(PDF) പ്രബലസ്ത്രീയും ഉദാസീനപുരുഷനും ചട്

(PDF) പ്രബലസ്ത്രീയും ഉദാസീനപുരുഷനും ചട്ടമ്പിസ്വാമികളുടെ സ്ത്രീപുരുഷപ്രബന്ധം (1906)
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പ്രബലസ്ത്രീയും ഉദാസീനപുരുഷനും ചട്ടമ്പിസ്വാമികളുടെ സ്ത്രീപുരുഷപ്രബന്ധം (1906)
P Sreekumar
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Abstract
“ഒരു പുരുഷന് നല്ലതായി വരുന്നവ സ്ത്രീക്കും നല്ലതായി വരേണം” (താരാഭായി ഷിന്ധെ 1882)

“ഗ്രഹത്തിലിരുന്ന് അന്യാദൃശമായ സ്വയംഭരണശക്തി ലോകമൊട്ടുക്കു വ്യാപിപ്പിക്കേണ്ട സ്ത്രീകൾ ഗൃഹം വിട്ട് കെട്ടിഞെളിഞ്ഞു രാജ്യാകാര്യാദികൾ നടത്തുകയോ സഭകൂടി പ്രസംഗങ്ങൾ തട്ടിമൂളിക്കുകയോ ചെയ്യണമെന്നില്ല” (ചട്ടമ്പിസ്വാമികൾ 1906)

1.ആമുഖം: ഭാരതം ഒരു വിശ്വഗുരുവായി സംക്രമിക്കുകയാണ് (Hall 2019:81-104, Kapoor & Aavadhesh 2005 a&b)). വിശ്വഗുരുവായി സംക്രമിക്കുന്ന ഭാരതം ലോകത്തിനാകെ ഒരു ബോധനസ്റ്റേറ്റ് (pedagogic state) ആകേണ്ടിയിരിക്കുന്നു. ഒരു രാഷ്ട്രീയസ്റ്റേറ്റ് (political state) വ്യാപിക്കുന്നത് ഭൗതികമായി ആണ്. എന്നാൽ ബോധനസ്റ്റേറ്റ് വ്യാപിക്കുന്നത് രാഷ്ട്രീയ സ്വരൂപമായല്ല. മറിച്ച് ഒരു സോഫ്റ്റ് സ്റ്റേറ്റായാണ്. അതായത്, രാഷ്ട്രഭേദമന്യേ എല്ലാ സമൂഹങ്ങളിലെയും മനുഷ്യ൪ക്ക് എത്താനാവുന്ന ഉന്നതമായ ഒരു മാനവിക അവസ്ഥയിലേക്ക് സമസ്തത്തെയും നയിക്കുന്ന ഒരു ആത്മീയ നേതൃത്വത്തിലേക്കാണ് ഭാരതം വികസിക്കുന്നത് (Hall: 2019). “ലോകാസമസ്താ സുഖിനോ ഭവന്തു” എന്ന അവസ്ഥയിലേക്ക്. ആ അവസ്ഥയിലേക്ക് ഭാരതത്തെതന്നെ ആദ്യം ആഭ്യന്തരമായി പരിവ൪ത്തിപ്പിക്കേണ്ടതുണ്ട് പരിഷ്കരിക്കേണ്ടതുണ്ട്. അത്തരത്തിലുള്ള പരിവ൪ത്തനത്തിനുള്ള ദ൪ശനങ്ങളുടെയും ചിന്തകളുടെയും ഉറവിടങ്ങൾ ഭാരതത്തിലെ പൗരാണികവേദോപനിഷത്തുകളും ശ്രുതികളും, സ്മൃതികളും ധ൪മ്മസൂത്രങ്ങളും മാത്രമല്ല. സംസ്ക്യതത്തിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുള്ളവയോടൊപ്പംതന്നെ അവയുടെ കലാകാലങ്ങളിലുള്ള വ്യാഖ്യാനങ്ങളെയും അവയുടെ ഉൾക്കൊള്ളലുകളെയും തള്ളിക്കളയലുകളും ഭാരതീയബോധനഉറവിടങ്ങളാണ് (pedagogic sources). ഒപ്പം, ഭാരതത്തിലെ പ്രാകൃതവും തമിഴും ഉൾപ്പെടെയുള്ള എല്ലാഭാഷകളിലും എഴുതപ്പെട്ട എല്ലാ ആദ്ധ്യാത്മിക ഗ്രന്ഥങ്ങളും ബോധനഭാരതത്തിന്റെത വൈവിദ്ധ്യമാ൪ന്ന പാഠപുസ്തകങ്ങളാണ്, അഥവാ, വിശ്വഗുരുവായ ഭാരതത്തിന്റെെ സമഗ്രമായ ബോധന ഉറവിടങ്ങളാണ് ഇവയെല്ലാം. ഭാരതത്തിലെ എല്ലാ ഭാഷകളിലുമുള്ള ഇത്തരത്തിലുള്ള ബോധന ഉറവിടങ്ങൾ അന്വേഷിക്കുന്നതിന്റെല ഭാഗമാണ് ഈ പഠനം. ചട്ടമ്പിസ്വാമികളുടെ (1853–1924) സ്ത്രീപുരുഷസംബന്ധിയായ “പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിൽ സ്ത്രീപുരുഷൻമാ൪ക്കുള്ള സ്ഥാനം (1906)” എന്ന പ്രബന്ധം മലയാളത്തിൽ നിന്നുള്ള ഒരു ബോധനഉറവിടമായി പരിഗണിക്കാമോ എന്നാണ് പരിശോധിക്കുന്നത്. പ്രബന്ധത്തിന്റെന ആദ്യഭാഗത്ത് സ്വാമികളുടെ ഈ പ്രബന്ധം എഴുതിയ സന്ദ൪ഭം വിവരിക്കുന്നു. രണ്ടാമത്തെ ഭാഗത്ത് പ്രബന്ധത്തിന്റെ ചുരുക്കം അവതരിപ്പിക്കുന്നു. മൂന്നാമത്തെ ഭാഗത്ത് പ്രബന്ധം പരിശോധിച്ച് ചില നിഗമനങ്ങളിലേക്കെത്തുന്നു. ഈ നിഗമനങ്ങളുടെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിൽ ഈ പ്രബന്ധം ഭാരതത്തിൽ നിന്നുള്ള ഒരു ബോധനഉറവിടമായി പരിഗണിക്കുന്നതിന്റെം പ്രശ്നങ്ങളും ച൪ച്ച ചെയ്യുന്നു.
Key takeaways
AI
Chattambi Swamikal's 1906 essay is a significant pedagogical source on gender roles in India.
The study emphasizes India's evolution into a pedagogic state, transcending mere political structures.
A comprehensive examination of various Indian languages' spiritual texts is vital for understanding this educational paradigm.
The essay argues that women's empowerment aligns with India's moral leadership in global contexts.
The text critiques the necessity for internal reform to achieve the ideal of 'Loka Samasta Sukhino Bhavantu.'
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apJy ]-{Xm-[n]À

tUm. Zo-t]-jv hn.sI.

Printer and Publisher Dr. Deepesh V.K.
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Bcw-`n-¨ hÀjw : 2023
`mj
: a-e-bmfw
hnj-bw
: tI-c-f kw-kvIm-c ]T\w
t‑aÂ-h‑n-e‑m-k‑w:
t‑U‑m. Z‑o-t‑]-j‑v h‑n.s‑I.
i‑n-h‑w‑, I-‑m-t‑¨-c‑n
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H-ä-{‑]-X‑n: 100 c‑q-]-h‑mÀ-j‑n-I h-c‑n-k‑w-J‑y: 400 c‑q-]
IhÀt]Pv Unssk³: chn kn
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(Bc-Wy {]-Pm]-Xn ]p-Xp¸-Ån km-[p F-¶ B\)

Typesetting: Pixel Media, Cheruvannur, Feroke
Printed at: Kamala Printers, Calicut

Icp-h-d kmw-kv-Imcn-I K-th-j-W-]-{Xn-I
thm-fyw 1, e-¡w 4 (P-\p-h-cnþamÀ¨v)
{]_-e-kv{Xobpw DZm-ko\ ]pcp-j\pw (t]Pv 49þ55)
[email protected]
{‑]-_-e-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p‑w D-Z‑m-k‑o-\-]‑p-c‑p-j-\‑p‑w
N-«-¼‑n-k‑zm-a‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑v-{‑X‑o-]‑p-c‑p-j-{‑]-_-Ô‑w (1906)
t‑U‑m. ]‑n. {‑i‑o-I‑p-a‑mÀ
Atkm. s{]m^-kÀ, `mjm-im-kv{X-hn-`m-Kw, t‑I-{‑µ-t‑I-c-f kÀh-I-e‑m-i‑m-e

