Norway - Wikipedia

Norway - Wikipedia
Jump to content
Coordinates
61°N
8°E
 / 
61°N 8°E
 /
61; 8
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Country in northern Europe
This article
needs additional citations for
verification
Please help
improve this article
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources:
"Norway"
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
April 2026
Learn how and when to remove this message
This article is about the European country. For other uses, see
Norway (disambiguation)
Kingdom of Norway
Kongeriket Norge
Bokmål
Kongeriket Noreg
Nynorsk
In other official languages
Northern Sami
Norgga gonagasriika
Lule Sami
Vuona gånågisrijkka
Southern Sami
Nöörjen gånkarïjhke
Kven
Norjan kuninkhaanvaltakunta
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem:
Ja, vi elsker dette landet
(English:
"Yes, we love this country"
Royal anthem
Kongesangen
(English:
"King's Song"
Show globe
Show map of Europe
Show
overseas territories and dependencies
Location of the Kingdom of Norway (green)
in
Europe
(green and dark grey)
Capital
and largest city
Oslo
59°56′N
10°41′E
 / 
59.933°N 10.683°E
 /
59.933; 10.683
Official languages
Norwegian
note 1
Sámi
note 2
Recognised national languages
Kven
Romani
Scandoromani
Norwegian Sign Language
Ethnic groups
(2025)
78.6%
Norwegian
note 3
21.4%
non-Norwegian
Religion
(2024)
68.5%
Christianity
61.7%
Church of Norway
note 4
6.8% other
Christian
27.3%
no religion
3.4%
Islam
0.8%
other
Demonym
Norwegian
Government
Unitary
parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Monarch
Harald V
Prime Minister
Jonas Gahr Støre
President of the Storting
Masud Gharahkhani
Chief Justice
Toril Marie Øie
Legislature
Storting
Unification
of the
petty kingdoms
State established
872
• Peak extent of the
Old Kingdom
1263
Kalmar Union
(personal union)
1397
Denmark–Norway
(real union)
1524
State re-established
25 February 1814
Constitution
17 May 1814
Kingdoms of Sweden–Norway
(personal union)
4 November 1814
Union dissolved
7 June 1905
Area
• Total
385,207 km
(148,729 sq mi)
10
61st
• Water (%)
5.32 (2015)
Population
• 2026 estimate
5,627,400
11
116th
• Density
14.6/km
(37.8/sq mi) (
224th
GDP
PPP
2026 estimate
• Total
$654.160 billion
12
49th
• Per capita
$115,548
12
5th
GDP
(nominal)
2026 estimate
• Total
$599.406 billion
12
30th
• Per capita
$105,877
12
6th
Gini
(2020)
25.3
13
low inequality
HDI
(2023)
0.970
14
very high
2nd
Currency
Norwegian krone
NOK
Time zone
UTC
+1
CET
• Summer (
DST
UTC
+2
CEST
Date format
dd
mm
yyyy
Calling code
+47
ISO 3166 code
NO
Internet TLD
.no
Website
norge.no
Includes the mainland,
Svalbard and Jan Mayen
10
Without the integral territories, it is the 67th largest country at 323,802
15
square kilometres.
This percentage is for the mainland, Svalbard, and Jan Mayen. This percentage counts glaciers as "land". It's calculated as 19,940.14/(365,246.17+19,940.14).
citation needed
Two more TLDs have been assigned, but are not used:
.sj
for Svalbard and Jan Mayen;
.bv
for
Bouvet Island
Norway
officially the
Kingdom of Norway
is a
Nordic country
comprising the western and northernmost parts of the
Scandinavian Peninsula
in
Northern Europe
, the remote
Arctic
island
Jan Mayen
and the
archipelago
Svalbard
note 5
Bouvet Island
, located in the
Subantarctic
, is a
dependency
, and not a part of the Kingdom; Norway also
claims
the Antarctic territories of
Peter I Island
and
Queen Maud Land
. Norway has a population of approximately 5.6 million, and a total area of 385,207 square kilometres (148,729 sq mi).
10
Its capital and largest city is
Oslo
. The country shares a long eastern border with
Sweden
, and is bordered by
Finland
and
Russia
to the northeast. Norway has an extensive coastline facing the
Skagerrak
strait, the
North Sea
, the
Norwegian Sea
, and the
Barents Sea
The unified kingdom of Norway was established in 872 as a merger of
petty kingdoms
and has existed continuously for
1,153–1,154 years. From 1537 to 1814, Norway was part of
Denmark–Norway
, and, from 1814 to 1905, it was in
a personal union
with Sweden. Norway was neutral during the
First World War
, and in the
Second World War
until April 1940 when it
was invaded
and
occupied
by
Nazi Germany
until the end of the war.
Harald V
of the
House of Glücksburg
is the current
King of Norway
Jonas Gahr Støre
has been
Prime Minister of Norway
since 2021. As a
unitary state
with a
constitutional monarchy
, Norway
divides state power
between the
parliament
, the
cabinet
, and the
judiciary
, as determined by the
1814 constitution
. Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels:
counties
and
municipalities
. The
Sámi people
have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the
Sámi Parliament
and the
Finnmark Act
. Norway
maintains close ties
with the
European Union
and the
United States
. Norway is a founding member of the
United Nations
NATO
, the
European Free Trade Association
, the
Council of Europe
, the
Antarctic Treaty
, and the
Nordic Council
; a member of the
European Economic Area
, the
WTO
, and the
OECD
; and a part of the
Schengen Area
. The Norwegian dialects form a
continuum
of
mutual intelligibility
with
Danish
and
Swedish
dialects.
Norway maintains the
Nordic model
with
universal health care
and a comprehensive
social security
system, with its values rooted in egalitarian ideals.
17
The Norwegian state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors, having extensive reserves of
petroleum
natural gas
, minerals,
lumber
seafood
, and fresh water. The
petroleum industry
accounts for around a quarter of the country's
gross domestic product
(GDP).
18
On a
per-capita
basis, Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East.
19
20
The country has the
fourth- and eighth-highest
PPP-adjusted per-capita GDP in the world on the
World Bank
's and
IMF
's list, respectively.
21
It has the world's largest
sovereign wealth fund
, with a value of US$2.1 trillion.
22
Etymology
Main article:
Etymology of Norway
Norway has two official names:
Norge
in
Bokmål
and
Noreg
in
Nynorsk
. The English name Norway comes from the
Old English
word
Norþweg
in the account provided by
Ohthere of Hålogaland
around 890, meaning "northern way" or "way leading to the north", which is how the
Anglo-Saxons
referred to the coastline of Atlantic Norway.
23
24
25
The Anglo-Saxons of Britain also referred to Norway in 890 as
Norðmanna land
23
24
Opening of
Ohthere
's
Old English
account, translated: "Ohthere told his lord
Ælfrede
king that he lived northmost of all
Norwegians…"
There is some disagreement about whether the native name of Norway originally had the same etymology as the English form. According to the traditional dominant view, the first component was originally
norðr
, a
cognate
of English
north
, so the full name was
Norðr
vegr
, "the way northwards", referring to the sailing route along the Norwegian coast, and contrasting with
suðrvegar
"southern way" (from
Old Norse
suðr
) for (Germany), and
austrvegr
"eastern way" (from
austr
) for the
Baltic
26
History
Main articles:
History of Norway
and
History of Scandinavia
Prehistory
Main article:
Scandinavian prehistory
The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the huge ice shelf of the
last ice age
first melted between 11,000 and 8000 BC. The oldest finds are stone tools dating from 9500 to 6000 BC, discovered in
Finnmark
Komsa culture
) in the north and
Rogaland
Fosna culture
) in the southwest. Theories about the two cultures being separate were deemed obsolete in the 1970s.
27
Between 3000 and 2500 BC, new settlers (
Corded Ware culture
) arrived in
eastern Norway
. They were
Indo-European
farmers who grew grain and kept livestock, and gradually replaced the hunting-fishing population of the west coast.
Metal Ages
Main articles:
Nordic Bronze Age
and
Iron Age Scandinavia
Nordic Bronze Age
rock carvings at
Steinkjer
, Central Norway
From about 1500 BC,
bronze
was gradually introduced. Burial cairns built close to the sea as far north as
Harstad
and also inland in the south are characteristic of this period, with rock carving motifs that differ from those of the
Stone Age
, depicting ships resembling the
Hjortspring boat
, while large stone burial monuments known as
stone ships
were also erected.
28
There is little archaeological evidence dating to the early
Iron Age
, which were the last 500 years BC. The dead were cremated, and their graves contained little goods. During the first four centuries AD, the people of Norway were in contact with Roman-occupied
Gaul
; about 70 Roman bronze cauldrons, often used as burial urns, have been found. Contact with countries farther south brought a knowledge of
runes
; the oldest known Norwegian runic inscription dates from the third century.
29
Viking Age
Main articles:
Petty kingdoms of Norway
and
Viking Age
See also:
Unification of Norway
and
Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
The
Oseberg ship
at the
Viking Ship Museum
in Oslo
Viking swords
found in Norway, preserved at the
Bergen Museum
The dragon head of the
Myklebust Ship
on display at
Sagastad
in
Nordfjordeid
By the time of the first historical records of Scandinavia, about the 8th century, several small political entities existed in Norway. It has been estimated that there were nine petty realms in Western Norway during the early
Viking Age
30
On this basis, archaeologist Bergljot Solberg estimates that there would have been at least 20 in the whole country.
31
In the Viking period, Norwegian Viking explorers discovered
Iceland
by accident in the ninth century when heading for the
Faroe Islands
, and eventually came across
Vinland
, known today as
Newfoundland
, in Canada. The Vikings from Norway were most active in the northern and western
British Isles
and eastern
North America isles
32
According to tradition,
Harald Fairhair
unified them into one in 872 after the
Battle of Hafrsfjord
in
Stavanger
, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway.
33
Harald's realm was mainly a South Norwegian coastal state. Fairhair ruled with a strong hand and according to the sagas, many Norwegians left the country to live in Iceland, the
Faroe Islands
Greenland
, and parts of
Britain
and Ireland.
34
The
Gjermundbu helmet
found in
Buskerud
is the only known reconstructable
Viking Age
helmet.
Haakon I the Good
was Norway's first Christian king, in the mid-10th century, though his attempt to introduce the religion was rejected.
Norse traditions
were replaced slowly by
Christian ones
in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. This is largely attributed to the missionary kings
Olaf I Tryggvasson
and
Olaf II Haraldsson
(St. Olaf). Olaf Tryggvasson conducted raids in England, including attacking London. Arriving back in Norway in 995, Olaf landed in
Moster
where he built a church which became the first
Christian church
in Norway. From Moster, Olaf sailed north to
Trondheim
where he was proclaimed King of Norway by the Eyrathing in 995.
35
One of the most important sources for the history of the 11th century Vikings is the treaty between the Icelanders and Olaf II Haraldsson, king of Norway circa 1015 to 1028.
36
Feudalism
never really developed in Norway or Sweden, as it did in the rest of Europe. However, the administration of government took on a very conservative feudal character. The
Hanseatic League
forced royalty to cede to them greater and greater concessions over foreign trade and the economy, because of the loans the Hansa had made to the royals and the large debt the kings were carrying. The League's monopolistic control over the economy of Norway put pressure on all classes, especially the peasantry, to the degree that no real
burgher
class existed in Norway.
37
High Middle Ages
Main article:
Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
See also:
Greater Norway
and
Civil war era in Norway
The Norwegian Kingdom
at its greatest extent during the 13th century, including the
Open Border
with the Novgorod Republic
From the 1040s to 1130, the country was at peace.
38
In 1130, the
civil war era
broke out on the basis of
unclear succession laws
, which allowed the king's sons to rule jointly. The
Archdiocese of Nidaros
was created in 1152 and attempted to control the appointment of kings.
39
The church inevitably had to take sides in the conflicts. The wars ended in 1217 with the appointment of
Håkon IV Håkonsson
, who introduced clear laws of succession.
40
From 1000 to 1300, the population increased from 150,000 to 400,000, resulting both in more land being cleared and the subdivision of farms. While in the Viking Age farmers owned their own land, by 1300, seventy per cent of the land was owned by the king, the church, or the aristocracy, and about twenty per cent of yields went to these landowners.
41
The 13th century saw Norway's
golden age
, marked by peace, increased trade with the British Islands, and rising German influence toward the century's end. Throughout the
High Middle Ages
, the king established Norway as a sovereign state with a central administration and local representatives.
42
In 1349, the
Black Death
spread to Norway and within a year killed a third of the population. Later plagues reduced the population to half the starting point by 1400. Many communities were entirely wiped out, resulting in an abundance of land, allowing farmers to switch to more
animal husbandry
. The reduction in taxes weakened the king's position,
43
and many aristocrats lost the basis for their surplus. High
tithes
to church made it increasingly powerful and the archbishop became a member of the
Council of State
44
Bryggen
in
Bergen
, once the centre of trade in Norway under the
Hanseatic League
trade network, now preserved as a
World Heritage Site
The
Hanseatic League
took control over Norwegian trade during the 14th century and established a trading centre in
Bergen
. In 1380,
Olaf Haakonsson
inherited both the Norwegian (as Olaf IV) and Danish thrones (as Olaf II), creating a union between the two countries.
44
In 1397, under
Margaret I
, the
Kalmar Union
was created between the three Scandinavian countries. She waged war against the Germans, resulting in a trade blockade and higher taxation on Norwegian goods, which led to
a rebellion
. However, the Norwegian Council of State was too weak to pull out of the union.
45
Margaret pursued a centralising policy which inevitably favoured Denmark because of its greater population.
46
Margaret also granted trade privileges to the Hanseatic merchants of
Lübeck
in Bergen in return for recognition of her rule, and these hurt the Norwegian economy. The Hanseatic merchants formed a state within a state in Bergen for generations.
47
The "
Victual Brothers
" launched three devastating pirate raids on the port (the last in 1427).
48
Norway slipped ever more to the background under the
Oldenburg dynasty
(established 1448). There was one revolt under
Knut Alvsson
in 1502.
49
Norway took no part in the events which led to Sweden's secession from the Kalmar Union in the 1520s.
50
Kalmar Union
Main articles:
Kalmar Union
and
First Swedish–Norwegian union
Upon the death of King
Haakon V
in 1319,
Magnus Eriksson
, at just three years old, inherited the throne as King Magnus VII. A simultaneous movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful (he was a grandson of King
Magnus Ladulås
of Sweden), and both the kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles. Thus Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus VII.
51
In 1349, the
Black Death
killed between 50% and 60% of Norway's population
52
and led to a period of social and economic decline.
53
Although the death rate was comparable with the rest of Europe, economic recovery took much longer because of the small, scattered population.
53
Even before the plague, the population was only about 500,000.
54
After the plague, many farms lay idle while the population slowly increased.
53
However, the few surviving farms' tenants found their bargaining positions with their landlords greatly strengthened.
53
The
Kalmar Union
c.
1500
King Magnus VII ruled Norway until 1350, when his son, Haakon, was placed on the throne as
Haakon VI
55
In 1363, Haakon married
Margaret
, daughter of King
Valdemar IV of Denmark
53
Upon the death of Haakon in 1379, his 10-year-old son
Olaf IV
acceded to the throne.
53
As Olaf had already been elected to the throne of Denmark in 1376,
53
Denmark and Norway entered a
personal union
56
Olaf's mother and Haakon's widow, Queen Margaret, managed the foreign affairs of Denmark and Norway during Olaf's minority.
53
Margaret was on the verge of achieving a union of Sweden with Denmark and Norway when Olaf IV suddenly died.
53
Denmark made Margaret temporary ruler on the death of Olaf. On 2 February 1388, Norway followed suit and crowned Margaret.
53
Queen Margaret knew that her power would be more secure if she were able to find a king to rule in her place. She settled on
Eric of Pomerania
, grandson of her sister. Thus at an all-Scandinavian meeting held at Kalmar, Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of all three Scandinavian countries, bringing the thrones of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden under the control of Queen Margaret when the country entered into the
Kalmar Union
Early modern period
Main article:
Denmark–Norway
After Sweden broke out of the
Kalmar Union
in 1521, Norway tried to follow suit,
citation needed
but the subsequent rebellion was defeated, and Norway remained in a union with Denmark until 1814. This period was
by some
referred to as the "400-Year Night", since all of the kingdom's intellectual and administrative power was centred in
Copenhagen
The
Battle of the Sound
between an allied Dano-Norwegian–
Dutch
fleet and the Swedish navy, 8 November 1658 (29 October
OS
With the
introduction of Protestantism
in 1536, the archbishopric in Trondheim was dissolved; Norway lost its independence and effectually became a colony of Denmark. The Church's income and possessions were instead redirected to the court in Copenhagen. Norway lost the steady stream of pilgrims to the relics of
St. Olav
at the
Nidaros
shrine and, with them, much of the contact with cultural and economic life in the rest of Europe.
citation needed
Eventually restored as a kingdom (albeit in legislative union with Denmark) in 1661, Norway saw its land area decrease in the 17th century with the loss of the provinces
Båhuslen
Jemtland
, and
Herjedalen
to Sweden, as the result of a number of disastrous wars. In the north, its territory was increased by the acquisition of the provinces of
Troms
and
Finnmark
, at the expense of Sweden and Russia.
The
famine of 1695–1696
killed roughly 10% of Norway's population.
57
The harvest failed in Scandinavia at least nine times between 1740 and 1800, with great loss of life.
58
Later modern period
Main article:
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
See also:
Norwegian protectorate
and
Norwegian romantic nationalism
The 1814 constitutional assembly, painted by
Oscar Wergeland
After Denmark–Norway was attacked by the
United Kingdom
at the 1807
Battle of Copenhagen
, it entered into an alliance with
Napoleon
, with the war leading to dire conditions and mass
starvation
in 1812. As the Danish kingdom was on the losing side in 1814, it was forced by the
Treaty of Kiel
to cede Norway to Sweden, while the old Norwegian provinces of Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands remained with the Danish crown.
