Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
Xiaopu Zhou, Yu Chen, Kin Y. Mok, Fanny C. Ip, Yuewen Chen, Nandita Mullapudi, Amy K. Y. Fu & Nancy Y. Ip
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, 518057, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
Yu Chen, Fanny C. Ip, Yuewen Chen, Amy K. Y. Fu & Nancy Y. Ip
The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
Yu Chen & Yuewen Chen
Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
Kin Y. Mok & John Hardy
Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
Timothy C. Y. Kwok
Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
Vincent C. T. Mok
Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, China
Qihao Guo
Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599
Paola Giusti-Rodríguez, Patrick F. Sullivan & Yun Li
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, SE-171-77, Stockholm, Sweden
Patrick F. Sullivan
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599
Patrick F. Sullivan
Department of Biostatistics and Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA, 27599
Yun Li
UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
Michael W. Weiner, Norbert Schuff, Howard J. Rosen, Bruce L. Miller, Thomas Neylan, Jacqueline Hayes & Shannon Finley
UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
Paul Aisen, Leon Thal, James Brewer, Helen Vanderswag, Adam Fleisher, Melissa Davis & Rosemary Morrison
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, 14603, USA
Ronald Petersen, Clifford R. Jack, Matthew Bernstein, Bret Borowski, Jeff Gunter, Matt Senjem, Prashanthi Vemuri, David Jones, Kejal Kantarci, Chad Ward, Sara S. Mason, Colleen S. Albers, David Knopman & Kris Johnson
UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
William Jagust & Susan Landau
UPenn, Philadelphia, PA, 9104, USA
John Q. Trojanowski, Leslie M. Shaw, Virginia Lee, Magdalena Korecka, Michal Figurski, Steven E. Arnold, Jason H. Karlawish & David Wolk
USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
Arthur W. Toga, Karen Crawford, Scott Neu, Lon S. Schneider, Sonia Pawluczyk, Mauricio Beccera, Liberty Teodoro & Bryan M. Spann
UC Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
Laurel Beckett, Zaven Khachaturian, Danielle Harvey, Norbert Schuff, Evan Fletcher, Owen Carmichael, John Olichney & Charles DeCarli
Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
Robert C. Green, Reisa A. Sperling, Keith A. Johnson, Gad Marshall, Meghan Frey, Barton Lane, Allyson Rosen & Jared Tinklenberg
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
Andrew J. Saykin, Tatiana M. Foroud, Li Shen, Kelley Faber, Sungeun Kim, Kwangsik Nho, Martin R. Farlow, Ann Marie Hake, Brandy R. Matthews, Scott Herring & Cynthia Hunt
Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MI, 63130, USA
John Morris, Marcus Raichle, David Holtzman, Nigel J. Cairns, Erin Householder, Lisa Taylor-Reinwald, Beau Ances, Maria Carroll, Sue Leon, Mark A. Mintun, Stacy Schneider & Angela Oliver
Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease 2020, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
Zaven Khachaturian & Lisa Raudin
Siemens, 80333, Munich, Germany
Greg Sorensen
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
Lew Kuller, Oscar L. Lopez & MaryAnn Oakley
Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York City, NY, 10065, USA
Steven Paul, Norman Relkin, Gloria Chaing & Lisa Raudin
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
Peter Davies
AD Drug Discovery Foundation, New York City, NY, 10019, USA
Howard Fillit & Chet Mathis
Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Livermore, CA, 94551, USA
Franz Hefti
Northwestern University, Evanston and Chicago, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
Marek M. Mesulam, Diana Kerwin, Kristine Lipowski, Chuang-Kuo Wu, Nancy Johnson & Jordan Grafman
National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
William Potter
Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
Peter Snyder
Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, 46225, USA
Adam Schwartz
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
Tom Montine, Ronald G. Thomas, Michael Donohue, Sarah Walter, Devon Gessert, Tamie Sather, Gus Jiminez & Elaine R. Peskind
UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
Paul Thompson, Liana Apostolova, Kathleen Tingus, Ellen Woo, Daniel H. S. Silverman, Po H. Lu, George Bartzokis, Adrian Preda & Dana Nguyen
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
Robert A. Koeppe, Judith L. Heidebrink & Joanne L. Lord
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
Norm Foster, Pierre Tariot & Stephanie Reeder
Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85006, USA
Eric M. Reiman, Kewei Chen & Adam Fleisher
UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
Steven G. Potkin, Ruth A. Mulnard, Gaby Thai & Catherine McAdams-Ortiz
National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
Neil Buckholtz & John Hsiao
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
Marylyn Albert, Chiadi Onyike, Daniel D’Agostino, Stephanie Kielb & Donna M. Simpson
Richard Frank Consulting, Washington, 20001, USA
Richard Frank
Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
Jeffrey Kaye, Joseph Quinn, Betty Lind, Raina Carter & Sara Dolen
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
Rachelle S. Doody, Javier Villanueva-Meyer, Munir Chowdhury, Susan Rountree, Mimi Dang, Yaakov Stern, Lawrence S. Honig & Karen L. Bell