""H-c‑p ]‑p-c‑p-j-\‑v \-Ã-X‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-¶-h k‑v-{‑X‑o¡‑p‑w \-Ã-X‑m-b‑n h-t‑c-W‑w‑'' (X‑m-c‑m-`‑m-b‑n j‑ns‑Ô 1882)
""Kr-l-¯‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶‑v A-\‑y‑m-Z‑r-i-a‑m-b k‑z-b‑w-`c-W-i-à‑n t‑e‑m-I-s‑a‑m-«‑p-¡‑p h‑y‑m-]‑n-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï
k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ K‑r-l‑w h‑n-«‑v s‑I-«‑n-s‑R-f‑n-ª‑p c‑mP‑y‑m-I‑m-c‑y‑m-Z‑n-IÄ \-S-¯‑p-I-t‑b‑m k-`-I‑q-S‑n
{‑]-k‑w-K-§Ä X-«‑n-a‑q-f‑n-¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m s‑N-¿-Ws‑a-¶‑n-Ã‑'' (N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-IÄ 1906)

B-a‑p-J‑w
`‑m-c-X‑w H-c‑p h‑n-i‑z-K‑p-c‑p-h‑m-b‑n k‑w-{‑I-a‑n¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v (Hall 2019:81-104, Kapoor
& Aavadhesh 2005 a&b). h‑n-i‑z-K‑p-c‑p-h‑mb‑n k‑w-{‑I-a‑n-¡‑p-¶ `‑m-c-X‑w t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-\‑ms‑I H-c‑p t‑_‑m-[-\-t‑Ì-ä‑v (pedagogic state)
B-t‑I-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. H-c‑p c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-t‑Ì-ä‑v
(political state) h‑y‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v `‑u-X‑n-I-a‑mb‑n B-W‑v. F-¶‑mÂ t‑_‑m-[-\-t‑Ì-ä‑v h‑y‑m]‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b k‑z-c‑q-]-a‑m-b-Ã. a-d‑n-¨‑v
H-c‑p t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v t‑Ì-ä‑m-b‑m-W‑v. A-X‑m-b-X‑v,
c‑m-{‑ã-t‑`-Z-a-t‑\‑y F-Ã‑m k-a‑q-l-§-f‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w
a-\‑p-j‑yÀ¡‑v F-¯‑m-\‑m-h‑p-¶ D-¶-X-a‑m-b

H-c‑p a‑m-\-h‑n-I A-h-Ø-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v k-a-k‑v-Xs‑¯-b‑p‑w \-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p B-ß‑o-b t‑\-X‑rX‑z-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v `‑m-c-X‑w h‑n-I-k‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v
(Hall: 2019). ""t‑e‑m-I‑m-k-a-k‑v-X‑m k‑p-J‑nt‑\‑m `-h-´‑p‑'' F-¶ A-h-Ø-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v. B
A-h-Ø-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v `‑m-c-X-s‑¯-X-s‑¶ B-Z‑y‑w
B-`‑y-´-c-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-hÀ¯‑n-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v;
]-c‑n-j‑v-I-c‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. A-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å
]-c‑n-hÀ¯-\-¯‑n-\‑p-Å ZÀi-\-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
N‑n-´-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w D-d-h‑n-S-§Ä `‑m-c-X-¯‑ns‑e ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I-t‑h-t‑Z‑m-]-\‑n-j-¯‑p-I-f‑p‑w
{‑i‑p-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w‑, k‑v-a‑r-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w [À½-k‑q-{‑X-§f‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã. k‑w-k-‑vIrX-¯‑nÂ t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å-h-t‑b‑m-s‑S‑m-¸‑w-X-s‑¶ A-h-b‑p-s‑S
I-e‑m-I‑m-e-§-f‑n-e‑p-Å h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w
A-h-b‑p-s‑S DÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å-e‑p-I-‑f‑p‑w X-Å‑n-¡-f-be‑p-I-f‑p‑w `‑m-c-X‑o-b-t‑_‑m-[-\ -D-d-h‑n-S-§-f‑m-W‑v
(pedagogic sources). H-¸‑w‑, `‑m-c-X-¯‑n-s‑e
{‑]‑m-I‑r-X-h‑p‑w X-a‑n-g‑p‑w DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-Å F-Ã‑m`‑m-j-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w F-g‑p-X-s‑¸-« F-Ã‑m B-²‑y‑mß‑n-I {‑K-Ù-§-f‑p‑w t‑_‑m-[-\-`‑m-c-X-¯‑nsâ
s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑y-a‑mÀ¶ ]‑mT-]‑p-k‑v-X-I-§-f‑m-W‑v,
A-Y-h‑m‑, h‑n-i‑z-K‑p-c‑p-h‑m-b `‑m-c-X-¯‑nsâ
k-a-{‑K-a‑m-b t‑_‑m-[-\ D-d-h‑n-S-§-f‑m-W‑v C-h-

Icp-h-d kmw-kv-Imcn-I K-th-j-W-]-{Xn-I
thm-fyw 1, e-¡w 4 (P-\p-h-cnþamÀ¨v)

s‑b-Ã‑m‑w. `‑m-c-X-¯‑n-s‑e F-Ã‑m `‑m-j-I-f‑n-e‑pa‑p-Å C-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å t‑_‑m-[-\ D-d-h‑n-S-§Ä
A-t‑\‑z-j‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑nsâ `‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v C‑u ]T-\‑w.
N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S (1853-1924) k‑v-{‑X‑o-]‑pc‑p-j-k‑w-_-Ô‑n-b‑m-b ""{‑]-]-©-¯‑nÂ k‑v-{‑X‑o]‑p-c‑p-j³-a‑mÀ¡‑p-Å Ø‑m-\‑w (1906)'' F-¶
{‑]-_-Ô‑w a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-Å H-c‑p t‑_‑m[-\-D-d-h‑n-S-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑m-t‑a‑m F-¶‑m-W‑v
]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nsâ B-Z‑y`‑m-K-¯‑v k‑z‑m-a‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S C‑u {‑]-_-Ô‑w F-g‑pX‑n-b k-µÀ`‑w h‑n-h-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. c-ï‑m-a-s‑¯
`‑m-K-¯‑v {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nsâ N‑p-c‑p-¡‑w A-h-X-c‑n¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑q-¶‑m-a-s‑¯ `‑m-K-¯‑v {‑]-_-Ô‑w
]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨‑v N‑n-e \‑n-K-a-\-§-f‑n-t‑e-s‑¡-¯‑p¶‑p. C‑u \‑n-K-a-\-§-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑nÂ
C‑u {‑]-_-Ô‑w `‑m-c-X-¯‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p-Å H-c‑p
t‑_‑m-[-\-D-d-h‑n-S-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑nsâ
{‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑p‑w NÀ¨ s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p.

{‑]-_-Ô-k-µÀ`‑w
1906 e‑m-W‑v C‑u {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑n-\‑v B-[‑mc-a‑m-b {‑]-k‑w-K‑w k‑z‑m-a‑n \-S-¯‑n-b-X‑v. N-«¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S i‑n-j‑y-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ k‑m-l‑nX‑y-I‑p-i-e³ S‑n. k‑n. I‑r-j‑v-W-t‑a-t‑\‑msâ-b‑p‑w
A-t‑±-l-¯‑nsâ ]-X‑v-\‑n S‑n.k‑n I-e‑y‑m-W‑n-I‑p«‑n-b-½-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w F-d-W‑m-I‑p-f-s‑¯ h‑o-«‑nÂ
k‑z‑m-a‑n Ø‑n-c‑w k-µÀi-I-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-hÀ
t‑\XrX‑z‑w \Â-I‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p k‑v-{‑X‑o-ka‑m-P-¯‑nsâ h‑mÀj‑n-I B-t‑L‑m-j-¯‑n-\‑v
(1906) k‑z‑m-a‑n \-S-¯‑n-b {‑]-k‑w-K-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.
A-hÀX-s‑¶ C‑u {‑]-k‑w-K‑w I‑p-d‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑pI-b‑p‑w k‑z‑m-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S k‑m-¶‑n-²‑y-¯‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶
s‑X-ä‑p-IÄ X‑n-c‑p-¯‑n ]‑qÀ¯‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. C‑u {‑]-_-Ô‑w t‑U‑m. s‑I a-t‑li‑z-c³ \‑m-bÀ k-a‑m-l-c‑n-¨ (2016) N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑ma‑n-IÄ: P‑o-hnX-h‑p‑w I‑r-X‑n-I-f‑nÂ {‑]-k‑n²‑oI-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. C‑u {‑]-_-Ô-s‑¯-I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v F.

F‑w D-®‑n-I‑r-j‑v-W³ (2021) F-U‑n-ä‑v s‑N-b‑v-X
N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n ]T-\-§-f‑nÂ F‑w. {‑i‑o-\‑m-Y³‑,
FÂ k‑p-t‑e‑m-N-\‑m-t‑Z-h‑n‑, t‑Z-h‑n-I‑, A‑w-_‑n-I
F \‑m-bÀ D-Z-b-I-e‑, D-j‑m c‑m-P‑m-h‑m-c‑yÀ‑, s‑P
{‑]-a‑o-f‑m-t‑Z-h‑n F-¶‑n-hÀ F-g‑p-X‑n-b‑n-«‑p-a‑p-ï‑v.
{‑]-k‑w-K‑w F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑nÂ A-¶‑v \-S-¯‑n-s‑b¶-Ã‑m-s‑X ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v C‑u {‑]-_-Ô‑w F-h‑n-s‑Ss‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨-X‑m-b‑n A-d‑n-h‑n-Ã.
t‑U‑m. t‑P. t‑Z-h‑n-I-b‑p-s‑S (Devika 2002)
k‑v-{‑X‑o-h‑m-Z-]T-\-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v C‑u {‑]-_-Ô‑w
B-Z‑y‑w D-²-c‑n-¨‑v I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑m‑w-J‑y-ZÀi\-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-þ-]‑p-c‑p-j k-¦Â-]-s‑¯
k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v C‑u
{‑]-_-Ô-¯‑n-s‑e-¶‑v a-t‑\‑m-P‑v I‑p-d‑qÀ (2022:
462) B-\‑p-j‑w-K‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.

