Norwegians - Wikipedia

Norwegians - Wikipedia
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Ethnic group native to Norway
This article is about the ethnic group native to
Norway
. For other uses, see
Norwegian
For a specific analysis of the population of Norway, see
Demographics of Norway
Ethnic group
Norwegians
Nordmenn
Nordmenn
Distribution of Norwegians worldwide
Total population
c.
10 million
Regions with significant populations
Norway
4,459,166
United States
4,642,526
Canada
463,275
United Kingdom
[a]
[b]
13,798
42,000
Sweden
48,385
Australia
[c]
31,934
Denmark
17,350
Spain
11,871
Germany
11,000
10
Brazil
10,618
11
France
7,000
12
Switzerland
2,234
13
Finland
2,156
14
New Zealand
1,400
15
Iceland
1,369
16
Portugal
1,086
17
Italy
1,024
18
Japan
424
19
Russia
112
20
Languages
Norwegian
Standard forms
Bokmål
Nynorsk
Unofficial forms
Riksmål
Høgnorsk
Religion
Lutheranism
Church of Norway
21
Historically
Norse paganism
and
Catholic Christianity
a.
Based on table of given countries above. Includes those of partial Norwegian ancestry but does not include people of
Faroese
Icelandic
Orcadian
or
Shetland
ancestry.
b.
There are millions of
Britons
of
Scandinavian
ancestry and ethnicity, though mixed with others.
c.
2,908 were born in Norway; 31,934 claim Norwegian ancestry or partial Norwegian ancestry.
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Language
Norwegian
Religion
Tourism
Norwegian Portal
Norwegians
Norwegian
Nordmenn
) are an
ethnic group
and
nation
native to
Norway
, where they form the vast majority of the population. They share a common culture and speak the
Norwegian language
. Norwegians are descended from the
Norse
of the
Early Middle Ages
who formed a unified
Kingdom of Norway
in the 9th century. During the
Viking Age
, Norwegians and other Norse peoples conquered, settled and ruled parts of the
British Isles
, the
Faroe Islands
Iceland
and
Greenland
22
Norwegians are closely related to other descendants of the Norsemen such as
Danes
Swedes
Icelanders
and the
Faroe Islanders
, as well as groups such as the
Scots
whose nation they significantly settled and left a lasting impact in, particularly the
Northern Isles
Orkney
and
Shetland
).
23
24
25
The Norwegian language, with its two official standard forms, more specifically
Bokmål
and
Nynorsk
, is part of the larger
Scandinavian dialect continuum
of generally mutually intelligible languages in
Scandinavia
. Norwegian people and their
descendants
are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in the
United States
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
South Africa
and the United Kingdom.
26
27
Norwegians are traditionally
Lutheran
since the
Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein
which made Lutheranism the only legal religion in the country, however large portions of the population are now either non-practicing,
atheist
or
agnostic
28
29
History
Main articles:
Germanic peoples
History of Norway
, and
History of Scandinavia
Towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC,
Proto-Indo-European
–speaking
Battle-Axe peoples
migrated to Norway bringing
domesticated horses
agriculture
cattle
and
wheel technology
to the region.
During the
Viking Age
Harald Fairhair
unified
the
Norse
petty kingdoms
after being victorious at the
Battle of Hafrsfjord
in the 880s. Two centuries of
Viking expansion
tapered off following the decline of
Norse paganism
with
the adoption of Christianity
in the 11th century. During
The Black Death
, approximately 60% of the population died and in 1397 Norway entered a
union
with
Denmark
In 1814, following Denmark–Norway's defeat in the
Napoleonic Wars
, Norway entered a
union
with
Sweden
and adopted a
new constitution
Rising nationalism
throughout the 19th century led to a
1905 referendum
granting Norway
independence
. Although
Norway remained officially neutral
in
World War I
, the country was
unofficially allied
with the
Entente powers
. In
World War II
, Norway proclaimed its neutrality, but was nonetheless
occupied for five years
by
Nazi Germany
(1940–45). In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a member of
NATO
Discovery of oil and gas
in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted
Norway's economy
but in referendums held in
1972
and
1994
, Norway rejected joining the
EU
. Key domestic issues include integration of a fast-growing
immigrant population
, maintaining the country's generous
social safety net
with an
aging population
, and preserving economic competitiveness.
