eos vulnaraturum esse, praecipue propter amicos eorum, qui hysterice palam sententiis tamquam meis reagebant."
conv. 29
77
Die
16 Maii
2010
, auctoritates
Chomsky detinuerunt denique ei in
Cisiordaniam
per
Iordaniam
inire non siverunt.
78
Primi Ministri Israëlensis interpres initus recusationem solum ob finis custodem, qui "auctoritatem suam praeteriit,"
conv. 30
evenisse declaravit, secundumque ineundi conatum credibiliter situm iri.
79
Chomsky dissensit, nam ministral,
qui eum interrogaverit, ordines accepisset a superioribus: non nullas post interrogationis horas, initus ei reprobatus sit propter res, quas dicat, et nam universitatem Cisiordanianam visurus esset neque universitates ullas Israëlenses.
79
Chomsky
libertati loquendi
valde favet, multumque de hac re et
mediis publicis
scripsit, et omni
censurae
adversatur. Ait: "Quod ad libertatem loquendi spectat, sunt duo status: vehementer eam defendis harum sententiarum causa, quas odisti, aut eam recusas formulasque Stalinistas/fascistas praeoptas."
conv. 31
80
De anni
2010
documentorum Americanorum divulgatione
ab
Wikileaks
facta, Chomsky inquit, "momenti fortasse maximi … est illud acerbum democratiae odium, quod ostendunt et Rectio CFA —
Hilaria Clinton
, aliique — et legati."
conv. 32
81
Chomsky eos, qui eum
diffamaverint
, in ius non vocat, sed eis epistulis publicis in diariis provulgandis adversatur. Notum huius rationis exemplum responsum eius est commentationi ab Emma Brockes in
The Guardian
scriptae, secundum quam ille
Lanienam Argentariae
negavisset.
82
83
84
Epistula Chomskii effecit ut
The Guardian
correctionem divulgaret apologeticam, commentationemque a
situ eius interretiali
removeret.
85
Chomsky saepe dixit nihil nexus inter opus linguisticum sententiasque civiles eius esse, et huic rationi, bonas de rebus civilibus collocutiones perita rerum academicarum scientia egere, adversari solet. In anni
1969
colloquio, de nexu inter civilitate et opus suum linguisticum dixit:
Adhuc ipse sentio quemlibet nexum tenuem esse. Eum dilatare non velim, sed mihi saltem aliquid significare puto. Cuiusdam rationibus civilibus rationibusve ad constitutionem socialem adtinentibus puto tandem in quolibet naturae humanae operumque humanorum concepto constandum esse.
conv. 33
86
Non nulli censores Chomsky hypocrisis incusaverunt cum, quamvis imperialismum militarem Americanum et Europaeanum incuset, priscae investigationes linguisticae apud MIT factae multa ex parte Americanae rei militaris pecuniam acceperant.
87
Chomsky arguit, quo pecuniam a re militari CFA acceperit, eo responsabilitatem magnam ei esse factorum infas eius incusandorum et occurrendorum.
Poenae capitali
adversatur et contra
Stephani Woods
supplicium extremum
locutus est: "Poenam capitalem habeo scelus esse omnibus circumstantiis, et cummaxime in casu Stephani Woods. Vehementer supplicio extremo Stephani Woods diei 13 Septembris 2011 adversor."
conv. 34
Noam Chomsky acroasin gregi Occupy Harvard ferens.
Cum series
manifestationum
Occupy Wall Street
nomine,
Novi Eboraci
die
17 Septembris
2011
coepta est, Chomsky approbavit (et enim
Occupy Boston
in via allocutus est),
88
scribens:
Quisquam, qui oculos habeat apertos, gangsterismum
Wall Street
— immo institutionum argentariarum generaliter — severas calamitates populo Civitatum Foederatarum (et orbis terrarum) scit effecisse. Et enim semper magis sic egisse plures quam triginta annos, cum potestas oeconomica sua radicitus auxerit, una cum potestate sua civile. Hoc
circulum vitiosum
coepit, quo divitia immanis, et cum ea potestas civilis, congregata est minimam in populi partem, fractionem unius centesimae, dum reliquum semper magis id fit, quod interdum "
precariatum
" appellatur — ei, qui superesse in existentia precaria conantur. Ea quoque mala omnino fere impunite agunt — non solum
too big to fail
(scilicet "maiores quam ut fallant"), sed etiam "too big to jail" ("maiores quam ut incarcerentur"). ¶ Audaces et honorabiles manifestationes, quae in Wall Street aguntur, ad hanc calamitatem animadversioni publicae ferendam iuvent, et ad conatus dedicatos adducant ut ea superetur et societas melioretur.
conv. 35
89
90
91
Chomsky
atheus
est.
92
93
De mediis
recensere
fontem recensere
Alius animi conspectus operis civilis Chomskii est analysis eius
mediorum
, praesertim Civitatrum Foederatarum, structurarum et coactuum eorum, et huius partis, quam Chomsky eis agi retur, magnarum negotationum commodorumque statalium
fulciendorum.
Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media
, anni
1988
liber a Chomskio et
Eduardo S. Herman
conscriptus, hanc rem penitus tractat,
exemplar propagandae
illud rerum nuntiarum ostendendo, una cum multis et prolixis causae studiis (
case study
), quae id testificentur. Hoc propagandae exemplar profert tales societates democraticiores quales CFA persubtilibus et placidis (
non-violent
) imperii modis uti, dissimilibus his, quibus systemata totalitariana utantur, qui viribus physicis prompte utantur ad populum cogendum. Ut inquit Chomsky, "
Propaganda
democratiae
est id, quod
fustis
statui totalitariano."
conv. 36
Exemplar sibi vult explanare quandam
animi intentionem systematicam
mediorum communicationis socialis, non propter hominum conspirationem, sed potius propter causas oeconomicas et structurales. Intentionem animi arguit a quinque "filtris" defluere, quae nuntiis omnibus "permeanda" sint,
conv. 37
quibusque coniectis nuntia systematice detorqueantur.
Filtra diversas res notant. Primum filtrum, quod est
mediorum proprietas
, pleraque nuntiorum emissaria magnis corporationibus possideri. Filtrum secundum, q.e. argentarius commeatus
, emissaria maximam pecuniae partem ex
praeconio
neque lectoribus obtinere, quam ob rem nuntia, quae provulgent, desideria
moresque
negotationum resonent. Filtrum tertium, nuntiorum media institutionibus statalibus
et negotationibus magnis, quippe quibus intentiones animi sint maximae, delitoribus uti. Quartum autem filtrum, q.e. critica, varios greges media propter inclinationem animi — inclinationem contrariam ei, quam Chomsky reatur esse — aggredi. Quintum filtrum tandem, q.e. normae, rationes communes esse inter relatores. (Hoc filtrum in textu originali, i.e. anni
1988
, ad
anticommunismum
spectabat.
Unione Sovietica
tamen casa, dilatum est.) Exemplar igitur modum ostendat, quo media systema nec centralizatum
nec conspiratioriale sed nihilo minus fortissimum forment, quo consensus delectorum creetur et disputationes publicae intra delectorum perspectivam conpingantur, simul atque adspectus
democratiae
teneatur.