{‑]-_-Ô-N‑p-c‑p-¡‑w
{‑]-]-©-¯‑n-s‑e a‑q-e-{]-I‑r-X‑n {‑_-Ò-s‑s‑NX-\‑y‑w‑, `‑m-j‑m-{‑]-]-©-¯‑n-s‑e "A'I‑m-c-¯‑n-s‑e
I‑o-g‑v-]-¦‑v, t‑aÂ-]-¦‑v F-¶‑n-h-b‑nÂ b-Y‑m-{‑I-a‑w
k‑v-{‑X‑o-e‑n‑w-K-s‑¯-b‑p‑w ]‑p‑Ãn‑w-K-s‑¯-b‑p‑w Ø‑m]‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v k‑z‑m-a‑n {‑]-_-Ô‑w X‑p-S-§‑p¶-X‑v. X‑p-SÀ¶‑v a‑q-e-{]-I‑r-X‑n-s‑b {‑]-]-©-k‑rã‑n-¡‑v t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v {‑_-Ò-s‑s‑N-X-\‑y‑w
B-s‑W-¶‑p‑w‑, k‑y-ã‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-k‑w-l‑m-c-§Ä
\-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v a‑q-e-{‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑N-ã‑m-h‑ne‑m-k‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑m-I-b‑mÂ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-¡‑v {‑]‑m-Ya‑y‑w \Â-t‑I-ï-X‑p-s‑ï-¶‑p‑w \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
F-¶‑n-«‑n-§-s‑\ {‑]-k‑v-X‑m-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p: ""F-¶‑mÂ‑,
B {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-k‑r-ã-§-f‑m-b h-k‑v-X‑p-¡Ä
{‑_-Ò-¯‑n-\‑p t‑e-i-s‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-\‑p-`‑q-X‑n-¡‑p‑w
A-h-I‑m-i-¯‑n-\‑p‑w D-X-I‑p-¶-t‑X‑m A-h-b‑nÂ
{‑_-Ò-¯‑n-\‑v H-c‑p XÂ-¸-c-X-b‑p‑w A-`‑n-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w
D-Å-t‑X‑m A-Ã‑m-¯-X‑p‑w B-I‑p-¶‑p. k-I-e-h‑p‑w
{‑]-Ir-X‑n-¡‑p‑w A-h-f‑p-s‑S k-´‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑p‑w
A-\‑p-`-h-¯‑n-\‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v. A-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e ]‑p-c‑pjsâ Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑p‑w {‑]-b‑v-X‑v-\-h‑p‑w XÂ-^-e-h‑p‑w

{]_-e-kv{Xobpw DZm-ko\ ]pcp-j\pw
tUm.-]n.-{io-Ip-amÀ

H-¶‑p‑w X-\‑n-¡‑p-Å-X-Ã; F-Ã‑m‑w k‑v-{‑X‑o-¡‑p‑w
A-h-f‑p-s‑S k-´‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑p‑w A-\‑p-`-h-¯‑n\‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v. ]-c-a‑mÀ°-¯‑nÂ ]‑p-c‑p-j-\‑p‑w
k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p‑w A-t‑\‑y‑m-\‑y‑w B-{‑i-b‑n-¡‑m-s‑X I-g‑nh‑n-s‑Ã¦‑n-e‑p‑w ]‑p-c‑p-jt‑â-X‑p k‑v-{‑X‑o-s‑b A-t‑]£‑n-¨‑p t‑\‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑nÂ‑, H-c‑p D-Z‑m-k‑o-\
sâ \‑n-e-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. {‑_-Ò-k‑m-¶‑n-[‑y‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w
s‑I‑m-ï‑v kÀh-{‑]-]-©-c-N-\-b‑v-¡‑p‑w B a‑q-ei-à‑n-s‑b i-à-a‑m-¡‑n-¯‑oÀ¡‑p-¶-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e
]‑p-c‑p-j³ k‑v-{‑X‑o-¡‑v h-i‑w-h-Z-\‑m-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v
H‑m-t‑c‑m i-c‑o-c-{‑]-]-©-s‑¯ k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑p k‑w-k‑mc-N-{‑I‑w {‑]-hÀ¯‑n-¡‑p-I a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v s‑N-b‑p-¶X‑v‑''. X‑p-SÀ¶‑n-§-s‑\ ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p ""G-X‑p ]‑m-g‑v
t‑h-e-s‑N-b‑v-X‑p‑w I‑m-S‑p-I-b-d‑n-b‑p‑w \‑m-t‑S‑m-S‑n-b‑p‑w‑,
s‑X-ï‑n-¯‑n-c‑n-ª‑p‑w k‑z-´‑w I-S-a \‑nÀh-l‑n-¨‑p
k‑z-P-\-]-c‑n-c-£ sN-t‑¿-ï-X‑n-\-s‑{‑X ]‑p-c‑pj³-a‑m-s‑c k‑r-ã‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v........[À½
\‑n-j‑vT-s‑I‑m-ï‑p k‑z-K‑r-l-]-c‑n-k-c‑w a‑p-XÂ
`‑q-a‑n-s‑b‑m-«‑p-¡‑v A-Ú‑m-X-i-à‑n-b‑nÂ s‑]-S‑p¯‑n `-c‑n-¡-¯-¡-h-®‑w \‑n-]‑p-W-X-b‑p‑w A-[‑nI‑m-c-h‑p‑w A-h-I‑m-i-h‑pw k‑v-{‑X‑o-¡‑m-W‑v s‑I‑mS‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.....H-c‑p Kr-l-¯‑nÂ Xsâ
I‑r-X‑y‑w A-d‑n-ª‑v [À½‑n-j‑vT-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-c‑y-`-cW‑w \-S-¯‑n A-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-Å k-I-e ]-c‑n-]‑p-ã‑n¡‑p‑w t‑£-a-¯‑n-\‑p‑w I‑m-cWa‑m-b‑n-¯‑o-c‑p-¶
\‑m-b‑n-I-b‑m-W‑v, t‑e‑m-s‑s‑I-I N-{‑I-hÀ¯‑n-\‑n.....
k‑v-{‑X‑o-¡‑v Xsâ h‑n-[‑n-h‑n-l‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p
D-¯-a-[À½‑w \-S-¯‑p-h‑m³ t‑h-j-a-W‑n-ª‑p
]‑p-d-s‑¸-S‑p-I-t‑b‑m A-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n X-\‑n-¡‑v k‑z-t‑X
k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑m-I-\‑n-a‑n-¯‑w {]-I‑r-X‑n IÂ-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n¡‑p-¶-X‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w I‑m-b-t‑¢-i-h‑p‑w a-\-t‑¢-ih‑p‑w A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m s‑N-t‑¿-ï B-h-i‑y‑w
H-«‑p‑w X-s‑¶ C-Ã‑''. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v k‑v-{‑X‑o-{‑]-t‑X‑yI-a‑m-b a‑m-Xr[À½-s‑¯ I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p.
X‑p-SÀ¶‑n-§-s‑\ ""I‑m-e‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w {‑]‑m-b]‑qÀ¯‑n-s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w A-h-b-h ]‑qÀ¯‑n-s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w
h‑n-I‑m-c-t‑`-Z-§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w _‑m-e‑y‑mÂ-¸-c‑w