59
Norway took this opportunity to declare independence, adopted a constitution based on
American
and
French
models, and elected the Crown Prince of Denmark and Norway,
Christian Frederick
, as king on 17 May 1814 – celebrated as the
Syttende mai
(Seventeenth of May) holiday.
Norwegian opposition to the decision to link Norway with Sweden caused the
Norwegian–Swedish War
to break out as Sweden tried to subdue Norway by military means. As Sweden's military was not strong enough to defeat the Norwegian forces outright, and Norway's treasury was not large enough to support a protracted war, and as British and Russian navies blockaded the Norwegian coast,
60
the belligerents were forced to negotiate the
Convention of Moss
. Christian Frederik abdicated the Norwegian throne and authorised the
Parliament of Norway
to make the necessary constitutional amendments to allow for the
personal union
that Norway was forced to accept. On 4 November 1814, the Parliament (Storting) elected
Charles XIII of Sweden
as king of Norway, thereby establishing the
union with Sweden
61
Under this arrangement, Norway kept its liberal constitution and its own independent institutions, though it shared a monarch and foreign policy with Sweden. Following the recession caused by the
Napoleonic Wars
, economic development of Norway remained slow until 1830.
62
This period also saw the rise of
Norwegian romantic nationalism
, as Norwegians sought to define and express a distinct national character. The movement covered all branches of culture, including literature (
Henrik Wergeland
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Peter Christen Asbjørnsen
Jørgen Moe
), painting (
Hans Gude
Adolph Tidemand
), music (
Edvard Grieg
), and even language policy, where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today's two official written forms for Norwegian:
Bokmål
and
Nynorsk
King Charles III John
came to the throne of Norway and Sweden in 1818 and reigned to 1844. He protected the constitution and liberties of Norway and Sweden during the age of
Metternich
neutrality
is
disputed
As such, he was regarded as a liberal monarch. However, he was ruthless in his use of paid informers, secret police and restrictions on the freedom of the press to put down public movements for reform—especially the Norwegian national independence movement.
63
The
Romantic Era
that followed the reign of Charles III John brought some significant social and political reforms. In 1854, women won the right to inherit property. In 1863, the last trace of keeping unmarried women in the status of minors was removed. Furthermore, women were eligible for different occupations, particularly the common school teacher.
64
By mid-century, Norway's democracy was limited; voting was limited to officials, property owners, leaseholders and burghers of incorporated towns.
65
Sámi
family in Norway,
c.
1900
Norway remained a conservative society. Life in Norway (especially economic life) was "dominated by the aristocracy of professional men who filled most of the important posts in the central government".
66
There was no strong bourgeois class to demand a breakdown of this aristocratic control.
67
Thus, even while revolution swept over most of the countries of Europe in 1848, Norway was largely unaffected.
67
Marcus Thrane
was a
Utopian socialist
who in 1848 organised a labour society in
Drammen
. In just a few months, this society had a membership of 500 and was publishing its own newspaper. Within two years, 300 societies had been organised all over Norway, with a total membership of 20,000 drawn from the lower classes of both urban and rural areas.
68
In the end, the revolt was easily crushed; Thrane was captured and jailed.
69
In 1898, all men were granted
universal suffrage
, followed by all
women
in 1913.
Dissolution of the union and the First World War
Main articles:
Union dissolution referendum
and
Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden
The slogan "Norge for Nordmænd" (Norway for Norwegians) at a School in Oslo on 13 August 1905, a voting place during the referendum on the dissolution of the union with Sweden
Christian Michelsen
, Prime Minister of Norway from 1905 to 1907, played a central role in the peaceful separation of Norway from Sweden on 7 June 1905. A national referendum confirmed the people's preference for a monarchy over a republic. However, no Norwegian could legitimately claim the throne, since none of Norway's noble families could claim
royal descent
The government then offered the throne of Norway to Prince Carl of Denmark, a prince of the Dano-German royal
house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
and a distant relative of Norway's medieval kings. Following the plebiscite, he was unanimously elected king by the Norwegian
Parliament
; he took the name
Haakon VII
Throughout the
First World War
, Norway remained neutral; however, diplomatic pressure from the
British government
meant that it heavily favoured the
Allies
. During the war, Norway exported fish to both Germany and Britain, until an
ultimatum
from the British government and
anti-German sentiments
as a result of
German submarines
targeting
Norwegian merchantmen led to a termination of trade with Germany. 436 Norwegian merchantmen were sunk by the
Kaiserliche Marine
, with 1,150 Norwegian sailors killed.
70
disputed
discuss
Second World War
See also:
German occupation of Norway
Reichskommissariat Norwegen
, and
Quisling regime
Bombing of
Kristiansund
. The German invasion resulted in 24 towns being bombed in the spring of 1940.
Norway once more proclaimed its neutrality during the
Second World War
, but was
invaded by German forces
on 9 April 1940. Although Norway was unprepared for the German surprise attack (see:
Battle of Drøbak Sound
Norwegian campaign
, and Invasion of Norway), military and naval resistance lasted for two months. Norwegian armed forces in the north launched an offensive against the German forces in the
Battles of Narvik
, but were forced to surrender on 10 June after losing British support which had been diverted to France during the
German invasion of France
King Haakon and the Norwegian government escaped to
Rotherhithe
in London. Throughout the war they sent radio speeches and supported clandestine military actions against the Germans. On the day of the invasion, the leader of the small National-Socialist party
Nasjonal Samling
Vidkun Quisling
, tried to seize power, but was forced by the German occupiers to step aside. Real power was wielded by the leader of the German occupation authority,
Josef Terboven
. Quisling, as
minister president
, later formed a
collaborationist government under German control
. Up to 15,000 Norwegians volunteered to fight in German units, including the
Waffen-SS
71
Adolf Hitler
meets the Norwegian Prime Minister
Vidkun Quisling
and minister
Albert Viljam Hagelin
, 13 February 1942
Many Norwegians and persons of Norwegian descent joined the Allied forces as well as the
Free Norwegian Forces
. In June 1940, a small group had left Norway following their king to Britain. This group included 13 ships, five aircraft, and 500 men from the Royal Norwegian Navy. By the end of the war, the force had grown to 58 ships and 7,500 men in service in the Royal Norwegian Navy, 5 squadrons of aircraft in the newly formed Norwegian Air Force, and land forces including the
Norwegian Independent Company 1
and 5 Troop as well as No. 10
Commandos
citation needed
During
German occupation
, Norwegians built a
resistance movement
which incorporated civil disobedience and armed resistance including the destruction of
Norsk Hydro
's
heavy water
plant and stockpile of heavy water at
Vemork
, which
crippled the German nuclear programme
. More important to the
Allied
war effort, however, was the role of the Norwegian
Merchant Marine
, the fourth-largest merchant marine fleet in the world. It was led by the Norwegian shipping company
Nortraship
under the Allies throughout the war and took part in every war operation from the
evacuation of Dunkirk
to the
Normandy landings
. Every December Norway gives a
Christmas tree
to the United Kingdom as thanks for the British assistance during the war.
72
Svalbard
was not occupied by German troops, but Germany secretly
established a meteorological station
there in 1944.
73
Post–World War II history
Since the 1970s oil production has helped to expand the Norwegian economy and finance the Norwegian state (
Statfjord oil field
).
From 1945 to 1962, the
Labour Party
held an absolute majority in the parliament. The government, led by prime minister
Einar Gerhardsen
, embarked on a programme inspired by
Keynesian economics
, emphasising state financed
industrialisation
and co-operation between trade unions and
employers' organisations
. Many measures of state control of the economy imposed during the war were continued, although the
rationing
of dairy products was lifted in 1949, while price controls and rationing of housing and cars continued until 1960.
citation needed
The wartime alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States continued in the post-war years. Although pursuing the goal of a socialist economy, the Labour Party distanced itself from the Communists, especially after the Communists' seizure of power in
Czechoslovakia
in 1948, and strengthened its foreign policy and defence policy ties with the US. Norway received
Marshall Plan
aid from the United States starting in 1947, joined the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) one year later, and became a founding member of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) in 1949.
citation needed
Oil was discovered at the small Balder field in 1967, but production only began in 1999.
74
In 1969, the
Phillips Petroleum Company
discovered petroleum resources at the
Ekofisk
field west of Norway. In 1973, the Norwegian government founded the State oil company, Statoil (now
Equinor
). Oil production did not provide net income until the early 1980s because of the large capital investment required. Around 1975, both the proportion and absolute number of workers in industry peaked. Since then labour-intensive industries and services like factory mass production and shipping have largely been outsourced.
Norway was a founding member of the
European Free Trade Association
(EFTA). Norway was twice invited to join the
European Union
, but ultimately declined after referendums that failed by narrow margins in
1972
and
1994
75
Town Hall Square in Oslo filled with people with roses mourning the victims of the
Utøya massacre
of 22 July 2011.
In 1981, a
Conservative Party
government led by
Kåre Willoch
replaced the Labour Party with a policy of stimulating the
stagflated economy
with tax cuts, economic liberalisation, deregulation of markets, and measures to curb record-high inflation (13.6% in 1981).
Norway's first female prime minister
Gro Harlem Brundtland
of the Labour Party continued many of the reforms, while backing traditional Labour concerns such as
social security
, high taxes, the industrialisation of nature, and feminism. By the late 1990s, Norway had paid off its foreign debt and had started accumulating a
sovereign wealth fund
. Since the 1990s, a divisive question in politics has been how much of the income from petroleum production the government should spend, and how much it should save.
In 2011, Norway suffered
two terrorist attacks
by
Anders Behring Breivik
which struck the
government quarter
in Oslo and a summer camp of the Labour party's
youth movement
at
Utøya
island, resulting in 77 deaths and 319 wounded.
76
Jens Stoltenberg
led Norway as prime minister for eight years from 2005 to 2013.
77
The
2013 Norwegian parliamentary election
brought a more conservative government to power, with the Conservative Party and the
Progress Party
winning 43% of the electorate's votes.
78
In the
Norwegian parliamentary election 2017
the centre-right government of Prime Minister
Erna Solberg
won re-election.
79
The
2021 Norwegian parliamentary election
saw a big win for the left-wing opposition in an election fought on climate change, inequality, and oil;
80
Labour leader
Jonas Gahr Støre
was sworn in as prime minister.
81
Geography
Main articles:
Geography of Norway
and
Geology of Norway
A satellite image of continental Norway and nearby countries in winter
Norway's core territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the
Scandinavian Peninsula
; the remote island of
Jan Mayen
and the archipelago of
Svalbard
are also included.
note 5
The Antarctic
Peter I Island
and the sub-Antarctic
Bouvet Island
are
dependent territories
and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also claims a section of
Antarctica
known as
Queen Maud Land
82
Norwegian possessions in the North Atlantic,
Faroe Islands
Greenland
, and
Iceland
, remained Danish when Norway was passed to Sweden at the
Treaty of Kiel
83
Norway also comprised
Bohuslän
until 1658,
Jämtland
and
Härjedalen
until 1645,
82
Shetland
and
Orkney
until 1468,
84
and the
Hebrides
and
Isle of Man
until the
Treaty of Perth
in 1266.
85
Norway comprises the western and northernmost part of
Scandinavia
in Northern Europe,
86
between latitudes
57°
and
81° N
, and longitudes
4°
and
32° E
. Norway is the northernmost of the
Nordic countries
and if Svalbard is included also the easternmost.
87
Norway includes the northernmost point on the European mainland.
88
The rugged coastline is broken by huge
fjords
and thousands of islands. The coastal
baseline
is 2,532 kilometres (1,573 mi). The coastline of the mainland including fjords stretches 28,953 kilometres (17,991 mi), when islands are included the coastline has been estimated to 100,915 kilometres (62,706 mi).
89
Norway shares a 1,619-kilometre (1,006 mi) land border with Sweden, 727 kilometres (452 mi) with Finland, and 196 kilometres (122 mi) with Russia to the east. To the north, west and south, Norway is bordered by the
Barents Sea
, the
Norwegian Sea
, the
North Sea
, and
Skagerrak
90
The
Scandinavian Mountains
form much of the border with Sweden.
A fishing village on the island of
Moskenesøya
in the
Lofoten
archipelago
At 385,207 square kilometres (148,729 sq mi) (including
Svalbard
and
Jan Mayen
; 323,808 square kilometres (125,023 sq mi) without),
10
much of the country is dominated by mountainous or high terrain, with a great variety of natural features caused by prehistoric
glaciers
and varied
topography
. The most noticeable of these are the fjords.
Sognefjorden
is the world's second deepest fjord, and the world's longest at 204 kilometres (127 mi). The lake
Hornindalsvatnet
is the deepest lake in Europe.
91
Norway has about 400,000 lakes
92
93
and 239,057 registered islands.
86
Permafrost
can be found all year in the higher mountain areas and in the interior of Finnmark county.
Numerous glaciers
are found in Norway. The land is mostly made of hard
granite
and
gneiss
rock, but
slate
sandstone
, and
limestone
are also common, and the lowest elevations contain marine deposits.
Climate
Köppen climate classification
types of Norway 1991–2020 (0C/32F isotherm for coldest month dividing C and D climates).
Map of Norway showing the normal precipitation (annual average). Period 1961–1990.
Because of the
Gulf Stream
and prevailing westerlies, Norway experiences higher temperatures and more precipitation than expected at such northern latitudes, especially along the coast. The mainland experiences four distinct seasons, with colder winters and less precipitation inland. The northernmost part has a mostly maritime
Subarctic climate
, while Svalbard has an
Arctic
tundra
climate. The southern and western parts of Norway, fully exposed to Atlantic storm fronts, experience more precipitation and have milder winters than the eastern and far northern parts. Areas to the east of the coastal mountains are in a
rain shadow
, and have lower rain and snow totals than the west. The lowlands around Oslo have the warmest summers, but also cold weather and snow in wintertime. The sunniest weather is along the south coast, but sometimes even the coast far north can be very sunny – the sunniest month with 430 sun hours was recorded in Tromsø.
94
95
Because of Norway's high
latitude
, there are large seasonal variations in daylight. From late May to late July, the sun never completely descends beneath the horizon in areas north of the
Arctic Circle
, and the rest of the country experiences up to 20 hours of daylight per day. Conversely, from late November to late January, the sun never rises above the horizon in the north, and daylight hours are very short in the rest of the country.
Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with southern Lofoten and
Bø Municipality
having all monthly means above freezing in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle. The very northernmost coast of Norway would be ice-covered in winter if not for the Gulf Stream.
96
The east of the country has a more continental climate, and the mountain ranges have subarctic and tundra climates. There is also higher rainfall in areas exposed to the Atlantic, especially the western slopes of the mountain ranges and areas close, such as Bergen. The valleys east of the mountain ranges are the driest; some of the valleys are sheltered by mountains in most directions.
Saltdal Municipality
in Nordland is the driest place with 211 millimetres (8.3 inches) precipitation annually (1991–2020). In southern Norway,
Skjåk Municipality
in Innlandet county gets 295 millimetres (11.6 inches) precipitation.
Finnmarksvidda
and some interior valleys of
Troms
county receive around 400 millimetres (16 inches) annually, and the high Arctic
Longyearbyen
217 millimetres (8.5 inches).
97
Parts of southeastern Norway including parts of
Mjøsa
have a
humid continental climate
Köppen
Dfb), the southern and western coasts and also the coast north to Bodø have an
oceanic climate
(Cfb), and the outer coast further north almost to North Cape has a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc). Further inland in the south and at higher altitudes, and also in much of Northern Norway, the
subarctic climate
(Dfc) dominates. A small strip of land along the coast east of North Cape (including Vardø) earlier had
tundra/alpine/polar climate
(ET), but this is mostly gone with the updated 1991–2020 climate normals, making this also subarctic. Large parts of Norway are covered by mountains and high altitude plateaus, and about one third of the land is above the treeline and thus exhibit
tundra/alpine/polar climate
(ET).
94
98
99
95
100
Biodiversity
Main article:
Wildlife of Norway
Norway has a larger number of different
habitats
than almost any other European country. There are approximately 60,000 species in Norway and adjacent waters (excluding bacteria and viruses). The Norwegian Shelf large marine ecosystem is considered highly productive.
101
The total number of species include 16,000 species of insects (probably 4,000 more species yet to be described), 20,000 species of
algae
, 1,800 species of
lichen
, 1,050 species of
mosses
, 2,800 species of
vascular plants
, up to 7,000 species of
fungi
, 450 species of birds (250 species nesting in Norway), 90 species of mammals, 45 fresh-water species of fish, 150 salt-water species of fish, 1,000 species of fresh-water
invertebrates
, and 3,500 species of salt-water invertebrates.
102
About 40,000 of these species have been described by science. The
red list
of 2010 encompasses 4,599 species.
103
Norway contains five terrestrial ecoregions:
Sarmatic mixed forests
Scandinavian coastal conifer forests
Scandinavian and Russian taiga
Kola Peninsula tundra
, and
Scandinavian montane birch forest and grasslands
104
Seventeen species are listed mainly because they are endangered on a global scale, such as the
European beaver
, even if the population in Norway is not seen as endangered. The number of threatened and near-threatened species equals to 3,682; it includes 418 fungi species, many of which are closely associated with the small remaining old-growth forests,
105
36 bird species, and 16 species of mammals. In 2010, 2,398 species were listed as endangered or vulnerable; of these 1,250 were listed as vulnerable (VU), 871 as endangered (EN), and 276 species as critically endangered (CR), among which were the
grey wolf
, the
Arctic fox
, and the
pool frog
103
The largest predator in Norwegian waters is the
sperm whale
, and the largest fish is the
basking shark
. The largest predator on land is the
polar bear
, while the
brown bear
is the largest predator on the Norwegian mainland. The largest land animal on the mainland is the elk (American English:
moose
).
Environment
Attractive and dramatic scenery and landscape are found throughout Norway.
