Nsrahwɛ - Wikipedia

Nsrahwɛ - Wikipedia
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Ɛfi Wikipedia
Nsrahwɛfo a wɔba Apollo Asɔredan mu, Delphi, Greece
Nsrahwɛ
yɛ akwantu a wɔde gye wɔn ani anaa adwuma, ne aguadi dwumadi a ɛne sɛ wɔde akwantu a ɛte saa ma na wɔboa.
Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no kyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛ mu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so, wɔ nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri sen adwene a wɔtaa kura wɔ nsrahwɛ ho sɛ ɛyɛ nnapɔnna dwumadi nkutoo nkutoo mu", sɛ nnipa a "wɔtu kwan kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ no na wɔtra hɔ a ɛnyɛ nea ɛboro afe biako a ɛtoatoa so ma ahomegye ne nea ennu nnɔnhwerew 24, adwumayɛ ne atirimpɔw afoforo".
Nsrahwɛ betumi ayɛ ɔman no mu (wɔ akwantufo no ankasa man mu) anaa amanaman ntam, na amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ wɔ nkɛntɛnso a ɛba ne nea efi mu nyinaa wɔ ɔman bi sika a aka no so .
Nsrahwɛfoɔ dodoɔ so teɛeɛ ɛnam sikasɛm a ɛkɔɔ fam kɛseɛ ( 2000 mfeɛ no awieeɛ sikasɛm mu ɔhaw ) wɔ afe 2008 fa a ɛtɔ so mmienu ne afe 2009 awieeɛ ntam, ne nea ɛfirii mu baeɛ ne sɛ afe 2009 H1N1 influensa mmoawa no paee,
nanso nkakrankakra nyaa ahoɔden kosii sɛ
COVID-19 ɔyaredɔm no
de nkɔso no baa awiei mpofirim. Amanaman Nkabom Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no buu akontaa sɛ wiase nyinaa amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔba no betumi so atew 58% akosi 78% wɔ afe 2020 mu, na ɛbɛma wɔahwere U.S. dɔla ɔpepepem 0.9–1.2 wɔ amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wonya no mu.
Wɔ wiase nyinaa no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfoɔ sika a wɔnya (akwantuo adeɛ a ɛwɔ sika a wɔde tua ho ka mu ) kɔɔ soro koduu US$1.03 ɔpepepem ( €740 ɔpepepem) wɔ afe 2005 mu, a ɛne nkɔanim ankasa a ɛkɔɔ soro 3.8% firi afe 2010 no hyia
Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔbaa hɔ no boroo nsrahwɛfo ɔpepepem 1 wɔ wiase nyinaa nea edi kan wɔ afe 2012.
Na gua ahorow a ɛrenya nkɔso te sɛ
China
Russia
, ne
Brazil
ama wɔn sika a wɔsɛe no akɔ soro kɛse wɔ mfe du a atwam no mu.
Wiase nyinaa nsrahwɛfo na ɛma c. Wiase nyinaa mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu no mu 8%.
Ɛnyɛ bere nyinaa na mframa a wɔtow gu ne nneɛma afoforo a ɛho hia a ɛba nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne asetra mu no so wɔ mfaso ma mpɔtam hɔfo ne wɔn sikasɛm. Esiane eyi nti, nsrahwɛfo nkɔso ahyehyɛde ahorow pii afi ase de wɔn adwene asi nsrahwɛ a ɛtra hɔ daa so de abrɛ nkɛntɛnso bɔne a nsrahwɛfo nkɛntɛnso a ɛrenya nkɔanim no de ba no ase. Amanaman Nkabom Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no sii saa nneyɛe yi so dua denam nsrahwɛ a wɔhyɛɛ ho nkuran sɛ Nkɔso a Ɛkɔ So Daa Botae ahorow no fa, denam nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ Amanaman Ntam Afe a Ɛfa Nsrahwɛ a Ɛkɔ So Daa ma Nkɔso wɔ afe 2017 mu,
ne nhyehyɛe ahorow te sɛ Nsrahwɛ ma SDGs a ɛtwe adwene si sɛnea SDG 8, SDG 12 ne SDG 14 de nsrahwɛ ka ho wɔ sikasɛm a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa a wɔbɛbɔ mu .
Nsrahwɛ adu baabi foforo ne nnwuma a ɛreba a ɛfa ahunmu nsrahwɛ ho ne mprempren nnwuma a ɛwɔ po so ahyɛn a wɔde tu kwan no, akwan horow pii wɔ hɔ a wɔfa so kɔsrasra hɔ. Nsrahwɛ adwuma foforo a ebetumi aba ne nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ no ankasa.
Etymology ho adesua
sesa
Wɔde
Borɔfo kasa mu
asɛmfua
tourist
dii dwuma wɔ afe 1772
na
wɔde tourism
dii dwuma afe 1811.
10
Saa nsɛmfua yi fi asɛmfua
tour
, a efi Engiresi Dedaw turian mu , a efi Franse kasa dedaw mu torner , a efi Latin tornare - "sɛ wobɛdan lathe", a ɛno ankasa fi Tete Helafo tornos mu ( τόρνος ) - "lathe" a wode wo ho to so.
Nkyerɛase ahorow
sesa
Wɔ afe 1936 mu no, Amanaman Apam no kyerɛɛ
ɔman foforo so nsrahwɛfo
ase sɛ "obi a anyɛ yiye koraa no otu kwan kɔ amannɔne nnɔnhwerew aduonu anan".
Amanaman Nkabom
a edii n’ade no yɛɛ nsakrae wɔ nkyerɛase yi mu wɔ 1945 mu, denam asram asia a wɔde bɛtra hɔ a ɛsen biara a wɔde kaa ho no so.