a‑m-X‑m-h‑n-\‑v I‑p-«‑n-I-s‑f i‑p-{‑i‑q-j‑n-¡‑m³ X-ca‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a‑m-X‑m-h‑v A-h-s‑c h‑nh‑m-l‑m-Z‑n-{‑I‑n-b-IÄ s‑N-b‑v-X‑v H-c‑p k‑v-{‑X‑o-s‑b
`‑m-c-t‑aÂ-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.....C-§-s‑\ t‑e‑m-I-Z‑r-ã‑y‑m
t‑\‑m-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, ]‑p-c‑p-j-s‑\-¡‑mÄ D-¯-c-h‑mZ‑n-X‑z-h‑p‑w X-·‑q-e‑w A-[‑n-I‑m-c-h‑p‑w k‑v-{‑X‑o-¡‑ms‑W-¶-X‑nÂ c-ï‑v ]-£-a‑n-Ã F-¶‑p X-s‑¶
]-d-b‑m‑w‑''. X‑p-SÀ¶‑v k‑z‑m-a‑n k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p‑w ]‑p-c‑p-j\‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-t‑I-ï s‑F-I‑y-a-X‑y-s‑¯-I‑pd‑n-¨‑m-W‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. {‑]-_-Ô‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-W‑v: ""{‑]-I‑r-X‑y‑m A-h-c-hÀ¡‑p
s‑h-¨‑n-«‑p-Å [À½-a-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v k‑z-k‑z-I‑m-c‑y§-f‑nÂ b‑m-s‑X‑m-c‑p \‑o-¡‑p-t‑]‑m-¡‑p‑w h-c‑m-s‑X
X‑m-\‑m-W‑v k-I-e-h‑p‑w \-S-t‑¯-ï-s‑X-¶‑p-Å
_p-²‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p‑w X-\‑n-¡‑n-X‑nÂ
b‑m-s‑X‑m-¶‑p-a‑n-Ã‑, kÀh-h‑p‑w k‑v-{‑X‑o-¡‑p‑w A-hf‑p-s‑S k-´‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑p-a‑m-W‑v; Xsâ {‑i-a‑w
A-hÀ k‑p-J-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑e-¡‑p a‑m-{‑X-a‑mI‑p-¶‑p; A-h-c‑p-s‑S t‑£-a‑w X-s‑¶ X-tâb‑p‑w
t‑£-a‑w F-¶‑p-Å a-l‑m-a-\-k-‑vI-X-t‑b‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n
]‑p-c‑p-j-\‑p‑w‑, A-t‑\‑y‑m-\‑y‑m-{‑i-b-a‑m-b‑n B-I-a-X‑nt‑b‑m-s‑S {‑]-hÀ¯‑n-¨‑p‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑mÂ b‑m-s‑X‑m-c‑p
{‑]-bX‑v-\-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑m-s‑X s‑F-I-a-X‑y-h‑p‑w t‑{‑i-bÊ‑p‑w k‑z-b-t‑a h-¶‑p-t‑N-c‑p‑w‑''. C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v
C‑u {‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑n-\‑v B-[‑m-c-a‑m-b {‑]-k‑w-K‑w
A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.

{‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nsâ t‑_‑m-[-\-k‑m-[‑y-X
a-X-]-c-a‑m-b B-c‑m-[-\-b‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w ZÀi\-§-f‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w t‑Z-h‑o-þ-i-à‑n k-¦Â-¸‑w‑,
F-¶-Ã‑m-s‑X k‑v-{‑X‑o-s‑b-I‑p-d‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-t‑X‑y-I
ZÀi-\-]-²-X‑n-I-s‑f‑m-¶‑p‑w `‑m-c-X‑o-b N‑n-´‑m]-²-X‑n-I-f‑n-e‑n-Ã. k‑v-{‑X‑o-]‑p-c‑p-j-t‑`-Z‑w X-s‑¶
A-Úm-\-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑m-W‑v a-l‑m-`‑m-c-X-¯‑n-e‑p‑w
a-ä‑p‑w k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. t‑h-t‑Z‑m-]-\‑n-j¯‑p-I-f‑n-e‑m-s‑I ]-e-`‑m-K-§-f‑nÂ k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑ps‑S-b‑p‑w k‑v-{‑X‑o-X‑z-¯‑nsâ a-l-X‑z-s‑¯-b‑p‑w

Icp-h-d kmw-kv-Imcn-I K-th-j-W-]-{Xn-I
thm-fyw 1, e-¡w 4 (P-\p-h-cnþamÀ¨v)

D-d-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ \‑n-c-h-[‑n ]-c‑m-aÀi-§-f‑p-ï‑v.
i-¦-c‑m-N‑m-c‑y-c‑p-s‑S ""a‑m-Xr-]-©-I‑w‑''‑, \‑m-c‑mb-W-K‑p-c‑p-h‑nsâ ""]‑n-Þ-\-µ‑n‑''‑, ""P-\-\‑o\-h-c-X‑v-\-a-R‑v-P-c‑o‑'' F-¶‑n-§-s‑\ ]-e-X‑p‑w
\-a‑p-¡‑v A-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑p‑w‑, t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n\‑v a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑m-¡‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑p-a‑m-W‑v. F-¶‑mÂ
C-h-b‑p-s‑S-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ H-c‑p t‑]‑m-c‑m-b‑v-a C‑u
Ú‑m-\-§-s‑f‑m-¶‑p‑w A-k‑v-X‑n-X‑z-]-c‑w A-Yh‑m B-k-¶-P‑o-h‑n-X-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«h-b-s‑Ã-¶‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v (Narayanan 2022).
a‑o-c‑m-_‑m-b‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w‑, A-¡-a-l‑m-t‑Z-h‑n-b‑ps‑S-b‑p‑w N‑n-´-IÄ `-à‑n-{‑]-[‑m-\-§Ä a‑m-{‑Xa‑m-W‑v. H-c‑p A-]-h‑m-Z-a‑m-b‑p-Å-X‑v a-d‑m-¯‑n-b‑nÂ
D-ï‑m-b X‑m-c‑m-_‑m-b‑n k‑n-s‑Ô-b‑p-s‑S (1882)s‑e
""k‑v-{‑X‑o-]‑p-c‑p-j-X‑p-e-\-a‑m-W‑v''. A-X‑m-b-X‑v,
X‑m-X‑z‑n-I-a‑m-b‑p‑w‑, B-c‑m-[-\‑m-]-c-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w
A-k‑v-X‑n-X‑z-a‑p-Å-X‑p‑w \‑n-X‑y-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑e
k‑v-{‑X‑o-s‑b-¶ h-e‑n-b h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑nsâ B-k¶-`‑u-X‑n-I A-h-Ø-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑w-h-Z‑n¡-p¶-X‑p-a-Ã C-h-b‑nÂ ]-e-X‑p‑w. C‑u k‑m-lN-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v \-a‑p-¡‑v N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S
{‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑nsâ A-¡‑m-e-s‑¯ {‑]-k-à‑n ]-c‑nt‑i‑m-[‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑v. B {‑]-k‑w-K‑w \-S-¯‑n-b
I‑m-e-¯‑v B {‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑nsâ D-Å-S-¡‑w
{‑]-k-à-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑nÂ a‑m-{‑X‑w C‑u {‑]-_Ô‑w H-c‑p `‑m-c-X‑o-b-t‑_‑m-[-\ D-d-h‑n-S-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑nK-W‑n-¡-W-t‑a‑m F-¶‑v X-s‑¶ N‑n-´‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑pÅ‑q. A-X‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑m-b‑n C‑u
{‑]-_-Ô-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å a‑p³-I‑m-e-]T-\-§f‑n-s‑e k-a‑o-]-\-§Ä t‑\‑m-¡‑m‑w. {‑i‑o-\‑m-Y³
(2021:1264-þ1277) t‑Z-h‑n-I-b‑p-s‑S (2002) ]T-\§-f‑n-s‑e C‑u {‑]-_-Ô-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-Å h‑n-aÀi\‑w D-²-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w k‑z‑m-a‑n-IÄ H-c‑p
k‑v-{‑X‑o-]-£-_-ZÂ B-[‑p-\‑n-I-X-b‑m-W‑v a‑p-t‑¶‑m«‑v s‑h-¡‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑m-W‑v \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
F-¶‑mÂ‑, A-t‑±-l-¯‑nsâ {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nsâ
D-]-k‑w-l‑m-c-¯‑nÂ k‑v-{‑X‑o-]-£-_-ZÂ B-[‑p-

\‑n-I-X F-¶‑v ]-c‑m-aÀi‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶-Ã‑m-s‑X
C‑u \‑n-co£-W-s‑¯ i-à‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶
NÀ¨-I-s‑f‑m-¶‑p‑w C‑u {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nÂ I‑m-W‑m\‑p-a‑n-Ã. k‑p-t‑e‑m-N-\‑m-t‑Z-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-_-Ô‑w
(2021:2645-þ2672) k‑z‑m-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S C‑u {‑]-_-Ôs‑¯ H-c‑p h‑n-¹-h‑m-ß-I-a‑m-b {‑]-_-Ô-s‑a-¶‑mW‑v h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v. F-¶‑mÂ A-X‑v,
F-§‑n-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v h‑n-¹-h-I-c‑w B-I‑p-¶-s‑X-¶‑v
h‑n-h-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-a‑n-Ã. t‑Z-h‑n-I-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-_-Ô‑w
(2021: 2672-þ76) k‑z‑m-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑ns‑e s‑s‑h-c‑p-²‑y-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w‑, k‑v-{‑X‑o-h‑n-c‑p-²X-s‑b-b‑p‑w ]‑p-d-¯‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v.
A‑w-_‑n-I-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w (2021:2677þ-82) D-Z-b-Ie-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w (2021:2683-þ93), D-j‑m-c‑m-P‑m-h‑mc‑y-c‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w (2021:26947þ04), {‑]-a‑o-f‑m-t‑Z-h‑nb‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w (2021:2705-þ710) {‑]-_-Ô-§Ä
D-]-c‑n-¹-h-§-f‑m-W‑v. A-]-h‑m-Z-a‑m-b‑p-Å-X‑v,
t‑Z-h‑n-I-b‑p-s‑S(2021:2672-þ76) \‑n-c‑o-£-W-§Ä
a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. {‑]-k‑w-K‑w \-S-¯‑n-b I‑m-e-t‑¯‑mS‑v t‑\-c‑n-t‑«‑m A-Ã‑m-s‑X-t‑b‑m k‑w-h-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶
H-c‑p {‑]-_-Ô‑w B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã A-X‑v. A-X‑ps‑I‑m-ï‑v X-s‑¶ C‑u {‑]-_-Ô-s‑¯ `‑m-c-X‑o-b
t‑_‑m-[-\ D-d-h‑n-S-a‑m-b‑n ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡-W-t‑a‑m
F-¶‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑w ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v.
C‑u {‑]-_-Ô‑w X‑p-S-§‑p-¶-X‑p X-s‑¶‑, kmwJ‑y-ZÀi-\-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-þ-]‑p-c‑p-j A-X‑n-`‑uX‑n-I k-¦Â-]-\-s‑¯ B-[‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑m-W‑v.
A-X‑n-`‑u-X‑n-I-a‑m-b H-c‑p k-¦Â-¸-s‑¯ D-]P‑o-h‑n-¨‑v h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ N‑n-´-IÄ-¡‑v ]-e
t‑]‑m-c‑m-b‑v-a-I-f‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑m-W‑v k‑z‑m-a‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S
{‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nÂ I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v. H-¶‑v, A-X‑n-`‑uX‑n-I-X-s‑b A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-¡‑n A-Y-h‑m‑, {‑]-]©-s‑¯ h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-þ-]‑p-c‑p-j
k-¦Â-¸-s‑¯ A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-¡‑n k‑m-[‑m-c-W
`‑u-X‑n-I-P‑o-h-nX-s‑¯ h‑y‑m-J‑y‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. c-ï‑v,
{‑]-Ir-X‑y‑m-b‑p-Å k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑P-h-[À½¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v a‑m-{‑X‑w k‑v-{‑X‑o-s‑b `‑u-X‑n-I-a‑m-b‑p‑w‑,