106
The west coast of southern Norway and the coast of northern Norway present some of the most visually impressive coastal sceneries in the world.
National Geographic
has listed the Norwegian fjords as the world's top tourist attraction.
107
The country is also home to the natural phenomena of the
midnight sun
(during summer), as well as the
aurora borealis
known also as the northern lights.
108
The 2024
Environmental Performance Index
from
Yale University
Columbia University
and the
World Economic Forum
put Norway in seventh place, immediately below United Kingdom and Sweden.
109
The index is based on environmental risks to human health, habitat loss, and changes in CO
emissions. The index notes over-exploitation of fisheries, but not
Norway's whaling
or
oil exports
110
Norway had a 2019
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
mean score of 6.98/10, ranking it 60th globally out of 172 countries.
111
Politics and government
Main articles:
Politics of Norway
and
Law of Norway
Harald V
King
Jonas Gahr Støre
Prime Minister
The
Royal Palace
in Oslo
The Storting
is the
Parliament of Norway
Norway is considered to be one of the most developed democracies and
states of justice
in the world. According to
International IDEA
’s Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Norway performs in the high range on overall democratic measures, with particular strengths in elected government and gender equality.
112
113
114
Since 2010, Norway has been classified as the world's most democratic country by the
Democracy Index
115
116
117
According to the
Constitution of Norway
, which was adopted on 17 May 1814
118
and was inspired by the
United States Declaration of Independence
and
French Revolution
, Norway is a unitary
constitutional monarchy
with a
parliamentary system
of government, wherein the
King of Norway
is the
head of state
and the
prime minister
is the
head of government
. Power is separated among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, as defined by the Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document.
The
monarch
officially retains executive power. But following the introduction of a parliamentary system of government, the duties of the monarch became strictly representative and ceremonial.
119
The Monarch is
commander-in-chief
of the
Norwegian Armed Forces
, and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad and as a symbol of unity.
Harald V
of the
House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
ascended to the Norwegian throne in 1991, the first since the 14th century who has been born in the country.
120
Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway
, is the heir to the throne.
In practice, the Prime Minister exercises the executive powers. Constitutionally, legislative power is vested with both the government and the Parliament of Norway, but the latter is the supreme legislature and a
unicameral
body.
121
Norway is fundamentally structured as a
representative democracy
. The Parliament can pass a law by simple majority of the 169 representatives, of which 150 are elected directly from 19 constituencies, and an additional 19 seats ("levelling seats") are allocated on a nationwide basis to make the representation in parliament correspond better with the popular vote for the political parties. A 4% election threshold is required for a party to gain levelling seats in Parliament.
122
The Parliament of Norway, called the
Storting
, ratifies national
treaties
impeach
members of the government if their acts are declared unconstitutional. If an indicted suspect is impeached, Parliament has the power to remove the person from office.
citation needed
The position of
prime minister
is allocated to the member of Parliament who can obtain the confidence of a majority in Parliament, usually the current leader of the largest political party or, more effectively, through a coalition of parties; Norway has often been ruled by minority governments. The prime minister nominates the cabinet, traditionally drawn from members of the same political party or parties in the Storting, making up the government. The PM organises the executive government and exercises its power as vested by the Constitution.
123
Through the
Council of State
, a
privy council
presided over by the monarch, the prime minister and the cabinet meet at the
Royal Palace
and formally consult the Monarch. All government bills need formal approval by the monarch before and after introduction to Parliament. The Council approves all of the monarch's actions as head of state.
120
Members of the Storting are directly elected from
party-list proportional representation
in nineteen
multiwinner voting
constituencies in a national
multi-party system
124
Historically, both the
Norwegian Labour Party
and
Conservative Party
have played leading political roles. In the early 21st century, the Labour Party has been in power since the
2005 election
, in a
Red–Green Coalition
with the
Socialist Left Party
and the
Centre Party
125
Since 2005, both the Conservative Party and the
Progress Party
have won numerous seats in the Parliament.
126
In national elections in September 2013, two political parties,
Høyre
and
Fremskrittspartiet
, were elected on promises of tax cuts, more spending on infrastructure and education, better services and stricter rules on immigration, formed a government.
Erna Solberg
became prime minister, the second female prime minister after
Gro Harlem Brundtland
and the first conservative prime minister since
Jan P. Syse
. Solberg said her win was "a historic election victory for the right-wing parties".
127
Her centre-right government won re-election in the
2017 Norwegian parliamentary election
79
Norway's new centre-left cabinet under Prime Minister
Jonas Gahr Støre
, the leader of the Labour Party, took office on 14 October 2021.
128
Administrative divisions
Main articles:
Administrative divisions of Norway
Counties of Norway
Municipalities of Norway
, and
List of towns and cities in Norway
See also:
Sápmi (area)
A municipal and regional reform: "From 14 June 2022, the Storting decided the following division of counties."
Norway, a
unitary state
, is divided into fifteen first-level administrative
counties
fylke
).
129
The counties are administered through directly elected
county councils
who elect the
County Mayor
. Additionally, the
King
and government are represented in every county by a
County Governor
Norwegian
statsforvalteren
).
130
The counties are then sub-divided into 357 second-level municipalities (
Norwegian
kommuner
), which in turn are administered by directly elected
municipal council
, headed by a mayor and a small executive cabinet. The capital of
Oslo
is considered both a county and a municipality. Norway has two integral overseas territories out of mainland:
Jan Mayen
and
Svalbard
, the only developed island in the archipelago of the same name, located far to the north of the Norwegian mainland.
131
There are 108 settlements that have
town/city
status in Norway (the Norwegian word
by
is used to represent these places and that word can be translated as either town or city in English). Cities/towns in Norway were historically designated by the King and used to have special rules and privileges under the law. This was changed in the late 20th century, so now towns/cities have no special rights and a municipality can designate an urban settlement as a city/town. Towns and cities in Norway do not have to be large. Some cities have over a million residents such as Oslo, while others are much smaller such as
Honningsvåg
with about 2,200 residents. Usually, there is only one town within a municipality, but there are some municipalities that have more than one town within it (such as
Larvik Municipality
which has the
town of Larvik
and the town of
Stavern
132
Dependencies of Norway
Main article:
Dependencies of Norway
There are three
Antarctic
and
Subantarctic
dependencies
Bouvet Island
Peter I Island
, and
Queen Maud Land
. On most maps, there was an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land and the
South Pole
until 12 June 2015 when Norway formally annexed that area.
133
Norway and its overseas administrative divisions
Largest populated areas
Main article:
List of towns and cities in Norway
Largest cities or towns in Norway
According to
Statistics Jan. 2024
Rank
Name
County
Pop.
Rank
Name
County
Pop.
Oslo
Oslo
1,098,061
11
Moss
Østfold
50,214
Bergen
Vestland
272,125
12
Haugesund
Rogaland
47,020
Stavanger/Sandnes
Rogaland
239,055
13
Sandefjord
Vestfold
46,926
Trondheim
Trøndelag
198,777
14
Arendal
Agder
45,332
Drammen
Buskerud
124,540
15
Bodø
Nordland
43,322
Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg
Østfold
121,679
16
Tromsø
Troms
42,782
Porsgrunn/Skien
Telemark
96,695
17
Hamar
Innlandet
30,030
Kristiansand
Agder
67,372
18
Gjøvik
Innlandet
28,801
Tønsberg
Vestfold
55,939
19
Larvik
Vestfold
27,487
10
Ålesund
Møre og Romsdal
55,684
20
Halden
Østfold
26,255
Judicial system and law enforcement
Main article:
Judiciary of Norway
Norway uses a
civil law system
where laws are created and amended in Parliament and the system regulated through the
Courts of justice of Norway
. It consists of the
Supreme Court
of 20 permanent judges and a
Chief Justice
appellate courts
, city and
district courts
, and
conciliation councils
134
The judiciary is independent of executive and legislative branches. While the Prime Minister nominates Supreme Court Justices for office, their nomination must be approved by Parliament and formally confirmed by the Monarch. Usually, judges attached to regular courts are formally appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister.
The Courts' formal mission is to regulate the Norwegian judicial system, interpret the Constitution, and implement the legislation adopted by Parliament. In its judicial reviews, it monitors the legislative and executive branches to ensure that they comply with provisions of enacted legislation.
134
The
law is enforced in Norway
by the
Norwegian Police Service
. It is a Unified National Police Service made up of 27 Police Districts and several specialist agencies, such as
Norwegian National Authority for the Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime
, known as
Økokrim
; and the
National Criminal Investigation Service
, known as
Kripos
, each headed by a chief of police. The Police Service is headed by the
National Police Directorate
, which reports to the Ministry of Justice and the Police. The Police Directorate is headed by a National Police Commissioner. The only exception is the
Norwegian Police Security Agency
, whose head answers directly to the Ministry of Justice and the Police.
Norway abolished the death penalty for regular criminal acts in 1902 and for high treason in war and war-crimes in 1979. Norwegian prisons are humane, rather than tough, with emphasis on rehabilitation. At 20%, Norway's re-conviction rate is among the lowest in the world.
135
Reporters Without Borders
, in its 2024
World Press Freedom Index
, ranked Norway in first place out of 180 countries.
136
In general, the legal and institutional framework in Norway is characterised by a high degree of transparency, accountability and integrity, and the perception and the occurrence of corruption are very low.
137
Human rights
Main article:
Human rights in Norway
Norway has long been considered a progressive country, and has adopted legislation and policies to support women's rights, minority rights, and
LGBT rights
. As early as 1884, 171 of the leading figures, among them five Prime Ministers, co-founded the
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights
138
They successfully campaigned for women's
right to education
women's suffrage
, the
right to work
, and other gender equality policies. From the 1970s, gender equality also came high on the state agenda, with the establishment of a public body to promote gender equality, which evolved into the
Gender Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombud
. In the 21st century
intersectional feminists
have organised in the
Initiative for Inclusive Feminism
, which seeks to build a broad, intersectional feminist movement rooted in the universality and indivisibility of human rights.
139
It also maintains a very high quality of life ranking.
140
In 1990, the Norwegian constitution was amended to grant
absolute primogeniture
to the Norwegian throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. As it was not retroactive, the current successor to the throne is the eldest son of the King, rather than his eldest child.
141
The Sámi people have for centuries been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures in Scandinavia and Russia, those countries claiming possession of Sámi lands.
142
Norway has been greatly criticised by the international community for the politics of
Norwegianization
of and discrimination against the indigenous population of the country.
143
Nevertheless, Norway was, in 1990, the first country to recognise
ILO-convention 1989
on
indigenous people
recommended by the UN.
Norway was the first country in the world to enact an anti-discrimination law protecting the rights of gay men and lesbians. In 1993, Norway became the second country to legalise
civil union
partnerships for same-sex couples, and on 1 January 2009,
Norway became the sixth country
to legalise
same-sex marriage
144
As a promoter of human rights, Norway has held the annual
Oslo Freedom Forum
conference, a gathering described by
The Economist
as "on its way to becoming a human-rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum".
145
Foreign relations
Main article:
Foreign relations of Norway
See also:
Norway and the European Union
and
Whaling in Norway
Royal Norwegian Navy
Fridtjof Nansen
class frigate
Norway maintains embassies in 75 countries.
146
73 countries maintain an embassy in Norway, all of them in the capital, Oslo.
Norway is a founding member of the
United Nations
(UN), the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), the
Council of Europe
and the
European Free Trade Association
(EFTA). Norway issued applications for accession to the European Union (EU) and its predecessors in 1962, 1967 and 1992, respectively. While Denmark, Sweden and Finland obtained membership, the Norwegian electorate rejected the treaties of accession in referendums in
1972
and
1994
After the 1994 referendum, Norway maintained its membership in the
European Economic Area
(EEA), granting the country access to the
internal market
of the Union, on the condition that Norway implements the Union's pieces of legislation which are deemed relevant.
147
Successive Norwegian governments have, since 1994, requested participation in parts of the EU's co-operation that go beyond the provisions of the EEA agreement. Non-voting participation by Norway has been granted in, for instance, the Union's
Common Security and Defence Policy
, the
Schengen Agreement
, and the
European Defence Agency
, as well as 19 separate programmes.
148
Norway participated in the 1990s brokering of the
Oslo Accords
, an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Military
Main article:
Norwegian Armed Forces
The first Norwegian
F-35 Lightning II
lands at Luke Air Force Base.
The Norwegian Armed Forces numbers about 25,000 personnel, including civilian employees. According to 2009 mobilisation plans, full mobilisation produces approximately 83,000 combatant personnel. Norway has
conscription
(including 6–12 months of training);
149
in 2013, the country became the first in Europe and NATO to draft women as well as men. However, due to less need for conscripts after the
Cold War
, few people have to serve if they are not motivated.
150
The Armed Forces are subordinate to the
Norwegian Ministry of Defence
. The Commander-in-Chief is
King Harald V
. The military of Norway is divided into the
Norwegian Army
, the
Royal Norwegian Navy
, the
Royal Norwegian Air Force
, the
Norwegian Cyber Defence Force
and the
Home Guard
The country was one of the founding nations of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) on 4 April 1949. Norway contributed in the
International Security Assistance Force
(ISAF) in
Afghanistan
151
Additionally, Norway has contributed in several missions in contexts of the United Nations, NATO, and the
Common Security and Defence Policy
of the European Union.
Economy
Main articles:
Economy of Norway
Energy in Norway
European Economic Area
, and
Exclusive economic zone § Norway
Norway's claimed economic zones
Members of the
European Free Trade Association
(green) participate in the
European Single Market
and are part of the
Schengen Area
Norwegians enjoy the second-highest
GDP per capita
among European countries (after
Luxembourg
), and the sixth-highest
PPP-adjusted GDP per capita
in the world. Norway ranks as the second-wealthiest country in monetary value, with the largest capital reserve per capita of any nation.
152
According to the CIA World Factbook, Norway is a net external creditor of debt.
90
Norway reclaimed first place in the world in the
UNDP
Human Development Index
(HDI) in 2009.
153
The standard of living in Norway is among the highest in the world.
Foreign Policy
magazine ranks Norway last in its
Failed States Index
for 2009 and 2023, judging Norway to be the world's most well-functioning and stable country. The
OECD
ranks Norway fourth in the 2013 equalised
Better Life Index
and third in intergenerational earnings elasticity according to a 2010 study.
154
155
The Norwegian economy is an example of a
mixed economy
; a prosperous capitalist
welfare state
, it features a combination of
free market
activity and large state ownership in certain key sectors, influenced by both liberal governments from the late 19th century and later by
social democratic
governments in the postwar era.
citation needed
Public healthcare in Norway
is free (after an annual charge of around 2000
kroner
for those over 16), and parents have 46 weeks paid
156
parental leave. The state income derived from natural resources includes a significant contribution from petroleum production. As of February 2025
[update]
, Norway has an unemployment rate of 3.9%, with 69.7% of the population aged 15–74 employed.
157
People in the labour force are either employed or looking for work.
158
As of 2023
[update]
, 10.6% of the population aged 18–67 receive a disability benefit
159
and 30% of the labour force are employed by the government, the highest in the
OECD
160
The hourly productivity levels, as well as average hourly wages in Norway, are among the highest in the world.
161
162
The
egalitarian
values of Norwegian society have kept the wage difference between the lowest paid worker and the CEO of most companies as much less than in comparable western economies.
163
This is also evident in
Norway's low Gini coefficient
The state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors, such as the strategic petroleum sector (Equinor), hydroelectric energy production (
Statkraft
), aluminium production (
Norsk Hydro
), the largest Norwegian bank (
DNB
), and telecommunication provider (
Telenor
). Through these big companies, the government controls approximately 30% of the stock values at the Oslo Stock Exchange.
164
When non-listed companies are included, the state has even higher share in ownership (mainly from direct oil licence ownership).
citation needed
Norway is a major shipping nation and has the world's sixth largest
merchant fleet
, with 1,412 Norwegian-owned merchant vessels.
165
By referendums in
1972
and
1994
, Norwegians rejected proposals to join the European Union (EU). However, Norway, together with
Iceland
and
Liechtenstein
, participates in the European Union's single market through the
European Economic Area
(EEA) agreement. The EEA Treaty between the European Union countries and the EFTA countries—transposed into Norwegian law via "EØS-loven"
166
—describes the procedures for implementing European Union rules in Norway and the other EFTA countries. Norway is a highly integrated member of most sectors of the EU internal market. Some sectors, such as agriculture, oil and fish, are not wholly covered by the EEA Treaty. Norway has also acceded to the
Schengen Agreement
and several other intergovernmental agreements among the EU member states.
The country is richly endowed with natural resources including petroleum,
hydropower
, fish,
forests
, and minerals. Large reserves of petroleum and natural gas were discovered in the 1960s, which led to an economic boom.
167
Norway has obtained one of the highest standards of living in the world in part by having a large amount of natural resources compared to the size of the population.
168
In 2011, 28% of state revenues were generated from the petroleum industry.
169
failed verification
Norway was the first country to ban deforestation, with a view to preventing its rain forests from vanishing. The country declared its intention at the UN Climate Summit in 2014 alongside Great Britain and Germany.
170
Resources
Agriculture is a significant sector, in spite of the mountainous landscape (
Øysand
).
Stockfish
has been exported from
Lofoten
in Norway for at least 1,000 years.
Oil industry
Oil production has been central to the Norwegian economy since the 1970s, with a dominating
state ownership
Heidrun oil field
).
Export revenues from oil and gas have risen to over 40% of total exports and constitute almost 20% of the GDP.
171
Norway is the fifth-largest oil exporter and third-largest gas exporter in the world, but it is not a member of
OPEC
. In 1995, the Norwegian government established the sovereign wealth fund (
"Government Pension Fund – Global"
) to be funded with oil revenues.
