Nuremberg - Wikipedia

City in Bavaria, Germany
City in Bavaria, Germany
Nuremberg
View from Nuremberg Castle
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Nuremberg
Coordinates:
49°27′14″N
11°04′39″E
 / 
49.45389°N 11.07750°E
 /
49.45389; 11.07750
Country
Germany
State
Bavaria
Admin. region
Middle Franconia
District
Urban district
Subdivisions
10 districts
Lord mayor
(2026–32)
Marcus König
CSU
186.46 km
(71.99 sq mi)
Elevation
302 m (991 ft)
529,508
• Density
2,839.8/km
(7,355.0/sq mi)
Urban
1,374,524
Metro
3,610,543
Time zone
UTC+01:00
CET
• Summer (
DST
UTC+02:00
CEST
Postal codes
90000-90491
Dialling codes
0911, 09122, 09129
Vehicle registration
Website
nuernberg.de
Nuremberg
NURE
-əm-burg
German
Nürnberg
[ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk]
Mainfränkisch
Nämberch
[ˈnɛmbɛrç]
) is the
largest
city in
Franconia
and the
second-largest
city in the
German state
of
Bavaria
. Its 546,397 (2024) inhabitants
make it the
13th-largest city
in Germany.
Nuremberg sits on the
Pegnitz
, which carries the name
Regnitz
from its confluence with the
Rednitz
in
Fürth
onwards (
Pegnitz
Regnitz
Main
Rhine
North Sea
), and on the
Rhine–Main–Danube Canal
, that connects the
North Sea
to the
Black Sea
. Lying in the Bavarian
administrative region
of
Middle Franconia
, it is the largest city and unofficial capital of the entire cultural region of
Franconia
. The city is surrounded on three sides by the
Nürnberger Reichswald
de
, a large forest, and in the north lies
Knoblauchsland
de
garlic land
), an extensive vegetable growing area and cultural landscape.
The city forms a continuous conurbation with the neighbouring cities of
Fürth
Erlangen
and
Schwabach
, which is the heart of an urban area region with around 1.4 million inhabitants,
while the larger
Nuremberg Metropolitan Region
has a population of approximately 3.6 million. It is the largest city in the
East Franconian
dialect area (colloquially: "Franconian"; German:
Fränkisch
).
Nuremberg and
Fürth
were once connected by the
Bavarian Ludwig Railway
, the
first steam-hauled and overall second railway opened in Germany
(1835). Today, the U1 of the
Nuremberg U-Bahn
runs along this route. Subway lines U2 and U3 are the first German driverless subway lines, automatically moving railcars.
Nuremberg Airport
Flughafen Nürnberg "Albrecht Dürer"
) is the second-busiest airport in Bavaria after
Munich Airport
, and the tenth-busiest airport in the country.
Institutions of higher education in Nuremberg include the
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
), Germany's 11th-largest university, with campuses in Erlangen and Nuremberg and a
university hospital
in Erlangen (Universitätsklinikum Erlangen),
Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm
Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg
and the newly founded
University of Technology Nuremberg
. The Nuremberg exhibition centre (
Messe Nürnberg
) is one of the biggest
convention center
companies in Germany and operates worldwide.
Nuremberg Castle
, its medieval old town and
the city's walls
, with their many towers, are notable attractions.
Staatstheater Nürnberg
is one of the five Bavarian state theatres,
showing
operas
operettas
musicals
, and
ballets
(main venue: Nuremberg
Opera House
),
plays
(main venue:
Schauspielhaus
Nürnberg
), as well as
concerts
(main venue:
Meistersingerhalle
). Its orchestra, the
Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg
, is Bavaria's second-largest opera orchestra after the
Bavarian State Opera
's
Bavarian State Orchestra
in Munich. Nuremberg is the birthplace of
Albrecht Dürer
and
Johann Pachelbel
1. FC Nürnberg
is the most famous football club of the city and one of the
most successful football clubs in Germany
. Nuremberg was one of the host cities of the
2006 FIFA World Cup
Old fortifications of Nuremberg
The first documentary mention of the city, in 1050, mentions Nuremberg as the location of an
imperial castle
between
East Francia
and the
Margraviate of the Nordgau
of
Bavaria
From 1050 to 1572 the city expanded and rose dramatically in importance due to its location on key trade-routes.
King Conrad III
, reigning as
King of Germany
from 1137 to 1152, established the
Burgraviate of Nuremberg
, with the first
burgraves
coming from the Austrian
House of Raabs
. With the extinction of their male line around 1189, the last Raabs count's son-in-law,
Frederick I
of the
House of Hohenzollern
, inherited the burgraviate in 1193.
From the late 12th century to the
Interregnum
(1254–1273), however, the power of the burgraves diminished as the
Hohenstaufen
emperors transferred most non-military powers to a castellan, with the city administration and the municipal courts handed over to an Imperial mayor (German:
Reichsschultheiß
) from 1173/74.
The strained relations between the burgraves and the castellans, with gradual transferral of powers to the latter in the late 14th and early 15th centuries, finally broke out into open enmity, which greatly influenced the history of the city.
The Imperial Castle
The city and particularly
Nuremberg Castle
would become one of the most frequent sites of the
Imperial Diet
(after
Regensburg
and
Frankfurt
), the
Diets of Nuremberg
from 1211 to 1543, after the first Nuremberg diet elected
Frederick II
as emperor. Because of the many Diets of Nuremberg, the city became an important routine place of the administration of the Empire during this time and a somewhat 'unofficial
capital
' of the Empire.
citation needed
In 1219 Emperor Frederick II granted the
Großen Freiheitsbrief
('Great Charter of Freedom'), including
town rights
Imperial immediacy
Reichsfreiheit
), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent customs policy – almost wholly removing the city from the purview of the burgraves.
Nuremberg soon became, with
Augsburg
, one of the two great trade-centers on the route from
Italy
to Northern Europe.
In 1298, the
Jews
of the town were accused of
host desecration
and 698 of them were killed in one of the many
Rintfleisch massacres
. Behind the massacre of 1298 was also the desire to combine the northern and southern parts of the city,
which were divided by the
Pegnitz
. The Jews of the German lands suffered
many massacres
during the
plague
pandemic of the mid-14th century.
In 1349, Nuremberg's Jews suffered a
pogrom
10
They were burned at the stake or expelled, and a marketplace was built over the former Jewish quarter.
11
The plague returned to the city in 1405, 1435, 1437, 1482, 1494, 1520, and 1534.
12
Nuremberg in 1493 (from the
Nuremberg Chronicle
The largest growth of Nuremberg occurred in the 14th century.
Charles IV
's
Golden Bull of 1356
, naming Nuremberg as the city where newly elected
kings of Germany
must hold their first Imperial Diet, made Nuremberg one of the three most important cities of the Empire.