11
Wɔ afe 1941 mu no, Hunziker ne Kraft kyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ ase sɛ "nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa ne abusuabɔ a efi akwantu ne tra a wɔn a wɔnyɛ ɔman no mu ba no nyinaa bom, kosi sɛ ɛmma obi ntra hɔ daa na ɛne dwumadi biara a ɛma wonya sika nni abusuabɔ."
12
13
Wɔ 1976 mu no, England Nsrahwɛ Kuw no nkyerɛase ne sɛ: “Nsrahwɛ yɛ bere tiaa mu, bere tiaa mu nnipa a wɔde wɔn kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ mmeae a wɔtaa tra na wɔyɛ adwuma ne wɔn dwumadi bere a wɔtra baabiara.” Ɛka kankyee a wɔde yɛ atirimpɔw nyinaa ho."
14
Wɔ 1981 mu no, Amanaman Ntam Nyansahu mu Abenfo Fekuw a Ɛhwɛ Nsrahwɛ So no kyerɛkyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ mu sɛ dwumadi pɔtee bi a wɔpaw na wɔyɛ wɔ fie akyi.
Wɔ afe 1994 mu no,
Amanaman Nkabom no
kyerɛɛ nsrahwɛ ahorow abiɛsa wɔ ne
Recommendations on Tourism Statistics
mu
15
Domestic tourism, a ɛfa ɔman a wɔde ama no mufo a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman yi mu nkutoo ho
Nsrahwɛ a ɛba,
a ɛfa nnipa a wɔnyɛ ɔmanfo a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman a wɔde ama no mu ho
Nsrahwɛ a ɛkɔ amannɔne, a ɛfa nnipa a wɔte hɔ a wotu kwan wɔ ɔman foforo so ho
Akuw afoforo a wonya fii atifi hɔ akuw mu:
Ɔman nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔman no mu ne nea ɛkɔ amannɔne a wɔaka abom
Ɔmantam mu nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ ɔman no mu ne nea wɔba mu a wɔaka abom
Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ, nsrahwɛ a ɛba ne nea ɛkɔ akyi a wɔaka abom
Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde nsɛmfua
nsrahwɛ
ne
akwantu
di dwuma de sesa wɔn ho wɔn ho. Wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, akwantu wɔ nkyerɛase a ɛte sɛ nsrahwɛ nanso ɛkyerɛ akwantu a atirimpɔw wom kɛse. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔde nsɛmfua
nsrahwɛ
ne
nsrahwɛfo
di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ animtiaabu so, de kyerɛ anigye a emu nnɔ wɔ amammerɛ anaa mmeae a wɔkɔsra no ho. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, wɔtaa de
akwantufo
di dwuma sɛ sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ obi da nsow. Nsrahwɛ ho asetra ho adesua asua amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ahorow a ɛhyɛ saa nsonsonoe ahorow yi ase ne nea ɛkyerɛ wɔ adesuakuw mu abusuabɔ ho.
16
Nsrahwɛ ho nneɛma
sesa
Sɛnea Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde kyerɛ no, ade bi a wɔyɛ wɔ nsrahwɛ ho ne:
Nsrahwɛ ho ade no fa nnwuma ahorow pii ho a dea ɛka ho ne:
Dabere ho nhyehyɛe fi afie a wɔtra a ne bo nyɛ den so kosi ahɔhodan a nsoromma anum wom so
Ahɔhoyɛ adwuma a mmeae a wɔde nnuan ne anonne ma ka ho
Akwahosan ho adwumayɛbea ahorow te sɛ aduru a wɔde twitwiw nipadua no
Akwan ahorow nyinaa a wɔfa so, ne booking ne rental
Akwantuo adwumayɛbea ahorow, akwantufo a wɔkyerɛ wɔn kwan ne nsrahwɛfo akwankyerɛfo
Amammerɛ mu nnwuma te sɛ nyamesom nkaedum, tete nneɛma akorae, ne abakɔsɛm mmeae
Dwadie
Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo
sesa
Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo a wɔba afe biara sɛnea ɔmantam biara te
Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ yɛ nsrahwɛ a ɛtwa ɔman ahye. Wiase nyinaa ayɔnkofa ama nsrahwɛ ayɛ wiase nyinaa ahomegye dwumadi a agye din. Wiase Nsrahwɛ Ahyehyɛde no kyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛfo mu sɛ nnipa "a wotu kwan kɔ mmeae a ɛnyɛ nea wɔtaa yɛ no na wɔtra hɔ a ɛnboro afe biako a ɛtoatoa so de gye wɔn ahome, nnwuma ne nneɛma afoforo".
Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde (WHO) bu akontaa sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ 500,000 na wɔte wimhyɛn mu bere biara.
17
Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ duu US$ 919B, na ɛkɔɔ soro 6.5% sene afe 2009, a ɛne nkɔanim a ɛkɔɔ soro wɔ ankasa mu a ɛyɛ 4.7% hyia.
18
Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, amanaman ntam nsrahwɛfo bɛboro ɔpepem 940 na wɔbaa wiase nyinaa.
19
Eduu afe 2016 no na saa dodow no akɔ soro akodu ɔpepem 1,235, na ɛde sika a wɔsɛee no wɔ mmeae a wɔrekɔ no yɛ USD ɔpepepem 1,220.
20
COVID-19 ahokyere no nyaa
nkɛntɛnso bɔne kɛse wɔ amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ so
maa su a ɛrekɔ soro no nyinaa brɛɛ ase kɛse.
Amanaman ntam nsrahwɛ wɔ
nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ nneɛma a
atwa yɛn ho ahyia so, a ɔhaw ahorow a wimhyɛn akwantu de
ba no fa bi ma ɛyɛ kɛse nanso nsɛm afoforo nso, a nsrahwɛfo a wɔyɛ adefo a wɔde asetra kwan a ɛhaw mpɔtam hɔ nnwuma, nsu ne nwura nhyehyɛe ne afoforo ka ho.