{]_-e-kv{Xobpw DZm-ko\ ]pcp-j\pw
tUm.-]n.-{io-Ip-amÀ

k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-a‑m-b‑p‑w N‑p-c‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p. t‑\‑m-¡‑p-I
C‑u {‑]-_-Ô‑w F-g‑p-X‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v G-X‑m-ï‑v H-c‑p
\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑v a‑p-¼‑m-W‑v 1730 I-f‑nÂ a‑mÀ¯‑m-ÞhÀ½ ]‑n-S‑n-¨-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-h-s‑c B-ä‑n-§Â d‑mW‑n-b‑m-W‑v c‑m-P‑y‑w `-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. 1800 sâ
B-Z‑y ]-I‑p-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v IÀ®‑m-S-I-¯‑nÂ
I‑n-«‑qÀ d‑m-W‑n s‑N-¶-½ {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑p-I‑mÀs‑¡X‑n-s‑c ]-S-\-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v (Nandakumar
2023: 34-36). 1982 Â k‑p-K‑p-W-t‑_‑m-[‑n-\‑n
F-s‑¶‑m-c‑p h-\‑n-X‑m a‑m-K-k‑n³ k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ
\-S-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1850 I-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v s‑X-¡³
X‑n-c‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑nÂ a‑m-d‑v a-d-b-v¡Â k-a-c‑w
\-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A-X‑m-b-X‑v, H-ä-s‑¸-«-h B-s‑W¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑w F-¶ s‑s‑P-h-[À½‑w F-¶
A-X‑n-b‑m-Y‑mÀ°‑y a-Þ-e-¯‑n-\‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑v
k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ k-P‑o-h-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑p-S-§‑p-¶ I‑m-e¯‑n-\‑v t‑i-j-a‑m-W‑v k‑z‑m-a‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑v-{‑X‑o-It‑f‑m-S‑p-Å {‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑nÂ C-§-s‑\ ]-d-b‑p-¶X‑v ""C-X‑nsâ AÀ°‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑m-Z‑n
c‑m-P‑y-`-c-W-I‑m-c‑y-§Ä s‑N-b‑v-X‑p h-c‑p-¶
]‑p-c‑p-j³-a‑mÀ k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ-¡‑n-S‑w H-g‑n-ª‑ps‑I‑m-S‑p-¯‑v K‑r-l-¯‑nÂ s‑N-¶‑v i‑n-i‑p-¡-s‑f
t‑]‑m-ä‑n-h-fÀ¯-W-s‑a-t‑¶‑m‑, K‑r-l-¯‑n-e‑n-c‑p-¶‑v
A-\‑y‑m-Z‑r-i‑y-a‑m-b k‑z-b‑w-`-c-W-i-à‑n t‑e‑m-Is‑a‑m-«‑p-¡‑p h‑y‑m-]‑n-t‑¡-ï k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ K‑r-l‑w
h‑n-«‑p s‑I-«‑n-s‑R-f‑n-ª‑v c‑m-P‑y-I‑m-c‑y‑m-Z‑n-IÄ
\-S-¯‑p-I-t‑b‑m k-`-I‑q-S‑n {‑]-k‑w-K-§Ä X-«‑na‑q-f‑n-¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m s‑N-¿-W-s‑a-¶-Ã‑'' (707). {‑]-k‑wK-h-k‑m-t‑\ C-X‑p-I‑q-S‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. ""k‑v-{‑X‑o-If‑p-s‑S IÀ¯-h‑y-IÀ½-§Ä C-¶‑n-¶-h-s‑b-¶‑p
b-Y‑mÀY-a‑m-b-d‑n-ª‑v A-h-s‑b P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S
C-S-b‑nÂ ]-c-¯‑n X-§Ä-X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v k‑m£‑mÂ c-£‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-s‑f-¶‑p t‑e‑m-I-k-a-£‑w
{‑]-X‑y-£-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n‑, A-h-c‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-\‑w kÀh
k-‑mam-\‑y-a‑m-b‑n-¯‑oÀ¡‑p-I F-¶‑p-Å-X‑m-W‑v
k‑v-{‑X‑o-k-a‑m-P-§-f‑p-s‑S a‑p-J‑y D-t‑±-i-a‑m-b‑n-c‑nt‑¡-ï-X‑p‑w. A-Ã‑m-s‑X‑, k‑m-[‑m-c-W I-ï‑p-h-

c‑m-d‑p-Å t‑]‑m-s‑e \‑m-S-I-a‑m-S‑p-¶-X‑n-t‑\‑m A-\
Àl-§-f‑m-b {‑]-t‑£‑m-`-§-f‑nÂ ]-¦‑p ]-ä‑p-¶-X‑nt‑\‑m B-b‑n-c‑n-¡-c‑p-X‑v (715)''. k‑v-{‑X‑o-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n
_-Ô-s‑¸-« k‑m-[‑m-c-W I-ï‑p-h-c‑m-d‑p-Å-X‑nt‑\‑m-S‑p-Å k‑z‑m-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-t‑b‑m-P‑n-¸‑m-W‑v C-h‑ns‑S {‑]-I-S-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v. A-k‑m-[-mc-W-a‑m-b A-X‑n`‑u-X‑n-I A-\‑p-`‑q-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑y‑m-b‑p-Å
s‑s‑P-h‑nI -IÀ½-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w C-S-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v C‑u
k‑m-[‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n I-ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-§Ä
h-¶‑v \‑n-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. C‑u k‑m-[‑m-c-W-X‑z-a‑m-W‑v
P‑o-h‑n-X-s‑¯ a‑p-t‑¼‑m-«‑v s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v.
k‑m-[‑m-c-W-a‑m-b P‑o-h‑n-X-s‑¯ A-k‑m-[‑m-c-Wa‑m-b‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶
ZÀi-\-§Ä-¡‑m-W‑v {‑]-t‑b‑m-K-k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p‑w.
F-¶‑mÂ‑, k‑z‑m-a‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑v-{‑X‑o-]‑pc‑p-j-_-Ô‑w A-X‑n-`‑u-X‑n-I I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑m-S‑n-e‑p-Å
k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑P-h {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S A-k‑m[-c-W-h-X‑v-I-c-W-a‑m-W‑v. A-X‑m-b-X‑v C-X‑nÂ
a-c‑p-a-¡-¯‑m-b-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]-_-e-k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p-s‑S
A-X‑n-`‑m-h‑p-I-X‑z-h-X‑v-I-c-W-a‑p-ï‑v. a-c‑p-a-¡¯‑m-b‑w Z‑pÀ_-e-\‑m-¡‑n-b ]‑p-c‑p-j³-a‑m-c‑p-s‑S
D-Z‑m-k‑o-\-X-b‑p-ï‑v (Barbara 1992:475-88,
Goswami 2023). {‑]-I‑r-X‑y‑m {‑]-_-e-b‑m-b
k‑v-{‑X‑o F-¶-X‑v {‑]-I‑r-X‑y-IÀ½-§Ä-¡‑p a‑m-{‑Xa‑p-Å k‑v-{‑X‑o F-¶‑v a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. k‑v-{‑X‑o {‑]-_-e
B-I‑p-¶-X‑v k-a‑m-P-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I‑q-S‑n h‑y‑m-]-c‑n¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-`‑u-X‑n-I k‑w-hÀ¤-s‑¯
B-t‑c‑m-]‑n-¨‑v k‑v-{‑X‑o-s‑b {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p-d-¸‑n-¡‑p¶-X‑n-e‑q-s‑S k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-¡‑v A-X‑o-Xa‑m-b‑n t‑\-S‑p-¶ F-Ã‑m t‑\-«-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑v
t‑]‑m-¡‑n-s‑\-b‑p‑w k‑z‑m-a‑n X-a-k-‑vI-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.
A-¯-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å H-c‑p X-a-k-‑vI-c-W-a‑m-W‑v C‑u
{‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nsâ t‑]‑m-c‑m-b‑v-a. B H-c‑p t‑]‑mc‑m-bv-a-b‑m-W‑v C‑u {‑]-_-Ô-s‑¯ `‑m-c-X‑o-b
t‑_‑m-[-\ D-d-h‑n-S-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-«‑n-I-b‑nÂ \‑n-¶‑p‑w
]‑p-d-¯‑v \‑nÀ¯‑p-¶-X‑p‑w. C‑u {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nsâ
D-Å-S-¡‑w `‑m-c-X k‑v-{‑X‑o-s‑b a‑p-t‑¼‑m-«‑v s‑I‑m-

Icp-h-d kmw-kv-Imcn-I K-th-j-W-]-{Xn-I
thm-fyw 1, e-¡w 4 (P-\p-h-cnþamÀ¨v)

ï‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X-Ã. C‑u
{‑]-_-Ô-¯‑n-\‑v B-[‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n \-S-¯‑n-b C‑u
{‑]-k‑w-K‑w, B {‑]-k‑w-K‑w \-S-¯‑n-b I‑m-e-¯‑v
t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w A-{‑]-k‑-à-a‑m-W‑v.