Charles was the patron of the
Frauenkirche
, built between 1352 and 1362 (the architect was likely
Peter Parler
), where the Imperial court worshipped during its stays in Nuremberg. The royal and Imperial connection grew stronger in 1423 when the Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund of Luxembourg
granted the Imperial regalia to be kept permanently in Nuremberg, where they remained until 1796, when the
advance of French troops
required their removal to
Regensburg
and thence to
Vienna
In 1349 the members of the
guilds
unsuccessfully rebelled against the patricians in a
Handwerkeraufstand
('Craftsmen's Uprising'), supported by merchants and some by councillors, leading to a ban on any self-organisation of the artisans in the city, abolishing the guilds that were customary elsewhere in Europe; the unions were then dissolved, and the oligarchs remained in power while Nuremberg was a
free city
(until the early-19th century).
Charles IV conferred upon the city the right to conclude alliances independently, thereby placing it upon a politically equal footing with the
princes of the Empire
Frequent fights took place with the burgraves without, however, inflicting lasting damage upon the city. After fire destroyed the castle in 1420 during a feud between
Frederick IV
(from 1417,
Margrave of Brandenburg
) and the duke of
Bavaria-Ingolstadt
, the city purchased the ruins and the forest belonging to the castle (1427), resulting in the city's total sovereignty within its borders.
Through these and other acquisitions the city accumulated considerable territory.
The
Hussite Wars
(1419–1434), the
second Black Death pandemic
in 1437, and the
First Margrave War
(1449–1450) led to a severe fall in population in the mid-15th century.
Siding with
Albert IV
, Duke of
Bavaria-Munich
, in the
War of the Succession of Landshut
of 1503–1505, led the city to gain substantial territory, resulting in lands of 25 sq mi (64.7 km
), making it one of the largest imperial cities.
During the Middle Ages, Nuremberg fostered a rich, varied, and influential literary culture.
13
Map of Nuremberg, 1648
The cultural flowering of Nuremberg in the 15th and 16th centuries made it the centre of the
German Renaissance
. In 1525 Nuremberg accepted the
Protestant Reformation
, and in 1532 the
Nuremberg Religious Peace
was signed there, preventing war between Lutherans and Catholics
14
for 15 years.
citation needed
During the Princes'
1552 revolution
against
Charles V
, Nuremberg tried to purchase its neutrality, but Margrave
Albert Alcibiades
, one of the leaders of the revolt, attacked the city without a declaration of war and dictated a disadvantageous peace.
At the 1555
Peace of Augsburg
, the possessions of the Protestants were confirmed by the Emperor, their religious privileges extended and their independence from the
Bishop of Bamberg
affirmed, while the 1520s' secularisation of the monasteries was also approved.
Families like the
Tucher
Imhoff
or
Haller
ran trading businesses across Europe, similar to the
Fugger
and
Welser
families from
Augsburg
, although on a slightly smaller scale.
Wolffscher Bau
of
the old city hall
The state of affairs in the early 16th century
clarification needed
, increased trade routes elsewhere and the ossification of the social hierarchy and legal structures contributed to the decline in trade.
During the
Thirty Years' War
, frequent quartering of Imperial, Swedish and
League
soldiers, the financial costs of the war and the cessation of trade caused irreparable damage to the city and a near-halving of the population.
In 1632, the city, occupied by the forces of
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
, was
besieged
by the army of Imperial general
Albrecht von Wallenstein
. The city declined after the war and recovered its importance only in the 19th century, when it grew as an industrial centre. Even after the Thirty Years' War, however, there was a late flowering of architecture and culture; secular
Baroque architecture
is exemplified in the layout of the civic gardens built outside the city walls, and in the Protestant city's rebuilding of
St. Egidien church
, destroyed by fire at the beginning of the 18th century, considered a significant contribution to the baroque church architecture of Middle Franconia.
After the Thirty Years' War, Nuremberg attempted to remain detached from external affairs, but contributions were demanded for the
War of the Austrian Succession
and the
Seven Years' War
and restrictions of imports and exports deprived the city of many markets for its manufactures.
The Bavarian elector,
Charles Theodore
, appropriated part of the land obtained by the city during the
Landshut War of Succession
, to which Bavaria had maintained its claim; Prussia also claimed part of the territory. Realising its weakness, the city asked to be incorporated into Prussia but
Frederick William II
refused, fearing to offend Austria,
Russia
and France.
At the Imperial diet in 1803, the independence of Nuremberg was affirmed, but on the signing of the
Confederation of the Rhine
on 12 July 1806, it was agreed to hand the city over to Bavaria from 8 September, with Bavaria guaranteeing the
amortisation
of the city's 12.5 million guilder public debt.
After the Napoleonic Wars
edit
Old town of Nuremberg in the 19th century
The British-built
Adler
was the locomotive of the first German Railway between Nuremberg and Fürth.
After the fall of
Napoleon
, the city's trade and commerce revived; the skill of its inhabitants together with its favourable situation soon made the city prosperous, particularly after its public debt had been acknowledged as a part of the Bavarian national debt. Having been incorporated into a Catholic country, the city was compelled to refrain from further discrimination against Catholics, who had been excluded from the rights of citizenship. Catholic services had been celebrated in the city by the priests of the
Teutonic Order
, often under great difficulties. After their possessions had been confiscated by the Bavarian government in 1806, they were given the Frauenkirche on the Market in 1809; in 1810 the first Catholic parish was established, which in 1818 numbered 1,010 people.
In 1817, the city was incorporated into the district of
Rezatkreis
(named for the river
Franconian Rezat
), which was renamed to
Middle Franconia
German
Mittelfranken
) on 1 January 1838.
The first German railway, the
Bavarian Ludwigsbahn
, from Nuremberg to nearby
Fürth
, was opened in 1835. The establishment of railways and the incorporation of Bavaria into
Zollverein
(the 19th-century German Customs Union), commerce and industry opened the way to greater prosperity.
In 1852, there were 53,638 inhabitants: 46,441 Protestants and 6,616 Catholics. It subsequently grew to become the more important industrial city of Southern Germany, one of the most prosperous towns of southern Germany, but after the
Austro-Prussian War
it was given to
Prussia
as part of their telegraph stations they had to give up. In 1905, its population, including several incorporated suburbs, was 291,351: 86,943 Catholics, 196,913 Protestants, 3,738 Jews and 3,766 members of other religions.
The
Fränkischer Kurier
was published as a local newspaper in Nuremberg.