Exemplis duplicibus Chomsky Hermanque exemplar suum demonstrant, id est paribus exemplorum rerum persimilium. Exempli gratia, secundum eos, si "hostis publicus" aliquid faciat, sicut ministralem
religiosum
necare, prelum tam callide inquirat tantaque de hac re provulget, quam ut victimae "hostis publici" "dignae" habeantur; quodsi amicus eandem peioremve rem faciat, prelum efficiat ut
fabulam
minus malam, quam est, videatur, ita ut victimae
Civitatum Americanarum
aut cuiusdam
status clientis
eius "indignae" habeantur.
conv. 38
Inter studia causarum invenitur id, quod demonstrari solet, ut liberrimi preli exemplum optimum, quod est modus, quo media
Belli Vietnamiensis
Tet Offensive
tractaverunt. Hac quidem in re, prelum arguunt ad delectorum causam ferendam egisse.
Scientia
recensere
fontem recensere
Chomsky
scientiam
habet explicationis inquisitionem esse, et sententiam, eam catalogum rerum explanationumve mechanicarum esse, recusat. Quocirca maxima pars contributorum eius scientiae factorum
hypotheses
fuerunt, potius quam "inventa."
94
Ergo
logicae
critica
poststructuralia
aut
postmoderna
nugas esse retur:
Multum
vitae
meae habui quaestiones harum similes disserans, et modis solis, quos cognovi, utens; hos hic condemnatos ut "scientia," "rationalitas," "logica," et sic porro. Symbolas igitur lego, eas sperans me adiuvaturas, ut hos fines "superem," aut fortasse cursum omnino diversum admoneant. Falsus autem sum. Fortasse solum propter fines meos sic evenit. Saepius, "oculi mei vitreantur" cum rhetoricam polysyllabam lego de
poststructuralismo
et
postmodernismo
; id, quod intellego, plerumque
truismus
errorve est, haec autem res solum fractio est omnium verborum. Verum est multa alia esse, quae non intellego: commentationes de rebus nuper factis in
mathematica
et
physica
, exempli gratia. Adest autem discrimen. Hac in re, scio, quo modo ea intellegem, idque feci, cum mea interesset; et scio quoque earum disciplinarum homines mihi ea explanare posse, ita ut (partialem) scientiam, cui studeam, accipere possim. Contra, nemo mihi explanare posse videtur, quid posthoc postqueillud sit, nisi truismus aut error aut nugae, ita ut quo modo progrediar, nesciam.
conv. 39
95
Quamquam Chomsky scientiam credit magni momenti esse, ut ratio bona doceatur, scientiam non sat esse habet ut res multiplices velut res humanae intellegantur:
Scientia de rebus persimplicibus agit, difficilesque quaestiones de eis poscit. Cum primum res multipliciores fiant, scientia ea tractare nequit. . . . Sed haec est valde intricata res: Scientia ei, quod in margine intellectus est, studet, et id, quod in margine est intellectus, simplicius esse solet. Et rare res humanas adtingit. Res humanae valde multipliciores sunt.
conv. 40
96
Psychologia
recensere
fontem recensere
Opus Chomskii linguisticum graviter
psychologiam
movit hodiernam.
Linguistica Chomskio ramus
psychologiae cognitivae
est; ad verum linguisticae conspectum formandum, intellectu naturae humanae et rerum mentalium opus est. Theoria eius
grammaticae universalis
a multis visa est ut illius temporis
behaviorismo
provocatio, et consequentias graves illi scientiae tulit, cum investigaverit, quo modo liberi
linguam
discant, quidque sit potestas lingua utendi.
Noam Chomsky
Vancuverii
Columbiae Britannicae
anno
2004
Anno
1959
, Chomsky critica divulgavit libri
B. F. Skinner
Verbal Behavior
, quo Skinner res theoricas linguae, quae ad behaviorismum pertinebant, obtulerat. Is "verbal behavior" (sc.
mores verbales
) habebat esse mores discitos, quibus sunt consecutiones propriae per aliorum mores discitos delatae. Quam ob rem conspectus morum ad communicationem adtinentium, quem liber tractabat, valde maior erat eo, quem linguistae adire solent. Skinneri disciplina circumstantias, in quibus lingua usurpatur, intuebatur; verbi gratia, discrimen functionale est inter aquam petendam et aliquid aquam dicendum et aliquem, qui aquam petat, respondendum. Ea responsorum genera functionaliter diversa, quae explicationibus diversis egebant, cum et traditionalibus linguae rationibus et psycholinguistica Chomskii disciplina dissentiebant. Chomsky explicationem functionalem ad quaestiones de actu communicativo coactam gravia credebat neglegare.
97
Quaestionibus operam dedit de operatione progressioneque innatarum structurarum ad
syntaxin
pertinentium, quae possint verba et phrases adparare, cohaerescere, aptare, componere in loquellam, quae intellegatur.
Chomsky in critica sua affirmavit applicationem scientificam behavioralium doctrinarum, quae de investigationibus in
animalibus
factis deducuntur, severe delinquere, et superficialem esse morum verbalium humanorum explanationem, quia theoria, quae sese in condicionibus externalibus adstringat, ei, "quod compertum" sit,
conv. 41
non satis grammaticam generativam interpretetur. Chomsky exempli causa liberorum citam linguae adquisitionem usurpavit, et facultatem suam, quae cito crescat, phrasium grammaticalium creandarum, et linguae universaliter creativum usum a
locutoribus nativis
ostensum. Quas ob res Chomsky habet Skinneri sententiam exemplificavisse theoriae testimonio factae limitationes. Dotationem
geneticam
prius esse proponendam, quam mores verbales
humani, tamquam usus linguistici et evolutionis linguisticae creativae partes, intellegi possint. Sententia quidem, secundum qualem partes linguae genimen sint facultatis innatae et universalis, Skinneri behaviorismo radicali adversatur.
Chomskii anni
1959
scriptum critica a multis concepit, quibus interfuit illa
Canici MacCorquodale
anno
1970
vulgata, nomine
On Chomsky's Review of Skinner's Verbal Behavior
98
(scilicet "De Chomskii Iudicio Verbalium Morum Skinneri"). Canici MacCorquodale argumentum gravi modo a Nathan Stemmer expassum est in anni
1990
symbola,
Skinner's Verbal Behavior, Chomsky's review, and mentalism
99
(sc. "De Skinneri Moribus Verbalibus, criticis Chomskii, mentalismoque"). Haec et similia critica non nulla disputaverunt, quae extra psychologiam behavioralem non dici solent, tamquam Chomsky parum behavioralismum, dissimilitudinemve inter behavioralismum Skinnerianum varietatesque eius alias, intellegere, ideoque in multis graviter erravisse. Critici critica Chomskiana ceterum censent fefellisse in eo, quod demonstrandum, demonstrando, et in opere Skinneri aliorumque detorquerendo, rebus extra contextum citandis.