30
Geographic distribution
Main article:
Norwegian diaspora
Viking Age
Main articles:
Viking Age
Norsemen
Vikings
Viking expansion
, and
Norse colonization of North America
Norwegian or Norse Vikings
31
raided and settled in
Shetland
Orkney
, Ireland, Scotland, and northern England. In the United Kingdom, many names for places ending in -
kirk
, -
ness
, -
thorpe
, -
toft
and -
by
are likely Norse in origin.
32
In 947, a new wave of Norwegian Vikings appeared in England when
Erik Bloodaxe
captured
York
. In the 8th century and onwards, Norwegian and Danish Vikings also settled in
Normandy
, most famously those led by
Rollo
; some of their
Norman
descendants would later expand to England,
Sicily
, and other
Mediterranean
islands.
Apart from Britain and Ireland, Norwegian Vikings established settlements in largely uninhabited regions.
citation needed
The first known permanent Norwegian settler in Iceland was
Ingólfur Arnarson
. In the year 874 he settled in
Reykjavík
After his expulsion from Iceland
Erik the Red
discovered Greenland, a name he chose in hope of attracting Icelandic settlers.
citation needed
Viking settlements were established in the sheltered fjords of the southern and western coast.
citation needed
Erik's relative
Leif Eriksson
later discovered North America.
Netherlands
During the 17th and 18th centuries, many Norwegians emigrated to the Netherlands, particularly
Amsterdam
33
The Netherlands was the second-most popular destination for Norwegian emigrants after Denmark.
34
Loosely estimated, some 10% of the population may have emigrated, in a period when the entire Norwegian population consisted of some 800,000 people.
citation needed
The Norwegians left with the Dutch trade ships that when in Norway traded for timber, hides, herring, and
stockfish
(dried codfish). Young women took employment as maids in Amsterdam, while young men took employment as sailors. Large parts of the Dutch merchant fleet and navy came to consist of Norwegians and Danes. Most
took Dutch names
, leaving no trace of Norwegian names in the later Dutch population.
citation needed
The emigration to the Netherlands was so devastating to the homelands that the Danish-Norwegian king issued penalties of death for emigration, but repeatedly had to issue amnesties for those willing to return, announced by posters in the streets of Amsterdam. Increasingly, Dutchmen who search their genealogical roots turn to Norway. Many Norwegians who emigrated to the Netherlands, and often were employed in the Dutch merchant fleet, emigrated further to the many Dutch colonies such as New Amsterdam (New York).
citation needed
North America
A map of
North America
, with the percentage of
Canadians
and
Americans
of Norwegian descent in each province, territory and state in Canada and the U.S.
Norwegian student conducting research at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
in the United States
United States
Main article:
Norwegian American
Many Norwegians emigrated to the US between the 1850s and the 1920s. The descendants of these people are known as Norwegian Americans. Many Norwegian settlers traveled to and through Canada and Canadian ports while immigrating to the United States. In 1850, the year after Great Britain repealed its restrictive
Navigation Acts
in Canada, more emigrating Norwegians sailed the shorter route to the Ville de Québec (
Quebec City
) in Canada, to make their way to US cities like
Chicago
Milwaukee
, and
Green Bay
by
steamship
. For example, in the 1850s, 28,640 arrived at Quebec, Canada, en route to the US, and 8,351 at New York directly. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, three million Americans consider Norwegian to be their sole or primary ancestry. It is estimated that as many as a further 1.5 million more are of partial Norwegian ancestry. Norwegian Americans represent 2–3% of the non-Hispanic
Euro-American
population in the U.S. They mostly live in both the
Upper Midwest
and
Pacific Northwest
citation needed
Canada
Main article:
Norwegian Canadian
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Leiv Eirikson Discovering America
(1893) by
Christian Krohg
As early as 1814, a party of Norwegians was brought to
Canada
to build a winter road from York Factory on Hudson Bay to the infant
Red River settlement
at the site of present-day
Winnipeg, Manitoba
, Canada. Norway House is one of the oldest trading posts and Native-Canadian missions in the Canadian West. Willard Ferdinand Wentzel served the North West Company of Canada in the Athabasca and Mackenzie regions and accompanied Sir John Franklin on his overland expedition in 1819–20 to the Canadian Arctic.