Nuremberg held great significance during the
Nazi German
era. Because of the city's relevance to the
Holy Roman Empire
and its position in the centre of Germany, the
Nazi Party
chose the city to be the site of huge Nazi Party conventions: the
Nuremberg rallies
. The rallies were held in 1927, 1929 and annually from 1933 through 1938. A number of buildings and large gathering areas known collectively as the
Nazi Party Rally Grounds
, some of which were not finished, were designed by
Albert Speer
and were constructed solely for these assemblies. After
Adolf Hitler's rise to power
in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge
Nazi propaganda
events, a centre of Nazi ideals. The 1934 rally was filmed by
Leni Riefenstahl
, and made into a propaganda film called
Triumph des Willens
Triumph of the Will
). At the 1935 rally, Hitler specifically ordered the
Reichstag
to convene at Nuremberg to pass the
Nuremberg Laws
which revoked German
citizenship
for all Jews and other non-Aryans.
The Nazi
Oberbürgermeister
of the city,
Willy Liebel
, embarked upon a program of urban architectural renewal that he felt befitted one of the centers of Nazi pageantry. The aim was to restore the city center to the medieval look of centuries past by eliminating late nineteenth-century styling. Among the buildings he slated for demolition was the
Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg
. He felt that this "foreign" building with its
Moorish revival
architecture could not be reconciled with the image that he strove to create, and he succeeded in having the building completely demolished around the time of the Party rally in September 1938.
15
Many examples of
Nazi architecture
can still be seen in the city.
The city was also the headquarters of the Nazi
propagandist
Julius Streicher
, the Nazi Party
Gauleiter
of
Franconia
, a vicious
antisemite
and the publisher of
Der Stürmer
. During the anti-Jewish
pogrom
known as
Kristallnacht
on 10 November 1938, the two remaining synagogues and numerous Jewish-owned shops were burned to the ground. Of the 91 Jews in Germany who met their deaths as a result of
Kristallnacht
, 26 (including ten suicides) were in Nuremberg. Between 2,000 and 3,000 of Nuremberg's Jews fled from Germany. By 1941, only about 1,800 remained, over 1,600 of whom were rounded-up and transported to various
extermination camps
where they were killed.
16
At the end of the war in 1945, there were no Jews left in Nuremberg. There are many
Stolpersteine
installed in the streets of the city;
17
these commemorate Jews who were persecuted by the Nazi regime.
During the
Second World War
, Nuremberg was the headquarters of
Wehrkreis
(military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including aircraft, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of
Flossenbürg concentration camp
was located here, and extensively used
slave labour
18
Map of city centre with air raid destruction
Bombed-out Nuremberg, 1945
On 2 January 1945, the medieval city centre was systematically
bombed
by the
Royal Air Force
and the
U.S. Army Air Forces
and about eighty percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1,800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 displaced. In February 1945, additional attacks followed. In total, about 6,000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids.
Nuremberg was a heavily fortified city that was captured in
a fierce battle
lasting from 17 to 20 April 1945 by the U.S.
3rd Infantry Division
42nd Infantry Division
and
45th Infantry Division
, which fought house-to-house and street-by-street against determined German resistance, causing further urban devastation to the already bombed and shelled buildings.
19
Despite this intense degree of destruction, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent restored to its pre-war appearance, including the reconstruction of many of its medieval buildings.
20
Much of this reconstructive work and conservation was done by the organisation '
Old Town Friends Nuremberg
'. Today 25% of Nürnberg's buildings date to before World War II
21
and the old town is a declared protected area,
22
so the northeastern half of the old
Imperial Free City
had to be largely reconstructed.
23
Defendants in the dock at the Nuremberg trials
Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in
war crimes
and crimes against humanity were brought before an international tribunal in the Nuremberg trials. The
Soviet Union
had wanted these trials to take place in
Berlin
. However, Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons:
The city had been the location of the Nazi Party's Nuremberg rallies and the laws stripping Jews of their citizenship were passed there. There was symbolic value in making it the place of Nazi accountability.
The
Palace of Justice
was spacious and largely undamaged (one of the few that had remained largely intact despite
extensive Allied bombing of Germany
). The already large courtroom was reasonably easily expanded by the removal of the wall at the end opposite the bench, thereby incorporating the adjoining room. A large prison was also part of the complex.
As a compromise, it was agreed that Berlin would become the permanent seat of the International Military Tribunal and that the first trial (several were planned) would take place in Nuremberg. Due to the
Cold War
, subsequent trials never took place.
Following the trials, in October 1946, many prominent German Nazi politicians and military leaders were
executed in Nuremberg
The same courtroom in Nuremberg was the venue of the
Nuremberg Military Tribunals
, organized by the United States as
occupying power
in the area.
In order to come to terms with the role Nuremberg played during the
Third Reich
, the city established the
Nuremberg International Human Rights Award
in 1995, awarded every two years to individuals or groups defending human rights worldwide.
24
Map of Nuremberg
Location of Nuremberg (in red) in Middle Franconia (light red) in Bavaria (dark grey)
Several old villages now belong to the city, for example
Grossgründlach
Kraftshof
Thon
, and
Neunhof
in the north-west;
Ziegelstein
in the northeast,
Altenfurt
and
Fischbach
in the south-east; and
Katzwang
Kornburg
in the south.
Langwasser
is a modern suburb.
Nuremberg has an
oceanic climate
Köppen
Cfb
) with a certain
humid continental
influence (
Dfb
), categorized in the latter by the 0 °C isotherm.
25
The city's climate is influenced by its inland position and higher altitude. Winters are changeable, with either mild or cold weather: the average temperature is around −3 °C (27 °F) to 4 °C (39 °F), while summers are generally warm, mostly around 13 °C (55 °F) at night to 25 °C (77 °F) in the afternoon. Precipitation is evenly spread throughout the year, although February and April tend to be a bit drier whereas July tends to have more rainfall.