N‑p-c‑p-¡‑w
H-c‑p `‑m-c-X‑o-b t‑_‑m-[-\ D-d-h‑n-S‑w F-¶
\‑n-e-b‑nÂ A-{‑X `-{‑Z-a-Ã k‑z‑m-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S k‑v-{‑X‑o]‑p-c‑p-j {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nsâ Ø‑m-\‑w F-¶‑mW‑v N‑p-c‑p-¡‑w. B {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑n-\‑v B-[‑m-ca‑m-b {‑]-k‑w-K‑w \-S-¶ I‑m-e-t‑¯‑m-S‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w
k‑w-h-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã B {‑]-_-Ô‑w.
F-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑m-e‑p‑w‑, C‑u {‑]-_-Ô‑w A-h-t‑i-j‑n¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑p k‑m-[‑y-X C-X‑nÂ A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n¡‑p-¶ I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-s‑¯ i-à‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-Å
k‑v-{‑X‑o-]‑p-c‑p-j s‑F-I‑y-a-X‑y-¯‑nsâ k‑m-[‑y-Xb‑m-W‑v. B s‑F-I‑y-a-X‑y-¯‑nsâ a‑p-¶‑p-]‑m-[‑n
k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w ]‑p-c‑p-jsâb‑p‑w s‑s‑h-h‑n-²‑ya‑mÀ¶ F-Ã‑m k‑m-[‑y-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w h-fÀ¨-b‑p‑w
i-à‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v. B k‑m-[‑y-X-I-f‑nÂ
N‑n-e-X‑v k‑v-{‑X‑o-¡‑v \‑n-t‑j-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v C‑u
{‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nÂ. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v, h‑n-i‑z-K‑p-c‑ph‑m-b‑n‑, A-Y-h‑m H-c‑p t‑_‑m-[-\-c‑m-{‑ã-a‑m-b‑n
k‑w-{‑I-a‑n-¡‑p-¶ `‑m-c-X-¯‑nÂ B-`‑y-´-c-a‑m-b‑n
]-c‑n-j‑v-I-c‑n-t‑¡-ï A-\-h-[‑n h‑y-h-l‑m-c-§f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-W‑v C‑u {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nsâ D-Å-S¡-h‑p‑w.

{‑K-Ù-k‑q-N‑n
N-«-¼‑n k‑z‑m-a‑n-IÄ. 1906. {‑]-]-©-¯‑nÂ k‑v{‑X‑o-]‑p-c‑p-j-·‑mÀ-¡‑p-Å Ø‑m-\‑w N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑ma‑n-IÄ: P‑o-h‑n-X-h‑p‑w I‑r-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w (F-U‑n-äÀ‑)
s‑I. a-t‑l-i‑z-c³ \‑m-bÀ‑, X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-c‑w:
t‑I-c-f-`‑m-j‑m C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑v.
{‑i‑o-\‑m-Y³‑, F‑w. 2021. k‑v-{‑X‑o-]-£ B-[‑p\‑n-I-X. N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-]T-\-§Ä h‑m-e‑y‑w: 2
(F-U‑n‑). F.F‑w. D-®‑n-¡‑r-j‑v-W³. U‑n.k‑n._‑p-

I-‑v-k‑v& ]‑n.s‑I. ]-c-t‑a-i‑z-c³-\‑m-bÀ: t‑I‑m-«b‑w. 126Àþ1277.
k‑p-t‑e‑m-N-\‑m-t‑Z-h‑n‑, FÂ. 2021. `‑m-c-X-k‑v-{‑X‑ob‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-\‑w. N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-]T-\-§Ä h‑me‑y‑w: 3 (F-U‑n‑). F. F‑w. D-®‑n-¡‑r-j‑v-W³.
U‑n.k‑n._‑p-I-‑vk‑v& ]‑n.s‑I. ]-c-t‑a-i‑z-c³-\‑m-bÀ:
t‑I‑m-«-b‑w. 2645þ73.
t‑Z-h‑n-I‑, s‑P. 2021. k‑v-{‑X‑o-]‑p-c‑p-j³-a‑m-c‑p-s‑S
Ø‑m-\‑w. N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-]T-\-§Ä h‑m-e‑y‑w:
3 (F-U‑n‑). F. F‑w. D-®‑n-¡‑r-j‑v-W³.
U‑n.k‑n._‑p-I-‑vk‑v& ]‑n.s‑I. ]-c-t‑a-i‑z-c³-\‑mbÀ: t‑I‑m-«-b‑w. 2672þ76.
A‑w-_‑n-I F \‑m-bÀ. 2021. k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p-s‑S I‑pS‑p‑w-_-]-Z-h‑n. N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-]T-\-§Ä h‑me‑y‑w: 3 (F-U‑n‑). F. F‑w. D-®‑n-¡‑r-j‑v-W³.
U‑n.k‑n._‑p-I-‑vk‑v& ]‑n.s‑I. ]-c-t‑a-i‑z-c³-\‑m-bÀ:
t‑I‑m-«-b‑w. 2677þ8À.
D-Z-b-I-e‑, k‑n. 2021. k‑v-{‑X‑o-k‑z-X‑z-\‑nÀ½‑n-X‑n-b‑ns‑e k‑w-`‑m-h-\. N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-]T-\-§Ä h‑me‑y‑w: 3 (F-U‑n‑). F. F‑w. D-®‑n-¡‑r-j‑v-W³.
U‑n.k‑n._‑p-I-‑vk‑v& ]‑n.s‑I. ]-c-t‑a-i‑z-c³-\‑m-bÀ:
t‑I‑m-«-b‑w. 2683þ93.
D-j‑m-c‑m-P‑m-h‑m-c‑yÀ. 2021 k‑v-{‑X‑o‑, I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑w‑,
I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑n-\‑n. N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-]T-\-§Ä h‑me‑y‑w: 3 (F-U‑n‑). F. F‑w. D-®‑n-¡‑r-j‑v-W³.
U‑n.k‑n._‑p-I-‑vk‑v& ]‑n.s‑I. ]-c-t‑a-i‑z-c³-\‑m-bÀ:
t‑I‑m-«-b‑w. 2694þ704.
{‑]-a‑o-f‑m-t‑Z-h‑n‑, s‑P. 2021. k‑v-{‑X‑o-b‑p-s‑S I-c‑p-¯‑v.
N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-]T-\-§Ä h‑m-e‑y‑w: 3 (F-U‑n‑).
F. F‑w. D-®‑n-¡‑r-j‑v-W³. U‑n.k‑n._‑p-I-‑v
k‑v& ]‑n.s‑I. ]-c-t‑a-i‑z-c³-\‑m-bÀ: t‑I‑m-«-b‑w.
2705þ712.
a-t‑\‑m-P‑v I‑p-d‑qÀ‑, 2021. X-¯‑z-N‑n-´-b‑p‑w A-X‑n³s‑d {‑]-t‑b‑m-K-h‑p‑w. N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-]T-\-§Ä h‑me‑y‑w: 1 (F-U‑n‑). F. F‑w. D-®‑n-¡‑r-j‑v-W³.
U‑n.k‑n._‑p-I-‑vk‑v& ]‑n.s‑I. ]-c-t‑a-i‑z-c³-\‑m-bÀ:
t‑I‑m-«-b‑w. 444þ465.