The government controls its petroleum resources through a combination of state ownership in major operators in the oil fields (with approximately 62% ownership in Equinor in 2007) and the fully state-owned
Petoro
, which has a market value of about twice Equinor, and
SDFI
. Finally, the government controls licensing of exploration and production of fields. The fund invests in developed financial markets outside Norway. Spending from the fund is constrained by the budgetary rule (
Handlingsregelen
), which limits spending over time to no more than the real value yield of the fund, lowered in 2017 to 3% of the fund's total value.
172
Between 1966 and 2013, Norwegian companies drilled 5,085 oil wells, mostly in the
North Sea
173
Oil fields not yet in the production phase include: Wisting Central—calculated size in 2013 at 65–156 million barrels of oil and 10 to 40 billion cubic feet (0.28 to 1.13 billion cubic metres), (
utvinnbar
) of gas.
174
and the Castberg Oil Field (
Castberg-feltet
174
)—calculated size at 540 million barrels of oil, and 2 to 7 billion cubic feet (57 to 198 million cubic metres) (
utvinnbar
) of gas.
175
Both oil fields are located in the
Barents Sea
Norway is also the world's second-largest exporter of fish (in value, after China).
176
177
Fish from fish farms and catch constitutes the second largest (behind oil/natural gas) export product measured in value.
178
179
Norway is the world's largest producer of salmon, followed by
Chile
180
Hydroelectric plants
generate roughly 98–99% of Norway's electric power, more than any other country in the world.
181
Norway contains significant mineral resources, and in 2013, its mineral production was valued at US$1.5 billion (Norwegian Geological Survey data). The most valuable minerals are calcium carbonate (
limestone
), building stone,
nepheline syenite
olivine
, iron,
titanium
, and
nickel
182
In 2017, the Government Pension Fund controlled assets surpassed a value of US$1 trillion (equal to US$190,000 per capita),
183
about 250% of Norway's 2017 GDP.
184
It is the largest
sovereign wealth fund
in the world.
185
Other nations with economies based on natural resources, such as Russia, are trying to learn from Norway by establishing similar funds. The investment choices of the Norwegian fund are directed by
ethical guidelines
; for example, the fund is not allowed to invest in companies that produce parts for nuclear weapons. Norway's highly
transparent
investment scheme
186
is lauded by the international community.
187
Transport
Main articles:
Transport in Norway
Rail transport in Norway
, and
List of airports in Norway
Due to the low population density, narrow shape and long coastlines of Norway, its public transport is less developed than in many European countries, especially outside the major cities. The country has long-standing water transport traditions, but the
Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications
has in recent years implemented rail, road, and air transport through numerous subsidiaries to develop the country's infrastructure.
188
Under discussion is development of a new high-speed rail system between the nation's largest cities.
189
190
Norway's main railway network consists of 4,114 kilometres (2,556 mi) of
standard gauge
lines, of which 242 kilometres (150 mi) is
double track
and 64 kilometres (40 mi)
high-speed rail
(210 km/h) while 62% is electrified at
15 kV  16.7 Hz AC
. In 2023, the railways transported 78,220,000 passengers, 3,153 million
passenger-kilometres
, and 32,230,000 tonnes of cargo for 3,928 million tonne-kilometres.
191
The entire network is owned by
Bane NOR
192
Domestic passenger trains are operated by various companies, including
Vy
SJ
Go-Ahead
and
Flytoget
, while freight trains are operated by
CargoNet
and OnRail.
193
Investment in new infrastructure and maintenance is financed through the state budget,
194
and subsidies are provided for passenger train operations.
195
NSB operates long-haul trains, including
night trains
, regional services and four
commuter train
systems, around
Oslo
Trondheim
, Bergen and
Stavanger
196
Oslo Airport, Gardermoen
Norway has approximately 95,120 kilometres (59,100 mi) of road network, of which 72,033 kilometres (44,759 mi) are paved and 664 kilometres (413 mi) are motorway.
90
The four tiers of road routes are national, county, municipal and private, with national and primary county roads numbered en route. The most important national routes are part of the
European route
scheme. The two most prominent are the
European route E6
going north–south through the entire country, and the
E39
, which follows the West Coast. National and county roads are managed by the
Norwegian Public Roads Administration
197
Norway has the world's largest registered stock of
plug-in electric vehicles per capita
198
199
200
In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric.
201
The plug-in electric segment
market share
of new car sales is also the highest in the world.
202
According to a report by
Dagens Næringsliv
in June 2016, the country would like to ban sales of gasoline and diesel powered vehicles as early as 2025.
203
Of the 146 airports in Norway,
90
52 are public,
204
and 43 are operated by the state-owned
Avinor
205
Seven airports
have more than one million passengers annually.
204
A total of 41,089,675 passengers passed through Norwegian airports in 2007, of whom 13,397,458 were international.
204
The central gateway to Norway by air is
Oslo Airport, Gardermoen
204
Located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Oslo, it is
hub
for the two major Norwegian airlines:
Scandinavian Airlines
206
and
Norwegian Air Shuttle
207
and for regional aircraft from Western Norway.
208
There are departures to most European countries and some intercontinental destinations.
209
210
A direct high-speed train connects to Oslo Central Station every 10 minutes for a 20 min ride.
Research
Niels Henrik Abel
made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields. The
Abel Prize
in mathematics, originally proposed in 1899 to complement the
Nobel Prizes
, is named in his honour.
Norway has a rich history of contributions to science, mathematics, and technology, with several internationally recognised scientists and innovators.
In mathematics,
Niels Henrik Abel
and
Sophus Lie
made groundbreaking contributions to analysis and
group theory
Caspar Wessel
was the first to describe
vectors
and
complex numbers
in the
complex plane
, laying the foundation for modern vector and complex analysis.
Thoralf Skolem
made revolutionary contributions to
mathematical logic
, while
Øystein Ore
and
Ludwig Sylow
advanced group theory.
Atle Selberg
, a major figure in 20th-century mathematics, was honoured with the
Fields Medal
Wolf Prize
, and
Abel Prize
Ernst S. Selmer
's work significantly influenced modern
cryptographic algorithms
In physics, notable figures include
Kristian Birkeland
, known for his work on the
aurora borealis
, and
Ivar Giaever
, a Nobel laureate in physics.
Carl Anton Bjerknes
and
Christopher Hansteen
made contributions to
hydrodynamics
and
geomagnetism
, respectively. The meteorologists
Vilhelm Bjerknes
and
Ragnar Fjørtoft
were instrumental in the development of
numerical weather prediction
Norwegian chemists like
Lars Onsager
, a Nobel laureate, and
Odd Hassel
, recognised for his work in
stereochemistry
, have left a lasting legacy.
Peter Waage
and
Cato Maximilian Guldberg
formulated the
law of mass action
, fundamental to chemical reaction theory.
In technology,
Victor Goldschmidt
is regarded as a founder of modern
geochemistry
Håkon Wium Lie
pioneered
Cascading Style Sheets
(CSS), a cornerstone of web design.
Pål Spilling
contributed to the development of the
Internet Protocol
, bringing the Internet to Europe. Computer scientists
Ole-Johan Dahl
and
Kristen Nygaard
developed
Simula
, the first
object-oriented programming language
, earning them the prestigious
Turing Award
Norwegian academics have also advanced social sciences.
Arne Næss
founded
deep ecology
, while
Johan Galtung
established the field of
peace studies
. Criminologists
Nils Christie
and
Thomas Mathiesen
, sociologists
Vilhelm Aubert
Harriet Holter
, and
Erik Grønseth
, and political scientist
Stein Rokkan
made pioneering contributions to their fields. Economists
Ragnar Frisch
Trygve Haavelmo
, and
Finn E. Kydland
were honoured with Nobel Prizes for their work in
econometrics
and
macroeconomics
As of 2025, Norway is ranked 20th in the
Global Innovation Index
in 2025.
211
212
The country has produced fourteen Nobel laureates across various disciplines.
citation needed
Tourism
Main article:
Tourism in Norway
See also:
Tourist attractions in Norway
The
Geirangerfjord
in
Møre og Romsdal
, since 2005 on
UNESCO
's list of
World Heritage Sites
In 2019, Norway ranked 20th in the
World Economic Forum
's
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
213
Tourism in Norway contributed to 4.2% of the gross domestic product as reported in 2016.
214
Every one in fifteen people throughout the country work in the tourism industry.
214
Tourism is seasonal in Norway, with more than half of total tourists visiting between the months of May and August.
214
The main attractions of Norway are the varied landscapes that extend across the
Arctic Circle
. It is famous for its coastline and its mountains, ski resorts, lakes and woods. Popular tourist destinations in Norway include
Oslo
Ålesund
Bergen
Stavanger
Trondheim
Kristiansand
Arendal
Tromsø
Fredrikstad
, and
Tønsberg
citation needed
Much of the nature of Norway remains unspoiled, and thus attracts numerous hikers and skiers. The fjords, mountains and waterfalls in
Western Norway
and
Northern Norway
attract several hundred thousand foreign tourists each year. In the cities, cultural idiosyncrasies such as the
Holmenkollen ski jump
in Oslo and
Saga Oseberg
in Tønsberg attract many visitors, as do landmarks such as
Bryggen
in Bergen,
Vigeland installation
in
Frogner Park
in Oslo,
Nidaros Cathedral
in Trondheim,
Fredrikstad Fortress
Gamlebyen
) in Fredrikstad, and
the ruin park of Tønsberg Fortress
in Tønsberg.
Demographics
Main article:
Demographics of Norway
Population
Annual
population growth
in Norway 1951–2016, in thousands
Norway's population was 5,618,354 people in the third quarter of 2025.
215
Norwegians
are an ethnic North
Germanic
people. The
total fertility rate
(TFR) in 2023 was estimated at 1.40 children born per woman,
216
below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.69 children born per woman in 1877.
217
In 2024 the
median age
of the Norwegian population was 40 years.
218
The
Sámi people
are indigenous to the Far North and have traditionally inhabited central and northern parts of Norway and Sweden, as well as areas in northern Finland and in Russia on the
Kola Peninsula
. Another national minority are the
Kven people
, descendants of Finnish-speaking people who migrated to northern Norway from the 18th up to the 20th century. From the 19th century up to the 1970s, the Norwegian government tried to assimilate both the Sámi and the Kven, encouraging them to adopt the majority language, culture and religion.
219
Because of this "
Norwegianization
process", many families of Sámi or Kven ancestry now identify as ethnic Norwegian.
220
The national minorities of Norway are Kvens,
Jews
Forest Finns
, and
Romani people
221
In 2017, Norway's population ranked first on the
World Happiness Report
, and in 2025, it ranked seventh.
222
223
Migration
Main articles:
Norwegian diaspora
and
Immigration to Norway
Norwegians of two Norwegian parents, either born abroad or in Norway as a percentage proportionally and nationally in Norway as of 2021
Particularly in the 19th century, when economic conditions were difficult in Norway, tens of thousands of people migrated to the United States and Canada, where they could work and buy land in frontier areas. Many went to the Midwest and Pacific Northwest. In 2006, according to the US Census Bureau, almost 4.7 million persons identified as
Norwegian Americans
224
which was larger than the population of ethnic Norwegians in Norway itself.
225
In the 2021 Canadian census, 466,500 Canadian citizens identified as having
Norwegian ancestry
226
In 2024, approximately 931,081 individuals (16.8% of the population) of the population of Norway were immigrants. Of these, 386,559 (41.5%) had a
Western
background (Europe, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand), while 544,521 (58.5%) had a non-Western background (Asia,
Africa
, South and Central America). 221,459 individuals (4% of the population) were children of immigrants, born in Norway.
227
The largest groups of immigrants are from
Poland
Lithuania
Sweden
Syria
, and
Ukraine
227
Immigrants have settled in all Norwegian municipalities. In 2013, the cities with the highest share of immigrants were
Oslo
(32%) and
Drammen
(27%).
228
According to
Reuters
, Oslo is the "fastest growing city in Europe because of increased immigration".
229
In recent years, immigration has accounted for most of Norway's population growth.
230
Religion
Main article:
Religion in Norway
Church of Norway
Nidaros Cathedral
in
Trondheim
Norway previously had a state church, the Lutheran
Church of Norway
. The
separation of church and state
occurred later in Norway compared to most of Europe, and is still incomplete. In 2012, the Norwegian parliament voted to grant the Church of Norway greater autonomy,
231
a decision which was confirmed in a constitutional amendment on 21 May 2012.
232
Previously, parliamentary officials were required to be members of the Church of Norway, and at least half of all government ministers had to be a member. As a state church, the clergy were viewed as state employees, and the central and regional church administrations were part of the state administration.
citation needed
On 1 January 2017, Norway made the church independent of the state, but retained the Church of Norway's status as the "people's church". Members of the royal family are also still required to be members of the Church.
233
234
The issue of separation of church and state in Norway has increasingly been subject to public debate. This is seen in the evolution of the public school's subject about Christianity, life stance, and religion. The state's loss in a battle at the
European Court of Human Rights
at
Strasbourg
in 2007 led to a decreased focus on Christianity in the subject. This was partly reverted in 2014.
235
There is also debate about Christmas church service in public schools with regard to a 2024 law banning preaching in education.
236
Most Norwegians are registered at baptism as members of the Church of Norway. Many remain in the church to participate in the community and practises such as
baptism
confirmation
, marriage, and burial rites. About 61.7% of Norwegians were members of the Church of Norway in 2024. In the same year, approximately 50.4% of all newborns were baptised and about 47.6% of all 15-year-olds were
confirmed
in the church.
237
Religious affiliation
Official religious affiliation in Norway (31 December 2019):
238
239
240
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway
(68.7%)
Catholic Church
(3.08%)
Pentecostal congregations
(0.76%)
Eastern Orthodox
and
Oriental Orthodox
(0.53%)
Evangelical Lutheran Free Church
(0.36%)
Other Christian denominations (2.21%)
Islam
(3.41%)
Buddhism
(0.40%)
Hinduism
(0.21%)
Secular Humanism
(1.85%)
Unaffiliated
(18.3%)
Other Religion (0.09%)
According to the 2010 Eurobarometer Poll, 22% of Norwegian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 44% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 29% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". Five per cent gave no response.
241
In the early 1990s, studies estimated that between 4.7% and 5.3% of Norwegians attended church on a weekly basis.
242
This figure has dropped to about 2%.
243
244
In 2010, 10% of the population was
religiously unaffiliated
, while another 9% were members of religious communities outside the Church of Norway.
245
Other Christian denominations total about 4.9%
245
of the population, the largest of which is the
Roman Catholic Church
, with 83,000 members, according to 2009 government statistics.
246
The
Aftenposten
(Evening Post) in October 2012 reported there were about 115,234 registered Roman Catholics in Norway; the reporter estimated that the total number of people with a Roman Catholic background may be 170,000–200,000 or higher.
247
Others include
Pentecostals
(39,600),
246
the
Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway
(19,600),
246
the
United Methodist Church in Norway
(11,000),
246
Baptists
(9,900),
246
Eastern Orthodox
(9,900),
246
Brunstad Christian Church
(6,800),
246
Seventh-day Adventists
(5,100),
246
Assyrians
of the
ACOE
and the
Chaldean Catholic Church
, and others. The Swedish, Finnish and Icelandic Lutheran congregations in Norway have about 27,500 members in total.
246
Other Christian denominations comprise less than 1% each, including 4,000 members in
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
and 12,000
Jehovah's Witnesses
246
Among non-Christian religions,
Islam
is the largest, with 166,861 registered members (2018), and probably fewer than 200,000 in total.
248
Other religions comprise less than 1% each, including 819 adherents of
Judaism
249
Indian immigrants introduced Hinduism to Norway, which in 2011 has slightly more than 5,900 adherents, or 1% of non-Lutheran Norwegians.
249
Sikhism
has approximately 3,000 adherents, with most living in Oslo, which has two
gurdwaras
. Drammen also has a sizeable population of Sikhs; the largest gurdwara in north Europe was built in
Lier
. There are eleven Buddhist organisations, grouped under the
Buddhistforbundet
organisation, with slightly over 14,000 members,
249
which make up 0.2% of the population. The
Baháʼí Faith
religion has slightly more than 1,000 adherents.
249
Around 1.7% (84,500) of Norwegians belong to the secular
Norwegian Humanist Association
From 2006 to 2011, the fastest-growing religious communities in Norway were
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
and
Oriental Orthodox Christianity
, which grew in membership by 80%; however, their share of the total population remains small, at 0.2%. It is associated with the immigration from Eritrea and Ethiopia, and to a lesser extent from
Central
and Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries. Other fast-growing religions were
Roman Catholicism
(78.7%),
Hinduism
(59.6%),
Islam
(48.1%), and
Buddhism
(46.7%).
250
Indigenous religions
As in other Scandinavian countries, the ancient Norse followed a form of
Germanic paganism
known as
Norse paganism
. By the end of the 11th century, when Norway had been
Christianised
, the indigenous Norse religion and practises were prohibited. Remnants of the native religion and beliefs of Norway survive today in the form of names, referential names of cities and locations, the days of the week, and everyday language. Modern interest in the old ways has led to a revival of pagan religious practises in the form of
Åsatru
The Norwegian
Åsatrufellesskapet Bifrost
formed in 1996; in 2011, the fellowship had about 300 members.
Foreningen Forn Sed
was formed in 1999 and has been recognised by the Norwegian government.
The Sámi minority retained their
shamanistic religion
well into the 18th century, when most converted to Christianity under the influence of Dano-Norwegian Lutheran
missionaries
. Today there is a renewed appreciation for the Sámi traditional way of life, which has led to a revival of
Noaidevuohta
251
Some Norwegian and Sámi celebrities are reported to visit
shamans
for guidance.
252
253
Health
Main article:
Health in Norway
Development of life expectancy in Norway
Norway was awarded first place according to the UN's
Human Development Index
(HDI) for 2013.
254
From the 1900s, improvements in public health occurred as a result of development in several areas such as social and
living conditions
, changes in disease and medical outbreaks, establishment of the health care system, and emphasis on public health matters.
