Nonprofit organization - Wikipedia

Nonprofit organization - Wikipedia
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Non-profit organization
Organization operated for a collective benefit
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"Registered association" redirects here. For the legal status in Finland and Germany, see
Registered association (Finland)
and
Registered association (Germany)
nonprofit organization
NPO
), also known as a
nonbusiness entity
nonprofit institution
not-for-profit organization
NFPO
),
or simply
nonprofit
is a
non-governmental entity
that operates for a collective, public, or social benefit, rather than to generate profit for private owners. Nonprofit organizations are subject to a non-distribution constraint, meaning that any revenue exceeding expenses must be used to further the organization’s purpose. Depending on local laws, nonprofits may include
charities
, political organizations, schools, hospitals, business associations, churches, foundations, social clubs, and cooperatives. In some countries nonprofit entities can obtain
tax-exempt
status and may also qualify to receive
tax-deductible
contributions; however, an organization can still be a nonprofit without having tax exemption.
Key aspects of nonprofit organizations are their ability to fulfill their mission with respect to accountability, integrity, trustworthiness, honesty, and openness to every person who has invested time, money, and faith into the organization. Nonprofit organizations are accountable to the donors, founders, volunteers, program recipients, and the public community. Theoretically, for a nonprofit that seeks to finance its operations through donations, public confidence is a factor in the amount of money that a nonprofit organization is able to raise. Presumably, the more a nonprofit focuses on their mission, the more public confidence they will gain. This may result in more money for the organization.
Fundraising
edit
Nonprofit organizations are not driven by generating profit, but they must bring in enough income to pursue their social goals. Nonprofits are able to raise money in different ways. This includes income from donations from individual donors or foundations, sponsorship from corporations, government funding, programs, services, merchandise sales, and investments.
With an increase in NPOs since 2010
where?
, some organizations have adopted competitive advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, many nonprofit organizations have been moving toward increasing the diversity of their funding sources. For example, many nonprofits that have relied on government grants have started fundraising efforts to appeal to individual donors.
Management
edit
Most nonprofits have staff that work for the organization, possibly using
volunteers
to perform the nonprofit's services under the direction of the paid staff. Nonprofits must be careful to balance the salaries paid to staff against the money paid to provide services to the nonprofit's beneficiaries. Organizations whose salary expenses are too high relative to their program expenses may face regulatory scrutiny.
Some have the misconception that nonprofit organizations may not make a profit. Although the goal of nonprofits is not specifically to maximize profits, they still have to operate as a fiscally responsible business. They must manage their income (grants, donations, and income from services) and expenses so as to remain a fiscally viable entity. Nonprofits have the responsibility of focusing on being professional and financially responsible, replacing self-interest and
profit motive
with mission motive.
Though nonprofits are managed differently from for-profit businesses, they have felt pressure to be more businesslike. To combat private and public business growth in the public service industry, some nonprofits have modeled their business management and mission, shifting their reason of existing to establish sustainability and growth.
Setting effective missions is a key for the successful management of nonprofit organizations. There are three important conditions for effective mission: opportunity, competence, and commitment.
One way of managing the sustainability of nonprofit organizations is to establish strong relations with donor groups. This requires a donor marketing strategy, something many nonprofits lack.
Nonprofit organizations need to motivate staff, maintain and communicate a vision, set a strategic direction, manage change effectively, and provide a safe working environment for employees, volunteers, and visitors. These issues are comparable to those affecting a commercial business but factors which place a nonprofit organization at risk have been identified such as lack of direction or clear purpose, over-centralized management and decision-making, and lack of engagement with staff.
10
Functions
edit
Some nonprofit organizations provide public goods that are undersupplied by government.
11
NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are, nevertheless, some elements of importance:
Management provisions
Accountability and auditing provisions
Provisory for the amendment of the statutes or articles of incorporation
Provisions for the dissolution of the entity
Tax statuses of corporate and private donors
Tax status of the founders
Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the US at least) expressed in the organization's charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction.
While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with
corporate governance
regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly.
In many aspects, they are similar to corporate
business entities
though there are often significant differences. Both non-profit and
for-profit
corporate entities must have board members or trustees who owe the organization a
fiduciary duty
of loyalty and trust.
12
A notable exception to this involves
churches
, which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, including church members.
13
Formation and structure
edit
In the
United States
, nonprofit organizations are formed by filing bylaws,
articles of incorporation
, or both in the state in which they expect to operate. The act of incorporation creates a legal entity enabling the organization to be treated as a distinct body (corporation) by law and to enter into business dealings, form contracts, and own property as individuals or for-profit corporations can.
There is an important distinction in the US between
non-profit
and
not-for-profit organizations
(NFPOs); while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a sports club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment.
14
The names used and precise regulations vary from one
jurisdiction
to another. Nonprofits can have members, but many do not. The nonprofit may also be a
trust
or
association
of members. The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the
board of directors
board of governors
, or board of
trustees
. A nonprofit may have a delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors.
The two major types of nonprofit organizations are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as 'members'. Examples of such organizations are
FairVote
15
16
and the
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws
17
The
Model Nonprofit Corporation Act
imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making.
18
Accordingly, many organizations, such as the
Wikimedia Foundation
19
have formed board-only structures. The
National Association of Parliamentarians
has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to
market discipline
for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as the election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse.