Gyinabea
sesa
Sikasɛm mu nnyinaso a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu titiriw ne amammerɛ mu agyapade,
amammerɛ mu agyapade
ne
sɛnea
akwantu beae no te. Ɛfata sɛ yɛka
Wiase Agyapade Mmeae ahorow no
ho asɛm titiriw nnɛ efisɛ ɛyɛ nsrahwɛfo magnet ankasa. Nanso ɔman bi nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren anaa kan no mpo betumi ayɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse ama nsrahwɛfo. Sɛ nhwɛso no,
Britania adehye abusua
no anigye no ma nsrahwɛfo ɔpepem pii ba Great Britain afe biara ma enti sikasɛm bɛyɛ £550 ɔpepem afe biara. Yebetumi aka
Habsburg
abusua no ho asɛm wɔ Europa Mfinimfini fam. Sɛnea akontaabu kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ Habsburg ahyɛnsode no ma nsrahwɛfo tɔn euro ɔpepem 60 afe biara ma Vienna nkutoo.
21
22
Mpɛn pii no, nsrahwɛ hwehwɛ sɛ nsrahwɛfo no te nka sɛ ɔde ne ho ahyɛ beae a wɔrekɔ no ho osuahu ankasa mu. Sɛnea Dean MacCannell kyerɛ no, nsrahwɛ hwehwɛ sɛ nsrahwɛfo no betumi abu beae a wɔakɔsra hɔ no sɛ ɛyɛ nokware na ɛsono wɔn ankasa osuahu a wɔatra ase
23
24
: 1 . 113. Nkyekyɛm  Ɛdenam "nea ɛyɛ nwonwa" a nsrahwɛfo hwɛ so no, wosua nea wɔn ankasa nyɛ: kyerɛ sɛ, wɔyɛ "an-exotic," anaasɛ wɔyɛ ade a ɛfata.
24

Sɛnea MacCannell kyerɛ no, nnɛyi nsrahwɛ nyinaa nya osuahu a ɛyɛ "nokware" ne "nea ɛyɛ nwonwa" sɛ "ɛba fam wɔ nkɔso mu" sen nnɛyi de no —kyerɛ sɛ, osuahu a nsrahwɛfo no tra ase no.
24
: 1 . 114. Nkyekyɛm 
Abakɔsɛm
sesa
Tete
sesa
Japanni nsrahwɛfo bi rebisabisa akwantufo kwankyerɛfo ne akwankyerɛ nhoma bi a efi Akizato Ritō
Miyako meisho zue
(1787) mu
Na akwantu a ɛkɔ obi mpɔtam hɔ akyi de gye w’ahome no yɛ adefo akuw nkutoo dea, na ɛtɔ
mmere bi a na wotu kwan kɔ wiase mmeae a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri, kɔhwɛ adan akɛse ne adwinni ahorow,
sua kasa foforo
, nya amammerɛ foforo, nya abɔde a ɛho tew mu anigye na wɔsɔ hwɛ soronko
nnuan a wɔde yɛ aduan
. Nanso, wɔ
Shulgi
, mu tɔnn no, ahemfo kamfoo wɔn ho sɛ wɔbɔ akwan ho ban na wosisi akwan so gyinabea ahorow ma akwantufo.
25
Wobetumi ahu akwantu a wɔde gye wɔn ani wɔ
Misraim
fi 1500 A.Y.B.
26
Na
tete Roma nsrahwɛfo a wɔba hɔ
wɔ
Republic
bere so no kɔsra
mmeae a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ
mu ne mpoano ahomegyebea ahorow te sɛ
Baiae
. Na adefo ani gye wɔn ho. Na Romafo a wɔkorɔn no de wɔn ahomegye bere di dwuma wɔ asase so anaa po so na na wotu kwan kɔ wɔn villa urbana mu anaasɛ villa maritima . Na adan akɛse pii wɔ
Campania
, atwa
Rome
ho ahyia ne Adriatic asubɔnten no atifi fam te sɛ nea ɛwɔ
Barcola
a ɛbɛn Trieste no.
Pausanias
kyerɛw ne
Description of Greece
wɔ afeha a ɛto so abien Y.B. Wɔ
tete China
, ɛtɔ mmere bi a na atitiriw yɛ wɔn adwene sɛ wɔbɛkɔ
Bepɔw Tai
ne ɛtɔ mmere bi a
wɔbɛkɔ Mmepɔw Kronkron anum no
nyinaa so .
Eduu
tete mmere no akyi no
, na ɔsom ahorow pii a
Kristosom
Buddhasom
, ne
Nkramofo
ka ho anya akwantu ho
atetesɛm
Canterbury Anansesɛm
( c. 1390 mfe no mu ), a ɛde akwantu bi di dwuma sɛ
afiri a wɔde yɛ mfonini
no da so ara yɛ
Engiresifo nhoma ahorow
a wɔagye din, ne
Journey to the West
( c. 1592 ), a ɛwɔ beae titiriw wɔ
Chinafo nhoma ahorow
mu no wɔ Buddhafo akwantu bi wɔ n’asɛm no mfinimfini.
Wɔ
mfinimfini mmere mu Italy
Petrarch
kyerɛw mfatoho kyerɛwtohɔ bi a ɛfa ne
foro kɔɔ Mont Ventoux
wɔ 1336 mu a kamfoo akwantu adeyɛ no na ɔkasa tiaa frigida incuriositas (‘awɔw mu anigye a wonni’); wobu saa kyerɛwtohɔ yi sɛ ɛyɛ nsɛm a edi kan a wonim sɛ wɔde tu kwan ma n’ankasa yiyedi no mu biako.
27
Burgundian
anwensɛm kyerɛwfo Michault Taillevent [ fr ] akyiri yi hyehyɛɛ n'ankasa nkae a ɛyɛ hu a ɛfa akwantu bi a ɔfaa
Jura Mmepɔw
so wɔ 1430 mu ho .