Norwegian immigration to Canada lasted from the mid-1880s until 1930, although Norwegians were already working in Canada as early as 1814. It can be divided into three periods of roughly fifteen years each. In the first, to about 1900, thousands of Norwegians homesteaded on the Canadian prairies. In the second, from 1900 to 1914, there was a further heavy influx of Norwegians immigrating to Canada from the United States because of poor economic conditions in the US, and 18,790 from Norway. In the third, from 1919 to 1930, 21,874 people came directly from Norway, with the peak year in 1927, when 5,103 Norwegians arrived, spurred by severe depression at home. They came with limited means, many leaving dole queues.
7% of the population in
Saskatoon
in
Canada
is of Norwegian ancestry.
From 1825 to 1900 some 500,000 Norwegians landed at Ville du Quebec in Canada (and other Canadian ports) for travelling through Canada was the shortest corridor to the United States' central states. In spite of efforts by the Government of Canada to retain these immigrants for Canada, very few remained because of Canada's somewhat restrictive land policies at that time and negative stories being told about Canada from U.S. land agents deterring Norwegians from going to Canada. Not until the 1880s did Norwegians accept Canada as a land of opportunity. This was also true of the many Americans of Norwegian heritage who immigrated to Canada from the US with "Canada Fever" seeking homesteads and new economic opportunities. By 1921 one-third of all Norwegians in Canada had been born in the US.
These new Canadians became British subjects in Canada, and part of the British Empire. Canadian citizenship, as a status distinct from that of a British subject, was created on 1 January 1947, with Canada being the first Commonwealth country to create their own citizenship. Prior to that date, Canadians were British subjects and Canada's nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom. On 1 January 1947, Canadian citizenship was conferred on most British subjects connected with Canada. Unlike the US, Canada was part of the British Empire and most Norwegians would have become Canadians and British subjects at the same time.
According to the
2011 Census
, 452,705 Canadians reported Norwegian ancestry (Norwegian-Canadians).
35
Australia
Main article:
Norwegian Australian
As of 2011, there were 3,710 Norwegian-born Australians, and 23,037 Norwegians of Australian descent.
Russia
Further information:
Kola Norwegians
In the 19th century a community known as the
Kola Norwegians
settled in the environs of the Russian city of
Murmansk
. They have suffered persecution under
Joseph Stalin
and after 1992 were offered a chance to get back to Norway. There are very few of them left there today.
Other
See also:
Norwegian settlement in Iceland
Scandinavian migration to the United Kingdom
Early Scandinavian Dublin
Norwegian South African
, and
Scandinavian Brazilian
Genetics
According to recent genetic analysis, both mtDNA (
mitochondrial DNA
) and Y-chromosome
polymorphisms
showed a noticeable genetic affinity between the Norwegian population and other ethnic groups in
Northern
and
Central Europe
, particularly with the Germans. This is due to a history of at least a thousand years of large-scale migration both in and out of Norway.
36
Norwegians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:
37
Mesolithic
hunter-gatherers
, descended from a
Cro-Magnon
population that arrived in Europe about 45,000 years ago,
38
Neolithic farmers
who migrated from Anatolia during the
Neolithic Revolution
9,000 years ago,
39
and
Yamnaya
steppe pastoralists
who expanded into Europe from the
Pontic–Caspian steppe
in the context of
Indo-European migrations
5000 years ago.
37
The Norwegian population is typical of the Northern European population with
Haplogroup I1
being the most common Y-haplogroup, at about 37,3%.
40
41
Norwegians also show the characteristic
R1a
genes of the paternal ancestorship at 17.9%
42
to 30.8%.
43
Such large frequencies of R1a have been found only in East Europe and India.
44
R1b
gene showing paternal descent is also widespread at 25.9%
42
to 30.8%.