100
Chomsky critica sua dicit ad modum directa esse, quo Skinneri psychologiae behavioralis typus "in Quineano empirismo philosophiaeque naturalizatione" usurpatus esset.
conv. 42
101
Postulatum est, critica Chomskii methodologiae et assumptionum Skinneri "
rebus novis cognitivis
" ("cognitive revolution") viam delapidavisse, quae est conversio in rebus psychologicis Americanis inter annos 1950 et 1970 facta, ut potius cognitivae essent quam behaviorales. In
Cartesian Linguistics
anni
1966
opere suo (sc. "Linguistica
Cartesiana
"), et enim in operibus consequentibus, Chomsky explanationem linguisticarum hominis facultatum ostendit, quae exemplar facta est, quod et hodie non nullis psychologicis rebus scrutandis adhibetur. Multae rationes hodiernae ad modum, quo mens munere suo fungatur, pertinentes, ex scriptis Chomskii nobis venerunt.
Hae rationes sunt tres.
Mentem "cognitivam" esse, mentem id est re vera status mentales, sententias, dubia, et sic porro, continere.
Plerasque ex gravibus linguae et mentis virtutibus innatas esse. Adquisitionem linguae et progressionem exire pronitate innata, quae rerum externarum experientia incipiatur. Nexus inter innatam humanam linguae abilitatem et hereditatem causa fuit eminens in Chomskii et
Ioannis Piaget
disputatione, apud
Regalem Montem
anno
1975
habitam.
102
Quamquam nexus inter compositionem
geneticam
hominis et linguae abilitatem illo tempore et postea conlatus est, longe adhuc ab geneticis linguae humanae fundamentis intellengendis absumus. Opus de exemplari stabilitationis selectivae
synapsium
deductum ab
Ioanne Petro Changeux
, Philippe Courrège,
Antonioque Danchin
factum,
103
et recentius theoria et experientia ab
Iacobo Mehler
et
Stanislas Dehaene
confirmatum, praesertim quod ad
cognitionem numericam
numerical cognition
) adtinet, "nativismo" Chomskiano adiuvat. De genere legum, quae nexus
neuronales
componerent ad linguam admittendam,
nihil
ostendit. Psychologi consequentes "nativistam" thesin illam ultra linguam tetenderunt.
Modularitatis
" conceptum, cognitivam ad mentis architecturam spectans. Mentem diversorum et inter se agentium et specialium (
specialised
) subsystematum esse. Quod acriter de ratione, qua ulla res in mente sita processibus cognitivis adtingi possit, discrepat.
Disputationes
recensere
fontem recensere
Chomsky apud
Forum Sociale Mundi
Portu Alacro
in urbe) anno 2003 sermocinatur.
Chomsky suas sententias de
philosophia
linguistica
civilitate
disputare solet.
Id fecit cum
Ioanne Piaget
104
Michaele Foucault
105
Gulielmo F. Buckley, Jr.
106
Christophoro Hitchens
107
108
109
110
111
112
Georgio Lakoff
113
Richardo Perle
114
Hilario Putnam
115
Willard Quine
116
Alanoque Dershowitz
117
Modo loquendi suo propter taeditudinem incusato, inquit Chomky, "locutor taediosus sum hocque mihi placet . . . non credo multos personae, quidcumque sit illa, allici . . . controversiis student, et controversiis student nam sunt magni momenti."
conv. 43
118
"Eloquentia superficiali, motu animi et sic porro circumagi nolumus."
conv. 44
119
Auctoritas
recensere
fontem recensere
Exemplaria Chomskiana fundamenti theoretici causa in multis disciplinis adhibentur.
Hierarchia Chomskiana
doceri simplicibus in
informaticae
cursibus solet, cum generum variorum
linguarum formalium
offerat conspectum. Haec hierarchia in rebus
mathematicis
quoque conferri potest
120
studiaque inter mathematicos citavit, praesertim
combinatores
. Argumenta
psychologiae evolutionaris
non nulla ab exquaesitionis proventibus suae oriuntur.
121
Nicolaus K. Jerne
, anni
1984
Praemii Nobeliani
physiologiae et medicinae
laureatus, exemplare generativo Chomskii usus est ut
systema immunitatis
humanum explicaret coaequando "grammaticae generativae constituta … una cum proprietatibus compositionis
proteinorum
variis."
conv. 45
Titulus Nicolai Jerne acroasis Nobelianae
Holmiae
datae erat "De Grammatica Generativa Systematis Immunitatis."
conv. 46
Nim Chimpsky
pan
studii causa de
animalium
adeptione linguistica apud
Universitatem Columbianam
habitum, e Chomskio appellatus est (
pan
Anglice
dicitur
chimp
) cum Chomsky adeptionem linguisticam haberet facultatem solummodo humanam esse.
Donaldus Knuth
, informaticae peritus, inquit, "Me fateor mecum apportavisse Noam Chomskii librum
Syntactic Structures
in
lunam mellis
meam anno
1961
. . . . Ecce res mirabilis: doctrina linguarum mathematica, in qua
programmatoris
intuitu uti potuerim!"
conv. 47
122
Inter
linguistas
quos opera Chomskiana movent est
Andreas Carnie
Academica facta, praemia, honores
recensere
fontem recensere
Anno
1969 ineunte
Acroases Ioannis Lockii
apud
Universitatem Oxoniensem
egit; mense Ianuario
1970
, Acroasin Memorialem
Bertrandi Russell
apud
Universitas Cantabrigiensem
; anno
1972
, Acroasin Memorialem
Nehru
Dellii Novi
; anno
1977
, Acroasin Huizinga
Lugduni Batavorum
; anno
1988
Acroases Massey
apud
Universitatem Torontonensem
, "Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies" nomine; anno
1997
, Acroasin Memorialem Davie de
Libertate Philosophandi
Civitate Capitis
123
inter multa alia.
124
Chomsky multos
gradus honoris causa
ab
universitatibus
totum per orbem terrarum accepit, inter quas:
Universitas Londiniensis
Universitas Chicaginiensis
Universitas Chicaginiensis Loyola
Collegium Swarthmore
Universitas Dellii
Collegium Bard
Universitas Massachusettensium
Universitas Pennsylvaniensis
Universitas Georgiopolitana
Collegium Amherstensis
Universitas Cantabrigiensis
Universitas Coloratensis
125
Universitas Bonaeropolitana
Universitas McGill
Rovira i Virgili University
Universitas Columbiana
Universitas Villae Novae
University of Connecticut
University of Maine
Schola Normalis Superior Pisarum
University of Western Ontario
Universitas Torontonensis
Universitas Harvardiana
Universitas Tsiliensis
Alma Mater Studiorum
Bononiensis
Universidad de La Frontera
Universitas Calcuttensis
Universitas Civitatis Colombiae
Universitas Bruxellensis
Santo Domingo Institute of Technology
Universitas Upsaliensis
Universitas Athenarum
Universitas Cypri
Universitas Civitatis Connecticutae Mediae
Universitas Nationalis Autonoma Mexici
(UNAM)
Universitas Pechini
126
Universitas Civitatis Tsing Hua
127
Socius est
Academiae Americanae Artium et Scientiarum
Academiae Nationalis Civitatum Foederatarum Scientiarum
Societatis Philosophicae Americanae
Academiae Serbianae Scientiarum et Artium
in Facultate Scientiarum Socialium,
128
necnon aliarum societatum in Civitatibus Foederatis forasque fundatarum.