28
Wɔ China no, ‘akwantu ho kyerɛwtohɔ nhoma’ (遊記文學; ) bɛyɛɛ nea agye din wɔ
Nnwom Ahemman no
mu (960–1279).
29
Akwantuo ho akyerɛwfoɔ te sɛ
Fan Chengda
(1126–1193) ne
Xu Xiake
(1587–1641) de
asase
ne
asase ho
nsɛm pii kaa wɔn nkyerɛwee ho, berɛ a ‘daytrip essay’
Record of Stone Bell Mountain
a anwensɛm kyerɛwfoɔ ne ɔmannifoɔ a wagye din
Su Shi
kyerɛweeɛ no (1037–1101) de nyansapɛ ne abrabɔ pa ho akyinnyegye mae sɛ n’atirimpɔw titiriw.
30
Nsrahwɛ Kɛse Kɛse
sesa
Ɔheneba Ladislaus Sigismund a ofi Poland kɔsraa
Cornelis van der Geest
Mfoniniyɛbea a ɛwɔ
Brussels
wɔ 1624 mu
Yebetumi ahu nnɛyi nsrahwɛfo afi nea na wonim no sɛ
Grand Tour
, a na ɛyɛ atetesɛm akwantu a wɔde twa
Europa
(titiriw
Germany
ne
Italy
), a Europa mmerante a
wɔkorɔn
a wɔwɔ sika titiriw, a wofi Europa Atɔe fam ne Atifi fam aman mu titiriw na wɔyɛe no mu. Wɔ 1624 mu no,
Poland
Ɔheneba kumaa,
Ladislaus Sigismund Vasa
Sigismund III
babarima panyin fii akwantu bi ase faa Europa, sɛnea na Polandfo atitiriw
taa yɛ
no.
31
Otutuu akwan faa nsasesin a ɛwɔ nnɛyi Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, faako a n’ani gyee sɛnea Spain asraafo, France, Switzerland, kosii Italy, Austria, ne
Czech Republic
kaa Breda hyɛɛ
mu no ho .
31
Na ɛyɛ nhomasua akwantu
na nea efii mu bae no mu biako ne
Italiafo opera
a wɔde baa
Poland–Lithuania Amanaman Nkabom no
mu .
32
Amanne no nyaa nkɔso fi bɛyɛ 1660 kosii sɛ
keteke
akɛse a wɔde fa nnipa bae wɔ 1840 mfe no mu na mpɛn pii no na edi
akwantu nhyehyɛe
a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ akyi . Na ɛyɛ nhomasua hokwan ne
amanne a wɔde twa kwan
. Ɛwom sɛ na ɛne
Britaniafo atitiriw
ne adefo
a wɔwɔ asase so ahemfo
wɔ abusuabɔ titiriw de, nanso mmerante a wɔyɛ adefo a wofi
Protestant
Europa Atifi fam
aman a ɛwɔ
Asasepɔn no
so na wotuu akwantu a ɛte saa ara, na efi afeha a ɛto so 18 no fa a ɛto so abien no mu no, Amerika Kesee Fam, U.S., ne amannɔne mmerante afoforo bi de wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu . Wɔtrɛw atetesɛm no mu ma ɛkaa
mfinimfini mpanyimfo
pii ho bere a keteke ne po so ahyɛn akwantu maa akwantu no yɛɛ mmerɛw akyi, na Thomas Cook maa "Cook's Tour" yɛɛ asɛmfua a wɔde frɛ no.
Grand Tour no bɛyɛɛ dibea ho sɛnkyerɛnne ankasa maa sukuufo a wɔkorɔn wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 ne 19 mu. Wɔ saa bere yi mu no,
Johann Joachim Winckelmann
nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa sɛnea tete amammerɛ korɔn ho no bɛyɛɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gyee ho kɛse na wɔkyerɛɛ ho anisɔ wɔ Europa nhomasua wiase no mu. Mfoniniyɛfo, akyerɛwfo, ne akwantufo (te sɛ
Goethe
) sii so dua sɛ adwinni a wɔagye din a Italy, France, ne Greece de ho nhwɛso pa ma no korɔn. Esiane saa nneɛma yi nti, na Grand Tour no kɔ titiriw ne saa mmeae no, baabi a na sukuufo a wɔkorɔn betumi anya adwinni ne abakɔsɛm a wɔagye din ho nhwɛso ahorow a wɔntaa nhu.
Nnansa yi ara
New York Times
kaa Grand Tour no ho asɛm wɔ saa kwan yi so sɛ:
Na wogye di sɛ mfaso titiriw a ɛwɔ Grand Tour no so ne sɛ wɔbɛda
tete tete mmere mu
amammerɛ agyapade ne
Renaissance
, ne Europa asasepɔn no so nnipa a wɔyɛ adehye na wɔwɔ animtew wɔ ɔkwan a ɛfata so no nyinaa adi.
Ahomegye akwantu a ɛbae
sesa
Engiresifo postcard a ɛkyerɛ kurow dedaw
Alsfeld
a ɛwɔ Germany, a nsrahwɛfo wɔ gua so abɔnten so
Na akwantu a
wɔde gye wɔn ahome
no ne
Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw a ɛkɔɔ so
wɔ
United Kingdom no
wɔ abusuabɔ – Europa man a edi kan a ɛhyɛɛ ahomegye bere ho nkuran maa mfiridwuma mu nnipa a wɔredɔɔso no.
33
Mfiase no, na eyi fa mfiri a wɔde yɛ nneɛma wuranom, sikasɛm mu nnipa kakraa bi, adwumayɛbea wuranom ne aguadifo ho. Eyinom na na wɔyɛ
mfinimfini mpanyimfo kuw
foforo no .
33
Cox & Kings ne akwantu adwumakuw a edi kan a aban mpanyimfo hyehyɛɛ wɔ afe 1758.