Vaccination
and increased treatment opportunities with antibiotics resulted in great improvements within the Norwegian population. Improved hygiene and better nutrition were factors that contributed to improved health.
The disease pattern in Norway changed from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases and chronic diseases as
cardiovascular disease
. Inequalities and social differences are still present in public health in Norway.
255
In 2024 the infant mortality rate was 2.1 per 1,000 live births among children under the age of one. For girls it was 1.7 and for boys 2.4, which is the lowest infant mortality rate for boys ever recorded in Norway.
256
Education
Main article:
Education in Norway
The main building of the
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
in
Trondheim
Higher education in Norway
is offered by a range of seven
universities
, five specialised colleges, 25
university colleges
as well as a range of private colleges. Education follows the
Bologna Process
involving
Bachelor
(3 years),
Master
(2 years) and PhD (3 years) degrees.
257
Acceptance is offered after finishing
upper secondary school
with general study competence.
Public education is virtually free for citizens from EU/EEA and Switzerland, but other nationalities need to pay tuition fees.
258
259
260
Higher education has historically been free for everyone regardless of nationality, but tuition fees for all students from outside EU/EEA and Switzerland was implemented in 2023.
261
262
The academic year has two
semesters
, from August to December and from January to June. The ultimate responsibility for the education lies with the
Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research
Languages
Main articles:
Languages of Norway
and
Norwegian dialects
See also:
Norwegian language
and
Sámi languages
The map shows the division of the Norwegian dialects within the main groups.
Norwegian in its two forms,
Bokmål
and
Nynorsk
, is the main national official language of all of Norway. Sámi, a group which includes three separate languages, is recognised as a minority language on the national level and is a co-official language alongside Norwegian in the Sámi administrative linguistic area (
Forvaltningsområdet for samisk språk
) in Northern Norway.
Kven
is a minority language and is a co-official language alongside Norwegian in one municipality, also in Northern Norway.
263
264
265
Norwegian
Norwegian is a
North Germanic
language descended from
Old Norse
. It is the main national language of Norway and is spoken throughout the country. Norwegian is spoken natively by over 5 million people mainly in Norway, but is generally understood throughout
Scandinavia
and to a lesser degree other
Nordic countries
. It has two official written forms,
Bokmål
and
Nynorsk
. Both are used in public administration, schools, churches, and media. Bokmål is the written language used by a majority of about 85%. Around 95% of the population speak Norwegian as their first or native language, although many speak dialects that may differ significantly from the written languages. Norwegian dialects are mutually intelligible, although listeners with limited exposure to dialects other than their own may struggle with certain phrases and pronunciations.
Norwegian is closely related to and generally mutually intelligible with its neighbour
Scandinavian languages
Danish
and
Swedish
, and the three main Scandinavian languages thus form both a
dialect continuum
and a larger language community with about 25 million speakers. All three languages are commonly employed in communication among inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries. As a result of the co-operation within the
Nordic Council
, inhabitants of all Nordic countries always have the right to communicate with Norwegian authorities in Danish or Swedish as equal alternatives to Norwegian.
266
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Norwegian language was subject to
strong political and cultural controversies
. This led to the development of Nynorsk in the 19th century and to the formation of alternative spelling standards in the 20th century.
Sámi and Kven
Several
Uralic
Sámi languages, which are related but not generally mutually intelligible, are traditionally spoken by the Sámi people primarily in Northern Norway and to much lesser extent in some parts of Central Norway. Around 15,000 people have officially registered as Sámi in the Sámi census (
Samemanntallet
), but the number of people of recent Sámi heritage is often estimated at 50,000 people. The number of people who have some knowledge of Northern Sámi, including as a second language, is estimated at 25,000 people, but only a minority are native speakers. The other Sámi languages are heavily endangered and spoken by at most a few hundred people. Most people of Sámi heritage are today native speakers of Norwegian as a result of past assimilation policies.
267
Speakers have a right to be educated and to receive communication from the government in their own language in a special
forvaltningsområde
(administrative area) for Sámi languages.
268
269
The
Kven
minority historically spoke the Uralic
Kven language
(considered a separate language in Norway, but generally perceived as a Finnish dialect in Finland). Today the majority of ethnic Kven have little or no knowledge of the language.
270
As Norway has ratified the
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
(ECRML) the Kven language together with
Romani
and
Scandoromani language
has become officially recognised minority languages.
271
272
Other languages
Some supporters have also advocated making
Norwegian Sign Language
an official language.
273
274
The primary foreign language taught in Norwegian schools is English, and the majority of the population, especially those born after World War II, is fairly fluent in English. German, French and Spanish are also commonly taught as second or, more often, third languages. Russian, Japanese, Italian,
Latin
, and rarely
Chinese (Mandarin)
are offered in some schools, mostly in the cities. Traditionally, English, German and French were considered the main foreign languages in Norway. These languages, for instance, were used on
Norwegian passports
until the 1990s, and university students have a general right to use these languages when submitting their theses.
90% of Norwegians are fluent in English.
275
Culture
Main article:
Culture of Norway
Traditional Norwegian farmer's costumes, known as
folkedrakt
, and modern costumes inspired by those costumes, known as
bunad
, are widely used on special occasions.
The Norwegian farm culture continues to play a role in contemporary Norwegian culture. In the 19th century, it inspired a strong
romantic nationalistic
movement, which is still visible in the
Norwegian language
and
media
. Norwegian culture expanded with nationalist efforts to achieve an independent identity in the areas of literature, art and music. This continues today in the performing arts and as a result of government support for exhibitions, cultural projects and artwork.
276
Cinema
Main article:
Cinema of Norway
Norwegian cinema has received international recognition. The documentary film
Kon-Tiki
(1950) won an
Academy Award
. Another notable film is
The Pinchcliffe Grand Prix
, an animated feature film directed by
Ivo Caprino
. The film was released in 1975 and is the most widely seen Norwegian film of all time.
277
Nils Gaup
's
Pathfinder
(1987), the story of the
Sámi
, was nominated for an Oscar.
Berit Nesheim
's
The Other Side of Sunday
was nominated for an Oscar in 1997.
Egil Ragnar Monn-Iversen
had so much influence in Norwegian culture that he received the nickname
the Godfather
Since the 1990s, the film industry has expanded, producing up to 20 feature films each year. Particular successes were
Kristin Lavransdatter
, based on a novel by a Nobel Prize winner;
The Telegraphist
and
Gurin with the Foxtail
Knut Erik Jensen
was among the more successful new directors, together with
Erik Skjoldbjærg
, who is remembered for
Insomnia
278
Elling
and the 2012 adaption of
Kon-Tiki
was nominated for an Oscar for the best foreign language film. The TV-series
Skam
created by
Julie Andem
received a cult following and international recognition, with many countries making their own adaptations.
Norwegian directors such as
Joachim Rønning
Anja Breien
Espen Sandberg
Liv Ullmann
and
Morten Tyldum
have made internationally successful movies such as
The Imitation Game
Passengers
Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge
and
Maleficent: Mistress of Evil
, as well as the TV series
Jack Ryan
and
Marco Polo
. Composers include
Thomas Bergersen
, who composed for
Avatar
The Dark Knight
Harry Potter
and
Narnia
Egil Monn-Iversen
has been one of the most influential modern composers in Norway, having composed scores to over 100 Norwegian movies and TV series.
Norway has been used as filming location for Hollywood and other international productions, including
Star Wars
The Empire Strikes Back
(1980). Among the thousands of movies filmed in Norway include
Die Another Day
No Time to Die
The Golden Compass
Spies Like Us
Mission: Impossible – Fallout
and
Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One
Black Widow
Tenet
Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
and
Heroes of Telemark
as well as the TV series
Lilyhammer
and
Vikings
279
Music
Main article:
Music of Norway
See also:
Norwegian music industry
Edvard Grieg
, composer and pianist
The classical music of the
romantic
composers
Edvard Grieg
Rikard Nordraak
and
Johan Svendsen
is internationally known, as is the modern music of
Arne Nordheim
. Norway's classical performers include
Leif Ove Andsnes
, a pianist;
Truls Mørk
, an outstanding
cellist
; and the
Wagnerian
soprano
Kirsten Flagstad
citation needed
The
Norwegian ballad tradition
, known as the "ballad wave" (Norwegian:
visebølgen
), started as a cultural movement in the 1960s, greatly inspired by the Swedish ballad tradition and its modern representatives such as
Olle Adolphson
and
Cornelis Vreeswijk
. Some of its prominent representatives are
Ole Paus
Lillebjørn Nilsen
and
Finn Kalvik
280
The jazz scene is thriving.
Jan Garbarek
Terje Rypdal
Mari Boine
Arild Andersen
and
Bugge Wesseltoft
are internationally recognised while
Paal Nilssen-Love
Supersilent
Jaga Jazzist
and
Wibutee
are becoming world-class artists.
281
Norway has a strong
folk music
tradition which remains popular.
282
Among the most prominent folk musicians are
Hardanger fiddlers
Andrea Een
Olav Jørgen Hegge
and
Annbjørg Lien
, and the vocalists
Agnes Buen Garnås
Kirsten Bråten Berg
and
Odd Nordstoga
Norwegian black metal
, a form of
rock music in Norway
, has been an influence in world music since the late 20th century.
citation needed
Since the 1990s, Norway's export of
black metal
has been developed by such bands as
Emperor
Darkthrone
Gorgoroth
Mayhem
Burzum
and
Immortal
. Bands such as
Enslaved
Kvelertak
Dimmu Borgir
and
Satyricon
have evolved the genre while still garnering worldwide fans.
Notable female solo artists from Norway include
Susanne Sundfør
Sigrid
Astrid S
Adelén
Julie Bergan
Maria Mena
Tone Damli
Margaret Berger
Lene Marlin
Christel Alsos
Maria Arredondo
Marion Raven
and
Marit Larsen
(both members of the pop-rock band
M2M
),
Lene Nystrøm
(vocalist of the Danish Eurodance group
Aqua
),
Anni-Frid Lyngstad
(vocalist of the Swedish pop group
ABBA
), and
Aurora Aksnes
. Norwegian songwriters and producers for international artists include
Stargate
Espen Lind
, Lene Marlin and
Ina Wroldsen
Norway has been a constant competitor in the
Eurovision Song Contest
, participating 62 times. Since its first participation in 1960, Norway has won the competition three times:
Bobbysocks
's win in
1985
Secret Garden
's win in
1995
and
Alexander Rybak
's win in
2009
283
Alexander Rybak's win in 2009 with his song
Fairytale
was a major win in Eurovision's history as it scored the biggest margin of victory ever.
284
The song was an international hit, peaking at number one in several countries.
285
Norway enjoys many music festivals throughout the year, all over the country. Norway is the host of one of the world's biggest
extreme sport
festivals with music,
Ekstremsportveko
—a festival held annually in
Voss Municipality
. Oslo is the host of many festivals, such as
Øyafestivalen
and
by:Larm
. Oslo used to have a summer parade similar to the German
Love Parade
. In 1992, the city of Oslo wanted to adopt the French music festival
Fête de la Musique
Fredrik Carl Størmer
established the festival. From its first year, "Musikkens Dag" gathered thousands of people and artists in the streets of Oslo. "Musikkens Dag" is now renamed
Musikkfest Oslo
citation needed
Literature
Main article:
Norwegian literature
See also:
List of Norwegian writers
This section
does not
cite
any
sources
Please help
improve this section
by
adding citations to reliable sources
. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed
February 2022
Learn how and when to remove this message
Henrik Ibsen
, the most frequently performed dramatist in the world after
Shakespeare
The history of Norwegian literature starts with the
pagan
Eddaic poems
and
skaldic
verse of the ninth and tenth centuries, with poets such as
Bragi Boddason
and
Eyvindr skáldaspillir
. The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European medieval learning,
hagiography
and history writing. Merged with native oral tradition and Icelandic influence, this influenced the literature written in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Major works of that period include
Historia Norwegiæ
Þiðrekssaga
and
Konungs skuggsjá
Little Norwegian literature came out of the period of the Scandinavian Union and the subsequent Dano-Norwegian union (1387–1814), with some notable exceptions such as
Petter Dass
and
Ludvig Holberg
. During the union with Denmark, the government imposed using only written Danish, which decreased the writing of Norwegian literature.
Two major events precipitated a major resurgence in Norwegian literature: in 1811 a Norwegian university was established in
Christiania
, and in 1814 the Norwegians created their first
Constitution
. Authors were inspired and became recognised first in Scandinavia, and then worldwide; among them were
Henrik Wergeland
Peter Christen Asbjørnsen
Jørgen Moe
and
Camilla Collett
By the late 19th century, in the
Golden Age
of Norwegian literature, the so-called "Great Four" emerged:
Henrik Ibsen
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Alexander Kielland
, and
Jonas Lie
. Bjørnson's "peasant novels", such as
Ein glad gut
(A Happy Boy) and
Synnøve Solbakken
, are typical of the
Norwegian romantic nationalism
of their day. Kielland's novels and short stories are mostly naturalistic. Although an important contributor to early romantic nationalism, (especially
Peer Gynt
), Henrik Ibsen is better known for his pioneering realistic dramas such as
The Wild Duck
and
A Doll's House
In the 20th century, three Norwegian novelists were awarded the
Nobel Prize in Literature
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
in 1903,
Knut Hamsun
for the book
Markens grøde
("
Growth of the Soil
") in 1920, and
Sigrid Undset
(known for
Kristin Lavransdatter
) in 1928.
Architecture
Main article:
Architecture of Norway
The
Urnes Stave Church
has been listed by
UNESCO
as a
World Heritage Site
Dalen Hotel
in
Telemark
built in
Dragon Style
, a style of design architecture that originated during the
Norwegian romantic nationalism
With expansive forests, Norway has long had a tradition of building in wood. Many of today's most interesting new buildings are made of wood, reflecting the strong appeal that this material continues to hold for Norwegian designers and builders.
286
With Norway's conversion to Christianity, churches were built. Stonework architecture was introduced from Europe for the most important structures, beginning with the construction of
Nidaros Cathedral
in
Trondheim
. In the early
Middle Ages
, wooden
stave churches
were constructed throughout Norway. Some of them have survived; they represent Norway's most unusual contribution to architectural history.
Urnes Stave Church
in inner
Sognefjord
is on
UNESCO
's
World Heritage List
. Another notable example of wooden architecture is the buildings at
Bryggen
Wharf in Bergen, also on the list for World Cultural Heritage sites, consisting of a row of tall, narrow wooden structures along the quayside.
In the 17th century, under the Danish monarchy, cities and villages such as
Kongsberg
and
Røros
were established. The city Kongsberg had a church built in the Baroque style. Traditional wooden buildings that were constructed in Røros have survived.
After Norway's union with Denmark was dissolved in 1814, Oslo became the capital. The architect
Christian H. Grosch
designed the earliest parts of the
University of Oslo
, the
Oslo Stock Exchange
, and many other buildings and churches constructed in that early national period.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the city of
Ålesund
was rebuilt in the
Art Nouveau
style, influenced by styles of France. The 1930s, when functionalism dominated, became a strong period for Norwegian architecture. It is only since the late 20th century that Norwegian architects have achieved international renown. One of the most striking modern buildings in Norway is the
Sámi Parliament
in
Kárášjohka
, designed by
Stein Halvorson
and
Christian Sundby
. Its debating chamber, in timber, is an abstract version of a
lavvo
the traditional tent used by the nomadic
Sámi people
287
Art
Main article:
Norwegian art
The Scream
by
Edvard Munch
, 1893
For an extended period, the Norwegian art scene was dominated by artwork from Germany and Holland as well as by the influence of Copenhagen. It was in the 19th century that a truly Norwegian era began, first with portraits, later with impressive landscapes.
Johan Christian Dahl
, originally from the Dresden school, eventually returned to paint the landscapes of western Norway, defining Norwegian painting for the first time."
288
Norway's newly found independence from Denmark encouraged painters to develop their Norwegian identity, especially with landscape painting by artists such as
Kitty Kielland
, a female painter who studied under
Hans Gude
, and
Harriet Backer
, another pioneer among female artists, influenced by
impressionism
Frits Thaulow
, an impressionist, was influenced by the art scene in Paris as was
Christian Krohg
, a realist painter, famous for his paintings of prostitutes.
289
Of particular note is
Edvard Munch
, a symbolist/expressionist painter who became world-famous for
The Scream
which is said to represent the anxiety of modern man. Other notable works from Munch includes
The Sick Child
Madonna
and
Puberty
Other artists of note include
Harald Sohlberg
, a neo-romantic painter remembered for his paintings of
Røros
, and
Odd Nerdrum
, a figurative painter who maintains that his work is not art, but
kitsch
Cuisine
Main article:
Norwegian cuisine
Norway's culinary traditions show the influence of long seafaring and farming traditions, with
salmon
(fresh and cured),
herring
(pickled or marinated),
trout
codfish
, and other seafood, balanced by cheeses (such as
brunost
Jarlsberg cheese
, and
gamalost
), dairy products, and breads (predominantly dark/darker).
Lefse
is a Norwegian potato flatbread, usually topped with large amounts of butter and sugar, most commonly eaten around Christmas. Traditional Norwegian dishes include
lutefisk
smalahove
pinnekjøtt
raspeball
, and
fårikål
290
A Norwegian speciality is rakefisk, which is fermented trout, consumed with thin flatbread and sour cream. The most popular pastry is vaffel.
Sports
This section needs to be
updated
. The reason given is:
Lacks info on handball from the late 2010s onward.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
March 2025
See also:
List of Norwegian sport governing bodies
and
Football in Norway
Skier
Marit Bjørgen
from Norway is the
most successful Winter Olympian
of all time, with 15 medals
Sports are a central part of Norwegian culture, and popular sports include
cross-country skiing
ski jumping
mountaineering
hiking
, association football,
handball
biathlon
speed skating
, and, to a lesser degree,
ice hockey
Norway is known internationally for its role in the development of modern winter sports, particularly skiing. From the 19th century Norway also became a premier
mountaineering
destination, with books such as
William Cecil Slingsby
's
Norway, the Northern Playground
contributing to the country's popularity among early mountain climbers.