Societatis Psychologicae Americanae
Praemium Contributi Scientifici Excellentis
conv. 48
accepit,
Praemium Kyoti
in Scientiis Fundamentalibus, Insigne Helmholtz,
conv. 49
Praemium Dorotheae Eldridge Pacificatoris,
conv. 50
anni
1999
Insigne Beniamini Franklinii in Scientiis Informaticis Cognitivisque.
conv. 51
129
Bis (annibus
1987
et
1989
Orwell Award
accepit, Concilio Nationali Doctorum Linguae Anglicae datum, propter "contributa excellentia honestati et claritati sermonis publici facta."
conv. 52
130
Anno
2005
, Chomsky honorarium accepit consortium
conv. 53
Societatis Litterariae et Historicae
131
anno 2007,
Universitatis Upsaliensis
Sueciae
) Gradum Honorarium Doctoris in commemoratione
Caroli Linnaei
conv. 54
132
mense Februario
2008
, Insigne Praesidentis Societatis Litterariae et Disputationum
conv. 55
National University of Ireland, Galway
133
Ex anno
2009
honorarius socius est societatis
IAPTI
134
Anno
2010
, Chomsky Praemium
Erici Fromm
Stutgardiae
in
Germania
accepit.
135
Mense Aprili eiusdem anni, Chomsky tertius scholasticus factus est, qui
Universitatis of Wisconsin–Madison
A.E. Havens Center's Award for Lifetime Contribution to Critical Scholarship admiserit.
136
Numerus Erdős
eius est
quattuor
137
Suffragium in
The 2005 Global Intellectuals Poll
periodico
Britannico
Prospect
facto, habuit Chomsky principem
intellectualem publicum
esse. De hac re inquit ille: "Suffragiis non do multam operam."
conv. 56
138
In indice "Heroes nostrae aetatis"
conv. 57
anni
2006
periodico
New Statesman
facto, qui quoque suffragio compositus est, Chomsky septimum locum habuit.
139
Viggo Mortensen
histrio
Americanus, una cum
Buckethead
citharista
avant-garde
, album anno 2006 divulgatum,
Pandemoniumfromamerica
appellatum, Chomskio consecraverunt.
140
Die
22 Ianuarii
2010
spectaculum honorarium Chomskio datum est in
Auditorio Kresge
apud MIT.
141
142
Spectaculum, cui adfuerunt Chomsky et sui, musica ab
Eduardo Manukyan
confecta usum est et orationibus a Chomskii collegis factis, inter quos
David Pesetsky
ex
MIT
et
Gennaro Chierchia
, capite facultatis linguisticae in
Universitate Harvardiana
Mense Iunio
2011
, Chomsky
Sydney Peace Prize
accepit propter eius "indeficientem virtutem, criticam potestatis analysin, humanorum promotionem iurum."
conv. 58
143
Anno
2011
, in periodici
IEEE Intelligent Systems
AI
's Hall of Fame
positus est propter "contributa ponderosa agro
intellegentiae artificialis
et systematum intellegentium facta."
conv. 59
144
145
Bibliographia
recensere
fontem recensere
Conferatur pagina principalis:
Bibliographia Noam Chomsky
Opera scientifica potiora
1957
Syntactic Structures
. Hagae Comitum: Mouton
1959
: "
Verbal behavior
by B. F. Skinner
": recensio in
Language
vol. 35 pp. 26–58
1965
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
. Cantabrigiae Massachusettensium: MIT Press
1966
Cartesian Linguistics: A Chapter in the History of Rationalist Thought
1968
Language and Mind
. Novi Eboraci: Harcourt Brace & World
1968 (cum
Morris Halle
The Sound Pattern of English
. Novi Eboraci: Harper & Row
1981
Lectures on Government and Binding
1986
Knowledge of Language. Its Nature, Origin and Use
1993
Language and Thought
1995
The Minimalist Program
Opera politica potiora
1967
: "
The Responsibility of Intellectuals
" in
New York Review of Books
vol. 8 no. 3 (23 Feb. 1967)
1969
American Power and the New Mandarins. Historical and Political Essays
. Novi Eboraci: Pantheon
1971
Problems of Knowledge and Freedom. The Russell Lectures
. Novi Eboraci: Pantheon
1973 divulgandum, ab editore retractum
Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda
1979 (cum Edward S. Herman)
The Political Economics of Human Rights
. 2 voll. Bostoniae: South End Press
1983
The Fateful Triangle. The United States, Israel and the Palestinians
1987
On power and ideology: the Managua lectures
. Bostoniae: South End Press
Paginae selectae
apud
Google Books
1988
Language and Politics
. Monte Regio: Black Rose
1988 (cum Edward S. Herman)
Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media
. Novi Eboraci: Pantheon
1989
Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies
. Bostoniae: South End Press
1992
Deterring Democracy
. Novi Eboraci: Hill and Wang
1996
Powers and Prospects: Reflections on Human Nature and the Social Order
. Bostoniae: South End Press
Textus interretialis
2000
Rogue States: The Rule of Force in World Affairs
. Bostoniae: South End Press
2001
9-11
. Novi Eboraci: Seven Stories Press
2003
Hegemony or Survival
. Novi Eboraci: Metropolitan Books
2006
Failed States. The Abuse of Power and the Assault on Democracy
. Novi Eboraci: Metropolitan Books
2008 (editore Anthony Arnove)
The Essential Chomsky
. Novi Eboraci: Vintage
De vita et opere
Barsky,
Robert F.
(1997).
Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent
Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press
ISBN
978-0-262-02418-1
Kreisler,
Harry
(22 March 2002).
"Activism, Anarchism, and Power: Conversation with Noam Chomsky"
Conversations with History
Institute of International Studies, UC Berkeley
Lyons,
John
(1978).
Noam Chomsky
(revised edition)
Harmondsworth:
Penguin Books
ISBN
978-0-140-04370-9
Pateman, Barry, ed. (2005).
Chomsky on anarchism
. AK Press.
ISBN 978-1-904859-20-8
Poole,
Geoffrey
(2005).
"Noam Chomsky".
In Siobhan Chapman and Christopher Routledge, eds.,
Key Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language
(pp.
53–59)
Edinburgh:
Edinburgh University Press
ISBN
978-0-748-61757-9
Piatelli-Palmarini, Massimo, ed. (1975).
Language and Learning: The Debate Between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky
. Londinii: Routledge
Rabbani,
Mouin
(2012).