University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
Daniel Marson, Randall Griffith, David Clark, David Geldmacher, John Brockington & Erik Roberson
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, 10029, USA
Hillel Grossman & Effie Mitsis
Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
Leyla de Toledo-Morrell, Raj C. Shah, Debra Fleischman & Konstantinos Arfanakis
Wien Center, Miami, FL, 33140, USA
Ranjan Duara, Daniel Varon, Maria T. Greig & Peggy Roberts
New York University, New York City, NY, 10003, USA
James E. Galvin, Brittany Cerbone, Christina A. Michel, Henry Rusinek, Mony J. de Leon, Lidia Glodzik & Susan De Santi
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
P Murali Doraiswamy, Jeffrey R. Petrella, Terence Z. Wong & Olga James
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 0506, USA
Charles D. Smith, Greg Jicha, Peter Hardy, Partha Sinha, Elizabeth Oates & Gary Conrad
University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
Anton P. Porsteinsson
University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
Bonnie S. Goldstein, Kim Martin, Kelly M. Makino, M Saleem Ismail, Connie Brand, Kyle Womack, Dana Mathews, Mary Quiceno, Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, Richard King, Myron Weiner, Kristen Martin-Cook & Michael DeVous
Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
Allan I Levey, James J. Lah & Janet S. Cellar
Medical Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, 66103, USA
Jeffrey M. Burns, Heather S. Anderson & Russell H. Swerdlow
Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
Neill R. Graff-Radford, Francine Parfitt, Tracy Kendall & Heather Johnson
Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
Christopher H. van Dyck, Richard E. Carson & Martha G. MacAvoy
McGill University/Montreal-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
Howard Chertkow, Howard Bergman & Chris Hosein
University of British Columbia Clinic for AD and Related Disorders, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
Ging-Yuek Robin Hsiung, Howard Feldman, Benita Mudge & Michele Assaly
Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA
Charles Bernick & Donna Munic
St Joseph’s Health Care, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
Andrew Kertesz, John Rogers, Dick Trost, Stephen Pasternak, Irina Rachinsky & Dick Drost
Premiere Research Institute, Palm Beach Neurology, Miami, FL, 33407, USA
Carl Sadowsky, Walter Martinez & Teresa Villena
Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
Raymond Scott Turner, Kathleen Johnson & Brigid Reynolds
Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
Marwan N. Sabbagh, Christine M. Belden, Sandra A. Jacobson, Sherye A. Sirrel & Neil Kowall
Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
Ronald Killiany, Andrew E. Budson, Alexander Norbash & Patricia Lynn Johnson
Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
Joanne Allard
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 20002, USA
Alan Lerner, Paula Ogrocki & Leon Hudson
Neurological Care of CNY, Liverpool, NY, 13088, USA
Smita Kittur
Parkwood Hospital, London, ON, N6C 0A7, Canada
Michael Borrie, T-Y. Lee & Rob Bartha
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
Sterling Johnson, Sanjay Asthana, Cynthia M. Carlsson, J Jay Fruehling & Sandra Harding
Dent Neurologic Institute, Amherst, NY, 14226, USA
Vernice Bates, Horacio Capote & Michelle Rainka
Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
Douglas W. Scharre, Maria Kataki, Anahita Adeli, Eric C. Petrie & Gail Li
Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
Earl A. Zimmerman, Dzintra Celmins & Alice D. Brown
Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, 06114, USA
Godfrey D. Pearlson, Karen Blank & Karen Anderson
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
Robert B. Santulli, Tamar J. Kitzmiller & Eben S. Schwartz
Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
Kaycee M. Sink, Jeff D. Williamson, Pradeep Garg & Franklin Watkins
Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
Brian R. Ott, Henry Querfurth & Geoffrey Tremont
Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, 02906, USA
Stephen Salloway, Paul Malloy & Stephen Correia
Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
Jacobo Mintzer, Kenneth Spicer, David Bachman & Dino Massoglia
Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, 10962, USA
Nunzio Pomara, Raymundo Hernando & Antero Sarrael
University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
Susan K. Schultz, Laura L. Boles Ponto, Hyungsub Shim & Karen Elizabeth Smith
USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA
Amanda Smith, Kristin Fargher & Balebail Ashok Raj
Department of Defense, Arlington, VA, 22350, USA
Karl Friedl
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
Jerome A. Yesavage, Joy L. Taylor & Ansgar J. Furst
X.Z., K.Y.M., A.K.F., Y.L. and N.Y.I. conceived of the project; Y.C., T.C.K., V.C.M., Q.G. and F.C.I. organized patient recruitment and sample collection; X.Z., Y.C., Y-W.C. and N.M. performed the experiments; X.Z., K.Y.M. and Y.L. set up the data-processing pipelines; X.Z., Y.C., K.Y.M., J.H., Y.L, A.K.F. and N.Y.I. analyzed the data; X.Z., A.K.F., Y.L. and N.Y.I. wrote the manuscript; P.G-R., P.F.S. and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative contributed part of the study data.