Britania mfiase a adwuma foforo yi fi bae no da adi
Slatina Spa a ɛwɔ
Slatina
, Bosnia ne Herzegovina no agye din wɔ ne su ahorow ho na na atwetwe nsrahwɛfo fi 1870 mfe no mu.
wɔ mmeae din pii mu. Wɔ
Nice
, France, akwamma ahomegyebea ahorow a edi kan na wɔagye din sen biara wɔ
French Riviera
, no mu biako no, wonim ɔkwan tenten a ɛwɔ po no ano no de besi nnɛ sɛ
Promenade des Anglais
; wɔ abakɔsɛm mu ahomegyebea afoforo pii a ɛwɔ
Europa asasepɔn so no
, ahemfie ahɔhodan dedaw a wɔagye din yiye no wɔ din te sɛ
Hotel Bristol
Hotel Carlton
, anaa
Hotel Majestic
– a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea Engiresifo adetɔfo di tumi kɛse.
Wɔ 1855 mu no, ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔbɛkɔ amannɔne nea edi kan, bere a ɔde kuw bi fii Leicester kɔɔ
Calais
ma ɛne
Paris Ɔyɛkyerɛ no
hyiae no . Afe a edi hɔ no ofii ne "grand circular tours" ase wɔ Europa.
Wɔ 1860 mfe no mu no ɔkɔɔ apontow ahorow mu kɔɔ Switzerland, Italy, Egypt, ne United States. Cook de "inclusive independent travel" sii hɔ, a ɛnam so na akwantufo no kɔ ahofadi nanso n'adwumakuw no gye akwantu, aduan, ne dabere ho ka bere pɔtee bi wɔ ɔkwan biara a wapaw so. Ne nkonimdi araa ma Scotland keteke nnwumakuw no twee wɔn mmoa no fii hɔ wɔ 1862 ne 1863 ntam hɔ sɛ wɔn ankasa bɛsɔ akwantu adwuma no ahwɛ.
Thomas Cook
a na ɔyɛ akwantu adwumayɛbea adwuma no kwampaefo, na adwene a ɛne sɛ ɔbɛma akwantu ahorow no baa ne tirim bere a na ɔretwɛn asɛnka agua so kar a ɛwɔ London Road wɔ
Kibworth
no. Bere a wobuee
Midland Counties Keteke kwan
a wɔatrɛw mu no, ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔde kuw bi
a wɔyɛ ahosodi ho ɔsatufo
540 befi
Leicester
Campbell Street gyinabea
akɔ nhyiam bi ase wɔ
Loughborough
eleven miles (18
km)
akyirikyiri. Wɔ July 5, 1841 mu no, Thomas Cook yɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ keteke adwumakuw no gye
shilling
biako wɔ onipa biara ho; na keteke tekiti ne aduan a wɔde bɛkɔ akwantu no ka eyi ho. Wotuaa Cook ka a wogye fii akwantufo no hɔ no mu kyɛfa, efisɛ esiane sɛ na keteke tekiti no yɛ mmara kwan so apam a ɛda adwumakuw ne akwantufo ntam nti, anka wontumi mfa n’ankasa bo mma.  Eyi ne
keteke a edi kan a ankorankoro agye a wɔde tu kwan
a wɔbɔɔ ho dawuru kyerɛɛ ɔmanfo nyinaa; Cook ankasa gye toom sɛ na ankorankoro keteke ahorow a wɔde tu kwan a wɔammɔ ho dawuru wɔ hɔ dedaw.
34
Wɔ ahohuru bere abiɛsa a edi hɔ no mu no ɔyɛɛ nhyehyɛe na ɔyɛɛ apuei maa ahosodi fekuw ne
Kwasida sukuu
mmofra. Wɔ 1844 mu no, Midland Counties Keteke Adwumakuw no penee so sɛ wɔne no bɛyɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛtra hɔ daa, sɛ ohu akwantufo no a. Saa nkonimdi yi maa ofii n’ankasa adwuma ase a ɔde keteke akwantu tu mmirika de gyee n’ani, na ogyee keteke ho ka ɔha biara mu nkyem biako.
Photochrom a ɛwɔ
Blackpool
kwan a wɔfa so nantew so c. 1898 mu
Sikasɛm mu ntease a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu
sesa
Nsrahwɛ adwuma, sɛ́
ɔsom adwuma no
fa,
35
abɛyɛ sika a ɛho hia ma mpɔtam pii ne aman mũ nyinaa mpo.
Manila Mpaemuka a ɛfa Wiase Nyinaa Nsrahwɛ Ho a wɔyɛe wɔ 1980 mu no
gye toom sɛ ɛho hia sɛ “dwumadi a ɛho hia ma aman asetra esiane nkɛntɛnso a enya tẽẽ wɔ aman aman asetra, amammerɛ, nhomasua, ne sikasɛm mu, ne wɔn amanaman ntam abusuabɔ so nti.”
36
Nsrahwɛ de sika pii ba mpɔtam hɔ sikasɛm mu wɔ
nneɛma ne nnwuma a
nsrahwɛfo hia ho ka a wotua, akontaabu as of 2011 ma wiase no mu
aguadi a
ɛfa nnwuma ho no mu 30%, ne, sɛ́
ade a wɔde kɔ amannɔne a aniwa nhu
, ma nneɛma ne nnwuma
a wɔde kɔ amannɔne
nyinaa mu 6%.
37
Ɛsan nso ma wonya
adwumayɛ
hokwan ahorow wɔ
sikasɛm mu ɔsom adwuma
a ɛbata nsrahwɛ ho no mu.
Wɔkyerɛ nso sɛ akwantu trɛw adwene mu.