26
Climate data for Nuremberg (1991–2020 normals, extremes since 1955)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
15.0
(59.0)
19.3
(66.7)
24.4
(75.9)
31.0
(87.8)
32.7
(90.9)
36.2
(97.2)
38.6
(101.5)
37.6
(99.7)
32.3
(90.1)
29.6
(85.3)
20.4
(68.7)
16.5
(61.7)
38.6
(101.5)
Mean maximum °C (°F)
11.0
(51.8)
13.2
(55.8)
18.9
(66.0)
24.3
(75.7)
28.5
(83.3)
32.1
(89.8)
33.3
(91.9)
32.8
(91.0)
27.6
(81.7)
22.7
(72.9)
16.2
(61.2)
11.5
(52.7)
34.7
(94.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
3.5
(38.3)
5.3
(41.5)
10.0
(50.0)
15.4
(59.7)
19.7
(67.5)
23.2
(73.8)
25.1
(77.2)
24.9
(76.8)
19.9
(67.8)
14.1
(57.4)
7.8
(46.0)
4.1
(39.4)
14.4
(57.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
0.7
(33.3)
1.5
(34.7)
5.1
(41.2)
9.7
(49.5)
14.1
(57.4)
17.5
(63.5)
19.4
(66.9)
18.9
(66.0)
14.2
(57.6)
9.4
(48.9)
4.7
(40.5)
1.5
(34.7)
9.7
(49.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−2.5
(27.5)
−2.3
(27.9)
0.4
(32.7)
3.5
(38.3)
7.8
(46.0)
11.4
(52.5)
13.3
(55.9)
12.8
(55.0)
8.8
(47.8)
5.1
(41.2)
1.5
(34.7)
−1.3
(29.7)
4.9
(40.8)
Mean minimum °C (°F)
−11.6
(11.1)
−10.2
(13.6)
−6.3
(20.7)
−3.3
(26.1)
0.8
(33.4)
5.3
(41.5)
7.0
(44.6)
6.7
(44.1)
2.6
(36.7)
−1.6
(29.1)
−5.8
(21.6)
−10.2
(13.6)
−14.5
(5.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−25.4
(−13.7)
−30.2
(−22.4)
−18.3
(−0.9)
−9.2
(15.4)
−4.3
(24.3)
0.0
(32.0)
3.1
(37.6)
0.6
(33.1)
−2.7
(27.1)
−7.3
(18.9)
−12.7
(9.1)
−23.0
(−9.4)
−30.2
(−22.4)
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
40.0
(1.57)
32.8
(1.29)
39.1
(1.54)
32.9
(1.30)
61.3
(2.41)
64.0
(2.52)
76.7
(3.02)
59.5
(2.34)
48.9
(1.93)
49.4
(1.94)
47.1
(1.85)
48.8
(1.92)
600.5
(23.64)
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
15.0
13.4
13.6
12.2
13.6
13.2
14.7
12.4
11.7
13.8
14.4
17.1
165.2
Average snowy days
(≥ 1.0 cm)
4.6
2.7
0.7
0.2
2.4
10.6
Average
relative humidity
(%)
83.9
79.8
74.0
66.7
67.4
67.4
66.9
69.3
76.3
82.8
86.3
86.6
75.6
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
58.6
85.4
129.7
186.7
218.6
228.6
239.2
225.5
165.2
113.7
57.9
44.0
1,753.1
Source 1:
World Meteorological Organization
27
Source 2:
DWD
26
Météo Climat
28
Infoclimat
29
Historical population
Year
1397
5,626
1449
18,420
+227.4%
1485
36,000
+95.4%
1500
38,000
+5.6%
1622
40,250
+5.9%
1700
35,000
−13.0%
1750
30,000
−14.3%
1810
28,544
−4.9%
1822
31,665
+10.9%
1830
39,870
+25.9%
1840
46,824
+17.4%
1849
50,828
+8.6%
1861
62,797
+23.5%
1871
83,214
+32.5%
1880
99,519
+19.6%
1890
142,590
+43.3%
1900
261,081
+83.1%
1910
333,142
+27.6%
1920
364,093
+9.3%
1930
416,700
+14.4%
1940
429,400
+3.0%
1945
286,833
−33.2%
1950
362,459
+26.4%
1960
458,401
+26.5%
1970
478,181
+4.3%
1980
484,405
+1.3%
1990
493,692
+1.9%
2001
491,307
−0.5%
2011
486,314
−1.0%
2022
522,554
+7.5%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
Nuremberg has been a destination for immigrants. 19.2% of the residents had an immigrant background in 2022 (counted with MigraPro).
30
Rank
Nationality
Population (31.12.2022)
31
Turkey
17,408
Romania
14,903
Greece
12,145
Italy
7,232
Ukraine
6,891
Poland
6,670
Croatia
5,893
Bulgaria
5,801
Iraq
4,745
10
Syria
4,710
11
Russia
3,617
12
Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,137
13
Serbia
3,027
14
Kosovo
2,456
15
Hungary
2,142
Nuremberg for many people is still associated with its traditional gingerbread (
Lebkuchen
) products, sausages, and handmade toys.
Pocket watches
Nuremberg eggs
— were made here in the 16th century by
Peter Henlein
. Only one of the districts in the 1797–1801 sample was early industrial; the economic structure of the region around Nuremberg was dominated by metal and glass manufacturing, reflected by a share of nearly 50% handicrafts and workers.
32
In the 19th century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of
Bavaria
with companies such as
Siemens
and
MAN
establishing a strong base in the city. Nuremberg is still an important industrial centre with a strong standing in the markets of Central and Eastern Europe. Items manufactured in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, writing and drawing paraphernalia, stationery products and printed materials.
The city is also strong in the fields of automation, energy and medical technology. Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but a good third of German market research agencies are also located in the city.
The
Nuremberg International Toy Fair
, held at the
city's exhibition centre
, is the largest of its kind in the world.
33
Nuremberg is
Bavaria
's second largest city after
Munich
, and a popular tourist destination for foreigners and Germans alike. After
World War II
, many medieval-style areas of the town were rebuilt.
View from
Nuremberg Central Station
towards
Lorenzkirche
and into Königstraße (King Street) which is spanned by Christkindlesmarkt symbols
Beyond its main attractions of the
Imperial Castle
St. Lorenz Church
, and
Nazi Trial grounds
, there are 54 different museums for arts and culture, history, science and technology, family and children, and more niche categories,
34
where visitors can see the world's oldest globe (built in 1492), a 500-year-old Madonna, and Renaissance-era German art.
35
There are several types of tours offered in the city, including historic tours, those that are
Nazi
-focused, underground and night tours,
walking tours
, sightseeing buses, self guided tours, and an old town tour on a mini train. Nuremberg also offers several parks and green areas, as well as indoor activities such as
bowling
rock wall climbing
escape rooms
cart racing
, and
mini golf
, theaters and cinemas, pools and
thermal spas
. There are also six nearby
amusement parks
34
The city's tourism board sells the Nurnberg Card which allows for free use of
public transportation
and free entry to all museums and attractions in Nuremberg for a two-day period.
34
Notable foods available in the city include
lebkuchen
gingerbread
, local
beer
Schäufele
, and
Nürnberger Rostbratwürstchen
, or Nuremberg grilled sausages. There are hundreds of restaurants for all tastes, including traditional
Franconian
restaurants and
beer gardens
. It also has
vegan
vegetarian
and
organic
restaurants. Nuremberg boasts a two
Michelin Star
-rated restaurant, Essigbrätlein.
34
Like many European cities, Nuremberg offers a
pedestrian-only zone
covering a large portion of the old town, which is a main destination for shopping and specialty retail,
36
including year-round
Christmas
stores where tourists and locals alike can purchase
Christmas ornaments
, gifts, decorations, and additions to their toy
Christmas villages
. The Craftsmen's Courtyard, or Handwerkerhof, is another tourist shopping destination in the style of a
medieval
village. It houses several local family-run businesses which sell handcrafted items from
glass
wood
leather
pottery
, and
precious metals
. The Handwerkerhof is also home to traditional German restaurants and beer gardens.