291
Association football is the most popular sport in Norway in terms of active membership. In 2014–2015 polling, football ranked far behind
biathlon
and
cross-country skiing
in terms of popularity as spectator sports.
292
Ice hockey
was the biggest indoor sport as of 2013.
293
The
women's handball national team
has won several titles, including two
Summer Olympics
championships (
2008
2012
), three
World Championships
1999
2011
2015
), and six
European Championship
1998
2004
2006
2008
2010
2014
).
needs update
Men's handball experienced a boom in the late 2010s and early 2020s, with star players including
Sander Sagosen
and
Magnus Abelvik Rød
, the
Norway national handball team
reaching the finals of the
2017
and
2019
IHF World Men's Handball Championships
, and
Kolstad Håndball
having among the highest group stage average crowds in the
2023–24
and
2024–25
EHF Champions League
seasons.
In association football, the
women's national team
has won the
FIFA Women's World Cup
in
1995
and the
Olympic Football Tournament
in
2000
. The women's team also has two
UEFA European Women's Championship
titles (
1987
1993
). The
men's national football team
has participated three times in the
FIFA World Cup
1938
1994
, and
1998
), and once in the
European Championship
2000
). The highest FIFA ranking Norway has achieved is second, a position it has held twice, in 1993 and in 1995.
294
Norwegian players in the
National Football League
in
American football
include
Halvor Hagen
Bill Irgens
Leif Olve Dolonen Larsen
Mike Mock
, and
Jan Stenerud
295
Bandy
is a traditional sport in Norway and the country is one of the four founders of
Federation of International Bandy
. As of January 2018,
the men's national team
has captured one silver and one bronze, while
the women's national team
has managed five bronzes at
the World Championships
Norway first participated at the
Olympic Games
in 1900, and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then, except for the sparsely attended
1904 Games
and the
1980 Summer Olympics
in Moscow when they participated in the
American-led boycott
. Norway leads
the overall medal tables
at the
Winter Olympic Games
by a considerable margin. Norway has hosted the Games on two occasions:
1952 Winter Olympics
in Oslo
1994 Winter Olympics
in
Lillehammer
It also hosted the
2016 Winter Youth Olympics
in Lillehammer, making Norway the first country to host both Winter regular and Youth Olympics.
Norway featured a women's national team in
beach volleyball
that competed at the
2018–2020 CEV Beach Volleyball Continental Cup
296
and later a men's national team in
beach volleyball at the 2020 Summer Olympics
that won gold metal.
Chess
has gained huge popularity in Norway.
Magnus Carlsen
, a Norwegian, was the
world chess champion
between 2013 and 2023.
297
Many of the biggest chess tournaments are broadcast live on national television, with the
World Rapid
and
Blitz Chess Championships
airing on the country's biggest television channel
NRK1
298
Norway has produced many
track and field
athletes at the highest international levels, including, but not limited to,
Egil Danielsen
and
Andreas Thorkildsen
(Men's
javelin throw
),
Grete Waitz
(Women's long-distance running),
Vebjørn Rodal
Jakob Ingebrigtsen
, and
Henrik Ingebrigtsen
(Men's middle-distance running),
Karsten Warholm
(Men's 400m running and hurdles),
Sander Skotheim
and
Markus Rooth
(Men's
pentathlon
), and
Kristian Blummenfelt
(Men's
triathlon
).
See also
Norway portal
Outline of Norway
Notes
Bokmål
Norge
Nynorsk
Noreg
Northern Sami
Norga
Lule Sami
Vuodna
Southern Sami
Nöörje
Kven
Norja
Names in the official and recognised languages:
Bokmål
Norge
[ˈnɔ̂rɡə]
Nynorsk
Noreg
; official names in minority languages:
Northern Sami
Norga
Lule Sami
Vuodna
Southern Sami
Nöörje
Kven
Norja
Written
Bokmål
and
Nynorsk
Northern
Lule
, and
Southern
Including
indigenous group
Sámi
, and
minority groups
Jewish
Traveller
Forest Finn
Romani
, and
Kven
Until the 2012
constitutional amendment
the Evangelical-Lutheran religion was the public religion of the State.
The
Spitsbergen Treaty
(also known as the
Svalbard Treaty
) of 9 February 1920 recognises Norway's full and absolute sovereignty over the arctic archipelago of Spitsbergen (now called
Svalbard
).
16
References
Citations
"Sak"
. 12 March 2024.
"Offisiell status for samisk"
Language Council of Norway
Archived
from the original on 15 August 2023
. Retrieved
19 August
2021
Samisk har status som minoritetsspråk i Noreg, Sverige og Finland, og i alle tre landa har samisk status som offisielt språk i dei samiske forvaltningsområda.
[Sámi is recognised as a minority language in Norway, Sweden and Finland, and is an official language within the Sámi administrative areas in all three countries.]
"Minoritetsspråk"
Språkrådet
Archived
from the original on 15 January 2018
. Retrieved
8 January
2018
"Befolkningen med innvandrerbakgrunn i Norge"
IMDi
. 21 August 2025
. Retrieved
16 November
2025
Church of Norway
Deprecated link
archived 27 March 2025 at
archive.today
Statistics Norway (17 March 2025).
Members of religious and life stance communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/life stance.
Archived
23 January 2025 at the
Wayback Machine
Statistics Norway (5 June 2024).
"The Constitution of Norway, Article 16 (English translation, published by the Norwegian Parliament)"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 8 September 2015.
"The Re-establishing of a Norwegian State"
regjeringen.no
. 5 July 2020.
Archived
from the original on 18 April 2017
. Retrieved
17 April
2017
"Surface water and surface water change"
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD).
Archived
from the original on 24 March 2021
. Retrieved
11 October
2020
"Arealstatistics for Norway 2019"
. Kartverket, mapping directory for Norway. 20 December 2019. Archived from
the original
on 8 June 2019
. Retrieved
1 March
2020
"Population, 2026-01-01"
. Statistics Norway. 25 February 2026
. Retrieved
25 February
2026
"World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition)"
www.imf.org
International Monetary Fund
. 14 April 2026
. Retrieved
19 April
2026
"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey"
ec.europa.eu
Eurostat
Archived
from the original on 9 October 2020
. Retrieved
22 June
2022
"Human Development Report 2025"
(PDF)
United Nations Development Programme
. 6 May 2025.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 6 May 2025
. Retrieved
6 May
2025
"Norway"
CIA World fact
. 26 October 2021. Archived from
the original
on 11 January 2021
. Retrieved
12 February
2021
National Research Council (U.S.). Polar Research Board (1986).
Antarctic treaty system: an assessment
. National Academies Press.
ISBN
978-0309036405
. Retrieved
24 July
2011
"Norwegian Society / Living in Norway"
Study in Norway
. Archived from
the original
on 21 March 2018
. Retrieved
21 March
2018
"Statistics Norway raises '07 GDP outlook, cuts '08"
Reuters
. 6 September 2007. Archived from
the original
on 22 September 2020
. Retrieved
8 March
2009
"Country Comparison :: Crude oil – production"
CIA – The World Factbook
. Archived from
the original
on 7 March 2017
. Retrieved
16 March
2016
"Country Comparison :: Natural gas – production"
CIA – The World Factbook
. Archived from
the original
on 15 March 2016
. Retrieved
16 March
2016
"The World's Richest Countries"
forbes.com
Archived
from the original on 31 January 2018
. Retrieved
12 December
2014
"Norway struck oil in the 60s. Now it has trillions. Here's how Australia compares"
ABC News
. 4 November 2025
. Retrieved
16 December
2025
"Nomino 6:6"
Nomino
. Season 2 (in Norwegian). 4 October 2016. Event occurs at 22:18.
NRK
Archived
from the original on 6 October 2016
. Retrieved
5 October
2016
"Sår tvil om Norges opphav"
(in Norwegian). Forskning.no for
Universitetet i Agder
. 29 February 2016.
Archived
from the original on 22 August 2017
. Retrieved
1 November
2016
Skre, Dagfinn (2020).
Rulership in 1st to 14th century Scandinavia
. De Gruyter. pp. 3,
5–
10.
hdl
20.500.12657/23221
ISBN
978-1-193-55787-8
Archived
from the original on 24 June 2021
. Retrieved
22 June
2021
Heide, Eldar (2016).
"Noregr tyder nok vegen mot nord, likevel"
Namn og Nemne
(in Norwegian Bokmål).
33
ISSN
2703-7371
Archived
from the original on 22 February 2017
. Retrieved
14 August
2023
Klavs Randsborg (14 September 2009).
The Anatomy of Denmark: Archaeology and History from the Ice Age to AD 2000
. Bloomsbury Academic.
ISBN
978-0-7156-3842-2
OCLC
1114604682
Ling 2008.
Elevated Rock Art
. GOTARC Serie B. Gothenburg Archaeological Thesis 49. Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Gothenburg, Goumlteborg, 2008.
ISBN
978-9185245345
"Norway - Vikings, Fjords, Sami | Britannica"
www.britannica.com
. 23 August 2025
. Retrieved
23 August
2025
Bjørn Ringstad,
Vestlandets største gravminner. Et forsøk på lokalisering av forhistoriske maktsentra
, (Bergen, 1986)
Bergljot Solberg,
Jernalderen i Norge
, (Oslo, 2000)
"Vinland Archeology"
naturalhistory.si.edu
. Archived from
the original
on 8 March 2018
. Retrieved
11 April
2017
Larsen
, p. 83.
Foster, R. F.
(2001)
The Oxford History of Ireland
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
019280202X
Larsen
, p. 95.
Jones, Gwyn, A history of the Vikings (Oxford 2001).
Larsen
, p. 201.
Stenersen: 36
Stenersen: 38
Stenersen: 39
Stenersen: 37
Stenersen: 41
Stenersen: 44
Stenersen: 45
Stenersen: 46
Derry p. 75
Derry pp. 77–78
Derry p. 77
Derry pp. 81–82
Derry pp. 83–84
Larsen
, p. 192.
Oeding, P (1990). "The black death in Norway".
Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
110
(17):
2204–
08.
PMID
2197762
"Black Death (pandemic)"
Encyclopædia Britannica
Archived
from the original on 18 July 2011
. Retrieved
23 July
2011
Larsen
, pp. 202–03.
Larsen
, p. 195
Larsen
, p. 197
Finding the family in medieval and early modern Scotland
Archived
17 April 2023 at the
Wayback Machine
". Elizabeth Ewan, Janay Nugent (2008).
Ashgate Publishing
. p. 153.
ISBN
0754660494
The savage wars of peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian trap
Archived
28 January 2022 at the
Wayback Machine
". Alan Macfarlane (1997). p. 63.
ISBN
0631181172
Treaty of Kiel
, 14 January 1814.
Nicolson, Harold (1946).
The Congress of Vienna; a study in allied unity, 1812–1822
. Constable & co. ltd. p. 295.
The British Government sought to overcome this reluctance by assisting Russia in blockading the coast of Norway
Larsen
, p. 572.
Larsen
, p. 423.
Franklin D. Scott,
Sweden: the Nation's History
University of Minnesota Press
: Minneapolis, 1977) p. 380.
Larsen
, p. 432.
Larsen
, p. 431.
Larsen
, p. 412.
See "The Civil War in Switzerland" by Frederick Engels contained in Marx & Engels,
Collected Works: Volume 6
(International Publishers, New York, 1976) p. 368.
Larsen
, p. 433.
"Marcus Møller Thrane – Norwegian journalist and socialist"
Encyclopædia Britannica
. 11 April 2024.
Archived
from the original on 9 October 2014
. Retrieved
23 June
2022
Riste, Olav.
The Neutral Ally: Norway's relations with belligerent powers in the First World War
(1995)
"Norwegian volunteers in the Wehrmacht and SS"
. Nuav.net. 9 April 1940.
Archived
from the original on 3 October 2018
. Retrieved
5 April
2010
PM to light London tree
Aftenposten
. 5 December 2007
Frenzel, Eike (3 September 2010).
"Kriegsende in der Arktis: Die vergessenen Haudegen"
Spiegel Online
Archived
from the original on 25 November 2017
. Retrieved
4 November
2018
"Balder – Norsk Oljemuseum"
www.norskolje.museum.no
. Archived from
the original
on 7 October 2017
. Retrieved
6 October
2017
"Norwegian minister Espen Eide urges UK caution on quitting EU"
BBC News
. 23 December 2012.
Archived
from the original on 23 December 2012
. Retrieved
23 December
2012
"Norway mourns 77 dead a decade after terrorist attack"
PBS NewsHour
. 22 July 2021.
Archived
from the original on 13 December 2021
. Retrieved
13 December
2021
'Iron Erna' replaces Stoltenberg as Norway's prime minister as centre-right bloc takes power"
canadianbusiness.com
. 9 September 2013. Archived from
the original
on 13 December 2021
. Retrieved
13 December
2021
"Norway election: Conservative Erna Solberg triumphs"
BBC News
. 10 September 2013.
Archived
from the original on 18 October 2017
. Retrieved
30 August
2022
Stolen, Henrik; Dagenborg, Joachim (12 September 2017).
"Norway's right-wing government wins re-election fought on oil, tax"
Reuters
Archived
from the original on 27 May 2020
. Retrieved
5 March
2021
Buli, Nora; Klesty, Victoria (14 September 2021).
"Norway's left-wing opposition wins in a landslide, coalition talks next"
Reuters
Archived
from the original on 19 October 2021
. Retrieved
19 October
2021
"Norway's prime minister presents his new government"
ABC News
Archived
from the original on 26 October 2021
. Retrieved
26 October
2021
Holmesland, Arthur m.fl.:
Norge
, Oslo: Aschehoug, 1973.
Kiel-traktaten.
Danish translation 1814. Nasjonalbiblioteket/National Library of Norway, read 2 February 2014.
Schei, Liv K.:
Orkenøyene
, Oslo: Grøndahl, 1985.
Helle, Knut & Knut Mykland:
Norge blir en stat. 1130–1319.
Bergen: Universitetsforlaget, 1964.
Thuesen, Nils Petter; Thorsnæs, Geir; Røvik, Sissel (14 May 2018),
"Norge"
Store norske leksikon
(in Norwegian),
archived
from the original on 6 July 2018
, retrieved
5 July
2018
"Norge i nord, sør, øst og vest"
Kartverket
(in Norwegian Bokmål). 8 March 2013. Archived from
the original
on 5 July 2018
. Retrieved
5 July
2018
"Explore North Cape, Europe's northernmost point"
The Independent
. 14 December 2017.
Archived
from the original on 21 June 2022
. Retrieved
5 July
2018
"Statistisk årbok 2013: Geografisk oversikt"
www.ssb.no
Archived
from the original on 30 September 2013
. Retrieved
5 July
2018
Central Intelligence Agency
"Norway"
The World Factbook
. Archived from
the original
on 11 January 2021
. Retrieved
20 June
2013
"Minifacts about Norway 2009: 2. Geography, climate and environment"
Statistics Norway
Archived
from the original on 16 February 2013
. Retrieved
25 October
2009
Strøm, Kaare (1959).
Innsjøenes verden
. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Rogstad, Lars (1985).
Opplegg For Ressursregnskp For Vann
notat. Oslo: SSB/Statistics Norway.
Met.no.
"Climate in Norway(English)"
. Archived from
the original
on 20 March 2017
. Retrieved
20 March
2017
Muller, M. J. (6 December 2012).
Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation
. Springer.
ISBN
978-9400980402
"The Gulf Stream Myth"
ocp.ldeo.columbia.edu
Archived
from the original on 30 December 2016
. Retrieved
30 November
2016
NRK (21 August 2016).
"Norske steder blant de tørreste i Europa (Places in Norway among the driest in Europe)"
NRK
Archived
from the original on 26 August 2016
. Retrieved
26 August
2016
"Climate of Norway: Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table for Norway"
. Climate-Data.org.
Archived
from the original on 21 March 2017
. Retrieved
20 March
2017
Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007).
"Updated world map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification"
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences
11
(5):
1633–
1644.
Bibcode
2007HESS...11.1633P
doi
10.5194/HESS-11-1633-2007
ISSN
1027-5606
S2CID
9654551
Website with maps (2006).
"World map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated"
Meteorologische Zeitschrift
15
(3):
259–
263.
Bibcode
2006MetZe..15..259K
doi
10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130
. Archived from
the original
on 5 April 2017.
"Norwegian Shelf ecosystem"
. Eoearth.org. Archived from
the original
on 1 November 2012
. Retrieved
30 May
2010
"NOU 2004"
. Regjeringen.no. Archived from
the original
on 11 May 2008
. Retrieved
30 May
2010
Norwegian Red List 2010
. Artsdatabanken.no
Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017).
"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"
BioScience
67
(6):
534–
545.
doi
10.1093/biosci/bix014
ISSN
0006-3568
PMC
5451287
PMID
28608869
"WWF – Norway's forest heritage under threat"
Archived
18 October 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
. panda.org. 15 April 2003
"25 Reasons Norway Is The Greatest Place On Earth"
Archived
10 October 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
The Huffington Post
. 7 January 2014.
Hamashige, Hope.
"Best, Worst World Heritage Sites Ranked"
National Geographic News
. Archived from
the original
on 17 November 2006
. Retrieved
25 October
2009
"Norway: come for the sun, stay for the light show"
Lonely Planet
. 2 August 2010. Archived from
the original
on 30 April 2017
. Retrieved
11 April
2017
"Environmental Performance Index 2024"
(PDF)
epi.yale.edu
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 4 October 2017
. Retrieved
29 March
2025
"2016 Environmental Performance Index (excel/xls)"
epi.yale.edu
. January 2016
. Retrieved
23 December
2017
permanent dead link
Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020).
"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material"
Nature Communications
11
(1): 5978.