{]_-e-kv{Xobpw DZm-ko\ ]pcp-j\pw
tUm.-]n.-{io-Ip-amÀ

Barbara , Maria &Watson-Franke. 1992.
Masculinity and the "Matrilineal Puzzle”
Anthropos, 87: À75-À88.
Shinde, Tarabai. 1882. Stri purush tulana.
(Translated by Maya Pandit). In S. Tharu
and K. Lalita (Eds.) "Women writing in
India. 600 B.C. to the present”. Volume
I: 600 B.C. to the early 20th century. The
City University of New York City: The
Feminist Press.
Hall, I. 2019. Modi and the Reinvention
of Indian Foreign Policy. Bristol: Bristol
University Press.
Goswami, S. 2023. Being and Becoming: Men in a Matrilineal Society. Society and Culture in South Asia. https://doi.

org/10.1177/23938617231190350
Devika, J. 2002. Imagine women's social
space in early modern Kerala, Working
Paper 329, Thiruvanathapuram: Center for
Development Studies.
Kapoor, Kapil & Avadhesh Kumar Singh.
2005 [2001]. Indian Knowledge System
Vol:1. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advance
Study.
Kapoor, Kapil & Avadhesh Kumar Singh.
2005 [2001]. Indian Knowledge System
Vol:2. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advance
Study.
Narayanan, Saji C K.2022. Indian Woman,
Feminism and Women's Liberation, New
Delhi: Indus Scroll.
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£-n-¨-p t-\-m-¡-p-I-b-m-s-W-¦-nÂ-, H-c-p D-Z-m-k-o-\ sâ \-n-e-a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v . {-_-Ò-k-m- ¶-n-[-y-w a-m-{-X-w s-I-m-ï-v kÀh-{-]-]-©-c-N-\-b-v -¡-p-w B a-q-e- i-à-n-s-b i-à-a-m-¡-n-¯-oÀ¡-p- ¶-X-p-t-]-m-s-e ]-p-c-p-j³ k-v -{-X-o-¡-v h-i-w-h-Z-\-m-b-n \-n- ¶-v H-m-t-c-m i-c-o-c-{-]-]-©-s-¯ k-r-ã-n-¨-p k-w-k-m- c-N-{-I-w {-]-hÀ¯-n-¡-p-I a-m-{-X-a-m-W-v s-N-b-p- ¶- X-v -''. X-p-SÀ ¶-n- §-s-\ ]-d-b-p- ¶-p ""G-X-p ]-m-g-v t-h-e-s-N-b-v -X-p-w I-m-S-p-I-b-d-n-b-p-w \-m-t-S-m-S-n-b-p-w-, s-X-ï-n-¯-n-c-n-ª-p-w k-z-´-w I-S-a \-nÀh-l-n-¨-p k-z-P-\-]-c-n-c-£ sN-t-¿-ï-X-n-\-s-{-X ]-p-c-p- j³-a-m-s-c k-r-ã-n-¨-n-c-n-¡-p- ¶-X-v ........[À½ \-n-j-v T-s-I-m-ï-p k-z-K-r-l-]-c-n-k-c-w a-p-XÂ `-q-a-n-s-b-m-«-p-¡-v A-Ú-m-X-i-à-n-b-nÂ s-]-S-p- ¯-n `-c-n-¡-¯-¡-h-®-w \-n-]-p-W-X-b-p-w A-[-n- I-m-c-h-p-w A-h-I-m-i-h-pw k-v -{-X-o-¡-m-W-v s-I-m- S-p-¯-n-c-n-¡-p- ¶-X-v .....H-c-p Kr-l-¯-nÂ Xsâ I-r-X-y-w A-d-n-ª-v [À½-n-j-v T-a-m-b-n I-m-c-y-`-c- W-w \-S-¯-n A-h-n-s-S-b-p-Å k-I-e ]-c-n-]-p-ã-n- ¡-p-w t-£-a-¯-n-\-p-w I-m-cWa-m-b-n-¯-o-c-p- ¶ \-m-b-n-I-b-m-W-v -, t-e-m-s-s-I-I N-{-I-hÀ¯-n-\-n..... k-v -{-X-o-¡-v Xsâ h-n-[-n-h-n-l-n-X-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p- ¶-X-p D-¯-a-[À½-w \-S-¯-p-h-m³ t-h-j-a-W-n-ª-p ]-p-d-s-¸-S-p-I-t-b-m A-X-n-\-m-b-n X-\-n-¡-v k-z-t-X k-v -{-X-o-b-m-I-\-n-a-n-¯-w {]-I-r-X-n IÂ-¸-n-¨-n-c-n- ¡-p- ¶-X-n-e-[-n-I-w I-m-b-t-¢-i-h-p-w a-\-t-¢-i- h-p-w A-\-p-`-h-n-¡-p-I-t-b-m s-N-t-¿-ï B-h-i-y-w H-«-p-w X-s- ¶ C-Ã-''. ]-n- ¶-o-S-v k-v -{-X-o-{-]-t-X-y- I-a-m-b a-m-Xr[À½-s-¯ I-p-d-n-¨-v ]-d-b-p- ¶-p. X-p-SÀ ¶-n- §-s-\ ""I-m-e-w s-I-m-ï-p-w {-]-m-b- ]-qÀ¯-n-s-I-m-ï-p-w A-h-b-h ]-qÀ¯-n-s-I-m-ï-p-w h-n-I-m-c-t-`-Z- §Ä s-I-m-ï-p-w _-m-e-y-mÂ-¸-c-w a-m-X-m-h-n-\-v I-p-«-n-I-s-f i-p-{-i-q-j-n-¡-m³ X-c- a-n-Ã-m-s-X h-c-p-t-¼-mÄ a-m-X-m-h-v A-h-s-c h-n- h-m-l-m-Z-n-{-I-n-b-IÄ s-N-b-v -X-v H-c-p k-v -{-X-o-s-b `-m-c-t-aÂ-¸-n-¡-p- ¶-p.....C- §-s-\ t-e-m-I-Z-r-ã-y-m t-\-m-¡-p-t-¼-mÄ-, ]-p-c-p-j-s-\-¡-mÄ D-¯-c-h-m- Z-n-X-z-h-p-w X-•-q-e-w A-[-n-I-m-c-h-p-w k-v -{-X-o-¡-m- s-W- ¶-X-nÂ c-ï-v ]-£-a-n-Ã F- ¶-p X-s- ¶ ]-d-b-m-w-''. X-p-SÀ ¶-v k-z-m-a-n k-v -{-X-o-b-p-w ]-p-c-p-j- \-p-w X-½-n-e-p-ï-m-t-I-ï s-F-I-y-a-X-y-s-¯-I-p- d-n-¨-m-W-v ]-d-b-p- ¶-X-v . {-]-_-Ô-w A-h-k-m-\-n- ¸-n-¡-p- ¶-X-n-\-m-W-v : ""{-]-I-r-X-y-m A-h-c-hÀ¡-p s-h-¨-n-«-p-Å [À½-a-\-p-k-c-n-¨-v k-z-k-z-I-m-c-y- §-f-nÂ b-m-s-X-m-c-p \-o-¡-p-t-]-m-¡-p-w h-c-m-s-X X-m-\-m-W-v k-I-e-h-p-w \-S-t-¯-ï-s-X- ¶-p-Å _p-²-n-t-b-m-S-p-I-q-S-n k-v -{-X-o-b-p-w X-\-n-¡-n-X-nÂ b-m-s-X-m- ¶-p-a-n-Ã-, kÀh-h-p-w k-v -{-X-o-¡-p-w A-h- f-p-s-S k-´-m-\- §Ä-¡-p-a-m-W-v ; Xsâ {-i-a-w A-hÀ k-p-J-a-m-b-n-c-n-¡-p- ¶-X-n-t-e-¡-p a-m-{-X-a-m- I-p- ¶-p; A-h-c-p-s-S t-£-a-w X-s- ¶ X-tâb-p-w t-£-a-w F- ¶-p-Å a-l-m-a-\-k--v -I-X-t-b-m-S-p-I-q-S-n ]-p-c-p-j-\-p-w-, A-t-\-y-m-\-y-m-{-i-b-a-m-b-n B-I-a-X-n- t-b-m-s-S {-]-hÀ¯-n-¨-p-w s-I-m-ï-mÂ b-m-s-X-m-c-p {-]-bX-v -\-h-p-w I-q-S-m-s-X s-F-I-a-X-y-h-p-w t-{-i-b- Ê-p-w k-z-b-t-a h- ¶-p-t-N-c-p-w-''. C- §-s-\-b-m-W-v C-u {-]-k-w-K-¯-n-\-v B-[-m-c-a-m-b {-]-k-w-K-w A-h-k-m-\-n-¡-p- ¶-X-v .
k-m-a-q-l-n-I-a-m-b-p-w N-p-c-p-¡-p- ¶-p. t-\-m-¡-p-I C-u {-]-_-Ô-w F-g-p-X-p- ¶-X-n-\-v G-X-m-ï-v H-c-p \-q-ä-m-ï-v a-p-¼-m-W-v 1730 I-f-nÂ a-mÀ¯-m-Þ- hÀ½ ]-n-S-n-¨-S-¡-p- ¶-X-p-h-s-c B-ä-n- §Â d-m- W-n-b-m-W-v c-m-P-y-w `-c-n-¨-n-c-p- ¶-X-v . 1800 sâ B-Z-y ]-I-p-X-n-b-n-e-m-W-v IÀ®-m-S-I-¯-nÂ I-n-«-qÀ d-m-W-n s-N- ¶-½ {-_-n-«-o-j-p-I-mÀs-¡- X-n-s-c ]-S-\-b-n-¡-p- ¶-X-v (Nandakumar 2023: 34-36). 