37
The Pedestrian zones of Nuremberg host festivals and markets throughout the year, the best known being
Christkindlesmarkt
, Germany's largest
Christmas market
and the gingerbread capital of the world. Visitors to the Christmas market can peruse the hundreds of stalls and purchase local wood crafts and
nutcrackers
while sampling Christmas sweets and traditional
Glühwein
38
In 2017, Nuremberg saw a total of 3.3 million
39
overnight stays, a record for the town, and is expected to have surpassed that in 2018, with more growth in tourism anticipated in the coming years.
40
There are over 175 registered places of accommodation in Nuremberg, ranging from
hostels
to luxury
hotels
bed and breakfasts
, to multi-hundred room properties.
34
Albrecht Dürer's House
Christkindlesmarkt
with
Schöner Brunnen
Nuremberg was an early centre of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention. The city contributed much to the science of
astronomy
. In 1471 Johannes Mueller of
Königsberg
(Bavaria), later called
Regiomontanus
, built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts.
In 1515,
Albrecht Dürer
, a native of Nuremberg, created woodcuts of the first maps of the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by
Johannes Stabius
. Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe.
41
Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of the day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470
Anton Koberger
opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the
Nuremberg Chronicles
, also known as the
World Chronicles
Schedelsche Weltchronik
), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by
Hartmann Schedel
and had illustrations by
Michael Wohlgemuth
Wilhelm Pleydenwurff
, and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these was navigator and geographer
Martin Behaim
, who made the first world globe.
Sculptors such as
Veit Stoss
Adam Kraft
and
Peter Vischer
are also associated with Nuremberg.
Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the
Meistersingers
flourished here.
Richard Wagner
made their most famous member,
Hans Sachs
, the hero of his opera
Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
. Baroque composer
Johann Pachelbel
was born here and was organist of
St. Sebaldus Church
The
academy of fine arts
situated in Nuremberg is the oldest art academy in central Europe and looks back to a tradition of 350 years of artistic education.
Nuremberg is also famous for its
Christkindlesmarkt
(Christmas market), which draws well over a million shoppers each year. The market is famous for its handmade ornaments and delicacies.
The Nuremberg State Theatre
Bardentreffen 2015
The
Nuremberg State Theatre
, founded in 1906, is dedicated to all types of opera, ballet and stage theatre. During the season 2009/2010, the theatre presented 651 performances for an audience of 240,000 persons.
42
The State Philharmonic Nuremberg (
Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg
) is the orchestra of the
State Theatre
. Its name was changed in 2011 from its previous name: The Nuremberg Philharmonic (
Nürnberger Philharmoniker
). It is the second-largest opera orchestra in Bavaria.
43
Besides opera performances, it also presents its own subscription concert series in the
Meistersingerhalle
Christof Perick
was the principal conductor of the orchestra between 2006 and 2011.
Marcus Bosch
heads the orchestra since September 2011.
The
Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra
Nürnberger Symphoniker
) performs around 100 concerts a year to a combined annual audience of more than 180,000.
44
The regular subscription concert series are mostly performed in the
Meistersingerhalle
but other venues are used as well, including the new concert hall of the
Kongresshalle
and the
Serenadenhof
Alexander Shelley
has been the principal conductor of the orchestra since 2009.
The Nuremberg International Chamber Music Festival (
Internationales Kammermusikfestival Nürnberg
) takes place in early September each year, and in 2011 celebrated its tenth anniversary. Concerts take place around the city; opening and closing events are held in the medieval
Burg
. The
Bardentreffen
, an annual folk festival in Nuremberg, has been deemed the largest
world music
festival in Germany and takes place since 1976. 2014 the Bardentreffen starred 368 artists from 31 nations.
45
Nürnberger
Bratwurst
Nuremberg is known for Nürnberger
Bratwurst
, which is shorter and thinner than other bratwurst sausages.
Another Nuremberg speciality is Nürnberger
Lebkuchen
, a kind of gingerbread eaten mainly around Christmas time.
The
Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg
Nuremberg has 51 public and 6 private elementary schools in nearly all of its districts. Secondary education is offered at 23
Mittelschulen
, 12
Realschulen
and 17
Gymnasien
(state, city, church, and privately owned). There are also several other providers of secondary education such as Berufsschule, Berufsfachschule, Wirtschaftsschule etc.
46
Nuremberg hosts the joint university
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
, two Fachhochschulen (
Technische Hochschule Nürnberg
and
Evangelische Hochschule Nürnberg
), a pure art academy (
Akademie der Bildenden Künste Nürnberg
, the first art academy in the German-speaking world) in addition to the design faculty at the TH and a music conservatoire (
Hochschule für Musik Nürnberg
).
47
There are also private schools such as the
Akademie Deutsche POP Nürnberg
offering higher education.
48
Nuremberg, seen from the castle
Nuremberg Castle
: the three castles that tower over the city including central burgraves' castle, with Free Reich's buildings to the east, the Imperial castle to the west.
Heilig-Geist-Spital
. In the centre of the city, on the bank of the river Pegnitz, stands the Hospital of the Holy Spirit. Founded in 1332, this is one of the largest hospitals of the
Middle Ages
. Lepers were kept here at some distance from the other patients. It now houses elderly persons and a restaurant.
The
Hauptmarkt
, dominated by the front of the unique
Gothic
Frauenkirche
(Our Lady's Church), provides a picturesque setting for the famous
Christmas market
. A main attraction on the square is the Gothic
Schöner Brunnen
(Beautiful Fountain) which was erected around 1385 but subsequently replaced with a replica (the original fountain is kept in the
Germanisches Nationalmuseum
). The unchanged
Renaissance
bridge
Fleischbrücke
crosses the Pegnitz nearby.
The
Gothic
Lorenzkirche
(St. Laurence church) dominates the southern part of the walled city and is one of the most important buildings in Nuremberg. The main body was built around 1270–1350.
The even earlier and equally impressive
Sebalduskirche
is St. Lorenz's counterpart in the northern part of the old city.
The church of the former
Katharinenkloster
is preserved as a ruin, the
charterhouse
Kartause
) is integrated into the building of the
Germanisches Nationalmuseum
and the choir of the former
Franziskanerkirche
is part of a modern building.
Other churches located inside the city walls are:
St. Laurence's
Saint Clare's
Saint Martha's
Saint James the Greater's
Saint Giles's
, and
Saint Elisabeth's
The
Germanisches Nationalmuseum
is Germany's largest museum of cultural history, among its exhibits are works of famous painters such as
Albrecht Dürer
Rembrandt
, and
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
The Neues Museum Nürnberg is a museum for modern and contemporary art.