"Reflections on a Lifetime of Engagement with Zionism, the Palestine Question, and American Empire: An Interview with Noam Chomsky"
Journal of Palestine Studies
41
(3): 92–120
Cinematographia
recensere
fontem recensere
Manufacturing Consent: Noam Chomsky and the Media
Moderatores
Marcus Achbar
et
Petrus Wintonick
(1992)
Last Party 2000
, Moderatrices: Rebecca Chaiklin et Donovan Leitch (2001)
Power and Terror: Noam Chomsky in Our Times
, Moderator: Ioannes Junkerman (2002)
Distorted Morality—America's War On Terror?
, Moderator: Ioannes Junkerman (2003)
Noam Chomsky: Rebel Without a Pause
(TV), Moderator: Gulielmus Pascoe (2003)
The Corporation
, Moderatores: Marcus Achbar et
Jennifer Abbott
; Writer:
Joel Bakan
(2003)
Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land
, Moderatores:
Sut Jhally
et
Bathsheba Ratzkoff
(2004)
On Power, Dissent and Racism: A discussion with Noam Chomsky
, Journalist: Nicolas Rossier; Producers: Eli Choukri, Baraka Productions (2004)
Lake of Fire
, Moderator:
Antonius Kaye
(2006)
American Feud: A History of Conservatives and Liberals
, Moderator:
Ricardus Hall
(2008)
Chomsky & Cie
Moderator:
Oliviarius Azam
(2008)
An Inconvenient Tax
, Moderator: Christopher P. Marshall (2009)
The Money Fix,
Moderator: Alanus Rosenblith (2009)
Pax Americana and the Weaponization of Space
, Moderator:
Dionysius Delestrac
(2010)
Article 12: Waking up in a surveillance society
, Moderator: Ioannes Emmanuel Biaiñ (2010)
Nexus interni
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
Educating Eve
Scientia cognitiva
Notae
recensere
fontem recensere
Zoltán Gendler Szabó, "Noam Chomsky,"
in
Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, 1860–1960
, ed. Ernest Lepore (2004). "Chomsky's intellectual life had been divided between his work in linguistics and his political activism, philosophy coming as a distant third. Nonetheless, his influence among analytic philosophers has been enormous because of three factors. First, Chomsky contributed substantially to a major methodological shift in the human sciences, turning away from the prevailing empiricism of the middle of the twentieth century: behaviorism in psychology, structuralism in linguistics and positivism in philosophy. Second, his groundbreaking books on syntax (Chomsky (1957, 1965)) laid a conceptual foundation for a new, cognitivist approach to linguistics and provided philosophers with a new framework for thinking about human language and the mind. And finally, he has persistently defended his views against all takers, engaging in important debates with many of the major figures in analytic philosophy."
"MIT Department of Linguistics: People: Faculty: Noam Chomsky"
Web.mit.edu
Clark,
Neil
(14 Iulii 2003).
"Great thinkers of our time – Noam Chomsky"
New Statesman
Fox,
Margalit
(5 Decembris 1998).
"A Changed Noam Chomsky Simplifies"
New York Times
Thomas Tymoczko, Jim Henle, James M. Henle,
Sweet Reason: A Field Guide to Modern Logic
(Birkhäuser, 2000), p. 101.
Michael Sipser
1997
).
Introduction to the Theory of Computation
PWS Publishing.
ISBN
053494728X
"The Cognitive Science Millennium Project"
Cogsci.umn.edu]
Matt Dellinger, "Sounds and Sites: Noam Chomsky",
The New Yorker
Link
, 31 Martii 2003, accessum 26 Ianuarii 2009.
"The Accidental Bestseller
Publishers Weekly
5 Maii
2003
, accessum
5 Martii
2011
. "Chomsky's controversial political works … became mainstream bestsellers."
Arnove,
Anthony
(March
1997
).
"In Perspective: Noam Chomsky"
International Socialism
"Noam Chomsky"
Web.archive.org.
2010-05-28
"Chomsky is Citation Champ"
MIT
News Office.
1992-04-15
Hughes,
Samuel
(July/August 2001).
"Speech!"
The Pennsylvania Gazette
Robinson,
Paul
25 Februarii
1979
).
"The Chomsky Problem".
The New York Times
"Books"
chomsky.info
"The Life and Times of Noam Chomsky, Noam Chomsky interviewed by Amy Goodman"
www.chomsky.info
"Conversation with Noam Chomsky, p. 1 of 5"
Globetrotter.berkeley.edu
Choamsky, Noam. Conversations with History, U. C. Berkeley, Martii 2002.
"The Chomsky Tapes: Conversations with Michael Albert"
Z magazine
November 2001
Kreisler (2002),
"Chapter 1: Background"
Barsky,
Robert Franklin
(1997).
Noam Chomsky: a life of dissent
ECW Press.
p.
47.
ISBN
9781550222814
Marquard,
Bryan
(2008-12-20).
"Carol Chomsky; at 78; Harvard language professor was wife of MIT linguist"
Boston Globe
"Noam Chomsky interviewed by Shira Hadad"
Chomsky.info
"Eight Question on Kibbutzim: Answers from Noam Chomsky Questions from Nikos Raptis"
Zmag.org.
1999-08-24
"Kibbutzim as a Climate for Learning"
Csudh.edu
Chomsky,
Noam
(1967-02-23).
"The Responsibility of Intellectuals"
The New York Review of Books
(3)
Flint,
Anthony
(1995-11-19).
"Divided Legacy"
The Boston Globe
Barsky (1997),
"Chapter 4"
Barsky quotes an excerpt of Edward Herman examining why "one of America's most well-known intellectuals and dissidents would be thus ignored and even ostracized by the mainstream press". For example, "Chomsky has never had an Op Ed column in the
Washington Post
, and his lone opinion piece in the
New York Times
was not an original contribution but rather excerpts from testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee."
Stroumboulopoulos,
George
(2006-03-13).
"Noam Chomsky on
The Hour
CBC
Noam Chomsky.
"The 'Chomskyan Era' (Excerpted from The Architecture of Language)"
Chomsky.info
Elman, J., Bates, E., Johnson, M., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D., & Plunkett, K.
(1996).
Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books
Tomasello, M
(2003).
Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition
Harvard University Press.
ISBN
0674017641
Chomsky, Noam
(1965).
Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
MIT Press.
ISBN
0-262-53007-4
Huang, Cheng-Teh James
(1982).
Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar
MIT PhD dissertation
Available online
Matthews, G.H.
(1965).
Hidatsa Syntax
Mouton
Platero, Paul Randolph
(1978).
Missing noun phrases in Navajo
MIT PhD dissertation
Available online
Schütze, Carson T.
(1993).
Towards a Minimalist Account of Quirky Case and Licensing in Icelandic
MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 19
Available online
Bhatt, Rajesh
(1997).
Matching Effects and the Syntax-Morphology Interface: Evidence from Hindi Correlatives
MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 31
Available online
Evans, N., & Levinson, S. C.
(2009).
The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science
Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(5), 429-492
Everett, D.
(2008).
Don't sleep, there are snakes: Life and language in the Amazonian jungle
Pantheon Books.
ISBN
0-375-42502-0
Van Valin, R.
(2000).
Linguistic diversity and theoretical assumptions
35
Chicago Linguistic Society Parasession Papers.
pp. 373-391
Mühlhäusler,
Peter
(1996).