Bibcode
2020NatCo..11.5978G
doi
10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3
ISSN
2041-1723
PMC
7723057
PMID
33293507
"Norway | The Global State of Democracy"
www.idea.int
. Retrieved
6 October
2025
"Global State of Democracy Indices | The Global State of Democracy"
www.idea.int
. Retrieved
6 October
2025
"Home | The Global State of Democracy"
www.idea.int
. Retrieved
6 October
2025
Wong, Curtis M. (14 December 2010).
World's Top Democratic Governments: Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index 2010 (PHOTOS)
Archived
10 October 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
The Huffington Post
Retrieved 27 August 2013.
Sida/Så arbetar vi/EIU_Democracy_Index_Dec2011.pdf Democracy index 2011
dead link
Economist Intelligence Unit
Retrieved 27 August 2013.
Davidson, Kavitha A. (21 March 2013).
Democracy Index 2013: Global Democracy At A Standstill, The Economist Intelligence Unit's Annual Report Shows
Archived
10 October 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
The Huffington Post
Retrieved 27 August 2013.
"The Constitution – Complete text"
The Storting's Information Corner
. 2011. Archived from
the original
on 29 August 2011
. Retrieved
9 September
2011
"The King's constitutional role"
. The Royal Court of Norway.
Archived
from the original on 14 July 2010
. Retrieved
24 April
2009
"The Monarchy"
. Norway.org. 24 June 2010. Archived from
the original
on 22 February 2012.
"The Storting"
. Norway.org. 10 June 2009. Archived from
the original
on 26 January 2012.
Nordsieck, Wolfram (2011).
"Parties and Elections in Europe"
. parties-and-elections.de. Archived from
the original
on 3 September 2011
. Retrieved
10 September
2011
Storting, 4-year term, 4% threshold (supplementary seats)
"The Government"
. Norway.org. 10 June 2009. Archived from
the original
on 3 September 2010.
"Form of Government"
. Norway.org. 10 September 2009.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
"Political System of Norway"
. 123independenceday.com. Archived from
the original
on 25 February 2010
. Retrieved
27 January
2010
"Political System"
. Norway.org. 18 November 2009. Archived from
the original
on 12 April 2010
. Retrieved
27 January
2010
Bevanger, Lars (10 September 2013).
"Norway election: Erna Solberg to form new government"
. BBC.
Archived
from the original on 23 October 2017
. Retrieved
15 February
2014
"Norway's Prime Minister Presents His New Government"
U.S. News & World Report
. Associated Press. 14 October 2021.
Archived
from the original on 26 October 2021
. Retrieved
9 December
2021
"Fylkesinndelingen fra 2024"
(in Norwegian Bokmål). regjeringen.no. 5 July 2022.
Archived
from the original on 17 March 2023
. Retrieved
11 January
2024
"Local Government"
. Norway.org. 10 June 2009. Archived from
the original
on 11 June 2010
. Retrieved
27 January
2010
"An Introduction to Norway » Government & Politics"
Life in Norway
. 5 February 2017.
Archived
from the original on 16 August 2023
. Retrieved
8 March
2021
Thorsnæs, Geir, ed. (8 April 2024).
"Byer i Norge"
Store norske leksikon
(in Norwegian).
Kunnskapsforlaget
. Retrieved
1 July
2024
Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015).
"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"
Aftenposten
(in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway.
Archived
from the original on 4 March 2016
. Retrieved
22 September
2015
…formålet med anneksjonen var å legge under seg det landet som til nå ligger herreløst og som ingen andre enn nordmenn har kartlagt og gransket. Norske myndigheter har derfor ikke motsatt seg at noen tolker det norske kravet slik at det går helt opp til og inkluderer polpunktet.
"The Judiciary"
. Norway.org. 10 June 2009. Archived from
the original
on 26 January 2012.
Anders Breivik: Just how cushy are Norwegian prisons?
Archived
22 September 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
BBC
"Index 2023 – Global score"
Reporters Without Borders
Archived
from the original on 10 May 2023
. Retrieved
22 March
2025
"Global Corruption Barometer 2013-Norway"
. Transparency International. Archived from
the original
on 21 October 2014
. Retrieved
17 November
2013
Aslaug Moksnes.
Likestilling eller særstilling? Norsk kvinnesaksforening 1884–1913
(p. 35),
Gyldendal Norsk Forlag
, 1984,
ISBN
8205153566
Støle-Nilsen, Marianne (2023).
"Mot en inkluderende feminisme"
Fett
(1):
65–
69.
"Norway-Rankings, News"
U.S. News
. 21 April 2017
. Retrieved
16 December
2025
"The Constitution – Complete text"
. Stortinget.no. Archived from
the original
on 29 June 2011
. Retrieved
23 July
2011
Toivanen, Reetta; et al. (2003). Götz, Norbert (ed.).
Civil Society in the Baltic Sea Region
. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp.
205–
216.
ISBN
978-0754633174
"Journal of Indigenous People Rights. Issue No. 3/2005"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 12 February 2015
. Retrieved
31 March
2015
"Same-Sex Marriage Around the World"
Pew Research Center
. 9 June 2023.
Archived
from the original on 16 January 2023
. Retrieved
26 October
2023
"Human rights: A crowded field"
The Economist
. 27 May 2010.
Archived
from the original on 29 June 2011
. Retrieved
23 July
2011
"Norway - Embassies and consulates"
. 26 March 2025.
Archived
from the original on 6 February 2008
. Retrieved
30 March
2025
"Refleksjoner fra Brussel – Hospitering ved Sørlandets Europakontor – Vest-Agder Fylkeskommune"
. Intportal.vaf.no. 4 January 2010. Archived from
the original
on 6 June 2013
. Retrieved
15 August
2010
"EU-programmer"
. Eu-norge.org. 30 June 2009. Archived from
the original
on 1 May 2011
. Retrieved
29 August
2010
"NDF official numbers"
. NDF. Archived from
the original
on 12 April 2009
. Retrieved
22 April
2009
Gwladys Fouche and Balazs Koranyi (14 June 2013):
"Norway becomes first NATO country to draft women into military"
Archived
28 February 2019 at the
Wayback Machine
Reuters
. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
"Forsvarsnett: Norwegian forces abroad"
. mil.no. Archived from
the original
on 29 September 2008
. Retrieved
2 September
2008
Baltais, Simon (2010).
"Environment And Economy: Can They Co-Exist In The "Smart State"?"
Issues
91
21–
24. Archived from
the original
on 7 April 2015
. Retrieved
20 March
2015
"Human development indices 2008"
(PDF)
Human Development Report
. hdr.undp.org. 18 December 2008. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 19 December 2008
. Retrieved
12 May
2009
A Family Affair: Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries
Archived
16 October 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
OECD
, 2010. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
"OECD Better Life Index"
OECD
Archived
from the original on 1 September 2013
. Retrieved
27 August
2013
"NAV – Foreldrepenger ved fødsel"
. Nav.no. 2011. Archived from
the original
on 26 February 2010
. Retrieved
18 April
2011
"Labour force survey"
Statistics Norway
. March 2025.
Archived
from the original on 17 December 2016
. Retrieved
29 March
2025
"Labour force survey – About the statistics"
. Ssb.no. 30 October 2013.
Archived
from the original on 24 December 2013
. Retrieved
15 February
2014
"Recipients of disability benefit"
. Statistics Norway. 3 July 2024.
Archived
from the original on 24 December 2013
. Retrieved
29 March
2025
"Dette er Norge"
(in Norwegian).
Statistics Norway
Archived
from the original on 21 February 2005
. Retrieved
2 January
2013
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
"International Comparisons of GDP per Capita and per Hour, 1960–2010"
(PDF)
Division of International Labor Comparisons
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 8 June 2019
. Retrieved
16 March
2016
"Hourly Compensation Costs, U.S. Dollars and U.S. = 100."
Archived
26 September 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
United States Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 21 December 2011. Web. 18 September 2012.
Central Intelligence Agency.
"Country Comparison: Distribution of Family Income – GINI Index"
The World Factbook
. Archived from
the original
on 4 June 2011
. Retrieved
20 June
2013
Christensen, Sverre August (27 August 2018), "Chapter 9: The capitalist state or the state as private owner",
At the Forefront, Looking Ahead
, Books, Universitetsforlaget, pp.
134–
158,
doi
10.18261/9788215031583-2018-10
ISBN
978-82-15-03140-8
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (
link
"Green Islands"
www.globalislands.net
. Retrieved
11 June
2025
"EØS-loven – EØSl. Lov om gjennomføring i norsk rett av hoveddelen i avtale om Det europeiske økonomiske samarbeidsområde (EØS) m.v. (EØS-loven)"
. Lovdata.no.
Archived
from the original on 20 October 2013
. Retrieved
14 February
2009
"Norway threatened by GDP decline"
. Retrieved
11 June
2025
"Norway - Economy and Banking Sector"
thebanks.eu
. Retrieved
11 June
2025
Norway
Archived
4 June 2019 at the
Wayback Machine
," U.S. Department of State
Farida Fawzy (8 June 2016).
"Norway first in world to ban deforestation"
CNN
Archived
from the original on 27 July 2019
. Retrieved
27 July
2019
"Secondary Industries"
This is Norway
Statistics Norway
. 14 October 2019. p. 75.
Archived
from the original on 7 February 2020
. Retrieved
14 January
2020
"The Norwegian Fiscal Policy Framework"
. Government.no. 20 March 2019.
Archived
from the original on 14 January 2020
. Retrieved
14 January
2020
Ole Mathismoen (5 August 2013)
Aftenposten
p. 5
Lindeberg, Anne (6 September 2013).
"Her er Norges nye oljeprovins"
. Dn.no.
Archived
from the original on 11 October 2013
. Retrieved
12 October
2013
"Gass- og oljefunn nord for Snøhvitfeltet i Barentshavet – 7220/8-1"
. Npd.no. 1 April 2011. Archived from
the original
on 14 October 2013
. Retrieved
12 October
2013
"FAO Globefish global trends 2006"
. Archived from
the original
on 10 October 2017
. Retrieved
8 March
2009
"Mener Norge bør satse på våpen når oljen tar slutt – VG Nett om Stoltenberg-regjeringen"
[They think Norway should invest in weapons when the oil runs out – VG Nett about the Stoltenberg government].
vg.no
(in Norwegian).
Verdens Gang
. 28 January 2011.
Archived
from the original on 4 February 2011
. Retrieved
7 March
2011
handelsdepartementet, Nærings- og (18 May 2000).
"Norsk næringsvirksomhet – Strukturen i norsk økonomi"
Regjeringen.no
(in Norwegian).
Archived
from the original on 3 October 2018
. Retrieved
3 October
2018
"Norsk næringsliv"
ssb.no
(in Norwegian Bokmål).
Archived
from the original on 3 October 2018
. Retrieved
3 October
2018
"Algas nocivas matam mais de 4,2 mil toneladas de salmão no Chile"
Archived
from the original on 24 October 2022
. Retrieved
4 September
2022
"Binge and purge"
The Economist
. 22 January 2009.
Archived
from the original on 6 January 2019
. Retrieved
30 January
2009
98–99% of Norway's electricity comes from hydroelectric plants.
"Mineral Resources in Norway in 2013"
(PDF)
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 17 November 2015
. Retrieved
14 November
2015
"The fund"
Norges Bank Investment Management
. Archived from
the original
on 21 November 2018
. Retrieved
4 June
2019
2017 The fund's value reaches 1 trillion dollars
"National accounts – SSB"
Statistics Norway
Archived
from the original on 11 January 2020
. Retrieved
14 January
2020
Statistics Norway national accounts
Stanley Reed (24 June 2014).
"Norway's Sovereign Wealth Fund Ramps Up Investment Plans"
The New York Times
Archived
from the original on 22 June 2015
. Retrieved
27 April
2015
The fund, the world's largest sovereign wealth fund ...
"Transparency"
www.nbim.no
. Archived from
the original
on 21 November 2018
. Retrieved
22 November
2018
"Investment: Norway's nest egg"
Financial Times
. 19 August 2012.
Archived
from the original on 10 December 2022
. Retrieved
22 November
2018
Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communication, 2003: 3
"Majority in Favor of High-Speed Trains"
. Theforeigner.no. Archived from
the original
on 24 July 2011
. Retrieved
23 July
2011
Skjeggestad, Sveinung Berg Bentzrød Helene (7 March 2011).
"De aller fleste sier ja takk til lyntog"
Aftenposten
(in Norwegian Bokmål).
Archived
from the original on 24 February 2019
. Retrieved
23 February
2019
Rail transport
Statistics Norway
(2023). Retrieved 29 March 2025
"Slik er norsk jernbane organisert"
. 3 July 2023.
Archived
from the original on 6 February 2024
. Retrieved
29 March
2024
"Slik er norsk jernbane organisert"
Regjeringen.no
(in Norwegian Bokmål). Norwegian Government. 3 July 2023
. Retrieved
9 August
2024
Norwegian National Rail Administration.
"About"
. Archived from
the original
on 16 December 2007
. Retrieved
15 July
2008
Norwegian Ministry of Transport (16 June 2006).
"Kollektivtransport"
(in Norwegian).
Archived
from the original on 20 June 2008
. Retrieved
15 July
2008
Norges Statsbaner
"Train facts"
. Archived from
the original
on 12 June 2008
. Retrieved
15 July
2008
Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, 2003: 15
"Electric cars take off in Norway"
The Independent
Agence France-Presse
. 15 May 2011. Archived from
the original
on 17 May 2011
. Retrieved
9 October
2011
European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (AVERE) (3 September 2012).
"Norwegian Parliament extends electric car initiatives until 2018"
. AVERE. Archived from
the original
on 3 February 2017
. Retrieved
10 April
2013
Hannisdahl, Ole Henrik (9 January 2012).
"Eventyrlig elbilsalg i 2011"
[Adventurous electric vehicle sales in 2011] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. Archived from
the original
on 7 February 2012
. Retrieved
14 January
2012
See table "Elbilsalg i 2011 fordelt på måned og merke" (Electric vehicle sales in 2011, by month and brand) to see monthly sales for 2011.
"Elbilsalget i mars slo alle rekorder"
[Electric vehicle sales in March broke all records] (in Norwegian). Grønn bil. 2 April 2014. Archived from
the original
on 5 April 2014
. Retrieved
3 April
2014
Cobb, Jeff (16 January 2014).
"Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries"
. HybridCars.com.
Archived
from the original on 21 February 2015
. Retrieved
28 January
2015
Siu, Jason (6 June 2016).
"Norway Wants to Make Gas-Powered Cars Illegal by 2025"
AutoGuide.com
. VerticalScope Inc.
Archived
from the original on 7 June 2016
. Retrieved
7 June
2016
Avinor (2008).
"2007 Passasjerer"
(in Norwegian). Archived from
the original
on 28 December 2010
. Retrieved
15 July
2008
Avinor
"About Avinor"
. Archived from
the original
on 31 March 2008
. Retrieved
15 July
2008
Scandinavian Airlines System
"Rutekart"
. Retrieved
15 July
2008
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
Norwegian Air Shuttle
"Route Map"
. Archived from
the original
on 14 July 2008
. Retrieved
15 July
2008
Widerøe
"Våre destinasjoner"
. Retrieved
15 July
2008
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
Oslo Lufthavn
"Car"
. Archived from
the original
on 1 June 2008
. Retrieved
15 July
2008
Oslo Lufthavn
"International scheduled routes from Oslo"
. Archived from
the original
on 14 July 2008
. Retrieved
15 July
2008
"GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025"
WIPO
. Retrieved
16 October
2025
Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno (2025).
Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads
World Intellectual Property Organization
. p. 19.
doi
10.34667/tind.58864
ISBN
978-92-805-3797-0
. Retrieved
17 October
2025
"The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019 Travel and Tourism at a Tipping Point"
(PDF)
. World Economic Forum. 2019.
Archived
from the original on 7 March 2008
. Retrieved
29 March
2025
Statistics Norway (2016).
"Key Figures for Norwegian travel and tourism"
(PDF)
Innovation Norway
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 4 April 2018
. Retrieved
3 April
2018
"Befolkningen"
ssb.no
(in Norwegian).
Archived
from the original on 23 March 2021
. Retrieved
10 January
2026
"Key figures"
ssb.no
Archived
from the original on 6 July 2019
. Retrieved
26 June
2019
Max Roser (2014),
"Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries"
Our World In Data
Gapminder Foundation
, archived from
the original
on 7 August 2018
, retrieved
7 May
2019
"Mean and median age in municipalities, counties and the entire populace (M) 2000 - 2025"
Statistics Norway
. 25 February 2025
. Retrieved
29 March
2025
Eivind Bråstad Jensen. 1991. Fra fornorskningspolitikk mot kulturelt mangfold. Nordkalott-Forlaget.
I. Bjørklund, T. Brantenberg, H. Eidheim, J.A. Kalstad and D. Storm. 2002.
Australian Indigenous Law Reporter
(AILR) 1 7(1)
"National minorities - regjeringen.no"
. 11 January 2007.
Archived
from the original on 3 February 2024
. Retrieved
4 January
2024
Rankin, Jennifer (20 March 2017).
"Happiness is on the wane in the US, UN global report finds"
the Guardian
Archived
from the original on 16 August 2023
. Retrieved
22 March
2023
Hunter, Marnie (20 March 2025).
"These are the world's happiest countries in 2025"
CNN
. Retrieved
20 March
2025
"American FactFinder – Results"
factfinder.census.gov
. Retrieved
8 August
2017
permanent dead link
"Population: Key figures for the population"
ssb.no
. Archived from
the original
on 6 August 2016
. Retrieved
4 September
2016
Statistics Canada
(10 May 2023).
"Religion by ethnic or cultural origins: Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts"
Archived
from the original on 24 December 2018
. Retrieved
29 March
2025
"Facts about immigration"
SSB
. Retrieved
9 October
2024
Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre, 25 April 2013
Archived
23 November 2020 at the
Wayback Machine
Statistics Norway
. Retrieved 30 December 2013
Hare, Sophie.