43
Norwegian genetic ancestry also exists in many locations where Norwegians immigrated. In particular, several northern states in the United States (
Michigan
Minnesota
North Dakota
South Dakota
, and
Montana
) show Scandinavian (which includes Norwegian) ancestry proportions among European descent (white) persons of 10 to 20%.
45
Similarly, Norwegian ancestry has been found to account for about 25% of ancestry of the population of
the Shetland Islands
and
Danish-Norwegian
ancestry has been found to account for about 25% of ancestry of the population of
Greenland
46
47
Y-chromosome DNA
Y-Chromosome DNA (
Y-DNA
) represents the male lineage, The Norwegian
Y-chromosome
pool may be summarized as follows where haplogroups
R1
comprise generally more than 85% of the total chromosomes.
48
– 55%
R1
– 35%
NOP
~ 5%
Other Haplogroups ~ 5%
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (
mtDNA
) represents the female lineage,
Haplogroup H
represent about 40% of the Norwegian mitochondrial DNA lineages
49
~ 40%
JT
~ 23%
UK
~ 22%
IWX
~ 5%
~ 5%
Other lineages ~ 5%
Language
Main articles:
Norwegian language
and
North Germanic languages
Norwegian
is a
North Germanic language
with approximately 5 million speakers, of whom most are located in
Norway
. There are also some speakers of Norwegian in
Denmark
Sweden
Germany
Britain
Spain
Canada
, and the
United States
, where the largest community of speakers exists, with 55,311 speakers as of 2000; approximately half of the speakers live in
Minnesota
(8,060),
California
(5,865),
Washington
(5,460),
New York
(4,200), and
Wisconsin
(3,520).
50
As of 2006, in Canada, there are 7,710
Norwegian speakers
, of whom 3,420 reside in
British Columbia
, 1,360 in
Alberta
, and 1,145 in
Ontario
51
Culture
Main article:
Culture of Norway
Norwegian culture
is closely linked to the country's
history
and
geography
. The unique
Norwegian farm culture
, sustained to this day, has resulted not only from scarce resources and a harsh climate but also from
ancient property laws
. In the 18th century, it brought about a strong
romantic nationalistic
movement, which is still visible in the
Norwegian language
and
media
. In the 19th century, Norwegian culture blossomed as efforts continued to achieve an independent identity in the areas of literature, art and music.
Cuisine
Main article:
Cuisine of Norway
Reinsdyrsteik
(Reindeer steak), a traditional Norwegian dish served with
lingonberry jam
. It is served from the south to the north of Norway.
Norway's culinary traditions show the influence of long seafaring and farming traditions with
salmon
(fresh and cured),
herring
(pickled or marinated),
trout
codfish
and other seafood balanced by cheeses, dairy products and excellent breads (predominantly dark/darker).
Lefse
is a common Norwegian potato flatbread, common around Christmas. For renowned Norwegian dishes, see
lutefisk
smalahove
pinnekjøtt
Krotekake
and
fårikål
Music
Main article:
Music of Norway
Along with the classical
music
of
romantic
composer
Edvard Grieg
and the modern music of
Arne Nordheim
Norwegian black metal
has become something of an export article in recent years.
Norway's classical performers include
Leif Ove Andsnes
, one of the world's more famous pianists, and
Truls Mørk
, an outstanding cellist.
The jazz scene in Norway is also thriving.
Jan Garbarek
Mari Boine
Arild Andersen
, and
Bugge Wesseltoft
are internationally recognised while
Paal Nilssen-Love
Supersilent
Jaga Jazzist
and
Wibutee
are becoming world-class artists of the younger generation.
52
Norway has a strong
folk music
tradition which remains popular to this day.
53
Among the most prominent folk musicians are
Hardanger fiddlers
Andrea Een
Olav Jørgen Hegge
Vidar Lande
and
Annbjørg Lien
, violinist
Susanne Lundeng
, and vocalists
Agnes Buen Garnås
Kirsten Bråten Berg
and
Odd Nordstoga
54
Celebrations
Norwegian Constitution Day, 17 May
Norwegians celebrate their national day on 17 May, dedicated to the
Constitution of Norway
. Many people wear
bunad
(traditional costumes) and most participate in or watch the
Norwegian Constitution Day
parade that day, consisting mostly of children, through the cities and towns. The
national romanticist
author
Henrik Wergeland
was the founder of the 17 May parade.