Ahɔhoyɛ nnwuma a wonya mfaso fi nsrahwɛ mu no bi ne
akwantu adwuma
(te sɛ
wimhyɛn
adwumayɛkuw, po so ahyɛn a wɔde tu
kwan,
akwantu
keteke
ne
taksi
);
dabere
(a
ahɔhodan
ahɔhodan
afie a wɔtra
ahomegyebea
ne adan a wɔde tua ho ka ka ho); ne mmeae a wogye wɔn ani (te sɛ
agoprama ahorow
adidibea ahorow
kyakyatow adan
afahyɛ ahorow
aguadidan ahorow
mmeae a wɔbɔ nnwom
, ne
agoprama ahorow
). Eyi ka nneɛma a
nsrahwɛfo
tɔ, a nkae nneɛma ka ho ho .
Sikasɛm mu nnyinaso a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu titiriw ne amammerɛ mu agyapade,
amammerɛ mu agyapade
ne
sɛnea
akwantu beae no te. Ɛfata sɛ yɛka
Wiase Agyapade Mmeae no
ho asɛm titiriw nnɛ efisɛ ɛyɛ nsrahwɛfo magnet ankasa. Nanso ɔman bi nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren anaa kan no mpo betumi ayɛ nea ɛho hia kɛse ama nsrahwɛfo. Sɛ nhwɛso no,
Britania adehye abusua
no anigye no ma nsrahwɛfo ɔpepem pii ba Great Britain afe biara na ɛnam so ma sikasɛm bɛyɛ £550 ɔpepem afe biara. Yebetumi aka
Habsburg
abusua no ho asɛm wɔ Europa Mfinimfini fam. Sɛnea akontaabu kyerɛ no, ɛsɛ sɛ Habsburg ahyɛnsode no ma nsrahwɛfo tɔn euro ɔpepem 60 afe biara ma Vienna nkutoo. Nsrahwɛfo nnyinasosɛm "Habsburg tɔn" no di dwuma.
38
39
Nsrahwɛ, amammerɛ agyapade ne UNESCO
sesa
Blue Shield nokwasɛm hwehwɛ asɛmpatrɛw adwuma wɔ Egypt
Wɔ nsɛm pii mu no, amammerɛ ne abɔde mu agyapade ne nea wogyina so yɛ wiase nyinaa nsrahwɛfo koraa. Amammerɛ mu nsrahwɛ yɛ nneɛma akɛse a ɛda adi wɔ nnipa dodow a wɔda hɔ anadwo ne nneɛma a wɔtɔn mu no mu biako. Sɛnea
UNESCO
rehwɛ kɛse no, amammerɛ agyapade no ho hia ma nsrahwɛfo, nanso ɛde ne ho to asiane mu nso. "ICOMOS - Amanaman Ntam Amammerɛ Nsrahwɛ Nhyehyɛe" a efi 1999 no redi ɔhaw ahorow yi nyinaa ho dwuma dedaw. Sɛ nhwɛso no, esiane asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ ma nsrahwɛfo nti, wɔsan sii
Lascaux
ɔbodan no maa nsrahwɛfo.
Nsrahwɛ a ɛboro so
yɛ asɛmfua a ɛho hia a nkurɔfo ani gye ho kɛse wɔ saa beae yi. Bio nso, deɛ UNESCO de n’adwene si so wɔ mmeaeɛ a ɔko wɔ ne sɛ ɛbɛhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛbɔ amammerɛ agyapadeɛ ho ban sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkura daakye sikasɛm mu nnyinasoɔ a ɛho hia yi mu ama mpɔtam hɔfoɔ. Na biakoyɛ a emu yɛ den wɔ UNESCO,
Amanaman Nkabom
Amanaman Nkabom asomdwoe ho adwumayɛkuw
ne
Blue Shield International
ntam. Amanaman ntam ne ɔman no mu nsusuwii, nhwehwɛmu ne nhyehyɛe ahorow pii wɔ hɔ a wɔde bɛbɔ amammerɛ mu agyapade ho ban afi nsrahwɛ ne nea efi ɔko mu no nkɛntɛnso ho. Titiriw no, ɛfa ɔmanfo a wɔnyɛ asraafo ne asraafo a wɔbɛtete wɔn nso ho. Nanso ɛhɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho bɛhyɛ mu no ho hia titiriw. Blue Shield International titrani a ɔhyehyɛɛ adwuma no
Karl von Habsburg
de nsɛm yi bɔɔ no mua sɛ: "Sɛ ɛnyɛ mpɔtam hɔfo na sɛ ɛnyɛ mpɔtam hɔfo a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no a, anka ɛno rentumi nyɛ yiye koraa'.
40
41
42
Po so hyɛn a wɔde fa po so hyɛn mu
sesa
Nnɛyi po so hyɛn a wɔde tu kwan
a wɔfrɛ no Seabourn Ovation
a ɛwɔ Mediterranea Po no so no
Po so hyɛn a wɔde fa po so hyɛn mu yɛ ɔkwan a agye din a wɔfa so
kɔsrasra nsu so
Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company
(P&O) na ɛde po so
ahyɛn a
wɔde gye ahomegye bae wɔ 1844 mu, na efi
Southampton
kɔɔ mmeae te sɛ
Gibraltar
Malta
ne
Athens
Wɔ 1891 mu no, Germanni aguadifo
Albert Ballin
de po so hyɛn
Augusta Victoria
fii
Hamburg
kɔɔ Mediterranea Po no mu. 29 June 1900 na wɔde hyɛn a edi kan a wɔde tu kwan a wɔyɛɛ no atirimpɔw bi ne
Prinzessin Victoria Luise
, a wɔyɛe wɔ Hamburg maa Hamburg America Line no too fam.
43
Nnɛyi nsrahwɛfo
sesa
Nsrahwɛfo pii a wɔpɛ ahomegye tu kwan kɔ
po so ahomegyebea ahorow
a ɛbɛn wɔn mpoano anaa akyirikyiri. Mpoano mmeae a ɛwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse no yɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gye ho wɔ ahohuru bere ne awɔw bere nyinaa mu.
Nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ
sesa
Nsrahwɛfo a wɔwɔ Mediterranea Mpoano wɔ
Barcelona
, 2007
Nhomanimfo akyerɛkyerɛ nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ mu sɛ akwantu a akuw ahorow tu wɔ akwantu ahorow a wɔadi kan ayɛ ho nhyehyɛe mu, a mpɛn pii no wɔ nsrahwɛ ho abenfo nhyehyɛe ase. Saa nsrahwɛ yi nyaa nkɔso wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 no fa a ɛto so abien mu wɔ
United Kingdom
na
Thomas Cook
na ɔyɛɛ akwampaefo . Cook de Europa keteke kwan a ɛretrɛw ntɛmntɛm no dii dwuma na ɔhyehyɛɛ adwumakuw bi a ɛde
da koro akwantu
akwantu a ne bo nyɛ den ma
nnipadɔm
, de ka akwamma tenten a ɔde kɔ Europa Asasepɔn, India, Asia ne Atɔe Fam a ɛtwee adetɔfo a wɔwɔ sika kɛse no ho. Eduu 1890 mfe no mu no, nsrahwɛfo bɛboro 20,000 na wɔde Thomas Cook & Son di dwuma afe biara.
Abusuabɔ a ɛda nsrahwɛfo nnwumakuw, akwantu adwumayɛfo ne ahɔhodan ahorow ntam no yɛ ade titiriw a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ no mu. Cook tumi de bo a ɛba fam sen bo a wɔbɔɔ ho dawuru wɔ baguam no mae efisɛ n’adwumakuw no tɔɔ tekiti pii fii keteke akwan mu. Nnɛyi nsrahwɛ a nnipa pii kɔ hɔ no biako,
package tourism
, da so ara de fekubɔ a ɛda akuw abiɛsa yi ntam no ka ho.
Akwantu nyaa nkɔso wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu hɔ, na kar ahorow a wɔyɛe ne akyiri yi wimhyɛn ahorow na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ mmerɛw. Nkɔso a ɛbaa akwantu mu no maa nnipa pii tuu kwan ntɛmntɛm kɔɔ mmeae a wɔpɛ ahomegye sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nnipa pii betumi afi ase anya ahomegye bere so mfaso.
Wɔ
Europa Asasepɔn so no
, na
mpoano ahomegyebea ahorow
a edi kan no bi ne:
Heiligendamm
, a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1793 mu wɔ
Baltic Po no
so, a na ɛyɛ po so ahomegyebea a edi kan;
Ostend
Brusselsfo
gyee din
Boulogne-sur-Mer
ne
Deauville
ma
Parisfo
no
Taormina
a ɛwɔ
Sicily
no . Wɔ
United States no
, po so ahomegyebea ahorow a edi kan wɔ Europafo kwan so ne
Atlantic City
New Jersey
ne
Long Island
New York
Eduu afeha a ɛto so 20 mfinimfini no, Mediterranea Mpoano bɛyɛɛ beae titiriw a nsrahwɛfo pii kɔ hɔ. 1960 ne 1970 mfe no mu no, nsrahwɛfo pii dii dwuma titiriw wɔ
Spain sikasɛm "anwonwade"
no mu. .
Wɔ 1960 ne 1970 mfe no mu no, nyansahufo kaa nkɛntɛnso bɔne a nsrahwɛfo nya wɔ asetra ne amammerɛ mu wɔ mpɔtam a wɔgye ahɔho no so ho asɛm. Efi 1980 mfe no mu no wofii ase huu nneɛma pa a ɛwɔ nsrahwɛ mu nso.
44
Niche nsrahwɛfo
sesa
Kristo Ɔhene Kronkronbea
, a ɛwɔ
Almada
, abɛyɛ mmeae a nyamesom nsrahwɛfo kɔ hɔ kɛse no mu biako.
Niche nsrahwɛ kyerɛ nsrahwɛ soronko pii a aba wɔ mfe no mu, a emu biara wɔ n’ankasa asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ biribi. Nsɛmfua yi pii na nsrahwɛfo ne nhomanimfo ataa de adi dwuma.
45
Afoforo nso yɛ nsusuwii ahorow a ɛreba a ebia nnipa pii de di dwuma anaasɛ wɔrennya. Nhwɛso ahorow a ɛfa niche tourism gua ahorow a abu so kɛse ne:
Nsɛmfua afoforo a wɔde di dwuma ma niche anaa akwantu ho nkrataa titiriw bi ne asɛmfua "beae" a ɛwɔ nkyerɛkyerɛmu ahorow no mu, te sɛ
ayeforohyia a wɔde kɔ
, ne nsɛmfua te sɛ
beae a wɔkɔ akwamma
Awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ
sesa
Santa Claus Akuraa
a ɛwɔ
Arctic Circle
a ɛwɔ
Rovaniemi
, Finland no yɛ mmeae atitiriw a nsrahwɛfo kɔ hɔ wɔ Europa Atifi fam no mu biako.
St. Moritz
Switzerland
bɛyɛɛ awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛfo a na ɛrenya nkɔso no akokoaa wɔ 1860 mfe no mu: ahɔhodan sohwɛfo Johannes Badrutt too nsa frɛɛ awɔw bere mu ahɔho bi a wofi England sɛ wɔmmra awɔw bere mu nkɔhwɛ asase a sukyerɛmma wɔ hɔ no, na ɔnam saayɛ so de su bi a agye din fii ase.
Nanso, ɛyɛ 1970 mfe no mu nkutoo na awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ dii anim fii awɔw bere mu nsrahwɛ a wɔyɛe wɔ Switzerland mmeae a wɔde ski tu mmirika pii no mu. Wɔ awɔw bere mu mpo no, ahɔho nyinaa mu bɛyɛ nkyem abiɛsa mu biako (egyina beae a wɔwɔ so) yɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ wɔn a wɔnyɛ skifo.