"Factbox – facts about Norway"
Reuters
. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
"14 per cent of population are immigrants"
ssb.no
. 5 March 2018.
Archived
from the original on 29 December 2022
. Retrieved
29 December
2022
Fraser, Sean (15 May 2012).
"Norway abolishes state-sponsored Church of Norway"
Digital Journal
. Archived from
the original
on 14 June 2013
. Retrieved
20 June
2013
"Norway and its national church part ways"
. 5 January 2017.
Archived
from the original on 1 April 2019
. Retrieved
5 January
2017
På vei mot ny kirkeordning
Archived
13 December 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
Den Norske Kirke. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
Norwegian Church passes milestone in modification of its links with State
Archived
13 December 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
Church Times
, 6 January 2017.
Nordahl, Anne Mone (22 October 2014).
"K-en kommer tilbake"
NRK
(in Norwegian Bokmål)
. Retrieved
16 December
2025
Lilleeng, Sverre (20 November 2024).
"Er skolegudstjenester lovlig? Nei, sier Human-Etisk Forbund. Ja, sier kunnskapsministeren"
NRK
(in Norwegian Bokmål)
. Retrieved
16 December
2025
Den norske kirke
Archived
25 November 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
17 March 2025
Statistics Norway
Church of Norway
Archived
25 November 2017 at the
Wayback Machine
Statistics Norway 17 May 2020
Members of religious and life stance communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/life stance.
Archived
1 May 2022 at the
Wayback Machine
Statistics Norway 8 December 2019
Members of Christian communities outside the Church of Norway.
Archived
5 May 2022 at the
Wayback Machine
Statistics Norway 8 December 2020
"Special Eurobarometer, biotechnology"
(PDF)
. October 2010. p. 204. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 30 April 2011.
"The People in the Church"
. dawnnorge.no. Archived from
the original
on 15 August 2007.
"KOSTRA (Municipality-State-Reporting): Church"
Statistics Norway
Archived
from the original on 28 April 2011
. Retrieved
29 August
2010
"Church of Norway. Church services and participants, by diocese. 2005–2009 (Corrected 28 June 2010)"
Statistics Norway
. 28 June 2010.
Archived
from the original on 16 October 2011
. Retrieved
7 March
2011
"More members in religious and philosophical communities"
Statistics Norway
Archived
from the original on 13 November 2012
. Retrieved
8 March
2009
"Members of Christian communities outside the Church of Norway"
Statistics Norway
Archived
from the original on 17 October 2011
. Retrieved
21 August
2010
Andreas Sletteholm:
"Nå er det flere katolikker enn muslimer i Norge"
Archived
5 December 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
Aftenposten
, 3 December 2012
"Religious communities and life stance communities"
Statistics Norway
Archived
from the original on 11 August 2013
. Retrieved
9 December
2011
"Members of religious and life-stance communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/life stance"
Statistics Norway
Archived
from the original on 17 October 2011
. Retrieved
21 August
2010
"Religious communities and life stance communities"
Statistics Norway
Archived
from the original on 20 November 2012
. Retrieved
9 December
2011
"Shamanism Approved as a Religion in Norway"
. Tnp.no. 15 March 2012.
Archived
from the original on 15 October 2013
. Retrieved
12 October
2013
"Geir Kvarme gikk til sjaman for å få balanse"
. Kjendis.no. 8 May 2012. Archived from
the original
on 15 July 2012
. Retrieved
22 September
2012
AV: ellen kongsnes.
"Samisk sjaman skapte oljefeber"
. Aftenbladet.no. Archived from
the original
on 5 September 2012
. Retrieved
22 September
2012
United Nations (November 2012).
Human Development Report 2013
. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
ISBN
978-9211263404
Nordhagen, R; Major, E; Tverdal, A; Irgens, L; Graff-Iversen, S (2014).
"Folkehelse i Norge 1814–2014"
. Folkehelseinstituttet. Archived from
the original
on 18 March 2015
. Retrieved
2 September
2014
"Deaths – SSB"
Archived
9 March 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
. ssb.no.
"Norway – Implementation of the elements of the Bologna Process"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 6 February 2004
. Retrieved
30 May
2010
"Are University Degrees Free In Norway? (Updated With New 2023 Information!) – The Norway Guide"
thenorwayguide.com
. 15 March 2022.
Archived
from the original on 11 February 2023
. Retrieved
11 February
2023
"Tuition Fees In Norway: Detailed Guide For 2023 – The Norway Guide"
thenorwayguide.com
. 30 January 2023.
Archived
from the original on 11 February 2023
. Retrieved
11 February
2023
"Tuition fees for students from outside EU/EEA and Switzerland | Study in Norway"
studyinnorway.no
. Archived from
the original
on 11 February 2023
. Retrieved
11 February
2023
Kunnskapsdepartementet (6 October 2022).
"Utanlandske studentar skal betale for å studere i Noreg"
Regjeringa.no
(in Norwegian Nynorsk)
. Retrieved
11 February
2023
"Norway Abolishes Free University Education For People Outside Of EU/EEA – The Norway Guide"
thenorwayguide.com
. 7 October 2022.
Archived
from the original on 11 February 2023
. Retrieved
11 February
2023
Vikør, Lars S.; Jahr, Ernst Håkon; Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel (22 May 2019),
"språk i Norge"
Store norske leksikon
(in Norwegian),
archived
from the original on 8 June 2019
, retrieved
26 June
2019
Norges grunnlov, § 108 (Constitution of Norway, article 108, mention the Sámi language specifically)
kirkedepartementet, Kultur- og (27 June 2008).
"St.meld. nr. 35 (2007–2008)"
Archived
from the original on 5 March 2017
. Retrieved
5 March
2017
"Interesting Facts About the Norwegian Language (Norsk)"
Nordictrans.com
. 26 January 2017.
Archived
from the original on 24 October 2020
. Retrieved
17 November
2020
"Nordens språk med røtter og føtter–Samiske språk"
. Eplads.norden.org. Archived from
the original
on 10 April 2013
. Retrieved
26 March
2013
"Lov om Sametinget og andre samiske rettsforhold (sameloven) – Lovdata"
Archived
25 February 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
. lovdata.no.
"NOU 1995: 18 – Ny lovgivning om opplæring"
. Kunnskapsdepartementet. 4 July 1995. Archived from
the original
on 27 October 2014.
"Kvener – Kainun institutti"
. Kvenskinstitutt.no.
Archived
from the original on 19 January 2013
. Retrieved
26 March
2013
"Minoritetsspråkpakten"
. Fornyings-, administrasjons- og kirkedepartementet. 26 October 2018.
Archived
from the original on 3 December 2013
. Retrieved
27 October
2014
"St.meld. nr. 35 (2007–2008) – Mål og meining"
. Kulturdepartementet.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
"St.meld. nr. 35. Mål og meining : Ein heilskapleg norsk språkpolitikk"
. Kultur- og kirkedepartementet. 27 June 2008.
Archived
from the original on 27 October 2014
. Retrieved
27 October
2014
"Tegnspråk blir offisielt språk"
. NRK. 26 June 2008.
Leiro, Eivind (9 May 2023).
"Is English Language Spoken In Norway? (Is It ACTUALLY Used)"
Norwegian Community
Archived
from the original on 31 May 2024
. Retrieved
30 May
2024
"Norway's Culture",
Encarta
. Webcitation.org. Archived from
the original
on 28 October 2009
. Retrieved
15 February
2014
Aune, Oddvin (16 January 2009).
"Mest sette kinofilm på 33 år"
NRK
(in Norwegian Bokmål)
. Retrieved
19 May
2025
"A brief history of Norwegian film"
www.norway.org
. Retrieved
19 November
2025
"Norwegian Film Commission"
. Norwegianfilm.com. Archived from
the original
on 26 April 2012
. Retrieved
22 September
2012
Rigmor Falla:
Tone, tekst og trubadur: 60 år med Visens Venner
. Andresen & Butenschøn. Oslo 2003. ISBN 978-82-8089-216-4
"Culture"
. Studyinnorway.no. 26 March 2007. Archived from
the original
on 19 February 2012
. Retrieved
16 November
2009
"Folk"
www.norway.org
. Retrieved
19 November
2025
"Norway in Eurovision"
Eurovision.tv
Archived
from the original on 21 June 2022
. Retrieved
2 August
2023
"Norway in Eurovision"
Eurovision.tv
Archived
from the original on 21 June 2022
. Retrieved
2 August
2023
Norway has won the contest 3 times and scored the biggest margin of victory ever in 2009.
Hung, Steffen (24 April 2009).
"Alexander Rybak Fairytale"
swedishcharts.com
Archived
from the original on 16 August 2023
. Retrieved
3 August
2023
"The evolution of Norwegian architecture"
. The official site of Norway. Archived from
the original
on 6 June 2013
. Retrieved
20 June
2013
Burgher, Leslie.
"Norwegian Architecture"
. Leslie Burgher website. Archived from
the original
on 12 October 2010
. Retrieved
30 May
2010
Haverkamp, Frode.
Hans Fredrik Gude: From National Romanticism to Realism in Landscape
(in Norwegian).
"Norwegian Artists"
. Artcyclopedia.com.
Archived
from the original on 10 October 2017
. Retrieved
23 July
2011
"Countries and Their Cultures, Norway"
. Everyculture.com. 4 September 2010.
Archived
from the original on 6 October 2020
. Retrieved
23 July
2011
Neate, Jill (1986).
Mountaineering Literature
. The Mountaineers Books. p. 145.
ISBN
0938567047
"Knock-out fra Northug & co"
Dagbladet
. 22 June 2015.
Archived
from the original on 22 June 2015
. Retrieved
22 June
2015
"Stor interesse for ishockey"
NRK
. 13 April 2013.
Archived
from the original on 18 August 2016
. Retrieved
11 June
2016
"FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking"
FIFA
. 22 June 2015. Archived from
the original
on 19 February 2015
. Retrieved
22 June
2015
Grasso, John (2013).
Historical Dictionary of Football
. Scarecrow Press. 490 pp.
ISBN
978-0810878570
"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa"
FIVB
. 22 June 2021.
Archived
from the original on 7 August 2021
. Retrieved
7 August
2021
"Carlsen er verdensmester – Jeg er lykkelig og lettet"
NRK
. 22 June 2015.
Archived
from the original on 16 October 2015
. Retrieved
22 June
2015
"Slik blir sjakk-VM på NRK"
(in Norwegian Bokmål).
NRK
. 26 December 2024
. Retrieved
13 March
2025
Sources
Larsen, Karen (1948).
A History of Norway
Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton University Press
External links
Norway
at Wikipedia's
sister projects
Definitions
from Wiktionary
Media
from Commons
News
from Wikinews
Quotations
from Wikiquote
Texts
from Wikisource
Textbooks
from Wikibooks
Resources
from Wikiversity
Travel information
from Wikivoyage
Data
from Wikidata
Wikisource
has the text of the 1905
New International Encyclopedia
article "
Norway
".
regjeringen.no
Archived
24 September 2022 at the
Wayback Machine
, official Norwegian government website
Norway.no
, Norway's official portal
Statistics Norway
State of the Environment Norway
"Norway"
The World Factbook
(2025 ed.).
Central Intelligence Agency
Norway
Archived
2 May 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
entry at
Britannica.com
Gosse, Edmund William
(1884).
"Norway"
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. XVII (9th ed.). pp.
575–
592.
Gosse, Edmund William
; and four others (1911).
"Norway"
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp.
799–
818.
Hammer, Simon Christian
(1922).
"Norway"
Encyclopædia Britannica
. Vol. 31 (12th ed.).
Norway
from
UCB Libraries GovPubs
Norway profile
Archived
29 November 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
from the
BBC News
Norway.info
Archived
26 March 2021 at the
Wayback Machine
, official foreign portal of the
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Wikimedia Atlas of Norway
Geographic data related to
Norway
at
OpenStreetMap
Official facts about Norway
Archived
19 April 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
VisitNorway.com
, official travel guide to Norway.
National Anthem of Norway
on
Key Development Forecasts for Norway
Archived
12 May 2012 at the
Wayback Machine
from
International Futures
World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Norway
Norway
articles
History
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Petty kingdoms
Viking Age
Unification
High Middle Ages
Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)
Hereditary Kingdom of Norway
Kalmar Union
Denmark–Norway
Kingdom of Norway (1814)
Sweden–Norway
End of the union
World War II
Reichskommissariat
Quisling regime
Norwegian government-in-exile
1945–2000
21st century
Geography
Climate
Districts
Extreme points
Islands
Lakes
Mammals
Mountains
Municipalities
Cities
Protected areas
Rivers
World Heritage Sites
Politics
Administrative divisions
National budget
Constitution
Correctional Service
Courts
Elections
Foreign relations
Governments
Incarceration
LGBT rights
Military
Monarchy
Parliament
Police
Political parties
Prime Minister
Membership of International organizations
Economy
Energy
Fisheries
Government Pension Fund
Industry
Mining
Natural gas
Krone
(currency)
National bank
Nordic model
Norwegian paradox
Oil
Renewable energy
Stock Exchange
Taxation
Telecommunications
Tourism
Trade unions
Transport
Rail
Whaling
Society
Climate change
Crime
Demographics
Education
Ethnic groups
Health
Immigration
Incarceration
Irreligion
Languages
language conflict
Norwegians
Pensions
Poverty
Religion
Women
Culture
Architecture
Art
Bunad
(clothing)
Christmas
(season)
Cinema
Cuisine
Jante law
Music
Norwegian language
Literature
Media
Prostitution
Public holidays
Sport
Nationalism
Romantic nationalism
Symbols
Anthem
Coat of arms
Flags
national flag
Mottos
Name of Norway
Outline
Category
Portal
Articles related to Norway
Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe
Sovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limited
recognition
Abkhazia
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependent
territories
Denmark
Faroe Islands
autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark
United Kingdom
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Sovereign Base Areas)
Gibraltar
British Overseas Territory
Crown Dependencies
Bailiwick of Guernsey
Alderney
Guernsey
Sark
Bailiwick of Jersey
Isle of Man
Special areas
of internal
sovereignty
Finland
Åland
autonomous region
subject to the
Åland convention
of 1921)
Norway
Svalbard
unincorporated area
subject to the
Svalbard Treaty
United Kingdom
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
country of the United Kingdom
subject to the
British-Irish Agreement
Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.
Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.
Oceanic islands
within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.
Governed by the
Holy See
which has sovereignty over Vatican City.
Category
Europe portal
Nordic countries
States
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Autonomous countries
Åland
Faroe Islands
Greenland
territory
Special status
cultural area
Svalbard
Sápmi
Related
Climate of the Nordic countries
Comparison of the Nordic countries
Nordic Council
Nordic cross flag
Subdivisions of the Nordic countries
Nordic diplomatic missions
See also
Norsemen
Old Norse
Nordic identity in Estonia
Scandinavia
Category
Nordic Council
Full members
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Associate members
Åland
Faroe Islands
Greenland
Observer / offices
Sápmi
Estonia
identity
Latvia
Lithuania
Schleswig-Holstein
International organizations with the
Kingdom of Norway
as a member
Geographical and
geopolitical
Arctic Council
European Free Trade Association
EEA
Schengen
Council of Europe (CE)
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
Nordic Council
Organization of American States (OAS)
Historical and
cultural
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Economic and social
development
African Development Bank (AfDB)
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF)
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)
Nordic Investment Bank (NIB)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Paris Club
World Customs Organization (WCO)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Security
Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)
International Criminal Court (ICCt)
Interpol
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
Zangger Committee (ZC)
Technology and
research
Australia Group
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
European Space Agency (ESA)
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Energy Agency (IEA)
International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
United Nations (UN)
Branches
UNCTAD
UNHCR
UNTSO
Specialized
agencies
FAO
ICAO
IFAD
ILO
IMF
IMO
ITU
MINUSMA
UNESCO
UNIDO
UPU
UNITAR
UNMISS
UNRWA
UNWTO
WHO
WIPO
WMO
World Bank Group
IBRD
IDA
IFC
MIGA
Italics
indicates observer status
Authority control databases
International
ISNI
VIAF
GND
FAST
WorldCat
National
United States
France
BnF data
Japan
Czech Republic
Spain
Portugal
Norway
Israel
Catalonia
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
Academics
CiNii
Artists
KulturNav
People
UK Parliament
Other
IdRef
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
NARA
Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine
Yale LUX
61°N
8°E
 / 
61°N 8°E
 /
61; 8
Retrieved from "
Categories
Norway
Member states of the United Nations
Member states of the Council of Europe
Member states of NATO
Members of the Nordic Council
Member states of the European Free Trade Association
Scandinavia
States and territories established in the 870s
872 establishments
States and territories established in 1814
States and territories established in 1905
Countries in Europe
OECD members
Hidden categories:
Pages using the Phonos extension
Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments
Articles containing Bokmål-language text
Articles containing Nynorsk-language text
Articles containing Northern Sami-language text
Articles containing Lule Sami-language text
Articles containing Southern Sami-language text
Articles containing Kven-language text
Pages with Norwegian IPA
Pages including recorded pronunciations
Webarchive template archiveis links
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)
CS1 Norwegian Bokmål-language sources (nb)
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from April 2018
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with dead external links from February 2017
CS1 maint: deprecated archival service
CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN
Articles with dead external links from May 2020
CS1 Norwegian Nynorsk-language sources (nn)
Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
Articles with short description
Short description matches Wikidata
Articles needing additional references from April 2026
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
Use British English from January 2022
All Wikipedia articles written in British English
Use dmy dates from December 2025
Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters
Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2026
All articles with minor POV problems
Articles with minor POV problems from September 2022
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from October 2022
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017
Articles containing Norwegian-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024
Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2025
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from June 2024
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2025
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024
Articles needing additional references from February 2022
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2025
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2025
Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata
Pages using Sister project links with default search
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Coordinates on Wikidata
Norway
Add topic