Linguistic Ecology: Language Change and Linguistic Imperialism in the Pacific Region
London:
Routledge
pp.
330–1
Davis Martin,
Computability, complexity, and languages: Fundamentals of theoretical computer science
(Bostoniae: Academic, Harcourt, Brace, 1994), 327. Print.
"Computer Programming and Formal Systems", Eds. P. Braffort and D. Hirschberg, pp. 124–135
Jean-Eric Pin, "Finite Semigroups and Recognizable Languages: An Introduction,"
Bulletin of Research and Development,
2002.
Chomsky (1996), pp. 71.
Chomsky, Noam, "Notes on Anarchism"
. . . . "Libertarian socialism is properly to be regarded as the inheritor of the liberal ideals of the Enlightenment."
Shane,
Scott
(2 October 2010).
"Bin Laden Resurfaces in Recordings"
Thomson,
Desson
(21 December 2003).
"Morris, McNamara: Bound by 'The Fog'"
Folkenflik,
David
(27 February 2008).
"William F. Buckley, Conservative Bulwark, Dies"
NPR
Gollust,
David
(5 January 2011).
"US Sticking With Choice for Envoy Despite Venezuelan Rejection"
Chomsky wrote the preface to an edition of Rudolf Rocker's book
Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice
. In it Chomsky wrote: "I felt at once, and still feel, that Rocker was pointing the way to a much better world, one that is within our grasp, one that may well be the only alternative to the 'universal catastrophe' towards which 'we are driving on under full sail.'" Book Citation: Rudolph Rocker.
Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice
. AK Press. p. ii. 2004.
Industrial Workers of the World - IWW Biography
Nexus die 2012-2-11 confirmatus
International Organization for a Participatory Society - Interim Committee
ZNet - Consider IOPS
"'
Anarchism 101 with Noam Chomsky'
Youtube.com.
2007-10-10
"Conversation with Noam Chomsky, p. 2 of 5"
Globetrotter.berkeley.edu
An Evening With Noam Chomsky
"Simple Truths, Hard Problems: Some thoughts on terror, justice, and self-defence*"
(PDF)
Noam Chomsky.
"International Terrorism: Image and Reality"
Chomsky.info
Chomsky,
Noam
(1987).
On power and ideology: the Managua lectures
South End Press.
pp.
51.
ISBN
9780896082892
"Noam Chomsky: My Reaction to Osama bin Laden’s Death"
Guernicamag.com
Chomsky,
Noam
Otero,
Carlos Peregrín
(2003).
Chomsky on democracy & education
Psychology Press.
pp.
30–.
ISBN
9780415926324
Noam Chomsky.
"The Corporate Takeover of U.S. Democracy"
Chomsky.info
Chomsky,
Noam
(1993).
"What Uncle Sam Really Wants"
ZMag
Noam Chomsky et al.
(1999).
Noam Chomsky on Drugs
nexus deficit
(TV).
ROX
Chomsky,
Noam
(2002-02-08).
"DRCNet Interview: Noam Chomsky"
DRCNet
Chomsky (1996), p. 77.
"Interview with Noam Chomsky, Bill Bennett"
, die 30 Maii 2002
American Morning with Paula Zahn CNN
Adams,
Tim
(2003-10-30).
"Noam Chomsky: Thorn in America's Side"
London:
The Observer
Noam Chomsky,
Chomsky on Democracy and Education
(Routledge, 2003), 399.
'Answers by Noam Chomsky' to questions about anarchism
“Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” January 30, 1968
New York Post
"An Exchange on "The Responsibility of Intellectuals", Noam Chomsky debates with Fryar Calhoun, E. B. Murray, and Arthur Dorfman"
Chomsky.info.
1967-04-20
"On the Future of Israel and Palestine"
Chomsky.info.
2008-06-06
Solomon,
Deborah
(November 2, 2003).
"Questions for Noam Chomsky: The Professorial Provocateur"
The New York Times Magazine
The New York Times
Jones,
Mother
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30
"Israel bars Noam Chomsky from West Bank"
The Gazette
Agence France-Presse.
Canwest Publishing Inc.
May 16, 2010
nexus deficit
"Israel Roiled After Chomsky Barred From West Bank"
The New York Times
May 17, 2010
Chomsky,
Noam
Pateman,
Barry
(2005).
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pp.
167.
ISBN
978-1-904859-20-8
"WikiLeaks Cables Reveal "Profound Hatred for Democracy on the Part of Our Political Leadership""
Noam Chomsky website
Brockes,
Emma
(2005-10-31).
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2005-11-17
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, 57, Sept. – Oct. 1969, p. 21
Ghoshroy, S.
(2008).
Chomsky Discusses Economy, Military Hegemony
The Tech, 128, 51
Available online
dwgthed
(23 Octobris 2011).
"Noam Chomsky at Occupy Boston: Video 1 of 3"
Youtube.com
McVeigh,
Karen
(26 Septembris 2011).
"Occupy Wall Street activists name officer over pepper spray incident"
"Noam Chomsky Announces Solidarity With #occupywallstreet"
occupywallst.org.
26 Septembris 2011
Grant,
Drew
(30 Septembris 2011).
"Celebrity Support for ‘Occupy Wall Street’"
The Reality Club: BEYOND BELIEF
Show 219: Noam Chomsky – “Chomsky on Humanism” | Equal Time For Freethought | Tune in, Pay it Forward, and Question Everything!
Chomsky,
Noam
2009
).
"Mysteries of Nature: How Deeply Hidden?".
Journal of Philosophy
106
(4): 167–200
Chomsky,
Noam
Otero,
Carlos Peregrín
2003
).
Chomsky on democracy & education
RoutledgeFalmer.
p.
93.
ISBN
978-0-415-92632-4
"Science in the Dock, Discussion with Noam Chomsky, Lawrence Krauss & Sean M. Carroll"
Chomsky.info.
2006-03-01
Chomsky—Language and Mind, 1968.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
volumen 13, pp. 83–99.
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
volumen 54, pp. 307–319.
Journal citation PMC2774611 - An Underdiscussed Aspect of Chomsky (1959)
Barsky (1997),
"Chapter 3"
Language and Learning: The Debate between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky
(Harvard University Press, 1980).
Changeux, Jean-Pierre; Courrége, Philippe; Danchin, Antoine
(October
1973
).
"A Theory of the Epigenesis of Neuronal Networks by Selective Stabilization of Synapses"
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
(PNAS)
70
(10): 2974–8
Massimo Piatelli-Palmarini, ed.,
Language and Learning: The Debate Between Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky
(Routledge, 1975).
"'
The Chomsky–Foucault Debate: On Human Nature'
Chomsky.info
William F. Buckley vs. Noam Chomsky
, YouTube.
Noam Chomsky "
A Quick Reaction
",
Counterpunch
September 12, 2001.
Christopher Hitchens, "
Against Rationalization: Minority Report
",
The Nation
24 Septembris
2001
Christopher Hitchens, "
Of Sin, the Left & Islamic Fascism
",
The Nation
2001
Noam Chomsky, "
Reply to Hitchens
",
The Nation
2001
Christopher Hitchens, "
A Rejoinder to Noam Chomsky
",
The Nation
, 2001.