Ski ahomegyebea
akɛse no wɔ Europa aman ahorow no mu dodow no ara (sɛ nhwɛso no
Andorra
Austria
Bulgaria
Bosnia ne Herzegovina
Croatia
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Italy
Norway
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Sweden
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Switzerland
Turkey
),
Canada
Amerika
(sɛ nhwɛso no Montana, Utah, Colorado, California, Wyoming, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York)
Argentina
New Zealand
Japan
South Korea
Chile
, ne
Lebanon
Ahɔhodan bi a wɔde kɔ hɔ
wɔ
Germany
Yacht Harbor Residence
a ɛwɔ
Rostock
Mecklenburg
Nnansa yi nkɔso
sesa
Nsrahwɛ akɔ soro wɔ mfe du du kakraa a atwam no mu, . titiriw wɔ Europa, baabi a amanaman ntam akwantu a wɔde gye ahome bere tiaa bi abu so no. Nsrahwɛfo wɔ sikasɛm nhyehyɛe ne wɔn anigyede ahorow pii, na wɔayɛ ahomegyebea ne ahɔhodan ahorow pii de adi wɔn ho dwuma. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa binom pɛ mpoano akwamma a ɛnyɛ den, bere a afoforo pɛ akwamma titiriw pii, ahomegyebea ahorow a ɛhɔ yɛ komm, akwamma a ɛfa abusua ho, anaa
ahɔhodan ahorow a
wɔde wɔn ani si gua so a wɔde wɔn ani asi so .
Nkɔso a aba wɔ
wimhyɛn akwantu
nhyehyɛe mu, te sɛ
jumbo jets
wimhyɛn a ne bo nyɛ den
, ne
wimhyɛn gyinabea
ahorow
a wotumi kɔ hɔ
kɛse no ama nsrahwɛ ahorow pii ayɛ nea ɛho ka yɛ den. Ade titiriw a ɛma wimhyɛn akwantu ho ka sua koraa ne
tow a wɔayi afi wimhyɛn mu pɛtro ho
WHO
buu akontaa wɔ afe 2009 mu sɛ nnipa bɛyɛ ɔpepem fa na wɔte wimhyɛn mu bere biara.
17
Nsakrae aba asetra mu nso, sɛ nhwɛso no, nnipa binom a wɔadi mfe a wɔakɔ pɛnhyen no kɔ so yɛ nsrahwɛ afe mũ no nyinaa. Eyi nam
intanɛt so tɔn a wɔtɔn
nsrahwɛfo adwumayɛbea ahorow so na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Mprempren mmeae bi afi ase de
nneɛma a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma a ɛyɛ nnam
rema, a wɔka bo a ɛka ho ma nneɛma a wɔayɛ no sɛnea wɔpɛ a adetɔfo no bisa bere a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nneɛma no.
Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ
sesa
Nhwɛsoɔ:OED
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
{{
cite web
}}
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help
"International tourism challenged by deteriorating global economy"
(PDF)
UNWTO World Tourism Barometer
(1). January 2009. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 17 October 2013
. Retrieved
17 November
2011
"UNWTO World Tourism Barometer Interim Update"
(PDF)
UNWTO World Tourism Barometer
. August 2010. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 17 October 2013
. Retrieved
17 November
2011
UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition
(in English). World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 1 July 2017.
doi
10.18111/9789284419029
ISBN
978-92-844-1902-9
"UNWTO World Tourism Barometer"
(PDF)
UNWTO World Tourism Barometer
11
(1). January 2013. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 28 February 2013
. Retrieved
9 April
2013
Lenzen, Manfred; Sun, Ya-Yen; Faturay, Futu; Ting, Yuan-Peng; Geschke, Arne; Malik, Arunima (7 May 2018). "The carbon footprint of global tourism".
Nature Climate Change
. Springer Nature Limited.
(6): 522–528.
Bibcode
2018NatCC...8..522L
doi
10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x
ISSN
1758-6798
S2CID
90810502
[...] between 2009 and 2013, tourism's global carbon footprint has increased from 3.9 to 4.5 GtCO2e, four times more than previously estimated, accounting for about 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Transport, shopping and food are significant contributors. The majority of this footprint is exerted by and in high-income countries.
Tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals – Journey to 2030, Highlights
(in English). World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2017-12-18.
doi
10.18111/9789284419340
ISBN
978-92-844-1934-0
Griffiths, Ralph
; Griffiths, G.E. (1772).
"Pennant's Tour in Scotland in 1769"
The Monthly Review, Or, Literary Journal
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: 150
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2011
Nhwɛsoɔ:Oed
Theobald, William F. (1998).
Global Tourism
(2nd
ed.). Oxford [England]:
Butterworth–Heinemann
. pp.
6–7.
ISBN
978-0-7506-4022-0
OCLC
40330075
Hunziker, W
; Krapf, K (1942).
Grundriß Der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre
(in German). Zurich: Polygr. Verl.
OCLC
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Nhwɛsoɔ:Cite conference
UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition
(in English). World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 1 July 2017.
doi
10.18111/9789284419029
ISBN
978-92-844-1902-9
Laurajane Smith
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The Causes of Economic Growth: Interdisciplinary Perspectives.
Springer Science & Business Media, 2009,
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9783540922827
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; Roger O'Keefe, Camille Péron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Military Manual." UNESCO, 2016, p 73;
Action plan to preserve heritage sites during conflict - UNITED NATIONS, 12 Apr 2019
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; Jyot Hosagrahar:
Culture: at the heart of SDGs.
UNESCO-Kurier, April-Juni 2017.
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Putova, Barbora (2018).
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