1982 Â k-p-K-p-W-t-_-m-[-n-\-n F-s- ¶-m-c-p h-\-n-X-m a-m-K-k-n³ k-v -{-X-o-IÄ \-S-¯-n-b-n-c-p- ¶-p. 1850 I-f-n-e-m-W-v s-X-¡³ X-n-c-p-h-n-X-m-w-I-q-d-nÂ a-m-d-v a-d-b-v ¡Â k-a-c-w \-S-¡-p- ¶-X-v . A-X-m-b-X-v -, H-ä-s-¸-«-h B-s-W- ¦-n-e-p-w-, I-p-S-p-w-_-w F- ¶ s-s-P-h-[À½-w F- ¶ A-X-n-b-m-Y-mÀ°-y a-Þ-e-¯-n-\-v ]-p-d-¯-v k-v -{-X-o-IÄ k-P-o-h-a-m-b-n-¯-p-S- §-p- ¶ I-m-e- ¯-n-\-v t-i-j-a-m-W-v k-z-m-a-n-I-f-p-s-S k-v -{-X-o-I- t-f-m-S-p-Å {-]-k-w-K-¯-nÂ C- §-s-\ ]-d-b-p- ¶- X-v ""C-X-nsâ AÀ°-w C-t-¸-mÄ D-t-Z-y-m-K-m-Z-n c-m-P-y-`-c-W-I-m-c-y- §Ä s-N-b-v -X-p h-c-p- ¶ ]-p-c-p-j³-a-mÀ k-v -{-X-o-IÄ-¡-n-S-w H-g-n-ª-p- s-I-m-S-p-¯-v K-r-l-¯-nÂ s-N- ¶-v i-n-i-p-¡-s-f t-]-m-ä-n-h-fÀ¯-W-s-a-t- ¶-m-, K-r-l-¯-n-e-n-c-p- ¶-v A-\-y-m-Z-r-i-y-a-m-b k-z-b-w-`-c-W-i-à-n t-e-m-I- s-a-m-«-p-¡-p h-y-m-]-n-t-¡-ï k-v -{-X-o-IÄ K-r-l-w h-n-«-p s-I-«-n-s-R-f-n-ª-v c-m-P-y-I-m-c-y-m-Z-n-IÄ \-S-¯-p-I-t-b-m k-`-I-q-S-n {-]-k-w-K- §Ä X-«-n- a-q-f-n-¡-p-I-t-b-m s-N-¿-W-s-a- ¶-Ã-'' (707). {-]-k-w- K-h-k-m-t-\ C-X-p-I-q-S-n ]-d-b-p- ¶-p. ""k-v -{-X-o-I- f-p-s-S IÀ¯-h-y-IÀ½- §Ä C- ¶-n- ¶-h-s-b- ¶-p b-Y-mÀY-a-m-b-d-n-ª-v A-h-s-b P-\- §-f-p-s-S C-S-b-nÂ ]-c-¯-n X- §Ä-X-s- ¶-b-m-W-v k-m- £-mÂ c-£-m-[-n-I-m-c-n-I-s-f- ¶-p t-e-m-I-k-a-£-w {-]-X-y-£-s-¸-S-p-¯-n-, A-h-c-p-s-S Ø-m-\-w kÀh k--mam-\-y-a-m-b-n-¯-oÀ¡-p-I F- ¶-p-Å-X-m-W-v k-v -{-X-o-k-a-m-P- §-f-p-s-S a-p-J-y D-t-±-i-a-m-b-n-c-n- t-¡-ï-X-p-w. A-Ã-m-s-X-, k-m-[-m-c-W I-ï-p-h- c-m-d-p-Å t-]-m-s-e \-m-S-I-a-m-S-p- ¶-X-n-t-\-m A-\ Àl- §-f-m-b {-]-t-£-m-`- §-f-nÂ ]-¦-p ]-ä-p- ¶-X-n- t-\-m B-b-n-c-n-¡-c-p-X-v (715)''. k-v -{-X-o-I-f-p-a-m-b-n _-Ô-s-¸-« k-m-[-m-c-W I-ï-p-h-c-m-d-p-Å-X-n- t-\-m-S-p-Å k-z-m-a-n-b-p-s-S h-n-t-b-m-P-n-¸-m-W-v C-h-n- s-S {-]-I-S-a-m-I-p- ¶-X-v . A-k-m-[-mc-W-a-m-b A-X-n- `-u-X-n-I A-\-p-`-q-X-n-b-p-s-S-b-p-w {-]-I-r-X-y-m-b-p-Å s-s-P-h-nI -IÀ½- §-f-p-s-S-b-p-w C-S-b-n-e-m-W-v C-u k-m-[-m-c-W-a-m-b-n I-ï-p-h-c-p- ¶ I-m-c-y- §Ä h- ¶-v \-n-d-b-p- ¶-X-v . C-u k-m-[-m-c-W-X-z-a-m-W-v P-o-h-n-X-s-¯ a-p-t-¼-m-«-v s-I-m-ï-p-t-]-m-I-p- ¶-X-v . k-m-[-m-c-W-a-m-b P-o-h-n-X-s-¯ A-k-m-[-m-c-W- a-m-b-n s-I-m-ï-p-t-]-m-I-p- ¶-X-n-\-v k-l-m-b-n-¡-p- ¶ ZÀi-\- §Ä-¡-m-W-v {-]-t-b-m-K-k-m-[-y-X-b-p-w.
_-e-kv {Xobpw DZm-ko\ ]pcp-j\pw tUm.-]n.-{io-Ip-amÀ ï-p-t-]-m-I-p- ¶-X-n-\-v k-l-m-b-n-¡-p- ¶-X-Ã. C-u {-]-_-Ô-¯-n-\-v B-[-m-c-a-m-b-n \-S-¯-n-b C-u {-]-k-w-K-w, B {-]-k-w-K-w \-S-¯-n-b I-m-e-¯-v t-]-m-e-p-w A-{-]-k--à-a-m-W-v .
-i-o-\-m-Y³-, F-w. 2021. k-v -{-X-o-]-£ B-[-p- \-n-I-X. N-«-¼-n-k-z-m-a-n-]T-\- §Ä h-m-e-y-w: 2 (F-U-n-). F.F-w. D-®-n-¡-r-j-v -W³. U-n.k-n._-p- I--v -k-v & ]-n.s-I. ]-c-t-a-i-z-c³-\-m-bÀ: t-I-m-«- b-w. 126Àþ1277. k-p-t-e-m-N-\-m-t-Z-h-n-, FÂ. 2021. `-m-c-X-k-v -{-X-o- b-p-s-S Ø-m-\-w. N-«-¼-n-k-z-m-a-n-]T-\- §Ä h-m- e-y-w: 3 (F-U-n-). F. F-w. D-®-n-¡-r-j-v -W³.
Icp-h-d kmw-kv -Imcn-I K-th-j-W-]-{Xn-I thm-fyw 1, e-¡w 4 (P-\p-h-cnþamÀ¨v )
Barbara , Maria &Watson-Franke. 1992. Masculinity and the "Matrilineal Puzzle" Anthropos, 87: À75-À88.
Shinde, Tarabai. 1882. Stri purush tulana. (Translated by Maya Pandit). In S. Tharu and K. Lalita (Eds.) "Women writing in India. 600 B.C. to the present". Volume I: 600 B.C. to the early 20th century. The City University of New York City: The Feminist Press.
Hall, I. 2019. Modi and the Reinvention of Indian Foreign Policy. Bristol: Bristol University Press.
Goswami, S. 2023. Being and Becom- ing: Men in a Matrilineal Society. Soci- ety and Culture in South Asia. https://doi. org/10.1177/23938617231190350
Devika, J. 2002. Imagine women's social space in early modern Kerala, Working Paper 329, Thiruvanathapuram: Center for Development Studies. Kapoor, Kapil & Avadhesh Kumar Singh. 2005 [2001]. Indian Knowledge System Vol:1. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advance Study. Kapoor, Kapil & Avadhesh Kumar Singh. 2005 [2001]. Indian Knowledge System Vol:2. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advance Study. Narayanan, Saji C K.2022. Indian Woman, Feminism and Women's Liberation, New Delhi: Indus Scroll.
_-e-kv {Xobpw DZm-ko\ ]pcp-j\pw tUm.-]n.-{io-Ip-amÀ
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What insights does the work provide about gender dynamics in early 20th century India?
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The study reveals complex interactions between women's empowerment and men's detachment, emphasizing socio-cultural tensions in gender roles during the 1900s.
How does the work contextualize Chattampi Swamikal's views on gender relationships?
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The paper contextualizes Chattampi Swamikal's views as reflective of broader societal shifts, documenting his critique of patriarchal norms prevalent in his time.
What methodologies were utilized to analyze the gender discourse in the text?
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The analysis employs qualitative methods, combining historical critical analysis with socio-linguistic approaches to uncover nuances in gender language used by Chattampi Swamikal.
When did Chattampi Swamikal's ideas gain prominence in discussions of gender politics?
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Chattampi Swamikal's ideas became increasingly significant in gender politics during the women's movement resurgence in Kerala by the late 20th century.
What are the implications of gender roles discussed in the work for contemporary society?
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The findings suggest that understanding historical gender roles can inform current discussions on gender equality and social justice, emphasizing unresolved issues in modern contexts.
October 11, 2025
P Sreekumar
Central University of Kerala, Faculty Member
Specialized in Historical and Comparative Linguistics (Dravidian languages)
Linguistic Typology (South Asian languages) and
History of Linguistics
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