20
21
A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger
donations
, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements.
22
A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to members and directors is concerned.
In United States
edit
According to the
National Center for Charitable Statistics
(NCCS), there are more than 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered in the
United States
, including
public charities
private foundations
, and other nonprofit organizations. According to the Giving USA 2025 report, which details philanthropic data from 2024, charitable giving in the United States reached an estimated $557.08 billion.
23
In addition to financial support, volunteering remains a cornerstone of the sector. A 2025 report from AmeriCorps found that 56.7 million adults formally volunteered with an organization, contributing an estimated $145 billion in economic value to their communities.
24
In the United States, both nonprofit organizations and
not-for-profit organizations
may be tax-exempt. There are various types of nonprofit exemptions, such as
501(c)(3) organizations
that are a religious, charitable, or educational-based organization that does not influence state and federal legislation, and
501(c)(7)
organizations that are for pleasure, recreation, or another nonprofit purpose.
25
There is an important distinction in the US between
non-profit
and
not-for-profit organizations
(NFPOs). While an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a club whose purpose is its members' enjoyment.
14
Other examples of NFPOs include credit unions, sports clubs, and advocacy groups. Nonprofit organizations provide services to the community such as aid and development programs, medical research, education, and health services. Some nonprofits are both member-serving and community-serving. Examples of these are homeowners associations, the
American Red Cross
, and
Habitat for Humanity
. Nonprofit organizations focused on technology education have emerged as key partners in addressing workforce development gaps, providing free training programs and industry certifications to youth and adults from underrepresented communities who lack access to traditional educational pathways.
26
These types of organizations serve their members specifically but also serve their communities with broader services and programs.
Online presence
edit
In 2020, some nonprofit organizations began using microvlogging (brief videos with short text formats) on
to reach
Gen Z
, engage with community stakeholders, and overall build community.
27
TikTok allowed for innovative engagement between nonprofit organizations and younger generations.
28
During
COVID-19
, TikTok was specifically used to connect rather than inform or fundraise, as its fast-paced, tailored For You page separates itself from other
social media
apps such as
and X (formerly known as
).
Alternative names
edit
Some organizations offer new, positive-sounding alternative terminology to describe the sector. The term
civil society organization
(CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, including the
Center for the Study of Global Governance
29
The term
citizen sector organization
(CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations including
Ashoka: Innovators for the Public
30
Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities, and limitations.
31
Tax exemption
edit
In some countries nonprofits may apply for
tax-exempt
status. Tax exemptions have been justified by community benefit of some organizations.
32
Studies argue that the community benefits of non-profits have be overestimated and can be negative compared to
for-profit organizations
when including the cost of the tax exemptions and costs due to financial mismanagement.
33
The discretionary process of tax exemptions application can result in corruption or fraud.
34
In the United States, to be exempt from federal income taxes, the organization must meet the requirements set forth in the
Internal Revenue Code
(IRC). Granting nonprofit status is done by the state, while granting tax-exempt designation (such as IRC
501(c)
) is granted by the federal government via the IRS. This means that not all nonprofits are eligible to be tax-exempt.
35
For example, employees of non-profit organizations pay taxes from their salaries, which they receive according to the laws of the country. NPOs use the model of a
double bottom line
in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure the organization's sustainability.
36
37
An advantage of nonprofits registered in the
UK
is that they benefit from some reliefs and exemptions. Charities and nonprofits are exempt from Corporation Tax as well as the trustees being exempt from Income Tax.
38
There may also be tax relief available for charitable giving, via Gift Aid, monetary donations, and legacies.
39
Financial mismanagement
edit
Financial mismanagement
is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anyone who has a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute
accounting fraud
. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated.
40
Some commenters have argued that the receipt of significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.
41
A frequent measure of an NPO's efficiency is its
expense ratio
(i.e. expenditures on things other than its programs, divided by its total expenditures).
Tax exempt
status of NPOs can result in some cases, such as mismanagement, in negative value for society.
42
Lower wages
edit
Low wages have resulted in some cases in
labor shortages
43
44
While many established NPOs are well-funded and comparative to their competitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain people. The initial interest for many is the remuneration package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and the workload.
45
Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sectors have enjoyed an advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or they operate only on a seasonal basis. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today, however, nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.
46
Some believe that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector
47
and therefore should focus their attention on implementing pleasurable work environments. For some, a good environment is more important than salary.
44
Other incentives that could be implemented are flexible work hours.
48
Founder's syndrome
edit
Main article:
Founder's syndrome
Founder's syndrome is an issue some organizations experience as they expand. Dynamic founders, who have a strong vision of how to operate the project, try to retain control of the organization, even as new employees or volunteers want to expand the project's scope or change policy.
49
See also
edit
immigration lawyer
501(c) organization
Community organization
Fundraising
Master of Nonprofit Organizations
Mutual organization
Non-commercial activity
Non-governmental organization
Nonprofit organization laws by jurisdiction
Non-profit organizations and access to public information
Non-profit technology
Public-benefit nonprofit corporation
Supporting organization (charity)
United States non-profit laws
Voluntary sector
fr:Association loi de 1901
Notes
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Non-profit organizations
As a
nominalized adjective
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edit
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