The Walburga Chapel and the Romanesque
Doppelkapelle
(Chapel with two floors) are part of Nuremberg Castle.
The
Johannisfriedhof
is a medieval cemetery, containing many old graves (Albrecht Dürer,
Willibald Pirckheimer
, and others). The
Rochusfriedhof
or the Wöhrder Kirchhof are near the Old Town.
The
Chain Bridge
Kettensteg
), the first chain bridge on the European continent.
The
Tiergarten Nürnberg
is a zoo stretching over more than 60 hectares (148 acres) in the
Nuremberg Reichswald
(or
Nürnberger Reichswald
) forest.
There is also a medieval market just inside the city walls, selling handcrafted goods.
The
German National Railways Museum
(in German)
(an Anchor Point of ERIH, The
European Route of Industrial Heritage
) is located in Nuremberg.
The
Nuremberg Ring
(now welded within an iron fence of Schöner Brunnen) is said to bring good luck to those that spin it.
The
Nazi party rally grounds
with the
documentation-center
Popular places in Nuremberg
Nuremberg from Spittlertor
Heilig-Geist-Spital
(Hospice of the Holy Spirit)
Pilatushaus
and Nuremberg Castle
Nuremberg Business Area
Palace of Justice, place of the
Nuremberg Trials
Nuremberg is represented in the
Bundestag
by two
constituencies
Nuremberg North
and
Nuremberg South
. Since 2002, both constituencies have been held by the CSU.
At the local level, Nuremberg has historically been left-leaning in the conservative state of Bavaria – since the end of World War II, the city has mainly elected
SPD
mayors with the exception of
Ludwig Scholz
(elected 1996, served until 2002) and Marcus König (elected 2020). From 1957 to 1987, the position of Chief Mayor (Oberbürgermeister) was continuously held by Andreas Urschlechter (SPD) for 30 years.
Results of the second round of the 2020 mayoral election
The current mayor of Nuremberg is Marcus König of the
Christian Social Union
(CSU). The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows:
Candidate
Party
First round
Second round
Votes
Votes
Marcus König
Christian Social Union
66,521
36.5
103,865
52.2
Thorsten Brehm
Social Democratic Party
63,742
34.9
95,237
47.8
Verena Osgyan
Alliance 90/The Greens
27,535
15.1
Roland Hübscher
Alternative for Germany
7,696
4.2
Titus Schüller
The Left
4,631
2.5
Florian Betz
Pirate Party
Die PARTEI
2,153
1.2
Christian Rechholz
Ecological Democratic Party
2,029
1.1
Ümit Sormaz
Free Democratic Party
1,905
1.0
Marion Padua
Left List Nuremberg
1,469
0.8
Fridrich Luft
Citizens' Initiative A (BIA)
869
0.5
Philipp Schramm
The Good Ones (Guten)
637
0.4
Valid votes
182,493
99.6
199,102
99.2
Invalid votes
790
0.4
1,626
0.81
Total
183,283
100.0
200,728
100.0
Electorate/voter turnout
390,547
47.1
388,998
51.6
Source: City of Nuremberg (
1st round
2nd round
Results of the 2020 city council election
The Nuremberg city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows:
Party
Votes
Seats
Christian Social Union
(CSU)
3,584,755
31.3
1.9
22
Social Democratic Party
(SPD)
2,943,118
25.7
18.4
18
13
Alliance 90/The Greens
(Grüne)
2,283,988
20.0
11.0
14
Alternative for Germany
(AfD)
650,369
5.7
New
New
The Left
(Die Linke)
449,463
3.9
New
New
Free Voters of Bavaria
(FW)
324,475
2.8
0.0
Ecological Democratic Party
(ÖDP)
265,079
2.3
0.2
Free Democratic Party
(FDP)
241,329
2.1
0.1
Die PARTEI
Pirate Party
(PARTEI/Piraten)
194,693
1.7
New
Socio-Cultural Freedom, Participation and Sustainability (Politbande)
190,710
1.7
New
New
Left List Nuremberg
151,992
1.3
2.8
The Good Ones (Guten)
95,862
0.8
0.9
Citizens' Initiative A (BIA)
62,374
0.6
2.5
Valid votes
178,999
97.7
Invalid votes
4,124
2.3
Total
183,123
100.0
70
Electorate/voter turnout
389,547
47.0
2.7
Source:
City of Nuremberg
The city's location next to numerous highways, railways, and a waterway has contributed to its rising importance for trade with Eastern Europe.
The main railway station
Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof
is a stop for
IC
and
ICE
trains on the German long-distance railway network. The
Nuremberg–Ingolstadt–Munich high-speed line
with 300 km/h (186 mph) operation opened 28 May 2006, and was fully integrated into the rail schedule on 10 December 2006. Travel times to Munich have been reduced to as little as one hour. The
Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway
opened in December 2017.
City and regional transport
edit
An automatic
U-Bahn
train on the line
U3
The
Nuremberg tramway network
was opened in 1881. As of 2008
[update]
, it extends a total length of 36 km (22 mi), has six lines, and carried 39.152 million passengers annually. The first segment of the
Nuremberg U-Bahn
metro system was opened in 1972. Nuremberg's trams,
buses
and U-Bahn are operated by the
Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft Nürnberg
(VAG; Nuremberg Transport Corporation), a member of the
Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg
(VGN; Greater Nuremberg Transport Network).
There is also a
Nuremberg S-Bahn
suburban metro railway and a regional train network, both centred on
Nürnberg Hauptbahnhof
. Since 2008, Nuremberg has had the first U-Bahn in Germany (U2/U21 and U3) that works without a driver. It also was the first subway system worldwide in which both driver-operated trains and computer-controlled trains shared tracks.
S-Bahn network
U-Bahn network
Tramway Network
S- and R-Bahn network
S-, U-Bahn and Tramway network
Bus map
Nightbus and S-Bahn map
Nuremberg is located at the junction of several important Autobahn routes. The
A3
Netherlands
Frankfurt
Würzburg
Vienna
) passes in a south-easterly direction along the north-east of the city. The
A9
(Berlin–Munich) passes in a north–south direction on the east of the city. The
A6
France
Saarbrücken
Prague
) passes in an east–west direction to the south of the city. Finally, the
A73
begins in the south-east of Nuremberg and travels north-west through the city before continuing towards Fürth and
Bamberg
Aerial image of Nuremberg Airport
Nuremberg Airport
has flights to major German cities and many European destinations. The largest operators are currently
Eurowings
and
TUI fly Deutschland
, while the low-cost
Ryanair
and
Wizz Air
companies connect the city to various European centres. A significant amount of the airport's traffic flies to and from mainly touristic destinations during the peak winter season. The airport (Flughafen) is the terminus of
Nuremberg U-Bahn Line 2
; until 2021, it was the only airport in Germany served by a
U-Bahn
subway system.