Common
Christian
holidays are also celebrated, the most important being
Christmas
(called
Jul
in Norway after the pagan and early
Viking
winter solstice) and
Easter
(Påske). In Norway, the
Santa
(called
Nissen
) comes at
Christmas Eve
, the 24 December, with the presents, not the morning after as in many English speaking countries. He usually comes late in the evening, after the Christmas dinner many children consider long, boring and unnecessary.
Jonsok
St. John
's Passing), or
St. Hans
St. John
's Day), i.e. 24 June, is also a commonly revered holiday. It marks
midsummer
and the beginning of summer vacation, and is often celebrated by lighting
bonfires
the evening before. In Northern areas of Norway, this day has 24 hours of light, while southern areas have only 17.5 hours.
Religion
See also:
Religion in Norway
and
Norwegian American § The Norwegian Lutheran Church in the United States
Heddal Stave Church
is the largest stave church and one of the oldest preserved churches in Norway.
The conversion of Norway to
Christianity
from
Norse paganism
began in 1000. By the middle of the 11th century, Christianity had become well-established in Norway and had become dominant by the middle of the 12th century. The Norwegians were
Catholics
until the
Danish
king
Christian III of Denmark
forced them to convert to
Lutheranism
and established a state-governed church. The
church
undertook a program to convert the
Sámi
in the 16th and 17th century, with the program being largely successful.
In the 19th century, emigration from Norway for political and religious motives began and Lutheranism spread to the United States. As a result of this,
citation needed
many of the Norwegians remaining in Norway were religiously moderate; subsequently,
church attendance
declined throughout the 20th century, as reflected by 78% of the population stating that religion is unimportant in a Gallup poll
55
and low weekly church attendance, at 2%,
56
particularly when compared to that of
North Dakota
, the state in which Norwegians constitute approximately 30.4% of the population. Of all U.S. states, North Dakota has the lowest percentage of non-religious people and the largest number of churches per capita. It weekly church attendance is at 43%.
57
58
In Norway the
Church of Norway
and state are not entirely separated. An act approved in 2016 created the Church of Norway as an independent legal entity, effective from 1 January 2017.
59
60
The Church of Norway was previously the country's official religion, and its central administrative functions were carried out by the Royal Ministry of Government Administration, Reform and Church Affairs until 2017.
61
The Lutheran Church is still mentioned in the
constitution
, for example, the
King
is still required to profess a Lutheran faith.
62
When baptised, children are registered in the
Church of Norway
's member register, leading to a large membership, although many people do not remain observant as adults. A majority of both ethnic Norwegians and Sámi are nominally Christian, but not necessarily observant. In
Norway
as of 2018, 70% of the population are members of the
Lutheran Church
63
though only 47.1% answered "Yes" to the question "Do you believe in God?" in a 2018
European Values Study
64
Other terms used
The Norwegians are and have been referred to by other terms as well.
Some of them include:
Nordmenn
: a term used by Scandinavians to denote Norwegians. It translates as "Northmen". (Singular:
Nordmann
Northmen
: old term used by other European peoples to denote the peoples originating in the northern regions of Europe.
Norsemen
or
Norse
Viking Age
peoples of
Nordic
origin.
Vikings
: used in the Nordic countries to denote people who went raiding, pillaging or
slave catching
during the Viking Age. Used in a similar way by other peoples but can also mean
Scandinavians
in general.
Minnewegian
colloquial
term for a
Norwegian Minnesotan
Norski
: common name for Northern American Norwegians.
Norrbagge
: a Swedish (derogatory) term for Norwegians (first attested use in 1257) of uncertain meaning. Some claim that it is based on the root
bagge
meaning sheep's testicles in some Swedish dialects. Another explanation is that "bagge" refers to Bagaholm where
Bohus Fortress
lies, at an ancient border between Norway and Sweden. Nordbagge then means people who lives on the north (Swedish: norr) side of Bagaholm.
65
See also
Norway portal
Demographics of Norway
List of Germanic peoples
List of Norwegians
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