Noam Chomsky, "
Reply to Hitchens' 'Rejoinder'
",
The Nation
2001
"The New York Review of Books, "Chomsky Replies", 1973 20;12"
Nybooks.com
Chomsky vs. Perle
, YouTube.
Hilary Putnam, "Externalism: Its Motivation and Its Critics"
, Harvard University, 2007.
K. U. Leuven,
"An Epistemological Reading of the Debate between Quine and Chomsky"
, October 2003.
"Noam Chomsky v. Alan Dershowitz: A Debate on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"
, Democracy Now!,
23 Decembris
2005
"Chomsky Rebel"
Dvdverdict.com.
2005-05-16
Noam Chomsky,
"False, False, False, and False: Noam Chomsky interviewed by Ray Suarez"
20 Ianuarii
1999
Chomsky.info.
Sakharov,
Alex
12 Maii
2003
).
"Grammar"
MathWorld
"Lecture 6: Evolutionary Psychology, Problem Solving, and 'Machiavellian' Intelligence"
School of Psychology
Massey University.
1996
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Donald
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Center for the Study of Language and Information
"Van Zyl Slabbert to present TB Davie Memorial Lecture"
Uct.ac.za.
13 Octobris
2003
The Current Crisis in the Middle East: About the Lecture
MIT World
"CU Regents"
Cu.edu
"Welcome to Peking University"
English.pku.edu.cn.
2010-08-13
"Noam Chomsky Lectured in Beijing"
Chinatoday.com.cn.
2010-12-12
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts - Department of Social Sciences members
Accessum
11 Februarii
2012
"Noam Chomsky, MIT Linguistics Program"
Chomsky.info.
1928-12-07
"Past Recipients of the NCTE Orwell Award"
(PDF)
"Interviews Polathicks/Society
» Interview: Noam Chomsky Speaks Out On Education and Power"
Soundtracksforthem.
20 Septembria
2005
"Uppsala University’s Honorary Doctorates in Commemoration of Linnaeus"
Uppsala University
2007-02-13
; excerpt:the Literary and Debating Society’s President’s Medal, the society’s achievement award, [has] been won in the past by the likes of Noam Chomsky, Senator Mike Gravel, Congressman Bruce Morrison, journalist Fintan O’Toole and, playwright, Tom Murphy.
"Noam Chomsky, honorary member of IAPTI"
Aipti.org
"The 2010 Erich Fromm Prize to Noam Chomsky"
International Erich Fromm Society.
2010-01-16
"Author, activist Noam Chomsky to receive award"
News.wisc.edu.
2010-03-29
"Some Famous People with Finite Erdös Numbers"
The Erdös Number Project
Oakland University
"Chomsky named top intellectual: British poll"
Breitbart.com.
2005-10-18
Cowley,
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(2006-05-22).
"Heroes of Our Time"
New Statesman
"Viggo Mortensen's Spoken Word & Music CDs"
Viggo Fan Base
"Noam Chomsky Honorary Concert"
Edwardmanukyan.com
Weininger,
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(2010-01-21).
"Chomsky Tribute"
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"Controversy dogs Chomsky as he accepts Sydney Peace Prize"
Smh.com.au.
2011-06-02
"AI's Hall of Fame"
IEEE Intelligent Systems
IEEE Computer Society
26
(4): 5–15.
2011
"IEEE Computer Society Magazine Honors Artificial Intelligence Leaders"
24 Augusti
2011
Press release source:
PRWeb
Vocus
).
Citationes Latine conversae
recensere
fontem recensere
"ordinary New York English."
"intellectual center—professors of this and that arguing all night."
"Jewish ghetto"
"immersed in Hebrew culture and literature"
"cultural ghetto than a physical one"
"beer parties"
"We were the only Jewish family around. I grew up with a visceral fear of Catholics. They're the people who beat you up on your way to school. So I knew when they came out of that building down the street, which was the Jesuit school, they were raving anti-Semites. So childhood memories took a long time to overcome."
"No I loved it"; "couldn't stand the ideological atmosphere"; "fervent nationalism"
"lessons that we have learned from the history of the kibbutz"
"In some respects, the kibbutzim came closer to the anarchist ideal than any other attempt that lasted for more than a very brief moment before destruction, or that was on anything like a similar scale. In these respects, I think they were extremely attractive and successful; apart from personal accident, I probably would have lived there myself – for how long, it's hard to guess."
"utterances"
"language acquisition device"
Anglice
: "personal visions are fairly traditional anarchist ones, with origins in the Enlightenment and classical liberalism."
"carry us a long way towards unifying the many initiatives here and around the world and molding them into a powerful and effective force"
Anglice
: "official definitions in the US Code and Army Manuals in the early 1980s"
"talk about North American imperialism and Russian imperialism in the same breath"
"One of the truths about the world is that there are two superpowers, one a huge power which happens to have its boot on your neck; another, a smaller power which happens to have its boot on other people's necks. I think that anyone in the Third World would be making a grave error if they succumbed to illusions about these matters."
"We might ask ourselves how we would be reacting if Iraqi commandos landed at George W. Bush's compound, assassinated him, and dumped his body in the Atlantic. Uncontroversially, his crimes vastly exceed bin Laden’s, and he is not a 'suspect' but uncontroversially the 'decider' who gave the orders to commit the 'supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole' (quoting the Nuremberg Tribunal) for which Nazi criminals were hanged: the hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of refugees, destruction of much of the country, [and] the bitter sectarian conflict that has now spread to the rest of the region."
"corporate takeover of democracy."
"U.S. domestic drug policy does not carry out its stated goals, and policymakers are well aware of that. If it isn't about reducing substance abuse, what is it about? It is reasonably clear, both from current actions and the historical record, that substances tend to be criminalized when they are associated with the so-called dangerous classes, that the criminalization of certain substances is a technique of social control."
"rooted in the Enlightenment and classical liberalism, and retain their revolutionary character"
"greatest country in the world"
"Evaluating countries is senseless and I would never put things in those terms, but that some of America's advances, particularly in the area of free speech, that have been achieved by centuries of popular struggle, are to be admired."
"In many respects, the United States is the freest country in the world. I don't just mean in terms of limits on state coercion, though that's true too, but also in terms of individual relations. The United States comes closer to classlessness in terms of interpersonal relations than virtually any society."
One can, of course, take the position that we don't care about the problems people face today, and want to think about a possible tomorrow. OK, but then don't pretend to have any interest in human beings and their fate, and stay in the seminar room and intellectual coffee house with other privileged people. Or one can take a much more humane position: I want to work, today, to build a better society for tomorrow – the classical anarchist position, quite different from the slogans in the question. That's exactly right, and it leads directly to support for the people facing problems today: for enforcement of health and safety regulation, provision of national health insurance, support systems for people who need them, etc. That is not a sufficient condition for organizing for a different and better future, but it is a necessary condition. Anything else will receive the well-merited contempt of people who do not have the luxury to disregard the circumstances in which they live, and try to survive.