Nuremberg is an important port on the
Rhine–Main–Danube Canal
Max-Morlock-Stadion
is the football stadium of
Bundesliga
club
1. FC Nürnberg
1. FC Nürnberg
, known locally as
Der Club
(English: "The Club"), was founded in 1900 and currently plays in the
2.Bundesliga
. The official colours of the association are red and white, but the traditional colours are red and black. They won their first regional title in the
Southern German championship
in 1916 closely followed by their first national title in 1920. Besides the eleven regional championships they won the
German championship
for a total of nine times. With this they held the record for the most German championship titles until 1986 when the current record holder FC Bayern München surpassed them. The current chairmen are Nils Rossow and Dieter Hecking. They play in
Max-Morlock-Stadion
which was refurbished for the
2006 FIFA World Cup
and accommodates 50,000 spectators.
German Champion:
1920, 1921, 1924, 1925, 1927, 1936, 1948, 1961, 1968
German Cup:
1935, 1939, 1962, 2007
TuS Bar Kochba
is a league that was founded in 1913 as a social-sport club for the Jewish community in Nürnberg. Established as the "Jewish Gymnastics and Sports Club Nuremberg", the league was dissolved by the Nazi party in 1939. It was reformed in 1966.
49
The club plays in the senior A-league of the
Bavarian Football Association
50
The
Baskets Nürnberg
played in the
Basketball Bundesliga
from 2005 to 2007. Since then, teams from Nuremberg have attempted to return to Germany's elite league. The recently founded
Nürnberg Falcons BC
have already established themselves as one of the main teams in Germany's second division
ProA
and aim to take on the heritage of the SELLBYTEL Baskets Nürnberg. The Falcons play their home games at the
KIA Metropol Arena
The
Nürnberg Ice Tigers
play in the country's premier league, the
Deutsche Eishockey Liga
. They've been runner-up in 1999 and 2007. The Ice Tigers play their home games at the
Arena Nürnberger Versicherung
International relations
edit
Twin towns – sister cities
edit
Nuremberg is
twinned
with:
51
Nice
, France, since 1954
Kraków
, Poland, since 1979
Skopje
, North Macedonia, since 1982
San Carlos
, Nicaragua, since 1985
Glasgow
, Scotland, since 1985
Prague
, Czech Republic, since 1990
Kharkiv
, Ukraine, since 1990
Hadera
, Israel, since 1995
Shenzhen
, China, since 1997
Antalya
, Turkey, since 1997
Atlanta
, United States, since 1998
Kavala
, Greece, since 1999
Córdoba
, Spain, since 2010
Brașov
, Romania, since 2024
Nuremberg also cooperates with:
Venice
, Italy; since 1954 a twin town, relations renewed in 1999 as a cooperation agreement
52
Twin towns/sister cities and associated cities of Nuremberg
Nuremberg maintains friendly relations with:
53
Klausen
, Italy, since 1970
Gera
, Germany, since 1988, renewed 1997
Kalkudah
, Sri Lanka, since 2005
Bar
, Montenegro, since 2006
Changping
, China, since 2006
Montan
, Italy, since 2012
Nablus
, Palestine, since 2015
Aného
, Togo, since 2025
54
Sokodé
, Togo, since 2025
55
Notes and references
edit
"Liste der Oberbürgermeister in den kreisfreien Städten"
Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik
Archived
from the original on 30 June 2021
. Retrieved
19 July
2021
"Gemeinden, Kreise und Regierungsbezirke in Bayern, Einwohnerzahlen am 31. Dezember 2024; Basis Zensus 2022"
[Municipalities, counties, and administrative districts in Bavaria; Based on the 2022 Census]
(CSV)
(in German).
Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik
"Daten und Fakten - Stadtportal Nürnberg"
www.nuernberg.de
. Retrieved
28 February
2026
Region Nürnberg
Archived
4 July 2022 at the
Wayback Machine
on hey.bayern
"VAG: 15 years of the automatic Nuremberg subway – a successful project"
(in German). 14 June 2023.
Archived
from the original on 24 March 2024
. Retrieved
25 March
2024
Compare:
(in German)
Nürnberg, Reichsstadt: Politische und soziale Entwicklung
Archived
18 November 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
(Political and Social Development of the Imperial City of Nuremberg),
Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
: "Nürnberg ist erstmals 1050 als Reichsburg inmitten eines großen Reichsgutkomplexes schriftlich bezeugt. [...] Die Stadt Nürnberg entstand um die Wende zum 11. Jahrhundert in Anlehnung an eine 1050 erstmals erwähnte Reichsburg inmitten eines ausgedehnten Reichsgutkomplexes in Ostfranken und dem bayerischen Nordgau." [The first written attestation of Nuremberg occurs in 1050 as an Imperial castle in the middle of an extensive complex of Imperial property. [...] The city of Nuremberg originated about the turn of the 11th century inconnection with an Imperial castle (first mentioned in 1050) in the centre of an expansive complex of Imperial property in East Franconia and in the Bavarian Nordgau.]
(in German)
Nürnberg, Reichsstadt: Politische und soziale Entwicklung
Archived
18 November 2015 at the
Wayback Machine
(Political and Social Development of the Imperial City of Nuremberg),
Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
"Nuremberg"
Catholic Encyclopedia
. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"Image Gallery of the Coins of Nürnberg"
www.medievalcoinage.com
Archived
from the original on 8 March 2021
. Retrieved
20 May
2020
Black Death
Archived
4 August 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
". JewishEncyclopedia.com
Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History
, Mark Girouard, Yale University Press, 1985, p.69
Jerry Stannard, Katherine E. Stannard, Richard Kay (1999).
Herbs and herbalism in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
University of Michigan Press.
ISBN
0-86078-774-5
Sobecki, Sebastian (2016).
Nuremberg
. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
566–
581.
ISBN
978-0-19-873535-9
Archived
from the original on 20 December 2016
. Retrieved
2 June
2016
Henry Eyster Jacobs; John Augustus William Haas (1899).
The Lutheran Cyclopedia
. Scribner. p. 351.
ISBN
9780790550565
Hagen, Joshua; Ostergren, Robert (April 2006).
"Spectacle, architecture and place at the Nuremberg Party Rallies: projecting a Nazi vision of past, present and future"
(PDF)
Cultural Geographies
13
(2):
169–
170.
Bibcode
2006CuGeo..13..157H
doi
10.1191/1474474006eu355oa
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 4 May 2019
. Retrieved
30 September
2024
Nuremberg, Germany
Archived
8 April 2024 at the
Wayback Machine
in the
Jewish Virtual Library
Archived
21 February 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
"Stumbling Stones in Nuremberg"
. Geschichte Für Alle e.V.- Institut für Regionalgeschichte. 2021.
Archived
from the original on 2 April 2023
. Retrieved
4 April
2023
Keeffe, Christine O.
"Concentration Camps List"
. Tartanplace.com. Archived from
the original
on 19 September 2017
. Retrieved
12 January
2015
Stanton, Shelby,
World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946
, Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 90, 129, 135
Neil Gregor, Haunted City. Nuremberg and the Nazi Past (New Haven, 2008)
"Zensus 2011: Gebäude- und Wohnungsbestand in Deutschland"
(PDF)
(in German). Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 2015.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 29 March 2024.
"Regierungsbezirk Mittelfranken"
(PDF)
(in German). Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 24 June 2024
. Retrieved
31 January
2025
"DenkmalAtlas 2.0"
"International Nuremberg Human Rights Award - Human Rights Office of the City of Nuremberg"
Archived
from the original on 7 October 2023
. Retrieved
26 October
2023
"Nuremberg, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"
Weatherbase
Archived
from the original on 4 February 2019
. Retrieved
3 February
2019
"Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte"
. Dwd.de.
Archived
from the original on 12 June 2014
. Retrieved
12 January
2015
"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"
World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from
the original
on 12 October 2023
. Retrieved
12 October
2023
"German climate normals 1981–2010"
(in French). Météo Climat.
Archived
from the original on 16 April 2014
. Retrieved
16 January
2019
"Climatologie de l'année à Nuernberg"
(in French). Infoclimat.
Archived
from the original on 29 October 2023
. Retrieved
14 October
2023
"Stadt Nürnberg: Daten und Fakten"
. nuernberg.de.
Archived
from the original on 23 July 2017
. Retrieved
6 September
2023
"Bevölkerungsstand"
Stadtforschung und Statistik für Nürnberg und Fürth
Archived
from the original on 22 September 2022
. Retrieved
2 September
2020
Baten, Joerg (2000). "Economic development and the distribution of nutritional resources in Bavaria, 1797–1839: An anthropometric study".
Journal of Income Distribution
89–
106.
doi
10.1016/S0926-6437(99)00014-1
"10 Reasons for visiting"
Spielwarenmesse Nürnberg
. 6 February 2019.
Archived
from the original on 25 March 2019
. Retrieved
25 March
2019
"Home"
Tourismus Nürnberg
. 21 March 2019.
Archived
from the original on 2 May 2019
. Retrieved
20 April
2019
"Germany: Frankfurt and Nürnberg – Video – Rick Steves' Europe"
www.ricksteves.com
Archived
from the original on 20 April 2019
. Retrieved
20 April
2019
Monheim, Rolf (January 1992). "Town and transport planning and the development of retail trade in metropolitan areas of West Germany".
Landscape and Urban Planning
22
2–
4):
121–
136.
Bibcode
1992LUrbP..22..121M
doi
10.1016/0169-2046(92)90017-t
"Craftmen's Courtyard in Nuremberg – a friendly welcome awaits you!"
www.christkindlesmarkt.de
(in German).
Archived
from the original on 20 April 2019
. Retrieved
20 April
2019
"European Christmas TV Special | Rick Steves' Europe"
www.ricksteves.com
Archived
from the original on 20 April 2019
. Retrieved
20 April
2019
"Record results for tourism in 2017: Overnight stays in Nuremberg exceed all expectations"
Congress- und Tourismus-Zentrale Nürnberg
. 2 March 2018.
Archived
from the original on 23 March 2024
. Retrieved
23 March
2024
"Record results for tourism in 2017: Overnight stays in Nuremberg exceed all expectations"
Tourismus Nürnberg
. 2 April 2019. Archived from
the original
on 20 April 2019
. Retrieved
20 April
2019
Waetzoldt, Wilhelm (1935).
Dürer und seine Zeit
. Vienna: Phaedon. pp.
306–
309.
"Audience of the
Staatstheater
(Mehr Besucher im Staatstheater Nürnberg)"
(in German). Mittelbayerische.de. 2011. Archived from
the original
on 22 July 2011
. Retrieved
5 March
2011
"Die Staatsphilharmonie Nürnberg"
(in German). Staatstheater-nuernberg.de. 2012. Archived from
the original
on 7 May 2012
. Retrieved
11 February
2012
"Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra, audience and concerts stats"
(in German). 2011. Archived from
the original
on 21 March 2012
. Retrieved
3 March
2011
"Krieg und Frieden" – Pippo Pollina eröffnet Bardentreffen"
. Frankenfernsehen.tv. 2 August 2014.
Archived
from the original on 3 February 2015
. Retrieved
12 January
2015
Schulreferat, Stadt Nürnberg (20 August 2015).
"Schulen in Nürnberg"
nuernberg.de
Archived
from the original on 15 September 2017
. Retrieved
14 September
2017
Stadt Nürnberg (1 May 2016).
"Nürnberg in Zahlen"
(PDF)
nuernberg.de
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 14 September 2017
. Retrieved
14 September
2017
"Deutsche Pop Nürnberg"
. 14 September 2017.
Archived
from the original on 13 September 2017
. Retrieved
14 September
2017
"Die Chronik des TuS Bar Kochba"
nordbayern.de
(in German).
Archived
from the original on 26 March 2020
. Retrieved
26 March
2020
"TuS Bar Kochba Nürnberg e.V."
www.tusbarkochba.de
Archived
from the original on 26 March 2020
. Retrieved
26 March
2020
"Partnerstädte"
nuernberg.de
(in German). Nuremberg Office for International Relations.
Archived
from the original on 1 September 2021
. Retrieved
19 November
2020
"Norimberga – Germania"
comune.venezia.it
(in Italian). Venezia. 29 June 2020.
Archived
from the original on 27 November 2020
. Retrieved
19 November
2020
"Befreundete Kommunen"
nuernberg.de
(in German). Nuremberg Office for International Relations.
Archived
from the original on 28 January 2021
. Retrieved
19 November
2020
"Lacs 1 und Tchaoudjo 1 (Togo)"
nuernberg.de
(in German). Nuremberg Office for International Relations
. Retrieved
12 November
2025
"Lacs 1 und Tchaoudjo 1 (Togo)"
nuernberg.de
(in German). Nuremberg Office for International Relations
. Retrieved
12 November
2025
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Nuremberg
Places adjacent to Nuremberg
Frankfurt
Würzburg
Erlangen
Bamberg
Erfurt
Bayreuth
Hof
Chemnitz
Mannheim
Fürth
Nuremberg
Amberg
Pilsen
Prague
Stuttgart
Ulm
Aalen
Ingolstadt
Augsburg
Munich
Regensburg
Passau
Salzburg