"among the most unspeakable crimes in history"
"'supporters of Israel' are in reality supporters of its moral degeneration and probable ultimate destruction"; "Israel's very clear choice of expansion over security may well lead to that consequence."
"I don't think a Jewish or Christian or Islamic state is a proper concept. I would object to the United States as a Christian state."
"I knew it would hurt them, mostly because of their friends, who reacted hysterically to views like those expressed in my work."
"overstepped his authority"
"with regard to freedom of speech there are basically two positions: you defend it vigorously for views you hate, or you reject it and prefer Stalinist/fascist standards"
"perhaps the most dramatic revelation … is the bitter hatred of democracy that is revealed both by the U.S. Government — Hillary Clinton, others — and also by the diplomatic service"
"I still feel myself that there is a kind of tenuous connection. I would not want to overstate it but I think it means something to me at least. I think that anyone's political ideas or their ideas of social organization must be rooted ultimately in some concept of human nature and human needs."
"I think the death penalty is a crime no matter what the circumstances, and it is particularly awful in the Steven Woods case. I strongly oppose the execution of Steven Woods on September 13, 2011."
"Anyone with eyes open knows that the gangsterism of Wall Street -- financial institutions generally -- has caused severe damage to the people of the United States (and the world). And should also know that it has been doing so increasingly for over 30 years, as their power in the economy has radically increased, and with it their political power. That has set in motion a vicious cycle that has concentrated immense wealth, and with it political power, in a tiny sector of the population, a fraction of 1%, while the rest increasingly become what is sometimes called "a precariat"—seeking to survive in a precarious existence. They also carry out these ugly activities with almost complete impunity—not only too big to fail, but also "too big to jail." ¶ The courageous and honorable protests underway in Wall Street should serve to bring this calamity to public attention, and to lead to dedicated efforts to overcome it and set the society on a more healthy course."
"propaganda is to a democracy what the bludgeon is to a totalitarian state."
"filters"; "pass through"
"public enemy"; "worthy and unworthy victims"
I have spent a lot of my life working on questions such as these, using the only methods I know of; those condemned here as "science", "rationality," "logic," and so on. I therefore read the papers with some hope that they would help me "transcend" these limitations, or perhaps suggest an entirely different course. I'm afraid I was disappointed. Admittedly, that may be my own limitation. Quite regularly, "my eyes glaze over" when I read polysyllabic discourse on the themes of poststructuralism and postmodernism; what I understand is largely truism or error, but that is only a fraction of the total word count. True, there are lots of other things I don't understand: the articles in the current issues of math and physics journals, for example. But there is a difference. In the latter case, I know how to get to understand them, and have done so, in cases of particular interest to me; and I also know that people in these fields can explain the contents to me at my level, so that I can gain what (partial) understanding I may want. In contrast, no one seems to be able to explain to me why the latest post-this-and-that is (for the most part) other than truism, error, or gibberish, and I do not know how to proceed.
Science talks about very simple things, and asks hard questions about them. As soon as things become too complex, science can’t deal with them. . . . But it’s a complicated matter: Science studies what’s at the edge of understanding, and what’s at the edge of understanding is usually fairly simple. And it rarely reaches human affairs. Human affairs are way too complicated.
"what is learned"
"was being used in Quinean empiricism and naturalization of philosophy"
"I'm a boring speaker and I like it that way. . . . I doubt that people are attracted to whatever the persona is. . . . People are interested in the issues, and they're interested in the issues because they are important."
"We don't want to be swayed by superficial eloquence, by emotion and so on."
"components of a generative grammar . . . with various features of protein structures"
"The Generative Grammar of the Immune System"
"I must admit to taking a copy of Noam Chomsky's Syntactic Structures along with me on my honeymoon in 1961. … Here was a marvelous thing: a mathematical theory of language in which I could use a computer programmer's intuition!"
"Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award."
"Helmholtz Medal."
"Dorothy Eldridge Peacemaker Award."
"Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science."
"The National Council of Teachers of English"; "Distinguished Contributions to Honesty and Clarity in Public Language"
"honorary fellowship"
"Honorary Doctor's degree in commemoration of Carolus Linnaeus."
"President's Medal"; "Literary and Debating Society."
"I don't pay a lot of attention to polls."
"Heroes or our time"
"unfailing courage, critical analysis of power and promotion of human rights"
"significant contributions to the field of AI and intelligent systems"
Nexus externi
recensere
fontem recensere
Lexica biographica:
Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana
Den store danske
Deutsche Biographie
Treccani
Store norske leksikon
Большая российская энциклопедия
Vicimedia Communia
plura habent quae ad
Noam Chomsky
spectant.
wikinews:Interview with US political activist and philosopher Noam Chomsky
chomsky.info De Chomsky
apud www.chomsky.info
Noam Chomsky
apud web.mit.edu (
MIT
Noam Chomsky
apud
Open Directory Project
Commentationes Noam Chomsky,
apud libcom.org
Noam Chomsky,
apud www.democracynow.org (
Democracy Now!
Column archive,
apud www.guardian.co.uk (
The Guardian
Adspectus
apud
C-SPAN
In Depth,
colloquium cum Chomsky, die
1 Iunii
2003
Noam Chomsky
in
Charlie Rose
De Noam Chomskio
in
Indice Interretiali Pellicularum
Anglice
Opera ab / de Noam Chomsky
in bibliothecis (in catalogo
WorldCat
Noam Chomsky
apud
ZSpace
Commentationes
et
visifica
quibus interest Noam Chomsky apud
AnarchismToday.org
Nuntii
et commentationes in
The Guardian
diurnario
ad
Noam Chomsky
pertinentes
Anglice
Nuntii
et commentationes in
The Jerusalem Post
diurnario
ad
Noam Chomsky
pertinentes
Anglice
Nuntii
et commentationes in
The New York Times
diurnario
ad
Noam Chomsky
pertinentes
Anglice
Noam Chomsky
apud
Mathematics Genealogy Project
Anglice
Noam Chomsky
apud
AI Genealogy Project
Anglice
De Noam Chomskio
apud
Perlentaucher.de: Das Kulturmagazin
Theodisce
Colloquia et acroases
Talks by Noam Chomsky
apud www.radio4all.net (
A-Infos Radio Project
Colloquium de iuribus humanis a scholasticis factum (cum subtitulis Anglicis et Francogallicis) – 2009,
apud www.paroledechercheurs.net
Chomsky media files,
apud www.archive.org (
Internet Archive
Noam Chomsky,
colloquium ab Alyssa McDonald factum in
New Statesman
, mense Septembro 2010, apud www.newstatesman.com
Colloquia
Noam Chomsky in
The Real News
(TRNN)
Hegemony or Survival: America's Quest for Global Dominance
– de "doctrina
Bushiana
",
C-SPAN
, mense Februario 2004
Philosophies of Language & Politics
– acroasis apud
The Commonwealth Club
, October 2009
Thought Economics Interviews Noam Chomsky
– Noam Chomsky de democratia globali, mense Aprili 2011
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